Dynasty

Sequence of rulers considered members of the same family

This article is about the general concept of a line of rulers. For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Political dynasty.

"Ruling family" redirects here. For other uses, see Royal family.

"Royal house" redirects here. For royal residences and headquarters, see Palace and Royal household.

Family photograph of the Imperial House of Japan, the world's oldest continuous royal dynasty since at least 539, with three generations (from left) Empress Michiko, Emperor Akihito, their son Emperor Naruhito and his consort Empress Masako, Crown Prince Akishino and Crown Princess Akishino, and behind them their children (2021)

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,[1] usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others.

Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 1453), Imperial Iran (678 BC – AD 1979), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC), and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned.

Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world were traditionally reckoned patrilineally, such as those that followed the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female.

Dynastic politics has declined over time, owing to a decline in monarchy as a form of government, a rise in democracy, and a reduction within democracies of elected members from dynastic families.[2]

## Terminology

[edit]

The word "dynasty" (from the Greek: δυναστεία, dynasteía "power", "lordship", from dynástes "ruler")[3] is sometimes used informally for people who are not rulers but are, for example, members of a family with influence and power in other areas, such as a series of successive owners of a major company, or any family with a legacy, such as a dynasty of poets or actors. It is also extended to unrelated people, such as major poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team.[4]

The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house",[5] which may be styled as "imperial", "royal", "princely", "ducal", "comital" or "baronial", depending upon the chief or present title borne by its members, but it is more often referred by adding the name afterwards, as in "House of Habsburg".

### Definition

[edit]

The Spanish royal family of the House of Bourbon dates its roots to the Capetian dynasty of the 9th century, thus making it the oldest still reigning dynasty in Europe (photograph of King Felipe VI, Queen Letizia, the Princess of Asturias and her younger sister Infanta Sofía, in 2019)

A ruler from a dynasty is sometimes referred to as a "dynast", but this term is also used to describe any member of a reigning family who retains a right to succeed to a throne. For example, King Edward VIII ceased to be a dynast of the House of Windsor following his abdication.

In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a "dynast" is a family member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchy's rules still in force. For example, after the 1914 assassinations of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife, their son Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg, was bypassed for the Austro-Hungarian throne because he was not a Habsburg dynast. Even after the abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Duke Maximilian and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position.

The term "dynast" is sometimes used only to refer to agnatic descendants of a realm's monarchs, and sometimes to include those who hold succession rights through cognatic royal descent. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people. For example, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, a nephew of Queen Elizabeth II, is in the line of succession to the British crown, making him a British dynast. On the other hand, since he is not a patrilineal member of the British royal family, he is not a dynast of the House of Windsor.

Comparatively, the German aristocrat Prince Ernst August of Hanover, a male-line descendant of King George III, possesses no legal British name, titles or styles (although he is entitled to reclaim the former royal dukedom of Cumberland). He was born in the line of succession to the British throne and was bound by Britain's Royal Marriages Act 1772 until it was repealed when the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015.[6] Thus, he requested and obtained formal permission from Queen Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco in 1999. Yet, a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time, stipulating that dynasts who marry Roman Catholics are considered "dead" for succession to the British throne.[7] That exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts before triggering it by marriage to a Roman Catholic.[6]

### Dynastic marriage

[edit]

Family portrait of Empress Maria Theresa of the Habsburg dynasty, surrounded by her children who were married into various European dynasties. Marriage policy amongst dynasties led to the Pax Austriaca.

A "dynastic marriage" is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, so that the descendants are eligible to inherit the throne or other royal privileges.[8] For example, the marriage of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, making their eldest child, Princess Catharina-Amalia, the heir apparent to the Crown of the Netherlands. The marriage of his younger brother, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, in 2003 lacked government support and parliamentary approval. Thus, Prince Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession to the Dutch throne, and consequently lost his title as a "Prince of the Netherlands", and left his children without dynastic rights.

Empress Maria Theresa of the Habsburg dynasty had her children married into various European dynasties. Habsburg marriage policy amongst European dynasties led to the Pax Austriaca.

## History

[edit]

Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as Ancient Iran (3200 BC – 1979 AD), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC) and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, and also to describe events, trends and artefacts of that period (e.g., "a Ming dynasty vase"). Until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty: that is, to expand the wealth and power of his family members.[9]

Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world had traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as those that followed the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female. For instance, the House of Windsor is maintained through the children of Queen Elizabeth II, as it did with the monarchy of the Netherlands, whose dynasty remained the House of Orange-Nassau through three successive queens regnant. The earliest such example among major European monarchies was in the Russian Empire in the 18th century, where the name of the House of Romanov was maintained through Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna. This also happened in the case of Queen Maria II of Portugal, who married Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, but whose descendants remained members of the House of Braganza, per Portuguese law;, since the 1800s, the only female monarch in Europe who had children belonging to a different house was Queen Victoria and that was due to disagreements over how to choose a non German house. In Limpopo Province of South Africa, Balobedu determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mother's dynasty when coming into her inheritance. Less frequently, a monarchy has alternated or been rotated, in a multi-dynastic (or polydynastic) system—that is, the most senior living members of parallel dynasties, at any point in time, constitute the line of succession.

## Longevity

[edit]

King Tupou VI of Tonga and Queen Nanasipau'u, head of one of the oldest still ruling royal dynasties in the world, dating back to c. 950 CE of the Tuʻi Tonga Empire

Dynasties lasting at least 250 years include the following. Legendary lineages that cannot be historically confirmed are not included.

Era  | Dynasty | Length of rule

|
|

400 BCE – 1618  | Pandya | 2,018 years (estimation)
c. 300 BCE – 1279  | Chola | 1,579 years (estimation)
c.300BCE - 1300s  | Chera | 1600 years (approximate estimation)
c. 493 – present  | Imperial House of Japan | 1,458 years
c. 5th century – 1947  | Eastern Ganga dynasty | 1,454 years (estimation)
c. 5th century – 1971  | Guhila / Sisodia | 1,371 years (estimation)
c. 730 – 1855  | Bohkti | 1,125 years (estimation)
c. 780 – 1812  | Bagrationi | 1,032 years (estimation)
987 – present  | Capetian | 1,037 years
c. 900 – 1930  | Borjigid | 1,030 years (estimation)
57 BCE – 935  | Silla | 992 years (estimation)
c. 1700 – 722 BCE  | Adaside | 978 years (estimation)
950s – present (title Tuʻi Tonga to 1865)  | Tonga | 974 years (estimation)
c. 891 – 1846  | Sayfawa | 955 years (estimation)
665 – 1598  | Baduspanids | 933 years
1128 – 1971  | Kachhwaha | 843 years
1046 – 256 BCE  | Zhou | 790 years
750 – 1258, 1261 – 1517  | Abbasid | 764 years
862 – 1598  | Rurikid | 736 years
1243 – 1971  | Rathore | 728 years
37 BCE – 668  | Goguryeo | 705 years
1270 – 1975  | Solomon | 705 years
651 – 1349  | Bavand dynasty | 698 years
18 BCE – 660  | Baekje | 678 years
1360s – present  | Bolkiah | 664 years (estimation)
1278 – 1914  | Habsburg | 636 years
1299 – 1922  | Ottoman | 623 years
543 BCE – 66  | Vijaya | 608 years
1228 – 1826  | Ahom | 598 years
1448 – Present  | Oldenburg | 577 years
1600 BCE – 1046 BCE or 1766 BCE – 1122 BCE  | Shang | 554 years or 644 years
1392 – 1910  | Joseon and Korean Empire | 518 years
1370 – 1857  | Timurid | 487 years
918 – 1392  | Goryeo | 474 years
247 BCE – 224  | Arsacid | 471 years
1154 – 1624  | Nabhani | 470 years
202 BCE – 9, 25 – 220  | Han and Shu Han | 448 years
858 – 1301  | Árpád | 443 years
1586 – present  | Mataram | 438 years (estimation)
224 – 651  | Sassanian | 427 years
1010 BCE – 586 BCE  | Davidic | 424 years
220 – 638  | Jafnid | 418 years
960 – 1370  | Piast | 410 years
730 – 330 BCE  | Achaemenid | 400 years
426 – 810 CE  | Copan | 384 years
1220 – 1597  | Siri Sanga Bo | 377 years
661 – 750, 756 – 1031  | Umayyad | 364 years
1271 – 1635  | Yuan and Northern Yuan | 364 years
1057 – 1059, 1081 – 1185, 1204 – 1461  | Komnenos | 363 years
1428 – 1527, 1533 – 1789  | Later Lê (Primitive and Revival Lê)  | 355 years
1047 – 1375, 1387 – 1412  | Estridsen | 353 years
c. 653 – 309 BCE  | Argead | 344 years
1277 – 1619  | Aryacakravarti | 342 years
c. 268 – 602  | Lakhmid | 334 years
1371 – 1651, 1660 – 1714  | Stuart | 334 years
1154 – 1485  | Plantagenet | 330 years
905 – 1234  | Jiménez | 329 years
1699 – present  | Bendahara | 325 years (estimation)
960 – 1279  | Song | 319 years
1613 – 1917  | Romanov | 304 years
916 – 1218  | Liao and Western Liao | 302 years
1616 – 1912  | Later Jin and Qing | 296 years
1368 – 1662  | Ming and Southern Ming | 294 years
962 – 1246  | House of Babenberg | 284 years
305 BCE – 30 BCE  | Ptolemaic | 275 years
618 – 690, 705 – 907  | Tang | 274 years
909 – 1171  | Fatimid | 262 years
1230 – 1492  | Nasrid | 262 years
1550 BCE – 1292 BCE  | Thutmosid | 258 years
1034 – 1286  | Dunkeld | 252 years

## Extant sovereign dynasties

[edit]

For non-sovereign dynasties currently ruling subnational monarchies, see Non-sovereign monarchy and List of current constituent monarchs.

There are 43 sovereign states with a monarch as head of state, of which 41 are ruled by dynasties.[a] There are currently 26 sovereign dynasties.

Dynasty  | Realm | Reigning monarch | Dynastic founder[b] | Dynastic place of origin[c]

|
|
|
|

Windsor[d][e] |  Antigua and Barbuda | King Charles III | King-Emperor George V[f] | Thuringia and Bavaria
(in modern Germany)
Commonwealth of Australia[g]
Bahamas
Belize
Canada
Grenada
Jamaica
New Zealand[h]
Papua New Guinea
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
United Kingdom[i]
Khalifa |  Bahrain | King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa | Sheikh Khalifa bin Mohammed  | Najd
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Belgium[j] |  Belgium | King Philippe | King Albert I[k] | Thuringia and Bavaria
(in modern Germany)
Wangchuck |  Bhutan | Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck | Druk Gyalpo Ugyen Wangchuck | Trongsa, Bhutan
Bolkiah |  Brunei | Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah | Sultan Muhammad Shah | Tarim in Hadhramaut[l]
(in modern Yemen)
Norodom[m] |  Cambodia | King Norodom Sihamoni | King Norodom Prohmbarirak | Cambodia
Glücksburg[n] |  Denmark[o] | King Frederik X | Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg | Glücksburg
(in modern Germany)
Norway | King Harald V
Dlamini |  Eswatini | King Mswati III | Chief Dlamini I  | East Africa
Yamato[p] |  Japan | Emperor Naruhito | Emperor Jimmu[q] | Nara
(in modern Japan)
Hashim[r] |  Jordan | King Abdullah II | King Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi | Hejaz
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Sabah |  Kuwait | Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah | Sheikh Sabah I bin Jaber | Najd
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Moshesh |  Lesotho | King Letsie III | Paramount Chief Moshoeshoe I | Lesotho
Liechtenstein |  Liechtenstein | Prince Hans-Adam II | Prince Karl I | Lower Austria
(in modern Austria)
Luxembourg-Nassau[s] |  Luxembourg | Grand Duke Henri | Grand Duke Adolphe | Nassau
(in modern Germany)
Temenggong[t] |  Malaysia[u] | Sultan Ibrahim III | Temenggong Tun Abdul Jamal I | Johor
(in modern Malaysia)
Grimaldi |  Monaco | Prince Albert II | François Grimaldi | Genoa
(in modern Italy)
Alawi |  Morocco | King Mohammed VI | Sultan Abul Amlak Sidi Muhammad as-Sharif ibn 'Ali | Tafilalt
(in modern Morocco)
Orange-Nassau[v] |  Netherlands[w] | King Willem-Alexander | Prince William I | Nassau
(in modern Germany)
Busaid |  Oman | Sultan Haitham bin Tariq | Sultan Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi | Oman
Thani |  Qatar | Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani | Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed  | Najd
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Saud |  Saudi Arabia | King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud | Emir Saud I | Diriyah
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Bourbon-Anjou[x] |  Spain | King Felipe VI | King Philip V | Bourbon-l'Archambault
(in modern France)
Bernadotte |  Sweden | King Carl XVI Gustaf | King Charles XIV John | Pau
(in modern France)
Chakri |  Thailand | King Vajiralongkorn | King Rama I | Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
(in modern Thailand)
Tupou |  Tonga | King Tupou VI | King George Tupou I | Tonga
Nahyan[y] |  United Arab Emirates[z] | President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan | Sheikh Dhiyab bin Isa Al Nahyan | Liwa Oasis
(in modern United Arab Emirates)

## Political families

[edit]

Main articles: Political family and List of political families

Though in elected governments, rule does not pass automatically by inheritance, political power often accrues to generations of related individuals in the elected positions of republics and constitutional monarchies. Eminence, influence, tradition, genetics, and nepotism may contribute to the phenomenon.

### Hereditary dictatorship

[edit]

See also: Personalist dictatorship

Hereditary dictatorships are personalist dictatorships in which political power stays within a dictator's family due to the overwhelming authority of the dictator, rather than by the democratic consent of the people. The dictator typically fills government positions with their relatives. They may groom a successor during their lifetime, or a member of their family may manoeuvre to take control of the dictatorship after the dictator's death.

Current hereditary dictatorships  Dynasty  | Regime  | Dynastic founder  | Current leader  | Year founded[aa] | Length of rule

|
|
|
|
|

Kim family[10][11] |  North Korea | Kim Il Sung | Kim Jong Un | 1948  | 76 years, 330 days
Gnassingbé family[12] |  Togo | Gnassingbé Eyadéma | Faure Gnassingbé | 1967  | 58 years, 113 days
Bongo family[13][14] |  Gabon | Omar Bongo | Brice Oligui Nguema | 1967  | 57 years, 250 days
Nguema Family[15][16] |  Equatorial Guinea | Francisco Macías Nguema | Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo | 1968  | 56 years, 297 days
Gulleh family[15] |  Djibouti | Hassan Gouled Aptidon | Ismaïl Omar Guelleh | 1977  | 48 years, 39 days
Hun family[17][18][19] |  Cambodia | Hun Sen | Hun Manet | 1985  | 40 years, 203 days
Déby family[20] |  Chad | Idriss Déby | Mahamat Déby | 1991  | 34 years, 158 days
Aliyev family[21] |  Azerbaijan | Heydar Aliyev | Ilham Aliyev | 1993  | 32 years, 42 days
Berdimuhamedow family[22] |  Turkmenistan | Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow | Serdar Berdimuhamedow | 2006  | 18 years, 227 days
Former hereditary dictatorships  Dynasty  | Regime  | Dynastic founder  | Last ruler  | Year founded  | Year ended  | Length of rule

|
|
|
|
|
|

Chiang family |  Republic of China | Chiang Kai-shek | Chiang Ching-kuo | 1928  | 1988  | 59 years, 95 days
Trujillo family |  Dominican Republic | Rafael Trujillo | Ramfis Trujillo | 1930  | 1961  | 31 years, 93 days
Duvalier family |  Haiti | François Duvalier | Jean-Claude Duvalier | 1957  | 1986  | 28 years, 108 days
Assad family[23][24] |  Syria | Hafez al-Assad | Bashar al-Assad | 1971  | 2024  | 53 years, 269 days
Cromwell family |  England | Oliver Cromwell | Richard Cromwell | 1653  | 1659  | 5 years, 161 days
Somoza family[25] | Nicaragua | Anastasio Somoza García | Anastasio Somoza Debayle | 1936  | 1979  | 43 years, 39 days
López family[26] |  Paraguay | Carlos Antonio López | Francisco Solano López | 1844  | 1870  | 25 years, 293 days

## Influential wealthy families

[edit]

Main article: List of wealthiest families

## See also

[edit]

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## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Existing sovereign entities ruled by non-dynastic monarchs include:
* Principality of Andorra
* Holy See (ruling the  Vatican City State)
* Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and Malta
2. ^ The founder of a dynasty need not necessarily equate to the first monarch of a particular realm. For example, while William I was the dynastic founder of the House of Orange-Nassau, which currently rules over the Kingdom of the Netherlands, he was never a monarch of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
3. ^ Not to be confused with dynastic seat.
4. ^ The House of Windsor is descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is a branch of the House of Wettin. The dynastic name was changed from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Windsor" in AD 1917.
5. ^ A sovereign state with Charles III as its monarch and head of state is known as a Commonwealth realm.
6. ^ George V was formerly a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha before 1917.
7. ^ Including:
* Australian Antarctic Territory
* Coral Sea Islands Territory
* Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands
* Christmas Island
* Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Territory of Heard and McDonald Islands
* Norfolk Island
8. ^ The Realm of New Zealand consists of:
* Cook Islands
* New Zealand
* Niue
* Ross Dependency
* Tokelau
9. ^ Including:
* Anguilla
* Bailiwick of Guernsey (Crown dependency)
* Bailiwick of Jersey (Crown dependency)
* Bermuda
* British Antarctic Territory
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Cayman Islands
* Falkland Islands
* Gibraltar
* Isle of Man (Crown dependency)
* Montserrat
* Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* British Virgin Islands
The crown dependencies of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the Bailiwick of Jersey, and the Isle of Man are neither part of the United Kingdom nor British overseas territories.
10. ^ The House of Belgium is descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is a branch of the House of Wettin. The dynastic name was changed from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Belgium" in AD 1920.
11. ^ Albert I was formerly a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha before AD 1920.
12. ^ Claimed by the royal house, but the historicity is questionable.
13. ^ The House of Norodom is a branch of the Varman dynasty.
14. ^ The House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
15. ^ Including:
* Faroe Islands
* Greenland
16. ^ The Imperial House of Japan, or Kōshitsu (皇室), is the world's oldest continuous dynasty. The dynasty has produced an unbroken succession of Japanese monarchs since the legendary founding year of 660 BC.
17. ^ Most historians regard Emperor Jimmu to have been a mythical ruler. Emperor Ōjin, traditionally considered the 15th emperor, is the first who is generally thought to have existed, while Emperor Kinmei, the 29th emperor according to traditional historiography, is the first monarch for whom verifiable regnal dates can be assigned.
18. ^ The House of Hashim is descended from Banu Qatada, which was a branch of the House of Ali.
19. ^ The House of Luxembourg-Nassau is descended from the House of Nassau-Weilburg, which is a branch of the House of Nassau and the House of Bourbon-Parma.
20. ^ The Temenggong dynasty is the ruling dynasty of Johor and a cadet branch of the Bendahara dynasty. The Sultan of Johor is the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
21. ^ The throne of Malaysia rotates among the nine constituent monarchies of Malaysia, each ruled by a dynasty. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers.
22. ^ The House of Orange-Nassau is a branch of the House of Nassau. Additionally, Willem-Alexander is also linked to the House of Lippe through Beatrix of the Netherlands.
23. ^ The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of:
* Aruba
* Curaçao
* Netherlands
* Sint Maarten
24. ^ The House of Bourbon-Anjou is a branch of the House of Bourbon.
25. ^ The House of Nahyan is the ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The Emir of Abu Dhabi is the incumbent President of the United Arab Emirates.
26. ^ The President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council. The office has been held by the Emir of Abu Dhabi since the formation of the United Arab Emirates in AD 1971.
27. ^ Year authoritarian system began

## References

[edit]

Look up dynasty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

1. ^ English Dictionary, 1st ed. "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.
2. ^ Van Coppennolle, Brenda; Smith, Daniel (2023). "Dynasties in Historical Political Economy" (PDF). The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
3. ^ Harper, Douglas. "dynasty". Online Etymology Dictionary.
4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.
5. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "house, n.1 and int, 10\. b." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.
6. ^ a b Statement by Nick Clegg MP, UK parliament website Archived 5 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 26 March 2015 (retrieved on same date).
7. ^ "Monaco royal taken seriously ill". BBC News. London. 8 April 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
8. ^ "The Dynastic Marriage". ieg-ego.eu (in German). Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
9. ^ Thomson, David (1961). "The Institutions of Monarchy". Europe Since Napoleon. New York: Knopf. pp. 79–80. "The basic idea of monarchy was the idea that hereditary right gave the best title to political power...The dangers of disputed succession were best avoided by hereditary succession: ruling families had a natural interest in passing on to their descendants enhanced power and prestige...Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Maria Theresa of Austria were alike infatuated with the idea of strengthening their power, centralizing government in their own hands as against local and feudal privileges, and so acquiring more absolute authority in the state. Moreover, the very dynastic rivalries and conflicts between these eighteenth-century monarchs drove them to look for ever more efficient methods of government"
10. ^ Williamson, Lucy (27 December 2011). "Delving into North Korea's mystical cult of personality". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
11. ^ "North Korea - The Kim Dynasty". Deutsche Welle. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
12. ^ "Togo votes as Faure Gnassingbe seeks to extend dynasty's rule". Al Jazeera. 22 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
13. ^ "'Family affair': Gabon opposition lambasts coup, claims election victory". Al Jazeera. 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
14. ^ "Gabon's opposition leader claims coup is a 'family affair'". Africanews. 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
15. ^ a b "The world's enduring dictators". CBS News. 16 May 2011.
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