Economic history

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Economic history is the study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special attention to economic phenomena. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and institutions. The field can encompass a wide variety of topics, including equality, finance, technology, labour, and business. It emphasizes historicizing the economy itself, analyzing it as a dynamic entity and attempting to provide insights into the way it is structured and conceived.

Using both quantitative data and qualitative sources, economic historians emphasize understanding the historical context in which major economic events take place. They often focus on the institutional dynamics of systems of production, labor, and capital, as well as the economy's impact on society, culture, and language. Scholars of the discipline may approach their analysis from the perspective of different schools of economic thought, such as mainstream economics, Austrian economics, Marxian economics, the Chicago school of economics, and Keynesian economics.

Economic history has several sub-disciplines. Historical methods are commonly applied in financial and business history, which overlap with areas of social history such as demographic and labor history. In the sub-discipline of cliometrics, economists use quantitative (econometric) methods.[1] In history of capitalism, historians explain economic historical issues and processes from a historical point of view.[2]

## Early history of the discipline

[edit]

Economic history department, London School of Economics (1971)

Arnold Toynbee made the case for combining economics and history in his study of the Industrial Revolution, saying, "I believe economics today is much too dissociated from history. Smith and Malthus had historical minds. However, Ricardo – who set the pattern of modern textbooks – had a mind that was entirely unhistorical." There were several advantages in combining economics and history according to Toynbee. To begin with, it improved economic understanding. "We see abstract propositions in a new light when studying them in relation to historical facts. Propositions become more vivid and truthful." Meanwhile, studying history with economics makes history easier to understand. Economics teaches us to look out for the right facts in reading history and makes matters such as introducing enclosures, machinery, or new currencies more intelligible. Economics also teaches careful deductive reasoning. "The habits of mind it instils are even more valuable than the knowledge of principles it gives. Without these habits, the mass of their materials can overwhelm students of historical facts."[3]

In late-nineteenth-century Germany, scholars at a number of universities, led by Gustav von Schmoller, developed the historical school of economic history. It argued that there were no universal truths in history, emphasizing the importance of historical context without quantitative analysis. This historical approach dominated German and French scholarship for most of the 20th century. The historical school of economics included other economists such as Max Weber and Joseph Schumpeter who reasoned that careful analysis of human actions, cultural norms, historical context, and mathematical support was key to historical analysis. The approach was spread to Great Britain by William Ashley (University of Oxford) and dominated British economic history for much of the 20th century. Britain's first professor in the subject was George Unwin at the University of Manchester.[4][5] Meanwhile, in France, economic history was heavily influenced by the Annales School from the early 20th century to the present. It exerts a worldwide influence through its journal Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales.[6]

Treating economic history as a discrete academic discipline has been a contentious issue for many years. Academics at the London School of Economics (LSE) and the University of Cambridge had numerous disputes over the separation of economics and economic history in the interwar era. Cambridge economists believed that pure economics involved a component of economic history and that the two were inseparably entangled. Those at the LSE believed that economic history warranted its own courses, research agenda and academic chair separated from mainstream economics. In the initial period of the subject's development, the LSE position of separating economic history from economics won out. Many universities in the UK developed independent programmes in economic history rooted in the LSE model. Indeed, the Economic History Society had its inauguration at LSE in 1926 and the University of Cambridge eventually established its own economic history programme.

In the United States, the field of economic history was largely subsumed into other fields of economics following the cliometric revolution of the 1960s.[7][8] To many it became seen as a form of applied economics rather than a stand-alone discipline. Cliometrics, also known as the New Economic History, refers to the systematic use of economic theory and econometric techniques to the study of economic history. The term was originally coined by Jonathan R. T. Hughes and Stanley Reiter and refers to Clio, who was the muse of history and heroic poetry in Greek mythology. One of the most famous cliometric economic historians is Douglass North, who argued that it is the task of economic history to elucidate the historical dimensions of economies through time.[9] Cliometricians argue their approach is necessary because the application of theory is crucial in writing solid economic history, while historians generally oppose this view warning against the risk of generating anachronisms.

Early cliometrics was a type of counterfactual history. However, counterfactualism was not its distinctive feature; it combined neoclassical economics with quantitative methods in order to explain human choices based on constraints.[10] Some have argued that cliometrics had its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s and that it is now neglected by economists and historians.[11] In response to North and Robert Fogel's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1993, Harvard University economist (and future Nobel winner) Claudia Goldin argued:

> Economic history is not a handmaiden of economics but a distinct field of scholarship. Economic history was a scholarly discipline long before it became cliometrics. Its practitioners were economists and historians studying the histories of economies... The new economic history, or cliometrics, formalized economic history in a manner similar to the injection of mathematical models and statistics into the rest of economics.[12]

The relationship between economic history, economics and history has long been the subject of intense discussion, and the debates of recent years echo those of early contributors. There has long been a school of thought among economic historians that splits economic history—the study of how economic phenomena evolved in the past—from historical economics—testing the generality of economic theory using historical episodes. US economic historian Charles P. Kindleberger explained this position in his 1990 book Historical Economics: Art or Science?.[13] Economic historian Robert Skidelsky (University of Cambridge) argued that economic theory often employs ahistorical models and methodologies that do not take into account historical context.[14] Yale University economist Irving Fisher already wrote in 1933 on the relationship between economics and economic history in his "Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions":

> The study of dis-equilibrium may proceed in either of two ways. We may take as our unit for study an actual historical case of great dis-equilibrium, such as, say, the panic of 1873; or we may take as our unit for study any constituent tendency, such as, say, deflation, and discover its general laws, relations to, and combinations with, other tendencies. The former study revolves around events, or facts; the latter, around tendencies. The former is primarily economic history; the latter is primarily economic science. Both sorts of studies are proper and important. Each helps the other. The panic of 1873 can only be understood in light of the various tendencies involved—deflation and other; and deflation can only be understood in the light of various historical manifestations—1873 and other.[15]

## Scope and focus of economic history today

[edit]

The past three decades have witnessed the widespread closure of separate economic history departments and programmes in the UK and the integration of the discipline into either history or economics departments.[16] Only the London School of Economics (LSE) retains a separate economic history department and stand-alone undergraduate and graduate programme in economic history. Cambridge, Glasgow, LSE, Oxford, Queen's, and Warwick together train the vast majority of economic historians coming through the British higher education system today, but do so as part of economics or history degrees. Meanwhile, there have never been specialist economic history graduate programs at universities anywhere in the US. However, economic history remains a special field component of leading economics PhD programs, including University of California, Berkeley, Harvard University, Northwestern University, Princeton University, the University of Chicago and Yale University.

Despite the pessimistic view on the state of the discipline espoused by many of its practitioners, economic history remains an active field of social scientific inquiry. Indeed, it has seen something of a resurgence in interest since 2000, perhaps driven by research conducted at universities in continental Europe rather than the UK and the US.[17] The overall number of economic historians in the world is estimated at 10,400, with Japan and China as well as the U.K and the U.S. ranking highest in numbers. Some less developed countries, however, are not sufficiently integrated in the world economic history community, among others, Senegal, Brazil and Vietnam.[18]

Part of the growth in economic history is driven by the continued interest in big policy-relevant questions on the history of economic growth and development. MIT economist Peter Temin noted that development economics is intricately connected with economic history, as it explores the growth of economies with different technologies, innovations, and institutions.[19] Studying economic growth has been popular for years among economists and historians who have sought to understand why some economies have grown faster than others. Some of the early texts in the field include Walt Whitman Rostow's The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1971) which described how advanced economies grow after overcoming certain hurdles and advancing to the next stage in development. Another economic historian, Alexander Gerschenkron, complicated this theory with works on how economies develop in non-Western countries, as discussed in Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays (1962). A more recent work is Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson's Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (2012) which pioneered a new field of persistence studies, emphasizing the path-dependent stages of growth.[20] Other notable books on the topic include Kenneth Pomeranz's The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (2000) and David S. Landes's The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor (1998).

Since the 2008 financial crisis, scholars have become more interested in a field which may be called new 'new economic history'. Scholars have tended to move away from narrowly quantitative studies toward institutional, social, and cultural history affecting the evolution of economies.[21][a 1] The focus of these studies is frequently on "persistence", as past events are linked to present outcomes.[22][23] Columbia University economist Charles Calomiris argued that this new field showed 'how historical (path-dependent) processes governed changes in institutions and markets.'[24] However, this trend has been criticized, most forcefully by Francesco Boldizzoni, as a form of economic imperialism "extending the neoclassical explanatory model to the realm of social relations."[25]

Conversely, economists in other specializations have started to write a new kind of economic history which makes use of historical data to understand the present day.[a 2] A major development in this genre was the publication of Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013). The book described the rise in wealth and income inequality since the 18th century, arguing that large concentrations of wealth lead to social and economic instability. Piketty also advocated a system of global progressive wealth taxes to correct rising inequality. The book was selected as a New York Times best seller and received numerous awards. The book was well received by some of the world's major economists, including Paul Krugman, Robert Solow, and Ben Bernanke.[26] Books in response to Piketty's book include After Piketty: The Agenda for Economics and Inequality, by Heather Boushey, J. Bradford DeLong, and Marshall Steinbaum (eds.) (2017), Pocket Piketty by Jesper Roine (2017), and Anti-Piketty: Capital for the 21st Century, by Jean-Philippe Delsol, Nicolas Lecaussin, Emmanuel Martin (2017). One economist argued that Piketty's book was "Nobel-Prize worthy" and noted that it had changed the global discussion on how economic historians study inequality.[27] It has also sparked new conversations in the disciplines of public policy.[28]

In addition to the mainstream in economic history, there is a parallel development in the field influenced by Karl Marx and Marxian economics.[29][30] Marx used historical analysis to interpret the role of class and class as a central issue in history. He debated with the "classical" economists (a term he coined), including Adam Smith and David Ricardo. In turn, Marx's legacy in economic history has been to critique the findings of neoclassical economists.[31] Marxist analysis also confronts economic determinism, the theory that economic relationships are the foundation of political and societal institutions. Marx abstracted the idea of a "capitalist mode of production" as a way of identifying the transition from feudalism to capitalism.[32] This has influenced some scholars, such as Maurice Dobb, to argue that feudalism declined because of peasants' struggles for freedom and the growing inefficiency of feudalism as a system of production.[33] In turn, in what was later coined the Brenner debate, Paul Sweezy, a Marxian economist, challenged Dobb's definition of feudalism and its focus only on western Europe.[34]

Thomas Piketty, economist and author of Capital in the Twenty-First Century

## History of capitalism

[edit]

Main article: History of capitalism

A new field, called "history of capitalism" by researchers engaged in it, has emerged in US history departments since about the year 2000. It includes many topics traditionally associated with the field of economic history, such as insurance, banking and regulation, the political dimension of business, and the impact of capitalism on the middle classes, the poor and women and minorities. The field has particularly focused on the contribution of slavery to the rise of the US economy in the nineteenth century. The field utilizes the existing research of business history, but has sought to make it more relevant to the concerns of history departments in the United States, including by having limited or no discussion of individual business enterprises.[35][36] Historians of capitalism have countered these critiques, citing the issues with economic history. As University of Chicago professor of history Jonathan Levy states, "modern economic history began with industrialization and urbanization, and, even then, environmental considerations were subsidiary, if not nonexistent."[37]

Scholars have critiqued the history of capitalism because it does not focus on systems of production, circulation, and distribution.[38] Some have criticized its lack of social scientific methods and its ideological biases.[39] As a result, a new academic journal, Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics, was founded at the University of Pennsylvania under the direction of Marc Flandreau (University of Pennsylvania), Julia Ott (The New School, New York) and Francesca Trivellato (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) to widen the scope of the field. The journal's goal is to bring together "historians and social scientists interested in the material and intellectual aspects of modern economic life."[40]

## Academic journals and societies

[edit]

The first journal specializing in the field of economic history was The Economic History Review, founded in 1927, as the main publication of the Economic History Society. The first journal featured a publication by Professor Sir William Ashley, the first Professor of Economic History in the English-speaking world, who described the emerging field of economic history. The discipline existed alongside long-standing fields such as political history, religious history, and military history as one that focused on humans' interactions with 'visible happenings'. He continued, '[economic history] primarily and unless expressly extended, the history of actual human practice with respect to the material basis of life. The visible happenings with regard-to use the old formula-to "the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth" form our wide enough field'.[41]

Later, the Economic History Association established another academic journal, The Journal of Economic History, in 1941 as a way of expanding the discipline in the United States.[42] The first president of the Economic History Association, Edwin F. Gay, described the aim of economic history as to provide new perspectives in the economics and history disciplines: 'An adequate equipment with two skills, that of the historian and the economist, is not easily acquired, but experience shows that it is both necessary and possible'.[43] Other related academic journals have broadened the lens with which economic history is studied. These interdisciplinary journals include the Business History Review, European Review of Economic History, Enterprise and Society, and Financial History Review.

The International Economic History Association, an association of close to 50 member organizations, recognizes some of the major academic organizations dedicated to study of economic history: the Business History Conference, Economic History Association, Economic History Society, European Association of Business Historians, and the International Social History Association.[44]

## Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economic historians

[edit]

> Have a very healthy respect for the study of economic history, because that's the raw material out of which any of your conjectures or testings will come.

> – Paul Samuelson (2009)[45]

Several economists have won Nobel prizes for contributions to economic history or contributions to economics that are commonly applied in economic history.

* Simon Kuznets won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ("the Nobel Memorial Prize") in 1971 "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development".
* John Hicks, whose early writing was on the field of economic history, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1972 due to his contributions to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory.
* Arthur Lewis won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1979 for his contributions in the field of economic development through historical context.
* Milton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1976 for "his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy".
* Robert Fogel and Douglass North won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for "having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change".
* Claudia Goldin, who won the Nobel in 2023 for 'having advanced our understanding of women's labor market outcomes', began her career researching the history of the US southern economy and was President of the Economic History Association in 1999/2000.

## Notable works of economic history

[edit]

Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867)

### Foundational works

[edit]

* Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963)
* Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1944)
* Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867)
* Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: Origins of Our Time (1944)
* David Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817)
* Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)

### General

[edit]

* Robert C. Allen, Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction (2011)
* Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (2007)
* Ronald Findlay and Kevin O’Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (2007)
* Robert Heilbroner, The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers (1953)
* Eric Roll, A History of Economic Thought (1923)

### Ancient economies

[edit]

* Moses Finley, The Ancient Economy (1973)
* Walter Scheidel, The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century (2017)
* Peter Temin, The Roman Market Economy (2012)

### Economic growth and development

[edit]

* Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (2012)
* Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays (1962)
* Robert J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (2016)
* David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are So Rich and Some So Poor (1998)
* Deirdre McCloskey, Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World (2016)
* Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (1990)
* Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (2000)
* Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1971)
* Jeffrey Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (2005)
* Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (1999)
* William Easterly, The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good] (2006)

### History of money

[edit]

* Christine Desan, Making Money: Coin, Currency, and the Coming of Capitalism (2014)
* William N. Goetzmann, Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible (2016)
* David Graeber, Debt: The First 5000 Years (2011)

### Business history

[edit]

* David Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life (2006)
* Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (1977)
* Ron Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (1990)
* Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (1998)
* William D. Cohan, Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World
* Naomi Lamoreaux, The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904 (1985)
* David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (2006)
* Jean Strouse, Morgan: American Financier (1999)

### Financial history

[edit]

Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013)

* Liaquat Ahamed, Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World (2009)
* Mark Blyth, Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea (2013)
* Charles W. Calomiris and Stephen H. Haber, Fragile by Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises and Scarce Credit (2014)
* Barry Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar and the Future of the International Monetary System (2010)
* Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (1996)
* Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World (2008)
* Harold James, International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods (1996)
* Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff, This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly (2009)
* Benn Steil, The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order (2013)
* Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (2006)
* László Vértesy, Financial Perspectives of Economic History (2024) Volume I, Volume II

### Globalization and inequality

[edit]

* Sven Beckert, Empire of Cotton: A Global History (2014)
* William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World from Prehistory to Today (2008).
* Niall Ferguson, The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700-2000 (2001).
* Robert Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (1974).
* Claudia Goldin, Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (1990).
* Harold James, The End of Globalization: Lessons from the Great Depression (2009).
* Kevin O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-century Atlantic Economy (1999)
* Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013).
* Thomas Piketty, The Economics of Inequality (2015).
* Thomas Piketty, Capital and Ideology (2020).
* Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay (2019).
* Gabriel Zucman, The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens (2015).

## Notable economic historians

[edit]

Notable economic historians: Irving Fisher, Anna Schwartz, Milton Friedman, Stanley Fischer, Carl Menger, Edward C. Prescott, Alfred Marshall and Franco Modigliani

* Moses Abramovitz
* Jeremy Adelman
* Robert Allen
* T. S. Ashton
* Correlli Barnett
* Jörg Baten
* Maxine Berg
* Jean-François Bergier
* Ben Bernanke
* Francesco Boldizzoni
* Leah Boustan
* Fernand Braudel
* Rondo Cameron
* Sydney Checkland
* Carlo M. Cipolla
* John Clapham
* Gregory Clark
* Thomas C. Cochran
* Nicholas Crafts
* Louis Cullen
* Peter Davies (economic historian)
* Brad DeLong
* Melissa Dell
* Barry Eichengreen
* Friedrich Engels
* Stanley Engerman
* Giovanni Federico
* Charles Feinstein
* Niall Ferguson
* Ronald Findlay
* Moses Israel Finley
* Irving Fisher
* Brian Fitzpatrick
* Roderick Floud
* Robert Fogel
* Milton Friedman
* Celso Furtado
* Alexander Gerschenkron
* Claudia Goldin
* Jack Goldstone
* John Habakkuk
* Earl J. Hamilton
* Eli Heckscher
* Eric Hobsbawm
* Susan Howson
* Leo Huberman
* Jane Humphries
* Harold James
* Geoffrey Jones
* Ibn Khaldun
* Charles P. Kindleberger
* John Komlos
* Nikolai Kondratiev
* Simon Kuznets
* Kwasi Kwarteng
* Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
* Naomi Lamoreaux
* David Landes
* Tim Leunig
* Friedrich List
* Robert Sabatino Lopez
* Angus Maddison
* Karl Marx
* Peter Mathias
* Ellen McArthur
* Deirdre McCloskey
* Jacob (Kobi) Metzer
* Joel Mokyr
* Douglass North
* Nathan Nunn
* Avner Offer
* Cormac Ó Gráda
* Patrick K. O'Brien
* Thomas Piketty
* Henri Pirenne
* Karl Polanyi
* Erik S. Reinert
* Christina Romer
* W. W. Rostow
* Murray Rothbard
* Tirthankar Roy
* Joseph Schumpeter
* Anna Jacobson Schwartz
* Larry Schweikart
* Ram Sharan Sharma
* Robert Skidelsky
* Adam Smith
* Graeme Snooks
* Richard H. Steckel
* R. H. Tawney
* Peter Temin
* Adam Tooze
* Francesca Trivellato
* Eberhard Wächtler
* Jeffrey Williamson
* Tony Wrigley
* Jan Luiten van Zanden
* Harold Innis
* John Kenneth Galbraith
* Donald Creighton
* Naomi Klein
* Linda McQuaig
* Gino Luzzatto

## See also

[edit]

* Critical juncture theory
* Democracy and economic growth
* Economic History Association
* Economic History Society
* History of economic thought
* History of capitalism
* History of industrialisation

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ For example:
• Gregory Clark (2006), A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World, Description Archived 2011-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, contents Archived 2011-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, ch. 1 link Archived 2011-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, and Google preview Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine.
• E. Aerts and H. Van der Wee, 2002. "Economic History", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences pp. 4102–410. Abstract Archived 2011-10-28 at the Wayback Machine.
2. ^ For example: Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff (2009), This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton. Description Archived 2013-01-18 at the Wayback Machine, ch. 1 ("Varieties of Crises and their Dates", pp. 3–20) Archived 2012-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, and chapter-preview links. Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine

## References

[edit]

1. ^ See, for example, "Cliometrics" by Robert Whaples in S. Durlauf and L. Blume (eds.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ed. (2008). Abstract Archived 2012-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ Rockman, Seth (2014). "What Makes the History of Capitalism Newsworthy?". Journal of the Early Republic. 34 (3): 439–466\. doi:10.1353/jer.2014.0043. S2CID 143866857.
3. ^ Arnold Toynbee's The Industrial Revolution: A Translation into Modern English, Kindle edition, 2020, pages1-2. ISBN 9780906321744. First published 1884.
4. ^ Berg, Maxine L. (2004) 'Knowles, Lilian Charlotte Anne (1870–1926)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 6 Feb 2015 Archived 15 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
5. ^ Berg, M. (1992). The first women economic historians. The Economic History Review, 45(2), 308–329.
6. ^ Robert Forster, "Achievements of the Annales school." Journal of Economic History 38.01 (1978): 58–76. in JSTOR Archived 2018-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ Margo, Robert A. (2021-01-01). "The economic history of economic history: the evolution of a field in economics". The Handbook of Historical Economics: 3–16\. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00009-5. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 236731927. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
8. ^ Cioni, Martina; Federico, Giovanni; Vasta, Michelangelo (2021-01-01). "The two revolutions in economic history". The Handbook of Historical Economics: 17–40\. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00008-3. hdl:10419/247122. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 226605299. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
9. ^ North, Douglass C. (1978). "Structure and Performance: The Task of Economic History". Journal of Economic Literature. 16 (3): 963–978\. JSTOR 2723471.
10. ^ North, Douglass C. (1978). "Structure and Performance: The Task of Economic History". Journal of Economic Literature. 16 (3).
11. ^ Whaples, Robert (2010). "Is Economic History a Neglected Field of Study?". Historically Speaking. 11 (2): 17–20 & 20–27 (responses). doi:10.1353/hsp.0.0109. S2CID 162209922.
12. ^ Goldin, Claudia (1995). "Cliometrics and the Nobel". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 9 (2): 191–208\. doi:10.1257/jep.9.2.191. S2CID 155075681. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
13. ^ Charles P. Kindleberger (1990), Historical Economics: Art or Science? Archived 2020-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, University of California Press, Berkeley
14. ^ "Economic History – How & How NOT to Do Economics with Robert Skidelsky". Youtube. 10 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11.
15. ^ Fisher, Irving (1933). "Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions". Econometrica. 1 (4): 337–38\. doi:10.2307/1907327. JSTOR 1907327.
16. ^ Blum, Matthias; Colvin, Christopher L. (2018), Blum, Matthias; Colvin, Christopher L. (eds.), "Introduction, or Why We Started This Project", An Economist's Guide to Economic History, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–10, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96568-0_1, ISBN 978-3-319-96568-0
17. ^ Galofré Vilà, Gregori (13 January 2020). "The past's long shadow: A network analysis of economic history". VoxEU. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
18. ^ Baten, Jörg; Muschallik, Julia (2012). "On the Status and Future of Economic History". Economic History of Developing Regions. 27: 93–113\. doi:10.1080/20780389.2012.682390. S2CID 155697900.
19. ^ Diebolt, Claude; Haupert, Michael. "We are Ninjas: How Economic History has Infiltrated Economics" (PDF). American Economic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
20. ^ Cirone, Alexandra; Pepinsky, Thomas B. (2022). "Historical Persistence". Annual Review of Political Science. 25 (1): 241–259\. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-104325. ISSN 1094-2939.
21. ^ Douglass C. North (1965). "The State of Economic History", American Economic Review, 55(1/2) pp. 86–91 Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine.
* _____ (1994)."Economic Performance through Time", American Economic Review, 84(3), pp. 359–68 Archived 2023-01-15 at the Wayback Machine. Also published as Nobel Prize Lecture. Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine
22. ^ Frankema, Ewout (2021-01-01). "Why Africa is not that poor". The Handbook of Historical Economics: 557–584\. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00035-6. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 236697047. Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
23. ^ Voth, Hans-Joachim (2021-01-01). "Persistence – myth and mystery". Archived copy (PDF). Academic Press. pp. 243–267\. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815874-6.00015-0. ISBN 9780128158746. S2CID 235911335. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2022-11-23. `{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
24. ^ Calomiris, Charles W. (2000). "Financial History and the Long Reach of the Second 30 Years War". Political Science. S2CID 154817653.
25. ^ Boldizzoni, Francesco (2011). The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History. Princeton University Press. p. 18\. ISBN 9780691144009. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
26. ^ Irwin, Neil (30 March 2015). "The New York Times". Now That Ben Bernanke Is Blogging, Here's What He Should Write About. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
27. ^ Atz, Ulrich (22 May 2014). "Thomas Piketty's Capital changed the global discussion about inequality because of its great data – now make it open". LSE Impact Blog. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
28. ^ Krugman, Paul (8 May 2014). "Why We're in a New Gilded Age". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
29. ^ Heller, Henry (2018). A Marxist History of Capitalism. Routledge.
30. ^ Meek, Ronald L. (1956). Studies in the Labour Theory of Value. New York.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
31. ^ Brewer, Anthony (2002). "The Marxist Tradition in the History of Economics" (PDF). History of Political Economy. 34: 361–377\. doi:10.1215/00182702-34-Suppl_1-361. S2CID 88510540. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
32. ^ Cohen, Jon S. (1978). "The Achievements of Economic History: The Marxist School". The Journal of Economic History. 38 (1): 29–57\. doi:10.1017/S002205070008815X. S2CID 153934134.
33. ^ Dobb, Maurice (1946). Studies in the Development of Capitalism. Routledge.
34. ^ Sweezy, Paul (1950). "The Transition From Feudalism To Capitalism". Science & Society. 14 (2).
35. ^ See Jennifer Schuessler "In History Departments, It's Up With Capitalism" The New York Times April 6, 2013 Archived August 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
36. ^ Lou Galambos, "Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism? Essays in Economic & Business History (2014) v. 32 pp. 1–18 online Archived 2018-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
37. ^ Levy, Jonathan (2017). "Capital as Process and the History of Capitalism". Business History Review. 91 (3): 483–510\. doi:10.1017/S0007680517001064.
38. ^ Adelman, Jeremy; Levy, Jonathan (December 2014). "The Fall and Rise of Economic History". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
39. ^ Hilt, Eric (2017). "Economic History, Historical Analysis, and the "New History of Capitalism"". The Journal of Economic History. 77 (2): 511–536\. doi:10.1017/S002205071700016X. S2CID 41971400.
40. ^ "Capitalism and History" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
41. ^ Ashley, William (1927). "The Place of Economic History in University Studies". The Economic History Review. 1 (1): 1–11\. doi:10.2307/2590667. JSTOR 2590667.
42. ^ Heaton, Herbert (1941). "The Early History of the Economic History Association". The Journal of Economic History. 1.
43. ^ Gay, Edwin F. (1941). "The Tasks of Economic History". The Journal of Economic History. 1: 9–16\. doi:10.1017/S0022050700052128. S2CID 250121256.
44. ^ "Members". International Economic History Association. Archived from the original on 2019-12-31. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
45. ^ Clarke, Conor (June 18, 2009). "An Interview With Paul Samuelson, Part Two". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

## Further reading

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic history.

Wikisource has original works on the topic: Economic history and conditions

* Bairoch, Paul (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226034631.
* Barker, T. C. (1977). "The Beginnings of the Economic History Society". Economic History Review. 30 (1): 1–19\. doi:10.2307/2595495. JSTOR 2595495.
* Baten, Jörg; Muschallik, Julia (2012). "The Global Status of Economic History". Economic History of Developing Regions. 27 (1): 93–113\. doi:10.1080/20780389.2012.682390. S2CID 155697900.
* Blum, Matthias, Colvin, Christopher L. (Eds.). 2018. An Economist's Guide to Economic History. Palgrave.
* Cameron, Rondo; Neal, Larry (2003). A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195127056.
* Cipolla, C. M. (1991). Between History and Economics: An Introduction to Economic History. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631166815.
* Costa, Dora; Demeulemeester, Jean-Luc; Diebolt, Claude (2007). "What is 'Cliometrica'?". Cliometrica. 1 (1): 1–6\. doi:10.1007/s11698-006-0001-1. S2CID 154217979.
* Crafts, N.F.R. (1987). "Economic history". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. 2: 1–11\. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-1. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5.
* Kadish, Alon. Historians, Economists, and Economic History (2012) pp. 3–35 excerpt
* Deng, Kent (2014). "A survey of recent research in Chinese economic history". Journal of Economic Surveys. 28 (4). Cambridge: 600–616\. doi:10.1111/joes.12064. S2CID 153614497.
* Field, Alexander J. (2008). "Economic history". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: 1–4\. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_371-2. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5.
* Galambos, Lou (2014). "Is This a Decisive Moment for the History of Business, Economic History, and the History Of Capitalism?". Essays in Economic & Business History. 32.
* Gras, N. S. B. (1920). "The Present Condition of Economic History". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 34 (2): 209–224.
* Gras, N. S. B. (1927). "The Rise and Development of Economic History". Economic History Review. 1 (1): 12–34\. doi:10.2307/2590668. JSTOR 2590668.
* Mokyr, Joyr (2003). "Economic Encyclopaedia". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. 5 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
* Temin, Peter (2014). "New Economic History in Retrospect and Prospect" (PDF). Economic History and Economic Development (w20107). National Bureau of Economic Research.[permanent dead link]
* Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002). "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 16 (3). American Economic Association: 109–30\. doi:10.1257/089533002760278749. JSTOR 3216953.
* O'Rourke, K. (2019). Economic History and Contemporary Challenges to Globalization. The Journal of Economic History, 79(2), 356–382.
* Solow, Robert M. "Economic History and Economics." The American Economic Review 75, no. 2 (1985): 328–31. www.jstor.org/stable/1805620.

* v
* t
* e

Financial bubbles

* Market trend
* Credit cycle
* Irrational exuberance
* Social contagion
* Real-estate bubble
* Stock market bubble

Commercial revolution
(1000–1760)|

* Tulip mania (1634–1637)
* Mississippi bubble (1684–1720)
* South Sea bubble (1711–1720)
* Bengal Bubble of 1769 (1757–1769)

1st Industrial Revolution
(1760–1840)|

* Canal Mania (c. 1790–c. 1810)
* Carolina gold rush (1802–1825)
* 1810s Alabama real estate bubble
* Georgia Gold Rush (1828–c. 1840)
* 1830s Chicago real estate bubble
* Chilean silver rush (1830–1850)

1840–1870|

* Railway Mania (c. 1840–c. 1850)
* California gold rush (1848–1855)
* Queen Charlottes Gold Rush (1851)
* Victorian gold rush (1851–c. 1870)
* New South Wales gold rush (1851–1880)
* Australian gold rushes (1851–1914)
* Fraser Canyon Gold Rush (1858)
* Pike's Peak gold rush (1858–1861)
* Rock Creek Gold Rush (1859)
* Pennsylvania oil rush (1859–1891)
* Similkameen Gold Rush (1860)
* Stikine Gold Rush (1861)
* Colorado River mining boom (1861–1864)
* Otago gold rush (1861–1864)
* Cariboo Gold Rush (1861–1867)
* First Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1861–1874)
* West Coast gold rush (1864–1867)
* Big Bend Gold Rush (c. 1865)
* Vermilion Lake gold rush (1865–1867)
* Kildonan Gold Rush (1869)
* Omineca Gold Rush (1869)

2nd Industrial Revolution
(1870–1914)|

* 1870s Lapland gold rush
* Coromandel Gold Rushes (c. 1870–c. 1890)
* Cassiar Gold Rush (c. 1870–c. 1890)
* Black Hills gold rush (1874–1880)
* Colorado Silver Boom (1879–1893)
* Western Australian gold rushes (c. 1880–c. 1900)
* Indiana gas boom (c. 1880–1903)
* Ohio oil rush (c. 1880–c. 1930)
* Tierra del Fuego gold rush (1883–1906)
* Cayoosh Gold Rush (1884)
* Witwatersrand Gold Rush (1886)
* Encilhamento (1886–1890)
* Cripple Creek Gold Rush (c. 1890–c. 1910)
* Klondike Gold Rush (1896–1899)
* Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1896–1903)
* Kobuk River Stampede (1897–1899)
* Mount Baker gold rush (1897–c. 1925)
* Nome Gold Rush (1899–1909)
* Fairbanks Gold Rush (c. 1900–1918)
* Texas oil boom (1901–1918)
* Cobalt silver rush (1903–1918)
* Porcupine Gold Rush (1909–1918)

Interwar period
(1918–1939)|

* 1920s Florida land boom (c. 1920–1925)
* Fairbanks Gold Rush (1918–c. 1930)
* Texas oil boom (1918–1945)
* Cobalt silver rush (1918–c. 1930)
* Porcupine Gold Rush (1918–1945)
* 1930s Kakamega gold rush
* Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush (1932–1942)

Post–WWII expansion
(1945–1973)|

* Texas oil boom (1945–c. 1950)
* Porcupine Gold Rush (1945–c. 1960)
* Poseidon bubble (1969–1970)

The Great Inflation
(1973–1982)|

* 1970s commodities boom
* Mexican oil boom (1977–1981)
* Silver Thursday (1980)
* New Zealand property bubble (c. 1980–1982)

Great Moderation/
Great Regression
(1982–2007)|

* 1980s oil glut
* New Zealand property bubble (1982–)
* Spanish property bubble (1985–2008)
* Japanese asset price bubble (1986–1990)
* Dot-com bubble (1995–2000)
* Baltic states housing bubble (2000–2006)
* Irish property bubble (c. 2000–2007)
* 2000s commodities boom (2000–2008)
* 2000s Danish property bubble (2001–2006)
* United States housing bubble (2002–2006)
* Romanian property bubble (2002–2007)
* Polish property bubble (2002–2008)
* Canadian property bubble (2002–)
* Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)
* Lebanese housing bubble (2005–2008)

* Chinese stock bubble of 2007
* Uranium bubble of 2007

Information Age
(2007–present)|

* 2000s commodities boom (2008–2014)
* Lebanese housing bubble (2008–)
* Corporate debt bubble (2008–)
* Australian property bubble (2010–)
* Cryptocurrency bubble (2011–)
* Everything bubble (2020–21)

* Carbon bubble
* Green bubble
* Social media stock bubble
* Unicorn bubble
* U.S. higher education bubble

* v
* t
* e

Financial crises

* Bank run
* Commodity price shocks
* Credit crunch
* Credit cycle
* Currency crisis
* Debt crisis
* Energy crisis
* Financial contagion
* Social contagion
* Flash crash
* Hyperinflation
* Liquidity crisis
* Accounting
* Capital
* Funding
* Market
* Minsky moment
* Social crisis
* Stock market crash

Pre-1000|

* Financial crisis of 33 CE
* Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE)

Commercial revolution
(1000–1760)|

* Great Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500)
* The Great Debasement (1544–1551)
* Dutch Republic stock market crashes (c. 1600–1760)
* Kipper und Wipper (1621–1623)
* Tulip mania (1637)
* South Sea bubble crash (1720)
* Mississippi bubble crash (1720)

1st Industrial Revolution
(1760–1840)|

* Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
* Bengal Bubble of 1769 (1769–1784)
* British credit crisis of 1772–1773
* Dutch Republic financial collapse (c. 1780–1795)
* Copper Panic of 1789
* Panic of 1792
* Panic of 1796–1797
* Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
* Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks (1815–1816)
* Panic of 1819
* Panic of 1825
* Panic of 1837

1840–1870|

* European potato failure (1845–1856)
* Great Irish Famine
* Highland Potato Famine
* Panic of 1847
* Panic of 1857
* Panic of 1866
* Black Friday (1869)

2nd Industrial Revolution
(1870–1914)|

* Panic of 1873
* Paris Bourse crash of 1882
* Panic of 1884
* Arendal crash (1886)
* Baring crisis (1890)
* Encilhamento (1890–1893)
* Panic of 1893
* Australian banking crisis of 1893
* Black Monday (1894)
* Panic of 1896
* Panic of 1901
* Panic of 1907
* Shanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910)
* Panic of 1910–11
* Financial crisis of 1914

Interwar period
(1918–1939)|

* Early Soviet hyperinflation (1917–1924)
* Weimar Republic hyperinflation (1921–1923)
* Shōwa financial crisis (1927)
* Wall Street crash of 1929
* Panic of 1930
* Chinese hyperinflation (1937–1950)

Wartime period
(1939–1945)|

* Greek hyperinflation (1941–1946)
* Chinese hyperinflation (1937–1950)

Post–WWII expansion
(1945–1973)|

* Hungarian pengő hyperinflation (1945–1946)
* Kennedy Slide of 1962
* 1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
* Chinese hyperinflation (1937–1950)

Great Inflation
(1973–1982)|

* 1970s energy crisis (1973–1980)
* 1973 oil crisis
* 1973–1974 stock market crash
* Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975
* Steel crisis (1973–1982)
* Latin American debt crisis (1975–1982)
* 1976 sterling crisis
* 1979 oil crisis
* Brazilian hyperinflation (1980–1982)

Great Moderation/
Great Regression
(1982–2007)|

* Brazilian hyperinflation (1982–1994)
* Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982)
* Chilean crisis of 1982
* 1983 Israel bank stock crisis
* Black Saturday (1983)
* Savings and loan crisis (1986–1995)
* Cameroonian economic crisis (1987–2000s)
* Black Monday (1987)
* 1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
* Japanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992)
* Rhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992)
* 1991 Indian economic crisis
* 1990–1994 Swedish financial crisis
* 1990s Finnish banking crisis
* 1990s Armenian energy crisis
* Cuban Special Period (1991–2000)
* Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
* Yugoslav hyperinflation (1992–1994)
* 1994 bond market crisis
* Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
* Mexican peso crisis (1994–1996)
* 1997 Asian financial crisis
* October 27, 1997, mini-crash
* 1998 Russian financial crisis
* 1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
* 1998–2002 Argentine great depression
* Samba effect (1999)
* Dot-com bubble (2000–2004)
* 9/11 stock market crash (2001)
* 2001 Turkish economic crisis
* South American economic crisis of 2002
* Stock market downturn of 2002
* 2002 Uruguay banking crisis
* 2003 Myanmar banking crisis
* 2000s energy crisis (2003–2008)
* 2004 Argentine energy crisis
* Chinese stock bubble of 2007
* Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe (2007–present)

Great Recession
(2007–2009)|

* 2008 financial crisis
* September 2008
* October 2008
* November 2008
* December 2008
* 2009
* Subprime mortgage crisis
* 2000s U.S. housing market correction
* U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
* 2008 Latvian financial crisis
* 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
* Great Recession in Russia
* 2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
* 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
* Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
* 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
* Blue Monday Crash 2009
* Euro area crisis
* Greek government-debt crisis

Information Age
(2009–present)|

* 2009 Dubai debt standstill
* Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010
* 2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
* Energy crisis in Venezuela (2010–present)
* Syrian economic crisis (2011–present)
* August 2011 stock markets fall
* 2011 Bangladesh share market scam
* 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis
* Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013
* Venezuela economic crisis (2013–present)
* 2014 Brazilian economic crisis
* Puerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–2022)
* Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)
* 2015 Nepal blockade
* 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
* 2015–2016 stock market selloff
* Brexit stock market crash (2016)
* Hyperinflation in Venezuela (2016–2022)
* 2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
* Ghana banking crisis (2017–2018)
* Turkish economic crisis (2018–current)
* Lebanese liquidity crisis (2019–present)
* Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–2024)
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Financial market impact
* 2020 stock market crash
* Recession
* Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)
* 2021–2023 inflation surge
* 2022 Russian financial crisis
* Pakistani economic crisis (2022–present)
* 2022 stock market decline
* German economic crisis (2022–present)
* 2023 United States banking crisis
* 2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis
* 2025 stock market crash

* List of banking crises
* List of economic crises
* List of sovereign debt crises
* List of stock market crashes and bear markets

* v
* t
* e

Economic histories by country

Africa|

* Africa
* Algeria
* Angola
* Botswana
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Eritrea
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Madagascar
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Senegal
* Somalia
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Americas|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Barbados
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Ecuador
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* Uruguay

Asia|

* Arab world
* Azerbaijan
* Cambodia
* China
* East Timor
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Mongolia
* Palestine
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Saudi Arabia
* Solomon Islands
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Vietnam

Europe|

* Europe
* Albania
* Austria
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Republic of Ireland
* Italy
* Lithuania
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Russia
* Slovakia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* Scotland
* Wales

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Former industrialized
economies|

* Austria-Hungary
* Czechoslovakia
* East Germany
* Empire of Brazil
* Empire of Japan
* Mongolian People's Republic
* Serbia and Montenegro
* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Historical economies|

* Ancient Greece
* Ashanti Empire
* Byzantine Empire
* China
* Han dynasty
* Song dynasty
* Ming dynasty
* Republic of China
* Confederate States of America
* Dutch Republic
* England in the Middle Ages
* Ethiopian Empire
* Feudal Japan
* Habsburg monarchy
* Inca Empire
* Iroquois
* Mongol Empire
* Muisca
* Ottoman Empire
* Roman Empire
* Scotland in the Middle Ages
* Tamil Country

* v
* t
* e

Economics

Theoretical|

* Microeconomics
* Decision theory
* Price theory
* Game theory
* Contract theory
* Mechanism design
* Macroeconomics
* Mathematical economics
* Complexity economics
* Computational economics
* Agent-based computational economics
* Behavioral economics
* Pluralism in economics

Empirical|

* Econometrics
* Economic statistics
* Experimental economics
* Economic history

Applied|

* Agriculture
* Business
* Cultural
* Demographic
* Development
* Ecological
* Education
* Engineering
* Environmental
* Evolutionary
* Financial
* Geographic
* Happiness
* Health
* History
* Information
* Infrastructure
* Institutions
* Labour
* Law
* Management
* Non-monetary
* Organization
* Participation
* Personnel
* Planning
* Policy
* Public sector
* Public choice
* Social choice
* Regional
* Regulatory
* Resources
* Rural
* Service
* Transport
* Urban
* Welfare

Schools
(history)

* Attention
* Mainstream
* Heterodox
* American (National)
* Ancient thought
* Austrian
* Behavioral
* Buddhist
* Chartalism
* Modern monetary theory
* Chicago
* Classical
* Critique of political economy
* Democratic
* Disequilibrium
* Ecological
* Evolutionary
* Feminist
* Freiwirtschaft
* Georgism
* Happiness
* Historical
* Humanistic
* Institutional
* Keynesian
* Neo- (neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis)
* New
* Post-
* Circuitism
* Malthusianism
* Marginalism
* Marxian
* Neo-
* Mercantilism
* Mixed
* Mutualism
* Neoclassical
* Lausanne
* New classical
* Real business-cycle theory
* New institutional
* Physiocracy
* Socialist
* Stockholm
* Supply-side
* Thermo

Economists

* de Mandeville
* Quesnay
* Smith
* Malthus
* Say
* Ricardo
* von Thünen
* List
* Bastiat
* Cournot
* Mill
* Gossen
* Marx
* Walras
* Jevons
* George
* Menger
* Marshall
* Edgeworth
* Clark
* Pareto
* von Böhm-Bawerk
* von Wieser
* Veblen
* Gesell
* Fisher
* Pigou
* Heckscher
* von Mises
* Schumpeter
* Keynes
* Knight
* Polanyi
* Frisch
* Sraffa
* Myrdal
* Hayek
* Kalecki
* Röpke
* Kuznets
* Tinbergen
* Robinson
* von Neumann
* Hicks
* Lange
* Leontief
* Galbraith
* Koopmans
* Schumacher
* Friedman
* Samuelson
* Simon
* Buchanan
* Arrow
* Baumol
* Solow
* Rothbard
* Greenspan
* Sowell
* Becker
* Ostrom
* Sen
* Lucas
* Stiglitz
* Thaler
* Hoppe
* Krugman
* Piketty
* more

Lists|

* Glossary
* Economists
* Publications (journals)
* Schools

* Category
* Index
* Lists
* Outline
* Publications
* Business portal

* v
* t
* e

Historiography

* Historians
* list / by area of study
* History

* historians
* historicity
* history
* theories of history

Historical sources

| Types|

* Primary sources
* Secondary sources
* Tertiary sources

|

Sources|

* Annals
* Archives
* Artifacts
* Archaeological site
* Chronicles
* Codices
* Deeds
* Facsimiles
* Features
* Hieroglyphs
* Historical documents
* Logbooks
* Manuscripts
* Illuminated
* Oral tradition
* Papyri
* Religious texts
* Scrolls
* War diaries
* Service records

Fields of study

| By scale|

* Big History
* World history
* Human history
* Local history
* Microhistory

|

By source|

* Archival science / Library and information science (template)
* Books / Writing systems
* Chorography
* Chronology
* dating
* Diplomatics
* Encyclopaedistics
* Epigraphy
* Genealogy
* Heraldry
* Numismatics (Money)
* Onomastics
* Oral history
* preservation
* Phaleristics
* Philology
* Postage stamps
* Prosopography
* Sigillography
* Toponymy
* Vexillology

By topic|

* Anthropology / Paleoanthropology
* Cultural
* Ecology / Environment / Geography
* Economic
* Business
* Capitalism
* Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
* Thought
* Intellectual
* Geistesgeschichte
* Linguistics
* Maritime
* Medieval churches
* Military
* Political
* Constitutional
* Diplomatic
* Social
* Feminism
* Gender
* Indigenous
* Labour
* LGBTQ
* Rural
* Quantitative
* Urban
* Women

Methodology

* Case study
* Periodization
* Historical eras
* Tarikh
* Three-age system

| Approaches,
schools|

* Annales school
* History of mentalities
* Nouvelle histoire
* Historiometry / Cliometrics
* Comparative historical research
* Critical
* Decoloniality
* Feminist
* Historical anthropology
* Historical determinism
* Historism
* Historical-critical method
* Humanistic
* Indiscipline of history [pt]
* Leninist
* Marxist
* Historical materialism
* Nationalist
* Ancestral civilisation
* Nationalization of history
* People's history
* Subaltern Studies
* Pop history
* Quantitative history
* Revisionist
* Transnational
* Whig
* Great Man theory

|

Concepts

| General|

* Change and continuity
* Historic preservation
* Historic recurrence
* Historical significance
* Historicity
* Historiology [es]
* Theory of history [de]
* Philosophy

|

Specific|

* Black legend
* Coloniality and decolonization of knowledge
* Dark Ages
* Historical negationism
* Historian's fallacy / Presentism
* Invented tradition
* Modernisation theory
* Narratives
* Paradigm shift
* Pax
* list
* Thirty-year rule
* Transhistoricity
* Translatio imperii / Translatio studii
* Vaticinium ex eventu

| Periodization of
modern history|

* Age of Discovery
* Age of Enlightenment
* European Civil War / Second Thirty Years' War
* Long 18th / 19th century
* Renaissance
* Continuity thesis

|

By country or region

| Africa|

* African historiography
* Egypt
* Pyramid construction techniques
* Black Egypt Thesis [es]
* Ethiopia
* Morocco
* Greater Morocco
* Rwanda
* Double genocide theory
* Maafa

|

Americas|

* Canada
* Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
* Residential schools
* Staples thesis
* Indigenous population history

| Latin America|

* Argentina
* May Revolution / Causes
* Revisionist [es]
* Peru
* Iquicha Royalism
* Colonial Spanish America
* Casta

|

United States|

* African-American history
* Nadir of American race relations
* Neoabolitionism
* Reconstruction era
* Consensus history
* Cyclical theory
* Frontier thesis
* Political history
* Eras
* Progressive-era historians

Eurasia|

* Albania
* Dealbanisation
* Austria
* Habsburg myth
* Balhae
* Belarus
* Litvinism
* Bulgaria
* Byzantine Empire [de]
* Early [ru]
* Croatia
* Europe
* Ancient [ru]
* Medieval [ru]
* New Age [ru]
* Georgia
* Aryan Kartli
* Greek
* Ages of Man
* Iran
* 2,500-year celebration
* Japan
* Korea
* Nationalist
* Goguryeo controversies
* North Macedonia
* Philippines
* Early settlements
* Portugal [pt]
* Lusotropicalism
* Romania
* Great Union
* Serbia
* Kosovo Myth
* Sweden
* Götaland theory
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Ukraine
* Executed Renaissance
* Vietnam
* Nam tiến
* Trưng sisters

| Ancient Rome|

* Catilinarian conspiracy
* Christianization
* Constantinian shift
* Expansion
* Fall of Western Rome
* Prosopography
* Succession
* Byzantine succession
* Moscow, third Rome
* Ottoman claim
* Problem of two emperors

|

China|

* 5000-year civilization assertion
* Archaeology
* Wunu School [zh]
* Century of humiliation
* Conquest dynasty
* "Chineseness" debate
* New Qing History
* Golden ages
* Hua–Yi distinction
* Four Barbarians
* Sinocentrism
* Self-Strengthening Movement
* Sprouts of capitalism
* Tibetan sovereignty debate

France|

* Cordon sanitaire
* Frankish Interregnum [fr]
* Grand Siècle
* Legendary Saracen [fr]
* Location of Alésia [fr]
* Lyon [fr]
* Historiography of Vichy France

Germany|

* Alltagsgeschichte
* Borussian myth
* Historikerstreit
* Sonderweg
* Strukturgeschichte [de]
* Sybel-Ficker controversy
* Vergangenheitsbewältigung

India|

* Greater Magadha
* Indocentrism
* Indigenous Aryanism

Ireland|

* Great Famine
* "More Irish than the Irish themselves"
* Revisionism
* Revolutionary period

Italy|

* Fascist Italy
* Fourth Italian War of Independence
* Historiae Patriae Monumenta
* Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
* Italians, the good people
* Rerum italicarum scriptores
* Revisionism of Risorgimento
* Southern question
* Neo-Bourbonism

Poland|

* Golden Liberty
* Sarmatism
* Deluge
* Partitions
* Polish People's Republic [pl]

Russia|

* Anti-Normanism
* Pre-Revolutionary Russia [ru]
* Skeptic School [ru]
* Soviet Union
* October Revolution
* Soviet famine of 1930–1933
* Causes of the Holodomor
* Holodomor genocide question
* Holodomor in modern politics

Spain|

* Black legend / White legend
* Hispanism
* Carlism in the Francoist era
* Convivencia
* Inquisition
* Limpieza de sangre controversy [es]
* Reconquista
* Islamic revolution of Spain [es]
* Revisionist
* Colonies or Provinces
* Spanish decline [es]
* Ser de España [es]

Turkey|

* Kemalist
* Ottoman Empire
* Ghaza thesis
* Decline thesis

United
Kingdom|

* Poor Laws
* Scotland
* Kingdom of Alba
* Westminster Stone
* Storm over the gentry
* Suffragette Campaign
* Tudor myth
* Ricardians
* Winter of Discontent

| British
Empire|

* Cambridge School
* Porter–MacKenzie debate
* Second colonial occupation

|

Oceania|

* Colonial Australia

By war, conflict

* v
* t
* e

Military historiography

* Military history
* List of military museums

Pre-18th century
conflicts|

* Albigensian Crusade
* Catharism debate
* Crusades
* Islamic views
* Eighty Years' War
* Origins
* Fall of Babylon
* Gallic Wars
* Late Bronze Age collapse
* Dorian invasion
* Sea Peoples
* Peloponnesian War

18th and 19th
century conflicts|

| Coalition Wars
(1792–1815)|

* French Revolution
* Causes
* War in the Vendée
* Napoleonic era
* Invasion of Russia
* Waterloo

|

* American Civil War
* Origins
* Turning point
* Franco-Prussian War
* Causes
* Paris Commune
* Great Game
* Indian Rebellion of 1857
* Causes
* Paraguayan War
* War of 1812
* Origins
* War of the Pacific
* Causes

World War I|

* Causes (Color books / Fischer thesis)
* Late Ottoman genocides (Causes of the Armenian genocide)
* Patriotic consent
* Persian famine of 1917–1919
* Powder keg of Europe
* Schlieffen Plan
* Spirit of 1914 / 1917
* Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Germany imposed this on Russia in 1918

| Treaty of
Versailles|

* Reparations
* War guilt question
* Article 231
* Reichstag inquiry

|

Interwar period|

* Burning of Smyrna
* Polish–Soviet War
* Causes
* Spanish Civil War
* Background

World War II|

* Causes
* "Blitzkrieg" concept
* Broad vs. narrow front
* German resistance to Nazism
* Nazi foreign policy debate

| Eastern Front|

* Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
* Soviet offensive plans
* Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
* Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
* Winter War
* Background
* Spirit

|

The Holocaust|

* Auschwitz bombing debate
* Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
* Functionalism–intentionalism debate
* In relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba
* Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
* Pius Wars
* "Polish death camp"
* Responsibility
* Slovakia
* Uniqueness

Pacific War|

* Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
* "Battle for Australia"
* Bengal famine
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* Nanjing Massacre

Western Front|

* Battle of France
* Guilty Men
* Résistancialisme
* Vichy France

Cold War|

* Origins
* 1948 Palestine war
* Palestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba
* Zionism as settler colonialism
* New Historians
* Malayan Emergency
* Causes
* Algerian War
* Six-Day War
* Origins
* Iranian revolution
* Causes
* Iran–Iraq War
* Falklands War
* Sovereignty dispute
* Sri Lankan civil war
* Origins

Post-Cold War|

* Russo-Georgian War
* Background
* Responsibility
* Syrian revolution
* Causes

Related|

* Conflict thesis
* Gunpowder and gun transmission
* War and genocide

* Category

By person

| Political
leaders|

* Adolf Hitler
* Alexander the Great
* Amin al-Husseini
* Aurangzeb
* Cato the Younger
* Che Guevara
* Chiang Ching-kuo [zh]
* Chiang Kai Shek [zh]
* Constantine the Great
* Gregory Palamas
* Horatio Nelson
* Hypatia
* Jiang Zemin [zh]
* Joseph Stalin [ru]
* José de San Martín
* Juan Manuel de Rosas
* Klemens von Metternich
* Leonid Brezhnev
* Louis Riel
* Mao Zedong [zh]
* Muammar Gaddafi
* Napoleon
* Neville Chamberlain
* Pedro II of Brazil
* Simon Bolivar
* Cult of personality [es]
* Bolivarianism
* Saladin
* Sun Yat-sen [zh]
* Thomas Aquinas
* Thomas Jefferson
* Ulysses S. Grant
* Warren G. Harding
* Yuan Shikai [zh]
* Zhou Enlai [zh]
* Zhuge Liang [zh]

| Historical
rankings|

* Australia
* Canada
* Modern Germany
* Netherlands
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Others|

* The Beatles
* Charles Darwin
* Friedrich Nietzsche
* H. P. Lovecraft
* Jane Austen
* Muhammed
* Historicity
* Judaism
* Medieval Christian
* Jesus
* Historicity
* Resurrection
* Religious perspectives
* Christianity
* Judaism
* Islam
* J. R. R. Tolkien
* The Lord of the Rings
* Madonna
* Robert Falcon Scott
* Socrates
* Søren Kierkegaard
* William Shakespeare

Other topics

* Bears in antiquity
* Crisis of historiography [pt]
* Feudalism
* Library of Alexandria
* Nationalism in the Middle Ages
* Professionalization and institutionalization of history
* Salons
* Western European colonialism and colonization
* Desacralization of knowledge

| Economics|

* Industrial Revolution
* Great Recession
* Great Depression
* School of Thoughts
* Historical school of economics
* English historical school of economics

|

Religion|

* Avestan geography
* Early Christianity
* Background
* Historical reliability of the Gospels
* Primacy of Peter
* Opposition to Papal supremacy
* Proto-orthodox Christianity
* Early Islam
* Criticism of the Quran
* Succession to Muhammad
* Islamic golden age
* Kharijites
* Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
* Second Vatican Council
* Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II [it]
* Hesychast controversy
* Protestant Reformation
* Proto-Protestantism
* Criticism of Protestantism
* Protestant work ethic
* Jesuit historiography
* Modern Jewish history
* Wissenschaft des Judentums
* Schools of thought
* Biblical criticism
* Catholic theology
* Panbabylonism
* Urreligion
* Perennial
* Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
* Roman
* Revisionist school of Islamic studies

Science /
Technology|

* Merton thesis
* Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
* Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
* Gunpowder and gun transmission
* Torsion mangonel myth

Organizations, publications

* Heritage registers
* Historical society (list)
* History institutes
* History journals
* template

Related

* Commemorative plaque
* Documentary film
* Hagiography
* Historical fiction
* Historical realism
* Historiographic metafiction
* Historical geographic information system

* Category
* Multimedia

* v
* t
* e

Social sciences

* Outline
* History
* Index

Primary|

* Anthropology
* archaeology
* cultural
* social
* physical
* Economics
* microeconomics
* macroeconomics
* econometrics
* mathematical
* Geography
* physical
* human
* technical
* integrated
* History
* cultural
* auxiliary sciences
* economic
* human
* military
* political
* social
* Law
* jurisprudence
* legal history
* legal systems
* public law
* private law
* Linguistics
* semiotics
* Political science
* international relations
* comparative
* philosophy
* public policy
* public administration
* Psychology
* abnormal
* cognitive
* developmental
* personality
* social
* Sociology
* criminology
* demography
* internet
* rural
* urban

Interdisciplinary|

* Administration
* business
* public
* Anthrozoology
* Area studies
* Business studies
* Cognitive science
* Communication studies
* Community studies
* Criminology
* Critical animal studies
* Cultural studies
* Development studies
* Education
* Environmental
* social science
* studies
* Food studies
* Gender studies
* Global studies
* Historical sociology
* History of technology
* Human ecology
* Information science
* International studies
* Linguistics
* Management
* Media studies
* Philosophies
* science
* economics
* history
* psychology
* social science
* Planning
* land use
* regional
* urban
* Political ecology
* Political economy
* Political sociology
* Public health
* Regional science
* Science and technology studies
* Science studies
* historical
* Quantum social science
* Social work
* Vegan studies

List|

* List of social science journals

Other categorizations|

* Behavioural sciences
* Geisteswissenschaft
* Human science
* Humanities

* Category

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Korea
* Israel

Other|

* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* NARA
* Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
* Yale LUX

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