Eastern margin of the Sea of Japan

Plate boundary between the Amurian and Okhotsk plates in East Asia

The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan defined by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion in 2003

The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan is a zone of concentrated geological strain which extends several hundred kilometers and north–south along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. The margin has undergone convergence tectonics since the end of the Pliocene.[1][2] It is believed to be an incipient subduction zone which defines the tectonic boundary between the Amurian and Okhotsk plates. This geological zone is seismically active and has been the source of destructive tsunamis. The feature runs off the west coast of Honshu, passes west of the Shakotan Peninsula on Hokkaido and through the Strait of Tartary, between Sakhalin and mainland Russia.

## Plate tectonics

[edit]

Topographical map of the Sea of Japan

The Sea of Japan represents a back-arc basin that formed via geological rifting of continental crust from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene (28–13 million years ago).[3] The Sea of Japan can be divided into sub-basins; the Japan Basin, Yamato Basin and Tsushima Basin. Seafloor spreading in the Sea of Japan was restricted to the Japan Basin and ceased by the middle Miocene.[4]

Following the end of seafloor spreading, its eastern margin experienced weak compression between 10 and 3.5 million years ago. Crustal shortening has been ongoing in the eastern margin and back-arc region of the Northeastern Japan Arc since 3.5 million years ago. This deformation is attributed to east–west compressive forces, forming fold and thrust belts along the eastern margin. The southern margin was subjected to north–south or northwest–southeast compression about 8–5 million years ago. Presently, the southern margin hosts mainly strike-slip faults.[4]

The margin is located at the boundary marking the Amurian and Okhotsk microplates. Oceanic lithosphere from the Sea of Japan located on the Amurian Plate converges with the Japanese archipelago on the Okhotsk Plate. A Wadati–Benioff zone which is evidence for subduction, is absent in the zone, hence subduction is doubtful. However, it may be an incipient eastward-dipping subduction zone.[5] In 1983, it was proposed that subduction along the eastern margin commenced about 1–2 million years ago.[6]

The basis for defining this tectonic boundary is the occurrence of large magnitude 7 or greater earthquakes along a linear zone from offshore Niigata Prefecture to off the west coast of Hokkaido.[7] Following the 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu earthquake, the idea of a young plate boundary was proposed, but its mechanism is unknown—it has been proposed as a transform boundary or collision zone.[8]

## Location

[edit]

Plate boundary marked by the purple line

The margin passes north–south through the Shakotan Peninsula, Oshima Peninsula, and Tōhoku region. It junctions with the Niigata–Kobe Tectonic Zone and Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line between Sado Island and the Noto Peninsula.[9] It strikes southwest in the western part of Fukushima Prefecture and extends to the border of Nagano and Toyama Prefecture. It exits north of Lake Biwa and continues to the eastern part of Shimane Prefecture. In the Sea of Japan, the cluster of extensional faults which were active during the formation of the sea remained. After the Pliocene, the stress field evolved from extensional to convergence. The compressive forces reactivated these faults and displayed thrust mechanisms.[10]

## Seismicity and tsunamis

[edit]

See also: List of earthquakes in Japan

The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan was the source of historically destructive earthquakes and tsunamis. These events were considered intraplate earthquakes until 1983 when the plate boundary theory was proposed.[11] The associated geological faults related to the opening of the sea and compressive forces along the eastern margin influence seismic activity. Large earthquakes in 1833, 1940, 1964, 1983, and 1993 were the result of reverse faulting associated with the present deformation. The Sea of Japan is considered one of the world's most seismically active back-arc basins.[12]

Year  | Location  | Event  | Comments

|
|
|

1741 | Oshima, off the coast of Hokkaido  | Volcanic eruption[13][14] | About 2,000 people killed along the west coast of Japan from the resulting tsunami. Homes and fishing boats destroyed in Korea.[15] Tsunami magnitude calculated at Mt 8.4; largest tsunami in the region.[16]
1792  | Shiribeshi | Earthquake (M 7.1)  | At least five people killed in Oshoro by the tsunami and additional tsunami casualties at Bikuni.[17]
1793 (ja)  | Aomori  | Earthquake (Muk 6.9)  | Generated a tsunami along the Tsugaru Peninsula.[18] Twelve people killed and 164 homes destroyed. Considerable damage in Ajigasawa.[19][20]
1802 (ja)  | Sado Island  | Earthquake (Muk 6.6)  | At least 19 people killed, 732 homes destroyed and 1,423 damaged.[21] Caused 2 m (6 ft 7 in) of uplift on the Ogi Peninsula, exposing pillow lava from the Miocene.[22]
1804 (ja)  | Kisa, Akita  | Earthquake (Mw 7.1[23])  | At least 450 killed and 10,810 houses destroyed.[21] A 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tsunami flooded 300 homes in Kisagata and Sakata.[24]
1828 (ja)  | Sanjō Niigata  | Earthquake (Muk 6.9[25])  | At least 1,443 killed and 11,750 houses ruined.[26] No tsunami.[24]
1833 | Yamagata | Earthquake (MJMA 7.5–7.7[27])  | At least 150 people killed.[27] Tsunami recorded with a maximum height of 8 m (26 ft) at Kamo.[16]
1939 | Akita  | Earthquake (MJMA 7.0[28])  | Onshore event. At least 27 killed and 52 injured.[29]
1940 | Shakotan, Hokkaido  | Earthquake (Mw 7.5[28])  | Ten people killed, 24 injured, and many homes and fishing boats damaged or destroyed in Hokkaido, North Korea and Russia.[30] Tsunami recorded with a maximum height of 5 m (16 ft) at Kamenka, Primorsky Krai.[31]
1947  | Shakotan, Hokkaido  | Earthquake (Mw 7.1[28])  | Felt at Haboro and Rumoi. Tsunami recorded with a height of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) at Wakkanai and Rishiri Island; 0.7 m (2 ft 4 in) at Haboro and several tens of centimeters at Otaru. Minor damage.[32][33]
1964  | Akita offshore  | Earthquake (Mw 7.0[28])  | Tsunami recorded 20 cm (7.9 in) along Niigata and Hokkaido prefectures.[30]
1964 | Niigata, Niigata | Earthquake (Mw 7.6[28])  | At least 36 people killed and over 300 injured. Tsunami with a maximum height of 6 m (20 ft) at Fuya.[34]
1971  | Moneron Island, Russia  | Earthquake (Mw 7.3[28])  | Rockfalls and landslides on Moneron Island. Damage to buildings in Shebunino and Gomozavodsk on Sakhalin. Felt VII–VIII (MSK) on Moneron Island and VII (MMI) in southern Sakhalin.[35] Tsunami recorded with a maximum height of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) at Shebunino, Sakhalin.[36]
1983 | Akita offshore  | Earthquake (Mw 7.7[28])  | Heavy damage due to liquefaction. At least 104 people dead—4 as a direct effect of the earthquake. One hundred deaths attributed to the tsunami including three deaths in South Korea.[37]
1993 | Okushiri, Hokkaido  | Earthquake (Mw 7.7[28])  | At least 230 people killed including 165 on Okushiri. Tsunami recorded 30.6 m (100 ft) on the southern coast of Okushiri; 10 m (33 ft) along the Hokkaido coast; also recorded in Russia and South Korea. Considerable damage from fires, landslides and tsunami. Three people missing along Russia's southeastern coast.
1995 | Neftegorsk, Sakhalin  | Earthquake (Mw 7.0[28])  | Strike-slip earthquake producing up to 8.1 m (27 ft) of surface offset. Approximately 2,000 people dead in Neftegorsk.[38]
2000  | Uglegorsk, Sakhalin  | Earthquake (Mw 6.8[28])  | Eight people injured and many buildings damaged.[39]
2004 | Niigata  | Earthquake (Mw 6.6[28])  | Sixty eight people killed, 4,805 injured and extensive damage. Maximum intensity 7 on the JMA seismic intensity scale.[40][41]
2007 | Niigata  | Earthquake (Mw 6.6[28])  | Eleven people killed, 1,000 injured and 342 houses destroyed.[42][43][44]
2007 (ru)  | Nevelsk, Sakhalin  | Earthquake (Mw 6.2[28])  | Occurred on a west-dipping reverse fault as opposed to east-dipping faults involved in large Sea of Japan earthquakes. Three tsunami waves measuring up to 3.2 m (10 ft).[45] Two people killed, ten injured and severe damage occurred in Nevelsk. Over half of the town's 11,000 residents displaced. Maximum MSK-64 intensity VIII.[46]
2011 | Nagano  | Earthquake (Mw 6.3[28])  | Three people killed and nine injured. Seventy three houses destroyed and 427 damaged.[47]
2014 | Nagano  | Earthquake (Mw 6.3[28])  | Forty-one people were injured and 50 houses collapsed.[48] Significant surface ruptures were observed.[49]
2019 | Yamagata  | Earthquake (Mw 6.4)  | Twenty-six people injured and 149 houses damaged.[50][51]
2024 | Noto  | Earthquake (Mw 7.5.[52])  | At least 203 people killed and 52 missing.[53]

### Offshore earthquakes

[edit]

Simulation of the 1983 tsunami

Large earthquakes with epicenters offshore and north of the Noto Peninsula are mostly accompanied by tsunamis. These events have recurrence intervals of 1,000 years.[54] Due to their closer proximity to land, the accompanying tsunamis require a shorter time arriving compared to earthquakes along Japan's Pacific coast.[55] These earthquakes tend to generate considerably large tsunamis.[56]

### Hazard

[edit]

The 75 km (47 mi)-long Akita-oki seismic gap lies off the coast of Akita Prefecture. This plate-boundary segment is located between the rupture zones of the 1833 and 1983 earthquakes and has not experienced a major earthquake during historical times. It has the potential to produce a magnitude 7.5 earthquake, probably by the end of the 21st century. Another seismic gap of 50 km (31 mi) length is thought to exist off the coast of Hokkaido between the 1940 and 1993 rupture zones. [11]

## See also

[edit]

* List of tectonic plates
* List of tectonic plate interactions

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ 佐藤比呂志 ほか、「ひずみ集中帯地殻構造探査・三条-弥彦測線の成果 (総特集 日本海東縁ひずみ集中帯の構造とアクティブテクトニクス(2))」 『月刊地球』 32(7), 403–410, July 2010
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* v
* t
* e

Earthquakes in Japan

Historical|

* 679 Tsukushi
* 684 Hakuho
* 869 Jōgan
* 1293 Kamakura
* 1361 Shōhei
* 1498 Meiō
* 1586 Tenshō
* 1596 Fushimi
* 1605 Keichō
* 1611 Aizu
* 1611 Sanriku
* 1662 Kanbun
* 1662 Hyūga-nada
* 1677 Bōsō
* 1703 Genroku
* 1707 Hōei
* 1741 Kampo
* 1751 Takada
* 1771 Great Yaeyama
* 1792 Unzen
* 1804 Kisakata
* 1828 Sanjō
* 1833 Shōnai
* 1847 Zenkoji
* 1854 Iga–Ueno
* 1854 Nankai
* 1854 Tōkai
* 1855 Edo
* 1858 Hietsu
* 1872 Hamada
* 1889 Kumamoto
* 1891 Mino–Owari
* 1894 Tokyo
* 1894 Shōnai
* 1896 Sanriku
* 1896 Rikuu

20th century|

* 1909 Anegawa
* 1911 Kikai Island
* 1914 Senboku
* 1922 Shimabara
* 1923 Great Kantō
* 1925 North Tajima
* 1927 North Tango
* 1930 North Izu
* 1933 Sanriku
* 1936 Miyagi
* 1939 Oga
* 1940 Shakotan
* 1941 Hyūga-nada
* 1943 Tottori
* 1944 Tōnankai
* 1945 Mikawa
* 1946 Nankai
* 1948 Fukui
* 1952 Tokachi
* 1961 North Mino
* 1963 Kuril Islands
* 1964 Niigata
* 1968 Ebino
* 1968 Hyūga-nada
* 1968 Tokachi
* 1973 Nemuro Peninsula
* 1974 Izu Peninsula
* 1978 Izu Ōshima
* 1978 Miyagi
* 1982 Urakawa
* 1983 Sea of Japan
* 1984 Nagano
* 1993 Kushiro
* 1993 Okushiri
* 1994 offshore Sanriku
* 1995 Hanshin
* 2000 Izu Islands
* 2000 Tottori

21st century|

* 2001 Geiyo
* 2003 Miyagi
* 2003 Tokachi
* 2004 Chūetsu
* 2005 Fukuoka
* 2005 Miyagi
* 2006 Kuril Islands
* 2007 Chūetsu
* 2007 Kuril Islands
* 2007 Noto
* 2008 Iwate–Miyagi
* 2008 Iwate
* 2009 Shizuoka
* 2011 Tōhoku
* 2011 Nagano
* 2011 Shizuoka
* 2011 Miyagi
* 2011 Fukushima
* 2012 Chiba
* 2012 Sanriku
* 2014 Nagano
* 2015 Ogasawara
* 2016 Kumamoto
* 2016 Tottori
* 2016 Fukushima
* 2018 Osaka
* 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi
* 2019 Yamagata
* 2021 Fukushima
* 2021 Miyagi
* 2021 Chiba
* 2022 Fukushima
* 2023 Noto
* 2024 Noto
* 2024 Hyūga-nada

Related articles|

* Nankai megathrust earthquakes
* Tōkai earthquakes
* Tōnankai earthquakes
* Nankai earthquakes
* South Kantō earthquakes
* Matsushiro earthquake swarm

* v
* t
* e

Tectonic plates of East and North Asia (Eurasian Plate-Pacific Plate Convergence Zone)

Large|

* Amur Plate
* Okhotsk Plate
* Philippine Sea Plate
* Yangtze Plate

Small|

* Mariana Plate
* Okinawa Plate
* Philippine Mobile Belt

Faults and rift zones|

* Aomori Bay West Coast Fault Zone
* Baikal Rift Zone
* Haiyuan Fault
* Fukozu Fault
* Futagawa-Hinagu fault zone
* Idosawa Fault
* Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line
* Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc
* Japan Median Tectonic Line
* Longmenshan Fault
* Neodani Fault
* Nojima Fault
* Northeastern Japan Arc
* Philippine Fault System
* Senya Fault
* Tanna Fault
* Ulakhan Fault
* Urasoko fault

Trenches and troughs|

Kuril Trench
Mariana Trench
Japan
Eastern margin of the Sea of Japan
Izu–Ogasawara Trench
Japan Trench
Nankai Trough
Okinawa Trough
Ryukyu Trench
Sagami Trough
Suruga Trough
Philippines
Manila Trench
Philippine Trench

Others|

* Boso Triple Junction

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