East Kalimantan

Province in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Province in Kalimantan, Indonesia

East Kalimantan

Kalimantan Timur

Province

Province of East Kalimantan
Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

Coat of arms

Nickname(s):

Benua Etam (Tenggarong Kutai Malay)
"Our land"

Motto(s):

Ruhui rahayu
روحوي رحايو (Banjar)
"Perfect harmony by the blessings of God"

East Kalimantan in  Indonesia

OpenStreetMap

Coordinates: 1°3′N 116°19′E﻿ / ﻿1.050°N 116.317°E﻿ / 1.050; 116.317
Country|  Indonesia
Region| Kalimantan
Established| 26 November 1956[1]
Capital
and largest city| Samarinda
Government

• Body| East Kalimantan Provincial Government
• Governor| Rudy Mas'ud (Golkar)
• Vice Governor| Seno Aji
• Legislature| East Kalimantan Regional House of Representatives (DPRD)
Area

• Total

| 127,346.92 km2 (49,168.92 sq mi)
• Rank| 3rd in Indonesia
Highest elevation

(Mount Cemaru)

| 1,636 m (5,367 ft)
Population

(mid 2024 estimate)[2]

• Total

| 4,092,984
• Density| 32/km2 (83/sq mi)
Demographics

[3]

• Ethnic groups| 29.55% Javanese
18.26% Buginese
13.94% Banjarese
9.91% Dayak
9.21% Kutai
• Languages| Indonesian (official)
Banjarese, Buginese, Dayak, Kutai Malay (regional)
Time zone| WITA (UTC+8)
Regional code| 64
GDP (nominal)| 2022[4]
\- Total| Rp 921.3 trillion (7th)
US$ 62.1 billion
Int$ 193.6 billion (PPP)
\- Per capita| Rp 238.7 million (2nd)
US$ 16,075
Int$ 50,162 (PPP)
\- Growth|  4.48%[5]
HDI (2024)|  0.788[6] (4th) – high
Website| kaltimprov.go.id

East Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Timurⓘ) is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo/Kalimantan. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 census (within the present boundary),[7] and 3.766 million at the 2020 census;[8] the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 4,092,984.[2] Its capital is the city of Samarinda, the most populous city in the entire island of Borneo.

East Kalimantan has a total area of 127,346.92 square kilometres (49,168.92 sq mi)[9] and is the third least densely populated province in Kalimantan (after North Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan).[10] The majority of the region shares a maritime border to the east with West Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi; its Cape Mangkalihat separates the Makassar Strait from the Celebes Sea. Its former northernmost region was split off on 25 October 2012 and is now the separate province of North Kalimantan; meanwhile it still shares land border to the west with West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan; to its south, East Kalimantan borders South Kalimantan. The province bordered Sabah, Malaysia before the creation of North Kalimantan, and still has a short border with Sarawak, Malaysia through Mahakam Ulu Regency.

Since 2013, East Kalimantan is now divided into seven regencies and three cities. The proposed capital city of Indonesia, Nusantara, is currently constructed entirely within the province.

## History

[edit]

### Prehistory

[edit]

One of the oldest known figurative paintings, a depiction of a bull, was discovered in the Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave dated as over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old.[11]

East Kalimantan was once mostly covered by tropical rainforest. In prehistoric times, there was limestone cave called Lubang Jeriji Saléh located in the Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst in the district of Bengalon, East Kutai, believed to contain one of the oldest figurative art in the world.[12] The cave paintings were first spotted in 1994 by the French explorer Luc-Henri Fage and the French archaeologist Jean-Michel Chazine, from Kalimanthrope.[13] In 2018, a team of scientists investigating the cave, led by Maxime Aubert from Griffith University and Pindi Setiawan from the Bandung Institute of Technology, published a report in the journal Nature identifying the paintings as the world's oldest known figurative art.[14][15] The team had previously investigated cave paintings in the neighbouring island of Sulawesi.[16] In order to date the paintings, the team used dating techniques on the calcium carbonate (limestone) deposits close to them.[11][17]

### 4th to 17th centuries

[edit]

The ancient Yūpa inscription of Mulavarman, king of Kutai Martadipura dating back to the 4th century CE discovered in present Muara Kaman area, Kutai Kartanegara Regency

East Kalimantan has been home to several kingdoms, such as the first and oldest Hindu kingdom of Indonesia, the Kingdom of Kutai Martadipura founded in the 4th century CE. It was succeeded by the Sultanate of Kutai ing Martadipura in the 14th century. Other kingdoms were also located in East Kalimantan, such as the Sultanate of Pasir. East Kalimantan region includes Pasir, Kutai, Berau and also Karasikan (Buranun / pre-Sultanate of Sulu) claimed as conquered territory Suryanata Maharaja, the governor of Majapahit in the State Dipa, located in the Great Temple in Amuntai, until 1620 in the Sultanate of Banjar. However, in the Chinese History Annals, Ming shi 明史, at 1417, some parts of the eastern Kalimantan were recorded as a kingdom under the rule of the Philippine kingdom of then Hindu Sulu, as Kalimantan was ruled by a Sulu monarch named Mahalatu Gelamading (Maharaja Klainbantangan) whose title, Klainbantangan, in Chinese rendering, was named after his territory Kalimantan. At this point in time, Sulu had rebelled against Majapahit rule and had invaded Northeast and East Borneo all the way to the territory of Kalimantan.[18] Between the years 1620–1624, kingdoms in East Kalimantan fell under the influence of the Sultanate of Sultan Alauddin Makassar, before the Bungaya agreement. According to the Hikayat Banjar, the Sultan of Makassar never borrowed land for trade[words missing?] covers an area east and southeast of Borneo to the Sultan Mustain Billah of Banjar when Kiai Martasura sent to Makassar and entered into an agreement with the Sultan Tallo I Mangngadaccinna Daeng I Ba'le 'Sultan Mahmud Karaeng Pattingalloang[clarification needed], who became Mangkubumi and principal advisor to the Sultan Muhammad Said, king of Gowa in 1638–1654 and also in-law of Sultan Hasanuddin, who established the East Kalimantan region as a place to trade for the Sultanate of Makassar (Gowa-Tallo); since then pepole began to arrive from South Sulawesi. However, based on the agreement between the Sultanate of Banjar and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1635, VOC helped Banjar restore lands in East Kalimantan to the sphere of influence of the Sultanate of Banjar. It was set out in the Bungaya agreement that the Sultanate of Makassar was not allowed to trade up to the east and the north Borneo.

### 19th to 20th centuries

[edit]

The map of East Kalimantan before 2012, featuring 14 regencies and cities. This map since then still oversees occasional usage, even though it has become outdated for more than a decade.

In accordance with treaties, on January 1, 1817, Sultan Sulaiman of Banjar handed East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, part of West and South Kalimantan (including Banjarmasin) over to the Dutch East Indies. On May 4, 1826, Sultan Adam al-wathiq Billah of Banjar reaffirmed the handover of these territories to the Dutch East Indies colonial administration. In 1846, the Dutch began to put a Resident Assistant in East Borneo at Samarinda (now the province of East Kalimantan and the eastern part of South Kalimantan) named H. Von Dewall. Like all other Indonesian provinces, East Kalimantan was then part of the Dutch East Indies.

East Kalimantan with its then administrative area was established based on the Law No. 25 of 1956, originally only consisted of three regency-level special regions: Berau, Bulongan, and Kutai;[1] and the first governor was APT Pranoto. Three years later in 1959, it oversaw the annexation of Pasir Regency from South Kalimantan into the province, removal of special statuses of other regencies, and creation of Balikpapan and Samarinda as separate municipal cities.[19] Since late 1990s, the number of regencies and cities in East Kalimantan had steadily increased into 14 (with the last creation prior the creation of North Kalimantan, was being Tana Tidung Regency in 2007).

### Splitting off of North Kalimantan province

[edit]

North Kalimantan was formally inaugurated as the 34th province of Indonesia on April 15, 2013. The new province was previously part of East Kalimantan Province.[20]

### New national capital

[edit]

See also: Nusantara (city)

The province will host the future capital city of Indonesia that will be built on parts of Penajam North Paser and Kutai Kartanegara Regency. The future capital is to be named Nusantara,[21] with construction originally projected to start in 2020, and intended to conclude in 2024. However, at a hearing before Committee V of Indonesia's House of Representatives on 9 June 2020, a government representative asserted that the government had not allocated the 2022 budget for the project (for 2022, the ministry proposed a budget worth over 100.46 trillion rupiah - over 7 billion US$ - a steep reduction from the figure of 149.81 trillion rupiah in 2021). Earlier, the National Planning Development Authority had said that the total sum needed to move the capital from its current location in Jakarta to East Kalimantan province amounted to 486 trillion rupiah, of which 265.2 trillion will be mobilised through the public-private partnership (PPP), 127.3 trillion from private special funds, and 93.5 trillion from the state budget. But the Ministry of Finance said that the government switched its priorities to mitigating the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. The ministry announced that it had not allocated budget for the new capital project. Nevertheless, the new national capital was formally inaugurated in August 2024.

## Geography

[edit]

East Kalimantan Province comprises a land area of 125,336.81 square kilometers and a comprehensive ocean management area of 25,656 km2, located between 113°44'E and 119°00'E, and between 2°33'N and 2°25'S. The province is divided into seven regencies (kabupaten) and three cities (kota), together subdivided into 105 districts (kecamatan) and then into 1,026 villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan). The regencies (with their administrative capitals) and cities are enumerated below. East Kalimantan is one of the main gates to the eastern part of Indonesia. The area is also known as a storehouse of timber and mining, has hundreds of rivers (scattered across almost all regencies and cities) which area the main means of transportation in addition to land transport, with the longest river being the Mahakam.

East Kalimantan borders North Kalimantan in the north, South Kalimantan in the south, Central Kalimantan in the southwest, and West Kalimantan and Sarawak in the west. It touches the Celebes Sea and the Makassar Strait in the east, with its large Mangkalihat Peninsula separating the two. There are hills in almost all districts, and there are numerous lakes. Most lakes are located in the Kutai Regency, with the most extensive lakes, Semayang and Melintang, having an area of 13,000 ha and 11,000 ha respectively.

### Climate

[edit]

Such as the climate of Indonesia in general, East Kalimantan tropical climate and has two seasons, dry and rainy seasons. The dry season usually occurs in May to October, while the rainy season in November to April. This situation continued every year interspersed with transitional season in certain months. Moreover, because of its location on the equator, the climate in East Kalimantan are also affected by wind monsoon, monsoon wind is November–April west and east monsoon winds from May to October. In recent years, the situation in East Kalimantan season is sometimes erratic. In the months that it is supposed to rain, there is no rain at all, or vice versa in the months that should be dry it rains for a much longer time.

#### Temperature and humidity

[edit]

Temperatures somewhere high and low are determined by the area of the ocean surface and the distance from the beach. In general, East Kalimantan hot climates with temperatures in 2013 ranged from 21.6 °C in Berau October to 35.6 °C in Berau in September. Aside from being a tropical area with extensive forests, in 2013 the average humidity between 83 and 87 percent of East Kalimantan. The lowest air humidity observed by the meteorological station Samarinda happens in a few months with 82 percent humidity. While the highest occurred in Berau in February with 91 percent humidity.

#### Rainfall and wind conditions

[edit]

Rainfall in East Kalimantan region varies by month and location of monitoring stations. Average highest rainfall recorded at the Meteorological Station Berau amounted to 245.1 mm and the lowest for the year 2013 was recorded at the Meteorological Station Samarinda is 237.8 mm. At some monitoring stations monitor wind conditions in East Kalimantan in 2013. Observations show that wind speeds between 3 and 4 knots. The highest wind speed was 4 knots in Balikpapan and Berau, while the lowest was 3 knots in Samarinda.

## Government and administrative divisions

[edit]

East Kalimantan Governor Office

### Administrative divisions

[edit]

Main articles: List of regencies and cities in East Kalimantan and List of districts of East Kalimantan

Map of regencies and cities

As of 2025, East Kalimantan consists of 7 regencies and 3 cities (marked in bold), in turn divided into 105 districts.

* Balikpapan
* Berau
* Bontang
* East Kutai
* Kutai Kartanegara
* Mahakam Ulu
* Paser
* Penajam North Paser
* Samarinda
* West Kutai

## Ecology

[edit]

Logging road in East Kalimantan: logged forest on the left, primary forest on the right Melintan Lake in Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Illegal logging has removed much of the original forests of the province. Less than half the original forest remains in places such as the Kayan Mentarang and the Kutai national parks.

The projects that supports tropical rainforest conservation includes a WWF project[22] and Samboja Lestari lodge, one of Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation's reforestation and orangutan rehabilitation projects.[23]

## Economy

[edit]

East Kalimantan GDP share by sector (2022)[24]

1. Agriculture (7.04%)
2. Manufacturing (15.1%)
3. Other Industrial (7.79%)
4. Mining and Quarrying (53.2%)
5. Service (16.9%)

Economy of East Kalimantan is very dependent on Petroleum and Mining, especially in Coal.

East Kalimantan's economy heavily depends on earth resources such as oilfield exploration, natural gas, coal and gold.[25][26] Balikpapan has an oil refinery plant that was built by Dutch governance before World War II, destroyed during World War II, and rebuilt after Indonesian independence.[citation needed]

Other developing economic sectors include agriculture and tourism.[27]

Obstacles to economic development include a lack of transportation infrastructure.[28] Transportation depends on traditional boats connecting coastal cities and areas along main river, Mahakam River.[29]

In 2012, Russia's state railway firm Joint Stock Company (JSC) signed a memorandum of understanding with the East Kalimantan governor over railway lines to transport coal and other freight. The first stage will connect an area near Balikpapan port to West Kutai Regency in a 183-kilometer line and is estimated to cost about $1.8 billion. It will commence in 2013 and by 2017 it is hoped that it carry 20 million tons of coal annually. The second phase will connect a line to Murung Raya in Central Kalimantan with a 60 kilometer line, which will cost an estimated $600 million.[30]

Several oil fields have been discovered in the Mahakam River Delta including Attaka, Badak (1971), Semberah, Nilam, Sanga Sanga, Bekapai (1972), Handil (1974), Samboja, Jakin and Sepinggan.[31][32][33] The Handil, Badak and Bekapai fields are anticline structural traps with oil reservoir sandstones between 450 and 2900 m.[31]: 399 The delta is in the Kutai basin, bounded by the Mankalihat and Paternoster carbonate arch, containing Eocene shales overlain by Oligocene fluvial deposits during marine regression, culminating in the formation of the delta in the late Miocene.[31]: 400

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1971 | 733,797| —
1980 | 1,218,016| +66.0%
1990 | 1,876,663| +54.1%
1995 | 2,314,183| +23.3%
2000 | 2,451,895| +6.0%
2010 | 3,550,586| +44.8%
2015 | 3,422,676| −3.6%
2020 | 3,766,039| +10.0%
2024 | 4,092,984| +8.7%
Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2025 and previous.
These figures before 2015 include the population of the city and four northerly regencies split off in that year to form the new North Kalimantan Province; subsequent figures exclude them.

Within the current boundary, East Kalimantan was populated by 3,028,487 people as of 2010. In mid 2924 it was officially estimated to have 4,092,984 inhabitants.[2]

### Ethnicity

[edit]

Ethnicities of East Kalimantan – 2010 Census[3]

Ethnic group |  | Percentage
Javanese |

| 29.55%
Bugis |

| 18.26%
Banjar |

| 13.94%
Dayak |

| 9.91%
Kutai |

| 9.21%
Sundanese |

| 1.59%
Madurese |

| 1.24%
Chinese |

| 1.16%
Toraja |

| 1.16%
Others |

| 13.18%

East Kalimantan is a major destination of migrants from Jawa, Sulawesi and South Kalimantan.With population of approximately 3.859 million, and area of 127,347 km2, the province is considered sparsely populated.

Ethnic groups in East Kalimantan in order of population at 2010 census  No. | Group | % | Notes

|
|
|

1 | Javanese | 29.55% | Spread in almost all regions, especially the transmigration areas to urban areas
2 | Bugis | 18.26% | Occupy many coastal areas and urban areas.
3 | Banjar | 13.94% | Quite dominant in the city of Samarinda and Balikpapan.
4 | Dayak | 9.91% | Occupy the interior part of the province.
5 | Kutai | 9.21% | Inhabit Kutai Kartanegara, East Kutai and West Kutai
6 | Paser | 1.89% | [Doesn't appear in bar chart.]
7 | Sunda | 1.59% |
8 | Auto Buton | 1.25% | [Doesn't appear in bar chart.]
9 | Madura | 1.24% |
10 | Toraja | 1.16% |

The rest are other groups from various regions in Indonesia.

### Language

[edit]

People in East Kalimantan generally use Indonesian for official purposes and Banjarese for inter-ethnic communication. Due to the large number of Banjarese people in the province, their language became the main lingua franca, especially in cities like Samarinda and Balikpapan. Besides Banjarese, there is a significant presence of Javanese and Buginese speakers as well, due to the large migration of Javanese and Buginese people into the region.

Other languages spoken in East Kalimantan are Kutai Malay (a distinct Malay variety closely related but distinct from Banjarese), Paser (a Northeast Barito language), Berau Malay, Tunjung, Bahau, Modang Lundayeh and more others. However, Kutai, Paser, and Kenyah languages are considered under the threat of extinction.[34]

### Religion

[edit]

Religion in East Kalimantan (2022)[35]

1. Islam (87.4%)
2. Protestantism (7.49%)
3. Roman Catholic (4.44%)
4. Buddhism (0.39%)
5. Hinduism (0.22%)
6. Confucianism (0.01%)
7. Folk religion (0.01%)

According to the 2021 estimates, 3,320,000 people are Muslims, 286,150 are Protestants, 168,140 are Roman Catholics, 15,630 are Buddhists, 8,500 are Hindus and 308 are Confucians or adhere to folk religions.

* Islamic Centre Samarinda

* Sangatta Catholic Church

* Eka Dharma Manggala Buddhist temple

## Art and culture

[edit]

### Traditional clothing

[edit]

Kustim or kustin, worn by president Joko Widodo in 2024

There are several types of traditional costume belonging to the ethnic groups of East Kalimantan. The traditional costumes of Kenyah people (Dayak) include sapei sapaq for males, which consists of a vest and tight pants known as abet kaboq, and ta'a for females, which consists of a vest known as sapei inoq and a skirt. Other Dayak traditional garments include bulang kuurung (either short-sleeved or without) and its long-sleeved counterpart lengke, and bulang burai king, traditionally worn during ceremonies or tribal wars.

Meanwhile, the Kutai people have their own costumes, namely kustim [id] / kustin and takwo, formal costume traditionally worn by upper-middle classes and the nobility, and sakai, a garment made from skin or wood fiber, traditionally only worn by women.[36]

### Traditional dance

[edit]

Ronggeng dance from the Paser tribe. Weaving dance from Dayak Kenyah tribe

East Kalimantan also has a variety of traditional dance. Punan Letto, Datun Ngentau, Hudoq, Ganjur, Gong / Kancet Ledo, Burung Enggang, Gantar, Papatai, Datun Julud, and Leleng came from the Dayak people, while Jepen and Topeng Kemindu came from the Kutai people.[37]

## References

[edit]

* Indonesia portal

1. ^ a b "UU No. 25 Tahun 1956". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
2. ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2025 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.64)
3. ^ a b "BPS -". Kaltim.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
4. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020–2022" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
5. ^ Badan Pembangunan Nasional (2023). "Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.
6. ^ "Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
7. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
8. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
9. ^ revised area following the removal of Tarakan city and four regencies to form the new North Kalimantan province in 2012, and subsequently amended by BPS.
10. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik. "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 Data Agregat Per Provinsi" (PDF). Badan Pusat Statistik. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2010.
11. ^ a b Zimmer, Carl (7 November 2018). "In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
12. ^ Aubert, M.; Setiawan, P.; Oktaviana, A. A.; Brumm, A.; Sulistyarto, P. H.; Saptomo, E. W.; Istiawan, B.; Ma'rifat, T. A.; Wahyuono, V. N.; Atmoko, F. T.; Zhao, J.-X.; Huntley, J.; Taçon, P. S. C.; Howard, D. L.; Brand, H. E. A. (7 November 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo". Nature. 564 (7735). Springer Nature America, Inc: 254–257\. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..254A. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 30405242. S2CID 53208538.
13. ^ Delbecq, Denis (7 November 2018). "A Bornéo, des fresques parmi les plus anciennes du monde ont été découvertes". Le Temps (in French). Retrieved 8 November 2018.
14. ^ Maxime Aubert; et al. (November 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo". Nature. 564 (7735): 254–257\. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..254A. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. PMID 30405242. S2CID 53208538.
15. ^ Gabbatiss, Josh (8 November 2018). "Oldest ever figurative painting discovered in Borneo cave". The Independent. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
16. ^ Weule, Genelle (8 November 2018). "Scientists say this is the world's oldest known animal rock art". ABC News. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
17. ^ Aubert, M.; et al. (7 November 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo". Nature. 564 (7735): 254–257\. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..254A. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. PMID 30405242. S2CID 53208538. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
18. ^ Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines By Wang Zhenping Page 258.
19. ^ "UU No. 27 Tahun 1959". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
20. ^ "Provinsi Kalimantan Utara Diresmikan 15 April". 22 March 2013. Archived from the original on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
21. ^ "Indonesia minister announces name of new national capital in eastern Kalimantan". Channel News Asia.
22. ^ http://www.panda.org/heart-of-borneo/ WWF Heart of Borneo conservation initiative – orang-utan, rhinoceros and pygmy elephant cling for survival.
23. ^ "Home". sambojalodge.com.
24. ^ "Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2023". Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
25. ^ "Post-Era of Natural Resources Development in East Kalimantan | GEOTIMES". GEOTIMES. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
26. ^ "East Kalimantan's Economy Still Heavily Relies on Coal Price". Retrieved 15 November 2018.
27. ^ "Expedition Magazine | Agriculture in Interior Borneo". www.penn.museum. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
28. ^ Tarahita, Dikanaya; Rakhmat, Muhammad Zulfikar. "Solving Indonesia's Infrastructure Gap". The Diplomat. The Diplomat. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
29. ^ "The Mighty Mahakam River [with PHOTOS] – INDONEO". Indoneo. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
30. ^ "Russian firm signs MoU to build $2.4 billion railway". 8 February 2012.
31. ^ a b c Verdier, A.C., Oki, T., and Suardy, A., 1980, Geology of the Handil Field (East Kalimantan-Indonesia), in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0-89181-306-3, p. 401
32. ^ Huffington, R.M., and Helmig, H.M., Discovery and Development of the Badak Field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia,1980, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0-89181-306-3, p. 441
33. ^ DeMatharel, M., Lehmann, P., Oki, T., Geology of the Bekapai Field, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0-89181-306-3, p. 459
34. ^ "Tiga dari 16 Bahasa Daerah di Kaltim Nyaris Punah, Satu Diantaranya Bahasa Paser". pusaranmedia.com. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
35. ^ "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
36. ^ "Kenali Beragam Pakaian Adat dari Kalimantan Timur". kabarkalimantan.id. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
37. ^ "12 Tari Kalimantan Timur dan Penjelasannya, Warisan Budaya Indonesia". liputan6.com. Retrieved 30 March 2025.

* v
* t
* e

Regencies and cities of East Kalimantan

Capital: Samarinda

Regencies|

* Berau
* Kutai Kartanegara
* West Kutai
* East Kutai
* Paser
* Penajam North Paser
* Mahakam Ulu

| Former|

* Special Region of Kutai

|

Cities|

* Samarinda
* Balikpapan
* Bontang

* v
* t
* e

Provinces of Indonesia

Capital: Jakarta (current) • Nusantara (under construction)

Sumatra|

* Aceh
* Bangka Belitung Islands
* Bengkulu
* Jambi
* Lampung
* North Sumatra
* Riau
* Riau Islands
* South Sumatra
* West Sumatra

Java|

* Banten
* Central Java
* East Java
* Special Region of Jakarta
* Special Region of Yogyakarta
* West Java

Kalimantan|

* Central Kalimantan
* East Kalimantan
* North Kalimantan
* South Kalimantan
* West Kalimantan

Lesser Sunda Islands|

* Bali
* East Nusa Tenggara
* West Nusa Tenggara

Sulawesi|

* Central Sulawesi
* Gorontalo
* North Sulawesi
* South Sulawesi
* Southeast Sulawesi
* West Sulawesi

Maluku Islands|

* Maluku
* North Maluku

Western New Guinea|

* Central Papua
* Highland Papua
* Papua
* South Papua
* Southwest Papua
* West Papua

Former provinces|

* Special Region of Surakarta
* Central Sumatra
* East Timor (de facto)

Lists by

* Current governors
* GDP
* GRP per capita
* HDI
* Highest point
* Poverty rate
* ISO codes

* v
* t
* e

Borneo

Political
divisions|

| Brunei Darussalam|

* Brunei-Muara
* Belait
* Tutong
* Temburong

|

Kalimantan (Indonesia)|

* West Kalimantan
* Central Kalimantan
* South Kalimantan
* East Kalimantan
* Nusantara
* North Kalimantan

East Malaysia (Malaysia)|

* Labuan
* Sabah
* Sarawak

Eco-regions|

* Borneo lowland rain forests
* Borneo montane rain forests
* Borneo peat swamp forests
* Kinabalu montane alpine meadows
* Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests
* Sundaland heath forests
* Sunda Shelf mangroves

Environment|

* Biodiversity
* Flora
* Fauna
* Mammals
* Geological history of Borneo
* Sundaland

| Deforestation|

* Deforestation in Borneo
* Deforestation in Malaysia
* Deforestation in Indonesia
* Mega Rice Project
* Southeast Asian haze

|

Conservation|

* Betung Kerihun National Park
* Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre
* Borneo Orangutan Survival
* Bukit Perai Protection Forest
* Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
* Danum Valley Conservation Area
* Gunung Berau Nature Reserve
* Heart of Borneo
* Kayan Mentarang National Park
* Kutai National Park
* Kinabalu Park
* Kulamba Wildlife Reserve
* Lamandau Nature Reserve
* Lake Sentarum National Park
* Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary
* Mount Palung National Park
* Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre
* Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve
* Sabangau National Park
* Tanjung Puting National Park
* Usun Apau National Park

History|

* History of Brunei
* History of Sabah
* History of Sarawak
* British Borneo
* Sultanate of Banjar
* Sultanate of Bulungan
* Kutai
* Lanfang Republic
* Mempawah Kingdom
* Negara Dipa
* Negara Daha
* Pontianak Sultanate
* Sultanate of Sambas
* Sintang
* Tanjungpura Kingdom

People|

| Ethnic groups|

* Banjar
* Bisaya
* Dayak
* Bahau
* Bidayuh
* Iban
* Kayan
* Kenyah
* Ma'anyan
* Ngaju
* Lawangan
* Ot Danum
* Punan
* Indigenous peoples of Brunei
* Belait
* Bisaya (Borneo)
* Bruneian Malays
* Dusun (Brunei)
* Kedayan
* Murut (Brunei)
* Tutong
* Kadazan-Dusun
* Kadazan
* Dusun
* Melanau
* Orang Ulu
* Malay
* Brunei
* Berau
* Kutei
* Sarawak
* West Kalimantan
* Murut
* Lun Bawang/Lundayeh
* Rungus
* Tidung

|

Festivities|

* Aruh Bawanang
* Erau
* Gawai Dayak
* Kaamatan
* Kaul
* Magahau
* Manyanggar
* Mecaq Undat
* Nahunan
* Iraw Tengkayu
* Kalimaran
* Pakanan Batu
* Pakanan Sahur Lewu

Languages|

* Greater North Borneo languages
* Barito languages
* Malayic languages
* Languages of Kalimantan

* Category
* Commons

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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*[±%]: Percent change
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