E (Mongolic)

Letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages

E is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.[1]: 549–551

## Mongolian language

[edit]

Look up ᠡ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Main articles: Mongolian script, Mongolian writing systems, and Mongolian language

The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
| ᠠ​

| ᠡ​

| ᠢ​

| ᠣ​

| ᠤ​

| ᠥ​

| ᠦ​

|
|
|
|
|
|

(ē)

| | | | | |
Mongolian consonants
| ᠨ​

| ᠩ​

| ᠪ​

| ᠫ​

(p)

| ᠬ​

q/k

| ᠭ​

γ/g

| ᠮ​

|
|
|
|
|
|

| ᠰ​

| ᠱ​

| ᠲ​

| ᠳ​

| ᠴ​

| ᠵ​

| ᠷ​

| ᠸ​

(w)

| | | |
Foreign consonants

* Mongolian script multigraphs

* v
* t
* e

Letter[2]: 17, 18–19 [3]: 546

‑e | e | Transliteration[note 1]
—  | ᠡ[a] | Alone
[b]
ᠡ‍ | Initial
‍ᠡ‍ | Medial
‍ᠡ | Connected final
᠎ᠡ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ | —  | Separated final
Ligatures[2]: 22–23, 24–25 [3]: 546

be | pe | ke, ge | Transliteration
ᠪᠡ[c] | ᠫᠡ | ᠬᠡ[d] | Alone
ᠪᠡ‍ | ᠫᠡ‍ | ᠬᠡ‍ | Initial
‍ᠪᠡ‍ | ‍ᠫᠡ‍ | ‍ᠬᠡ‍ | Medial
‍ᠪᠡ | ‍ᠫᠡ | ‍ᠬᠡ | Final
Separated suffixes[note 2]

‑e | Transliteration
ᠡ‍ | Initial
ᠡ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩ | Whole

* Transcribes Chakhar /ə/;[8][9] Khalkha /i/, /e/, /ə/, and /∅/.[10]: 40–42 Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter э.[11][4]
* Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony (a) and its effect on the shape of a word's consonants (q/k and γ/g), or position in syllable sequence (n, ng, d).[12]
* The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as b, p, k, and g), and to the right in all other cases.
* ᠡ᠋‍ = a traditional initial form.[13]: 6
* Derived from Old Uyghur aleph (𐽰).[3]: 539–540, 545–546 [14]: 111, 113 [15]: 35
* Produced with `E` using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[16]
* In the Mongolian Unicode block, e comes after a and before i.

### Ee

[edit]

Look up ᠧ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Letter[15]: 38–39

ē (é)  | Transliteration[note 3]
ᠧ | Alone
ᠧ‍ | Initial
‍ᠧ‍ | Medial
‍ᠧ | Final
Example ligatures

fē | gē | kē | Transliteration
ᠹᠧ | ᠺᠧ | ᠻᠧ | Alone
ᠹᠧ‍ | ᠺᠧ‍ | ᠻᠧ‍ | Initial
‍ᠹᠧ‍ | ‍ᠺᠧ‍ | ‍ᠻᠧ‍ | Medial
‍ᠹᠧ | ‍ᠺᠧ | ‍ᠻᠧ | Final

* Stands in for e in loanwords,[15]: 38 [9] such as in ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ēüropa (Европ Yevrop).[11]: 48 [17] Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter е.[11][4]
* Indistinguishable from w, except when inferred by its placement: typically between consonants.[15]: 38
* Ultimately derived from Old Uyghur bet (𐽱).[15]: 38 [3]: 539–540, 545–546 [14]: 111, 113
* Produced with `⇧ Shift`+`E` using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[16]
* In the Mongolian Unicode block, ē comes after ü and before n.

## Clear Script

[edit]

Look up ᡄ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Main article: Clear Script

## Xibe language

[edit]

Look up ᡝ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Main article: Xibe language § Alphabet

## Manchu language

[edit]

Look up ᡝ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Main article: Manchu alphabet

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ As in the exclamation ⟨ᠠ᠋; ⟩ a/e (аа/ээ/оо/өө aa/ee/oo/öö), or interjection ᠡ e (ээ ee) 'oh!'.[6]: 1, 284
2. ^ As in the exclamation ⟨ᠠ᠋; ⟩ a/e (аа/ээ/оо/өө aa/ee/oo/öö).[6]: 1
3. ^ As in ᠪᠠ ba (ба ba) 'and'.[6]: 64 [2]: 22
4. ^ As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.[6]: 438, 442

1. ^ Scholarly transliteration.[4]
2. ^ Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter e include:  ᠡ⟨?⟩ ‑e (vocative or dative-locative),  ᠡᠴᠡ ‑eče (ablative), and  ᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‑ečegen (reflexive+ablative).[7]
3. ^ Scholarly transliteration, with alternative in parentheses.[4]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
2. ^ a b c Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
3. ^ a b c d Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
4. ^ a b c d "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.
5. ^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
6. ^ a b c d Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.[5]
7. ^ "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.
8. ^ "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
9. ^ a b "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
10. ^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.
11. ^ a b c Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
12. ^ Viklund, Andreas. "Lingua Mongolia - Mongolian Grammar Reference". Lingua Mongolia. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
13. ^ "Retrieval in Texts with Traditional Mongolian Script Realizing Unicoded Traditional Mongolian Digital Library (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
14. ^ a b Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
15. ^ a b c d e Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
16. ^ a b jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
17. ^ "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2022-05-16.

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