Economic Cooperation Organization

Asian political and economic intergovernmental organization

Not to be confused with OECD.

Economic Cooperation Organization

in other languages

* |  Azerbaijani:|  İqtisadi Əməkdaşlıq Təşkilatı

|

Kazakh:|  Экономикалық Ынтымақтастық Ұйымы ; Ekonomikalyq Yntymaqtastyq Ūiymy
Kyrgyz:|  Экономикалык Кызматташтык Уюму
Pashto:|

د اقتصادي او همکاريو سازمان

Persian:|

سازمان همکاری اقتصادی

Tajik:|  Ташкилоти ҳамкории иқтисодӣ
Turkish:|  Ekonomik İşbirliği Teşkilatı
Turkmen:|  Ykdysady Hyzmatdaşlyk Guramasy
Urdu:|

اقتصادی تعاون تنظیم

Uzbek:|  Iqtisodiy Hamkorlik Tashkiloti

ECO

Logo

Motto: "Sustainable socioeconomic development for the people of the region"

Member states of the ECO

Headquarters| Tehran, Iran
Largest metropolis| Karachi
Official languages| English
Member states|

10 members

* Afghanistan[a]
* Azerbaijan
* Iran
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Pakistan
* Tajikistan
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan
* * * *

1 observer

* Northern Cyprus
* * * *

Leaders

• Secretary General

| Asad Majeed Khan
Area

• Total

| 8,208,600 km2 (3,169,400 sq mi)
Population

• 2023 estimate

| 566,800,000

• Density

| 72/km2 (186.5/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)| 2023 estimate

• Total

| US$10 trillion[2]

• Per capita

| US$34,800
GDP (nominal)| 2023 estimate

• Total

| US$3.8 trillion

• Per capita

| US$15,000
HDI (2023)| 0.781
high
Currency|

10 currencies

* Afghani (AFN)
* Lira (TRY)
* Manat (AZN)
* Manat (TMT)
* Rial (IRR)
* Rupee (PKR)
* Som (KGS)
* Soum (UZS)
* Somoni (TJS)
* Tenge (KZT)

Time zone| UTC+2 to +5
Calling code|

10 codes

* +7
* +90
* +92
* +93
* +98
* +992
* +993
* +994
* +996
* +998

Website
www.eco.int

The Economic Cooperation Organization or ECO is a Eurasian political and economic intergovernmental organization that was founded in 1985 in Tehran by the leaders of Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey. It provides a platform to discuss ways to improve development and promote trade and investment opportunities. The ECO is an ad hoc organisation under the United Nations Charter.[3] The objective is to establish a single market for goods and services, much like the European Union.[4] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the ECO expanded to include Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan in 1992.

The current framework of the ECO expresses itself mostly in the form of bilateral agreements and arbitration mechanisms between individual and fully sovereign member states. That makes the ECO similar to ASEAN in that it is an organisation that has its own offices and bureaucracy for implementation of trade amongst sovereign member states. This consists of the historically integrated agricultural region of the Ferghana Valley which allows for trade and common agricultural production in the border region between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Pakistan has free trade agreements with both Afghanistan and Iran which are in the process of implementation.

In 2017, a free trade agreement between Turkey and Iran was proposed to be signed in the future,[5] in addition to a proposed Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement.[6] The Afghanistan-Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement is designed to facilitate trade for goods and services for Central Asia via both Afghanistan and Pakistan.[7] That is in addition to the Ashgabat Agreement, which is a multi-modal transport agreement between the Central Asian states.[8] Further cooperation amongst members is planned in the form of the Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline, as well as a Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan pipeline. Current pipelines include the Tabriz–Ankara pipeline in addition to the planned Persian Pipeline. This is in addition to the transportation of oil and gas from Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to supply the industrialisation underway in Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and beyond. Pakistan plans to diversify its source of oil and gas supplies towards the Central Asian states, including petroleum import contracts with Azerbaijan.[9]

The ECO's Secretariat and ECO Cultural Institute are based in Iran, ECO Trade and Development Bank and ECO Educational Institute are located in Turkey, and ECO Science Foundation is in Pakistan.

## History

[edit]

The Economic Cooperation Organization was the successor organisation of what was the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD), founded in 1964, which ended activities in 1979. In 1985 Iran, Pakistan and Turkey joined to form the ECO. By the fall of 1992, the ECO expanded to include seven new members; Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The date of the expansion to its present strength, 28 November, is referred to as "ECO Day". The status and power of the ECO is growing. However, the organisation faces many challenges. Most importantly, the member states are lacking appropriate infrastructure and institutions which the Organization is primarily seeking to develop, to make full use of the available resources in the region and provide sustainable development for the member nations. The Economic Cooperation Organisation Trade Agreement (ECOTA) was signed on 17 July 2003 in Islamabad.[10] ECO Trade Promotion Organization (TPO) is a new organization for trade promotion among member states located in Iran (2009).[11] Under the agreement reached between ECO members, the common trade market should be established by 2015.[4]

## Official names

[edit]

The official working language of the Economic Cooperation Organization is English. The official names of the organization are:

* Azerbaijani: İqtisadi Əməkdaşlıq Təşkilatı
* Kazakh: Экономикалық ынтымақтастық ұйымы, romanized: Ekonomikalyq yntymaqtastyq ūiymy
* Kyrgyz: Экономикалык Кызматташтык Уюму, romanized: Ekonomikalyk Kyzmattashtyk Uyumu
* Pashto: د اقتصادي همکاريو سازمان, romanized: Da Iqtesadi Valamkariano Sazman
* Persian: سازمان همکاری اقتصادی, romanized: Sāzmān-e Hamkāri-ye Eqtesādi
* Russian: Организация экономического сотрудничества, romanized: Opganizatsiya ekonomicheskogo sotrudnichestva
* Tajik: Созмони Ҳамкории Иқтисодӣ, romanized: Sozmoni Khamkorii Iktisody
* Turkish: Ekonomik İşbirliği Teşkilatı
* Turkmen: Ykdysady Hyzmatdaşlyk Guramasy
* Urdu: اقتصادی تعاون تنظیم, romanized: Iqtiṣādī Taʿāvan Tanẓīm
* Uzbek: Iqtisodiy Hamkorlik Tashkiloti / Iktisodiy Khamkorlik Tashkiloti

## Objectives and principles

[edit]

* Sustainable economic development of Member States;
* Progressive removal of trade barriers and promotion of intraregional trade; the Greater role of ECO region in the growth of world trade; Gradual integration of the economies of the Member States with the world economy;
* Development of transport & communications infrastructure linking the Member States with each other and with the outside world;
* Economic liberalization and privatization;
* Mobilization and utilization of ECO region's material resources;
* Effective utilization of the agricultural and industrial potentials of ECO region.
* Regional cooperation for drug abuse control, ecological and environmental protection and strengthening of historical and cultural ties among the peoples of the ECO region; and
* Mutually beneficial cooperation with regional and international organizations.
* Sovereign equality of the Member States and mutual advantage;
* Linking of national economic, development plans with ECO's immediate and long-term objectives to the extent possible;
* Joint efforts to gain freer access to markets outside the ECO region for the raw materials and finished products of the Member States;
* Effective utilization of ECO institutions, agreements and cooperative arrangements with other regional and international organizations including multilateral financial institutions;
* Common endeavors to develop a harmonized approach for participation in regional and global arrangements;
* Realization of economic cooperation strategy; and Exchanges in educational, scientific, technical and cultural fields

## Membership

[edit]

### Full members

[edit]

Name  | Population
(2023, millions)[12] | Area[13] | Population
density  | GDP
(2023, nominal,
US$ billions)[12] | GDP per capita
(2023, nominal, US$)[12] | GDP
(2023, PPP,
Int$ billions)[12] | GDP per capita
(2023, PPP, Int$)[12]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Afghanistan[a] | 32.2 million | 652,230 km2
(251,830 sq mi)  | 55.23/km2
(143.0/sq mi)  | 14.467 | 422.229 | 72.512 | 2,116.334
Azerbaijan | 10.1 million | 86,600 km2
(33,400 sq mi)  | 114.78/km2
(297.3/sq mi)  | 76.639 | 7,525.428 | 189.273 | 18,585.191
Iran | 88.3 million | 1,648,195 km2
(636,372 sq mi)  | 49.97/km2
(129.4/sq mi)  | 403.526 | 4,662.520 | 1,752.856 | 20,253.297
Kazakhstan | 22.4 million | 2,724,900 km2
(1,052,100 sq mi)  | 6.78/km2
(17.6/sq mi)  | 260.510 | 13,116.815 | 656.669 | 33,063.603
Kyrgyzstan | 6.8 million | 199,951 km2
(77,202 sq mi)  | 31.95/km2
(82.8/sq mi)  | 12.775 | 1,843.190 | 44.925 | 6,481.606
Pakistan | 231.5 million | 881,913 km2
(340,509 sq mi)  | 257.4/km2
(667/sq mi)  | 338.237 | 1,460.740 | 1,572.439 | 6,790.873
Tajikistan | 9.7 million | 144,100 km2
(55,600 sq mi)  | 63.20/km2
(163.7/sq mi)  | 11.855 | 1,183.908 | 54.497 | 5,442.597
Turkey | 83.2 million | 783,562 km2
(302,535 sq mi)  | 104.48/km2
(270.6/sq mi)  | 1,108.453 | 12,849.005 | 3,628.742 | 42,063.743
Turkmenistan | 7.1 million | 488,100 km2
(188,500 sq mi)  | 11.82/km2
(30.6/sq mi)  | 77.106 | 11,833.107 | 124.257 | 19,069.183
Uzbekistan | 35.5 million | 447,400 km2
(172,700 sq mi)  | 72.99/km2
(189.0/sq mi)  | 90.882 | 2,522.757 | 372.987 | 10,353.579
10 total  | 566.8 million  | 7,971,133 km2
(3,077,672 sq mi)  | 60.66/km2
(157.1/sq mi)  | 2.61 trillion  | 3,726.922  | 8.83 trillion  | 12,990.954

### Observers

[edit]

* Northern Cyprus[14][15]
* Organization of Turkic States[14]
* International Energy Charter[14]

## Structure

[edit]

### Council of Ministers

[edit]

The Council of Ministers (COM) is the highest policy and decision-making body and is composed of the various Ministers of Foreign Affairs or such other representatives of the ministerial rank as may be designated by the respective governments. The COM meets at least once a year by rotation among the member states.

### Council of Permanent Representatives

[edit]

The Council of Permanent Representatives (CPR) consists of the Permanent Representatives/Ambassadors of the member states accredited to the Islamic Republic of Iran as well as to the ECO and the Director-General for ECO Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

### Regional Planning Council

[edit]

The Regional Planning Council (RPC) is composed of the Heads of the Planning Organizations of member states or other representatives of corresponding authorities.

### ECO Secretariat

[edit]

The ECO Secretariat consists of six directorates and six sections in the ECO Secretariat staffed by professionals working in the relevant areas of regional economic cooperation. Each directorate is headed by a director while the each section is run by head of section. There are also several programme officers and research officers working in each directorate of the Secretariat.

* Directorate of Trade and Investment (TI)
* Directorate of Transport and Communications (TC)
* Directorate of Energy, Mineral and Environment (EME)
* Directorate of Tourism
* Directorate of Agriculture and Industry (AI)
* Directorate of Human Resources and Sustainable Development(HRSD)

## Activities

[edit]

Activities of ECO are conducted through directorates under the supervision of Secretary-General and his Deputies which consider and evolve projects and programs of mutual benefit in the fields of:

* Trade and Investment
* Transport and Communications
* Energy, Minerals and Environment
* Agriculture and Industry
* Tourism
* Human Resources & Sustainable Development

## Summits and general secretaries

[edit]

World leaders gathering for the 13th ECO Summit

### Heads of State summits

[edit]

Meeting | Date(s) | Country | Location

|
|
|

1st | 16–17 February 1992 |  Iran | Tehran
2nd | 6–7 May 1993 |  Turkey | Istanbul
3rd | 14-15 May 1995 |  Pakistan | Islamabad
4th | 14 May 1996 |  Turkmenistan | Ashgabat
5th | 11 May 1998 |  Kazakhstan | Almaty
6th | 10 June 2000 |  Iran | Tehran
7th | 14 October 2002 |  Turkey | Istanbul
8th | 14 September 2004 |  Tajikistan | Dushanbe
9th | 5 May 2006 |  Azerbaijan | Baku
10th | 11 March 2009 |  Iran | Tehran
11th | 23 December 2010 |  Turkey | Istanbul
12th | 16 October 2012 |  Azerbaijan | Baku
13th | 1 March 2017[16][17] |  Pakistan | Islamabad
14th | 4 March 2021 |  Turkey | Virtual
15th | 28 November 2021 |  Turkmenistan | Ashgabat[18]
16th | 8–9 November 2023  |  Uzbekistan | Tashkent
17th | 3–4 July 2025  |  Azerbaijan | Khankendi[19]

### List of general secretaries

[edit]

No. | Name | Nationality | Period

|
|
|

1  | Alireza Salari[20] |  Iran | August 1988 - July 1992
2  | Shamshad Ahmad |  Pakistan | August 1992 - July 1996
3  | Önder Özar [tr] |  Turkey | August 1996 - July 2000
4  | Abdolrahim Gavahi [fa] |  Iran | August 2000 - July 2002
5  | Seyed Mojtaba Arastou |  Iran | August 2002 - July 2003
6  | Bekzhassar Narbayev |  Kazakhstan | August 2003 - January 2004
7  | Askhat Orazbay |  Uzbekistan | February 2004 - July 2006
8  | Khurshid Anwar  |  Pakistan | August 2006 - July 2009
9  | Yahya Maroofi |  Afghanistan | August 2009 - July 2012
10  | Shamil Alaskerov |  Azerbaijan | August 2012 - July 2015
11  | Halil Ibrahim Akca |  Turkey | August 2015 - July 2018
12  | Hadi Soleimanpour |  Iran | August 2018 - 2021
13  | Khusrav Noziri |  Tajikistan | August 2021 - 2024
14  | Asad Majeed Khan |  Pakistan | August 2024 -
source  | ECO Secretaries General Archived 27 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine

## Regional Institutions & Agencies

[edit]

Azerbaijani stamp celebrating the 10th ECO summit in Azerbaijan.

### ECO Chamber of Commerce and Industry

[edit]

ECO-CCI was established on 10 June 1993. Its objectives are to contribute to enhancing economic cooperation and relations in trade, industry, agriculture, tourism, contracting, engineering and banking sectors as well as to realize joint investments among the Member States. National Chambers of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Turkey are members of ECO-CCI. The 7th General Assembly Meeting of ECO Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ECO-CCI), held on 20 April 2004 in Kabul, Afghanistan. The participating member states offered some proposals for developing new mechanism and modalities for better interaction between member chambers and to re-activate ECO-CCI.

### ECO Reinsurance Company

[edit]

In March 1995, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey agreed to establish ECO Reinsurance Company. The purpose is to supplement the existing reinsurance services in the region, promote the growth of the national underwriting and retention capacities, minimize the outflow of foreign exchange from the region and to support economic development in the region. The three-member countries decided to form a Trilateral Interim Committee to pave the way for the establishment of this important institution. The Trilateral Interim Committee in its various meetings reviewed the relevant issues such as the development of the business plan and signing of the Articles of Agreement already finalized by a group of Experts from the three founding member countries.[21]

### ECO Consultancy & Engineering Company

[edit]

Governments of all the ECO Member States has established a central resource pool in the shape of ECO Consultancy and Engineering Company (Pvt.) Ltd., or ECO-CEC, to assist in the development projects sponsored by the ECO Member States or by its Trade and Development Bank. The founder States are the Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and Republic of Turkey which holds an equal share in ECO-CEC, Turkey being represented by two companies and Iran and Pakistan, by one each. The Iranian and Turkish Companies specialize mainly in oil and gas pipelines, refineries, petrochemical and industrial engineering, while the Pakistani partner in all other fields of development engineering, including communications, power, urban development public health, telecommunications, water resources development and agriculture. ECO-CEC provides its expertise in the entire range of consultancy operations, starting from conception, project planning and appraisal, through pre-feasibility, feasibility and financial studies, investigation and exploration, site selection to engineering design, material and equipment specifications, construction supervision, contract management, quality control and preparation of technical manuals for the operation and maintenance of the projects.

### ECO Trade and Development Bank

[edit]

The Economic Cooperation Organization Trade and Development Bank (ETDB) was established by the three founding members of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 2005 which are the Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Republic of Pakistan and Republic of Turkey. The Republic of Azerbaijan, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Kyrgyz Republic became the member of the ETDB in 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively.

As of 31 December 2015, paid in the share capital of the ETDB was SDR 310,870 thousand since Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, and Kyrgyzstan are in process of payment of their paid-in capital contributions.

The Bank has successfully started its operations in 2008. Its headquarters is in Istanbul (Turkey) and representative offices are in Karachi (Pakistan) and Tehran (Iran). The primary objective of the Bank is to provide financial resources for projects and programmes in member countries. The Bank offers a range of medium-to-long term products i.e. project finance, corporate finance, trade finance and loans to support small and medium-sized enterprises directly or through financial intermediaries to private and state-owned entities. 11

### ECO Cultural Institute (ECI)

[edit]

ECO Cultural Institute (ECI) is affiliated with ECO and aims at fostering understanding and the preservation of the rich cultural heritage of its members through common projects in the field of the media, literature, art, philosophy, sport and education.[22]

### Others

[edit]

* ECO Supreme Audit Institutions
* ECO Cultural Institute
* ECO Science Foundation
* ECO Educational Institute
* ECO Drug Control Coordination Unit
* ECO Trade Promotion Unit
* ECO Post
* ECO Shipping Company
* ECO Regional Center for Risk Management of Natural Disasters

## Relationship with other organizations

[edit]

All the ECO states are also member-states of the Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC), while ECO itself has observer status in the OIC since 1995.

A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational organisations within the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

* v
* t
* e

## Leaders of ECO member states

[edit]

Leaders are either heads of state or heads of government, depending on which is constitutionally the chief executive of the nation's government.

* Afghanistan
Hibatullah Akhundzada
Supreme Leader of Afghanistan
(de facto)[a]

* Republic of Azerbaijan
Ilham Aliyev
President of Azerbaijan

* Islamic Republic of Iran
Ali Khamenei
Supreme Leader of Iran

* Republic of Kazakhstan
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
President of Kazakhstan

* Kyrgyz Republic
Sadyr Japarov
President of Kyrgyzstan

* Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Shehbaz Sharif
Prime Minister of Pakistan

* Republic of Tajikistan
Emomali Rahmon
President of Tajikistan

* Republic of Turkey
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
President of Turkey

* Turkmenistan
Serdar Berdimuhamedow
President of Turkmenistan

* Republic of Uzbekistan
Shavkat Mirziyoyev
President of Uzbekistan

## See also

[edit]

* Gül Train
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
* Middle East economic integration
* White card system
* Turko-Iranian tradition
* List of country groupings
* List of multilateral free-trade agreements

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Since the return to power by the Afghan Taliban over the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was not present at the 15th ECO summit held in November 2021.[1]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Heads of State at ECO Summit Discuss Afghanistan Crisis". TOLOnews. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
2. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
3. ^ United Nations Charter (Chapter VIII).
4. ^ a b "Official: Iran's share of ECO trade stands at $10 billion - Tehran Times". www.tehrantimes.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013.
5. ^ "Turkey hopes to sign free trade agreement with Iran". 4 January 2017.
6. ^ "Pakistan-Turkey sixth round of talks on FTA next week". www.thenews.com.pk.
7. ^ Center, Asia Regional Integration. "Pakistan-Turkey Preferential Trade Agreement Free Trade Agreement". aric.adb.org.
8. ^ "Pakistan announces to join Ashgabat Agreement, Lapis Lazuli Corridor". Dunya News. 14 February 2008.
9. ^ "Away from Gulf, Pakistan set to import oil, gas from Central Asia". The Express Tribune. 4 February 2017.
10. ^ "ECOTA" (PDF). Retrieved 9 February 2012.
11. ^ [1] Archived 2 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
12. ^ a b c d e "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund. 9 April 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
13. ^ "Country Comparison - Area". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
14. ^ a b c "Observers". ECO. 24 May 2017.
15. ^ "ECO Secretary General Meets the Representatives of Turkish Cyprus State in Tehran". ECO. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016.
16. ^ "Public Holiday In Islamabad and Rawalpindi On 1 March Due To ECO Summit 2017". Archived from the original on 28 February 2017.
17. ^ "Pakistan to host 13th ECO Summit in Islamabad next week". Dawn. 25 February 2017. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
18. ^ "15TH ECO SUMMIT, November 28, 2021 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan". Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
19. ^ "Xankəndi şəhərində İqtisadi Əməkdaşlıq Təşkilatının 17-ci Zirvə görüşü keçirilir". Retrieved 4 July 2022.
20. ^ "ECO Secretaries General". ECO. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
21. ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 11 February 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
22. ^ "ECO Cultural Institute's Medals". en.ecieco.org/. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2014.

## External links

[edit]

* ECO's official website
* ECO's Cultural Institute
* ECO's Trade and Development Bank
* ECO's Trade promotion Unit
* ECO's Post. Archived 14 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine.

* v
* t
* e

Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

Politics|

* ECOTA
* Secretariat
* Secretaries-General
* Treaty of Izmir
* Islamabad Declaration

Symbols|

* Emblem
* Flag

Summits|

* Tehran 1992
* Istanbul 1993
* Islamabad 1995
* Ashgabat 1996
* Almaty 1998
* Tehran 2000
* Istanbul 2002
* Dushanbe 2004
* Baku 2006
* Tehran 2009
* Istanbul 2010
* Baku 2012
* Islamabad 2017
* 2021 (virtual)
* Ashgabat 2021
* Tashkent 2023
* Khankendi 2025

Member|

* Afghanistan
* Azerbaijan
* Iran
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Pakistan
* Tajikistan
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

Observers|

* Northern Cyprus (as Turkish Cypriot State)

* v
* t
* e

ECO leaders

* Hibatullah Akhundzada (de facto)
* Ilham Aliyev
* Ali Khamenei
* Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
* Sadyr Japarov
* Shehbaz Sharif
* Emomali Rahmon
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
* Serdar Berdimuhamedow
* Shavkat Mirziyoyev

* v
* t
* e

Regional organizations

Bodies|

* African Union
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* Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty
* Benelux
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* Central American Integration System
* Central European Free Trade Agreement
* Central European Initiative
* Collective Security Treaty Organization
* Commonwealth of Independent States
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* Community of Democratic Choice
* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
* Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
* Conference of European Regions with Legislative Power
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* Open Balkan
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* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
* Organization of American States
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* Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
* Pacific Alliance
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* Paneuropean Union
* Polynesian Leaders Group
* Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
* Regional Cooperation Council
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
* South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
* South-East European Cooperation Process
* Southern African Development Community
* TAKM
* Three Seas Initiative
* Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat
* Organization of Turkic States
* Union of South American Nations
* Visegrád Group
* West African Economic and Monetary Union
* West Nordic Council
* Western Balkans Quad

Topics|

* Regional integration
* Regional organizations by population
* Regionalism (international relations)

* v
* t
* e

Central Asian regional organizations

* Central Asia plus Japan
* Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program
* Central Asian Union (proposed)
* Commonwealth of Independent States
* Collective Security Treaty Organization
* Eurasian Economic Union
* Economic Cooperation Organization
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* Organization of Turkic States
* TAKM

* v
* t
* e

Economics

Theoretical|

* Microeconomics
* Decision theory
* Price theory
* Game theory
* Contract theory
* Mechanism design
* Macroeconomics
* Mathematical economics
* Complexity economics
* Computational economics
* Agent-based computational economics
* Behavioral economics
* Pluralism in economics

Empirical|

* Econometrics
* Economic statistics
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Applied|

* Agriculture
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