Eastern Romance languages

Romance subfamily of Southeast Europe

See also: Proto-Romance and Common Romanian

Eastern Romance

Geographic
distribution| Southeast Europe
Eastern Europe
Linguistic classification| Indo-European

* Italic
* Latino-Faliscan
* Latin
* Romance
* Eastern Romance

Early forms

Old Latin

* Vulgar Latin
* Proto-Romance
* Common Romanian

Subdivisions|

* Daco-Romanian (Romanian)
* Istro-Romanian
* Macedo-Romanian (Aromanian)
* Megleno-Romanian

Language codes
Glottolog| `east2714`  (Eastern Romance)

Regions inhabited nowadays by Eastern Romance-speakers

The Eastern Romance languages[1] are a group of Romance languages. The group comprises the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian), the Aromanian language and two other related minor languages, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian.[2][3][4]

The extinct Dalmatian language (otherwise included in the Central Romance group) is sometimes included as part of the Eastern Romance group,[5][6][7] being considered a bridge between Italian and Romanian.[8][9] Some classifications of the Romance languages consider Eastern and Central Romance to form a clade (often simply called "Eastern Romance", with "Eastern Romance proper" referred to as Balkan or Daco-Romance),[1] but nowadays Central Romance are more often grouped with the Western Romance languages as "Italo-Western".

## Languages

[edit]

Eastern Romance comprises Romanian (or Daco-Romanian), Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian, according to the most widely accepted classification of the Romance languages.[1][10][11][12][13] The four languages are sometimes labelled as dialects of Romanian[1] and developed from a common ancestor[13] known as Common Romanian.[14] They are surrounded by non-Romance languages.[15] Judaeo-Spanish (or Ladino) is also spoken in the Balkan Peninsula, but it is rarely listed among the other Romance languages of the region because it is rather an Iberian Romance language that developed as a Jewish dialect of Old Spanish in the far west of Europe, and it began to be spoken widely in the Balkans only after the influx of Ladino-speaking refugees into the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.[12]

### Internal classification

[edit]

Within the Glottolog database, the languages are classified as follows:[16]

* Eastern Romance
* Aromanian
* Northern Romanian
* Eastern Romanian
* Megleno-Romanian
* Daco-Romanian
* Istro-Romanian

Peter R. Petrucci, by contrast, states that Common Romanian had developed into two major dialects by the 10th century, and that Daco-Romanian and Istro-Romanian are descended from the northern dialect, while Megleno-Romanian and Aromanian are descended from the southern dialect.[17]

* Eastern Romance
* Northern Romanian
* Daco-Romanian
* Istro-Romanian
* Southern Romanian
* Aromanian
* Megleno-Romanian

## Samples of Eastern Romance languages

[edit]

Note: the lexicon used below is not universally recognized.

Istro-Romanian[18][19][20] | Aromanian[21][22] | Megleno-Romanian[23] | Romanian | Italian | Spanish | Portuguese | French  | Latin source | English

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

pićor | cicior | picior | picior | gamba | (pierna) | perna | jambe | petiolus/gamba | leg
kľeptu | cheptu | kľeptu | piept | petto | pecho | peito | poitrine | pectus | chest
bire | ghine | bini | bine | bene | bien | bem | bien | bene | well, good
bľerå | azghirari | zber | zbiera/a rage | ruggire | rugir | rugir | rugir | bēlāre/rugīre | to roar
fiľu | hilj | iľu | fiu | figlio | hijo | filho | fils | filius | son
fiľa | hilje | iľe | fiică | figlia | hija | filha | fille | fīlia | daughter
ficåt | hicat |  | ficat | fegato | hígado | fígado | foie | fīcātum | liver
fi | hire | ire | a fi | essere | ser | ser | être | fuī/esse/sum | to be
fľer | heru | ieru | fier | ferro | hierro | ferro | fer | ferrum | iron
vițelu | yitsãl | vițål | vițel | vitello | (ternero) | vitelo | veau | vitellus | calf
(g)ľerm | iermu | ghiarmi | vierme | verme | verme (gusano) | verme | ver | vermis | worm
viu | yiu | ghiu | viu | vivo | vivo | vivo | vif/vivant | vīvus/vīvēns | alive
vipt | yiptu |  | vipt | cibo (vitto) | comida (victo) | comida (vitualha) | victuaille (archaic)  | victus | food, grain, victuals
mľe(lu) | njel | m'iel | miel | agnello | (cordero), añal (archaic) | anho, cordeiro | agneau | agnellus | lamb
mľåre | njare | m'ari | miere | miele | miel | mel | miel | mel | honey

## See also

[edit]

* Balkan sprachbund
* Common Romanian
* Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages
* Substrate in Romanian

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Schulte 2009, p. 230.
2. ^ Hammarström, Forkel & Haspelmath 2019, [1].
3. ^ Agard 1984, p. 250.
4. ^ Hall 1950, p. 16.
5. ^ Swiggers 2011, p. 272.
6. ^ Sampson 1999, p. 298.
7. ^ Hall 1950, p. 24.
8. ^ Posner 1996, p. 195.
9. ^ Harris 1997, p. 22.
10. ^ Mallinson 1988, p. 23.
11. ^ Posner 1996, pp. 217–218.
12. ^ a b Lindstedt 2014, p. 168.
13. ^ a b Maiden 2016, p. 91.
14. ^ Sala, Marius (2012). De la Latină la Română] [From Latin to Romanian]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 33\. ISBN 978-606-647-435-1.
15. ^ Posner 1996, p. 217.
16. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Eastern Romance". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
17. ^ Petrucci 1999, p. 4.
18. ^ Bărdășan, Gabriel (2011), Lexicul Istroromân Moștenit din Latină. Suprapuneri și Diferențieri Interdialectale [Istro-Romanian vocabulary inherited from Latin. Interdialectal Overlaps and Differentiations] (in Romanian), archived from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 – via diacronia.ro
19. ^ Dănilă, Ioan (2007), "Istroromâna în viziunea lui Traian Cantemir", The Proceedings of the "European Integration – Between Tradition and Modernity" Congress [Istro-Romanian in the vision of Traian Cantemir] (in Romanian), vol. 2, pp. 224–231, archived from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 – via diacronia.ro
20. ^ Burlacu, Mihai (2010). "Istro-Romanians: The Legacy of a Culture". The IstroRomanian in Croatia.
21. ^ Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda, "Dialectul Aromân" [The Aromanian Dialect] (PDF), Avdhela Project – Library of Aromanian Culture (in Romanian), archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24, retrieved 2019-09-01
22. ^ Vătășescu, Cătălina (2017), "Atlasul lingvistic al dialectului aromân, bază pentru cercetarea raporturilor aromâno-albaneze" [The linguistic atlas of the Aromanian dialect as a ground for a comparative research with the Albanian language], Fonetică și dialectologie (in Romanian), vol. XXXVI, pp. 215–221, archived from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 – via diacronia.ro
23. ^ Dialectul Meglenoromân (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01

## Sources

[edit]

* Agard, Frederick Browning (1984). A Course in Romance Linguistics Volume 2: A Diachronic View. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-074-5.
* Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1950). "The Reconstruction of Proto-Romance". Language. 26 (1). Linguistic Society of America: 6–27\. doi:10.2307/410406. JSTOR 410406.
* Harris, Martin (1997). Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). The Romance Languages. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1–25\. ISBN 978-0-415-16417-7.
* Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (2019). "Catalogue of languages and families". Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
* Posner, Rebecca (1996). The Romance Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52-128139-3.
* Sampson, Rodney (1999). Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823848-5.
* Schulte, Kim (2009). "Loanwords in Romanian". In Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (eds.). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 230–259\. ISBN 978-3-11-021843-5.
* Swiggers, Pierre (2011). "Mapping the Romance Languages of Europe". In Lameli, Alfred; Kehrein, Roland; Rabanus, Stefan (eds.). Language Mapping: Part I. Part II: Maps. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 269–301\. ISBN 978-3-11-021916-6.
* Harris, Martin (1988). Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). The Romance Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–25\. ISBN 978-0-19-520829-0.
* Lindstedt, Jouko (2014). "Balkan Slavic and Balkan Romance: from congruence to convergence". In Besters-Dilger, Juliane; Dermarkar, Cynthia; Pfänder, Stefan; Rabus, Achim (eds.). Congruence in Contact-Induced Language Change: Language Families, Typological Resemblance, and Perceived Similarity. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 168–183\. ISBN 978-3-11-033834-8.
* Maiden, Martin (2016). "Romanian, Istro–Romanian, Megleno–Romanian, and Arumanian". In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 91–125\. ISBN 978-0-19-967710-8.
* Mallinson, Graham (1988). "Rumanian". In Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.). The Romance Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 391–419\. ISBN 978-0-19-520829-0.
* Sala, Marius (2012). De la Latină la Română] [From Latin to Romanian]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 33\. ISBN 978-606-647-435-1.
* Petrucci, Peter R. (1999). Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian. München: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 38-9586-599-0.

* v
* t
* e

Dialects of the Eastern Romance languages

Classical Latin → Vulgar Latin → Common Romanian → Eastern Romance languages

Romanian
dialects|

| Northern variants|

| Moldavian|

* Moldavian
* Bukovinian

|

Transylvanian|

* Transylvanian
* Crișana, divided into several subdialects
* Maramureș

Banat|

* Banat
* Boyash

Southern variants|

| Muntenian|

* Muntenian

|

Oltenian|

* Oltenian

†Dician|

* †Dician (original Dobrujan dialect)

Romanian-based
argots/speech forms*|

* Gumuțeasca
* Totoiana

Aromanian
dialects|

| Northern|

* Farsherot
* Grabovean/Moscopolean
* Muzachiar
* Gopeš–Malovište
* Gorna Belica–Dolna Belica

|

Southern|

* Pindean
* Olympian
* Gramostean

Megleno-Romanian
dialects|

| Northern|

* Northern

|

Southern|

* Southern

Istro-Romanian
dialects|

| In Istria|

| Northern|

* Northern

|

Southern|

* Southern (variants between villages)

†In Krk|

| †Krko-Romanian|

* †Krko-Romanian

|

* = Not strictly dialects; † = extinct

* v
* t
* e

Romance languages (classification)

Major branches|

* Eastern
* Italo-Western
* Italo-Dalmatian
* Western
* Southern

Eastern|

* Aromanian
* Istro-Romanian
* Megleno-Romanian
* Daco-Romanian
* dialects
* Banat
* Bukovinian
* Crișana
* Maramureș
* Moldavian
* Oltenian
* Transylvanian
* Wallachian

Italo-
Dalmatian|

| Central|

* Central Italian
* Central Marchigiano
* Ancona
* Fabriano
* Macerata
* Central−Northern Latian
* Romanesco
* Sabino
* Corsican
* Gallurese
* Italian
* Italo-Australian
* Maltese Italian
* Regional Italian
* Swiss Italian
* Sassarese
* Tuscan
* Florentine

|

Southern|

* Extreme Southern Italian
* Central−Southern Calabrian
* Salentino
* Manduriano
* Sicilian
* Pantesco
* Neapolitan–Calabrese
* Neapolitan
* Barese
* Benevento
* Castelmezzano
* Cilentan
* Irpinian
* Arianese
* Molisan
* Southern Latian
* Tarantino
* Vastese
* Northern Calabrian

Others|

* Dalmatian Romance
* Dalmatian
* Istriot
* Judeo-Italian

Western|

| Gallo-Italic|

* Emilian–Romagnol
* Emilian
* Bolognese
* Judeo-Mantuan
* Parmigiano
* Romagnol
* Forlivese
* Old Romagnol
* Sammarinese
* Ferrarese
* Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
* Gallo-Italic of Sicily
* Gallo-Picene
* Ligurian
* Brigasc
* Genoese
* Intemelio
* Monégasque
* Royasc
* Tabarchino
* Judeo-Italian
* Lombard
* Eastern
* Bergamasque
* Cremish
* Old Lombard
* Western
* Brianzöö
* Canzés
* Bustocco–Legnanese
* Legnanese
* Comasco–Lecchese
* Comasco
* Laghée
* Lecchese
* Vallassinese
* Milanese
* Ossolano
* Southwestern
* Cremunés
* Novarese
* Pavese
* Ticinese
* Varesino
* Piedmontese
* Judeo-Piedmontese

|

Gallo-
Romance|

| Langues
d'oïl|

* Angevin
* Berrichon
* Bourbonnais
* Burgundian
* Champenois
* Ardennais
* Rémois
* Frainc-Comtou
* Gallo
* French
* Jersey Legal
* Meridional
* North American dialects
* Canadian
* Acadian
* Chiac
* St. Marys Bay French
* Brayon
* Newfoundland
* Quebec
* Joual
* Magoua
* Franco-Ontarian
* Métis
* Muskrat
* New England
* Frenchville
* Louisiana
* Missouri
* Creoles
* Lorrain
* Gaumais
* Vosgien
* Welche
* Mayennais
* Moselle Romance
* Norman
* Anglo-Norman
* Auregnais
* Guernésiais
* Jèrriais
* Sercquiais
* Law French
* Augeron
* Cauchois
* Cotentinais
* Orléanais
* Paydret
* Picard
* Poitevin–Saintongeais
* Poitevin
* Saintongeais
* Walloon
* West Walloon
* Wisconsin Walloon

|

* Franco-Provençal/Arpitan
* Faetar
* Savoyard
* Valdôtain
* Old Gallo-Romance

Ibero-
Romance
(West
Iberian)|

| Asturleonese|

* Asturian
* Eastern
* Western
* Cantabrian
* Leonese
* Bercian
* Paḷḷuezu
* Palra
* Riberan
* Riunorese
* Mirandese
* Old Leonese

|

Galician–Portuguese|

* Fala
* Galician
* Galician–Asturian/Eonavian
* Portuguese
* dialects
* African
* Asian
* Brazilian
* Mineiro
* European
* Alentejan
* Oliventine
* Estremenho
* Minderico
* Northern
* Uruguayan
* Creoles
* Portugis
* Judeo-Portuguese

Castilian|

* Extremaduran
* Judeo-Spanish
* Haketia
* Tetuani
* Spanish
* dialects
* Equatoguinean
* Latin American
* Chilean
* Chilote
* Peruvian
* Peruvian Ribereño
* Rioplatense
* Peninsular
* Andalusian
* Llanito
* Castilian
* Castrapo
* Castúo
* Murcian
* Philippine
* Saharan
* Creoles
* Old Spanish

Pyrenean–Mozarabic|

* Andalusi Romance
* Navarro-Aragonese
* Aragonese
* Central
* Eastern
* Ribagorçan
* Benasquese
* Judeo-Aragonese
* Southern
* Somontanés
* Navalese
* Western
* Aisinian
* Ansó
* Aragüés
* Hecho
* Community of Villages Aragonese
* Ebro Valley Aragonese
* Navarrese
* Old Riojan
* Valencian Aragonese

Others|

* Barranquenho (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
* Caló (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)

Occitano-
Romance|

* Catalan
* dialects
* Eastern
* Algherese
* Balearic
* Mallorcan
* Menorcan
* Central
* Northern
* Judeo-Catalan
* Patuet
* Western
* Ribagorçan
* Valencian
* Gardiol
* Occitan
* Auvergnat
* Gascon
* Aranese
* Béarnese
* Aas whistled
* Landese
* Judeo-Gascon
* Judeo-Provençal
* Languedocien
* Limousin
* Provençal
* Niçard
* Vivaro-Alpine
* Gardiol
* Mentonasc
* Old Occitan
* Old Catalan

Rhaeto-
Romance|

* Friulian
* Fornes
* Ladin
* Cadorino
* Nones
* Romansh
* Jauer
* Putèr
* Surmiran
* Sursilvan
* Tuatschin
* Sutsilvan
* Vallader

Others|

* Franco-Italian
* Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Western Romance-based pidgin)
* Venetian (unknown further classification)
* Chipilo
* Fiuman
* Talian
* Triestine

Others|

* African Romance
* British Latin
* Pannonian Latin
* Sardinian
* Campidanese
* Logudorese
* Dialects of Latin

Reconstructed|

* Proto-Romance
* Proto-Eastern Romance

* Italics indicate extinct languages
* Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany

|

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