Economic policy of the Donald Trump administration

"Trumponomics" redirects here. For information about the book of the same title, see Stephen Moore (writer).

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Donald Trump

|

* * *

Business and personal

* Business career
* The Trump Organization
* wealth
* tax returns
* Media career
* The Apprentice
* bibliography
* filmography
* Eponyms
* Family
* Foundation
* American football
* Golf
* Honors
* Public image
* in popular culture
* SNL parodies
* handshakes
* Legal affairs
* Sexual misconduct allegations
* Nicknames
* pseudonyms
* Racial views
* Comments on John McCain
* Conspiracy theories
* Residences
* Rhetoric
* Security incidents

Endorsements

* * *

45th President of the United States

* Presidency
* timeline
* Transition
* Inauguration
* Presidential library

* * *

Tenure

* Executive actions
* executive orders
* proclamations
* pardons
* Trips
* foreign
* '17
* '18
* '19
* '20–'21
* Namaste Trump
* North Korea summits
* Singapore
* Hanoi
* DMZ
* Riyadh summit
* Helsinki summit
* Shutdowns
* January 2018
* 2018–2019
* Polls
* Legal affairs
* Protests
* federal law enforcement deployment
* St. John's Church photo op
* Social media
* False or misleading statements
* Killings
* al-Baghdadi
* Soleimani
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* Trumpism
* TikTok controversy

* * *

Policies

* Economy
* tax cuts
* tariffs
* China trade war
* farmer bailouts
* Environment
* Paris withdrawal
* Foreign policy
* America First
* Saudi Arabia arms deal
* Iran nuclear deal withdrawal
* Jerusalem
* Golan Heights
* Palestine peace plan
* Abraham Accords
* USMCA
* United States–Taliban deal
* Immigration
* travel ban
* wall
* family separation
* migrant detentions
* troop deployments
* national emergency
* Infrastructure
* Social issues
* First Step Act
* cannabis
* Space

* * *

Appointments

* Cabinet
* Ambassadors
* Federal judges
* Gorsuch
* Kavanaugh
* Barrett
* Supreme Court candidates
* Executives
* U.S. Attorneys

* * *

Presidential campaigns

* 2000
* primaries
* 2016
* election
* primaries
* endorsements
* rallies
* Las Vegas incident
* convention
* debates
* Make America Great Again
* Never Trump movement
* people
* Access Hollywood tape
* wiretapping allegations
* Spygate
* 2020
* election
* primaries
* endorsements
* political
* non-political
* opposition
* rallies
* convention
* debates
* GOP reactions to election fraud claims
* Trump–Raffensperger phone call
* 2024
* election
* primaries
* endorsements
* opposition
* eligibility
* Agenda 47
* rallies
* convention
* debates
* assassination attempts
* PA
* perpetrator
* photographs
* FL
* suspect

* * *

Impeachments

* Efforts
* resolutions
* First impeachment
* Trump–Ukraine scandal
* House inquiry
* Senate trial
* Second impeachment
* Capitol attack
* Senate trial
* Proposed expungements

* * *

Civil and criminal prosecutions

* 2020 election federal indictment
* Classified documents federal indictment
* special counsel investigation
* Plasmic Echo
* FBI search of Mar-a-Lago
* Trump v. United States
* New York indictment
* Stormy Daniels scandal
* Karen McDougal affair
* financial fraud
* Georgia election indictment
* Georgia election investigation
* mug shot

* * *

COVID-19 pandemic

* Taskforce
* Communication
* Government response
* stimulus bills
* CARES Act
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021
* Operation Warp Speed
* White House outbreak
* Interference with science agencies

* * *

* v
* t
* e

The economic policy of the Donald Trump administration was characterized by the individual and corporate tax cuts, attempts to repeal the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), trade protectionism, deregulation focused on the energy and financial sectors, and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Over his term, Trump reduced federal taxes and increased federal spending, both of which significantly increased federal budget deficits and the national debt.[1][2][3] The positive economic situation he inherited from the Obama administration[4][5][6] continued, with a labor market approaching full employment and measures of household income and wealth continuing to improve further into record territory.[7] Trump also implemented trade protectionism via tariffs, primarily on imports from China.[1] During Trump's first three years in office, the number of Americans without health insurance increased by 4.6 million (16%),[8][9] while his tax cuts favored the top earners, failed to deliver on its promises[10] and worsened income inequality.

Trump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history.[11] The 128-month (10.7-year) economic expansion that began in June 2009 abruptly ended at a peak in February 2020, with the U.S. entering a recession due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[12] The U.S. unemployment rate, which had hit a 50-year low (3.5%) in February 2020, hit a 90-year high (14.7%) just two months later, matching Great Depression levels. In response, Trump signed the $2 trillion Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES) on March 27, 2020 which helped maintain family incomes and savings during the crisis, but contributed to a $3.1 trillion budget deficit (14.9% GDP) for fiscal year 2020, the largest since 1945 relative to the size of the economy.[13][14] Trump left office with 3 million fewer jobs in the U.S. than when he took office, making Trump the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce though this was, in part, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[11] Throughout his presidency, Trump mischaracterized the economy as the best in American history.[15]

Despite saying during the 2016 campaign he would eliminate the national debt in eight years,[16] Trump as president approved large increases in government spending, as well as the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50%, to nearly $1 trillion (~$1.18 trillion in 2023) in 2019.[17] Under Trump, the U.S. national debt increased by 39%, reaching $27.75 trillion by the end of his term; the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio also hit a post-World War II high.[18]

## Overview

[edit]

Chart showing the total number of persons with jobs (non-farm payrolls) in the U.S. from 2007 to 2019. The variable set records each month starting in May 2014, with 111 months of positive job creation starting in October 2010 through December 2019.[19] This is illustrative of positive trends underway in the economy inherited by President Trump, and their continuation during the 2017–2019 period of his presidency.[7] The CBO forecast in April 2018 that under current policy, the sum of annual federal budget deficits (debt increases) would be $13.7 trillion over the 2018–2027 time period. This is $4.3 trillion higher (46%) than the CBO January 2017 baseline of $9.4 trillion. The change is mainly due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. This was later revised upward due to the coronavirus pandemic.[20]

### 2017–2019

[edit]

President Trump inherited an economy in January 2017 that was already at a record level on many key measures, such as the number of persons with jobs,[19] real median household income,[21] household net worth,[22] and stock market level. It also featured a low unemployment rate of 4.7%, very low inflation, and a moderate budget deficit.[23][4] While Trump referred to "American carnage" in his first inaugural address and announced an "America First" economic strategy,[24][25] overall the economy when he began was on solid ground in terms of major aggregate measures.[4][5] The Congressional Budget Office forecast in January 2017 that assuming the continuation of Obama policies (current law), real GDP growth would be 1.8% in 2017 and 2.3% in 2018, and unemployment would continue falling to 4.4% by 2018, as the economy reached full employment.[26]

A key part of Trump's economic strategy was to temporarily boost growth via tax cuts and additional spending,[2] with mixed success.[27] Comparing the 2014–2016 period (President Obama's last three years) with the 2017–2019 period (President Trump's first three years), actual results included several variables that continued their previous improvement trends, such as the unemployment rate, which had been falling since 2010 for all ethnic groups.[28] Some variables improved (e.g., real GDP growth and nominal wage growth) while others worsened (e.g., inflation and real wage growth).[7][27] Compared to the January 2017 Congressional Budget Office (CBO) ten-year forecast just prior to Trump's inauguration, the unemployment rate, job creation, and real GDP improved over the 2017–2019 period.[26]

Contributing to this economic performance were large annual budget deficits of $779 billion in 2018 and $984 billion in 2019, about 60% above the CBO 10-year forecast.[26] Sustained economic expansions have historically brought down deficits, indicating the high degree to which economic stimulus has helped growth under Trump.[2] CBO explained in January 2020 that budget deficits averaged 1.5% of GDP over the past 50 years when the economy was "relatively strong (as it is now)." However, the budget deficit was 4.6% GDP in fiscal year 2019 and was expected to average 4.8% GDP over the 2021–2030 period.[1][29] The Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget estimated in January 2020 that President Trump had signed $4.2 trillion of additional debt into law for the 2017–2026 decade, and $4.7 trillion for 2017–2029. This was on top of the $17.2 trillion debt held by the public and the $9.2 trillion already expected to be added to the debt excluding these proposals.[30]

In the labor market, job creation in Trump's first three years was sufficient to continue lowering the unemployment rate to a 50-year record low of 3.5% in September 2019. Job creation 2017–2019 was considerably faster than the CBO forecast just prior to Trump's inauguration, which expected the U.S. to reach full employment by 2018, assuming the continuation of Obama policy.[26] However, job creation was 23% faster in the three years before Trump took office (8.1 million total) than during the first 3 years of the Trump Administration (6.6 million total) through January 2020.[31][19]

Household financial position also improved in aggregate, with the stock market (S&P500) up a cumulative 45% through Trump's first three years, versus 53% for Obama, −2.5% for Bush and 57% for Clinton for the same time frame.[32][33] Combined with rising home prices, real household net worth set new records in 2017 and 2019, despite a setback in 2018 due to a stock market decline of over 6% that year.[34] However, the bottom 50% of households only received 4% of the gain in net worth through Q3 2019.[35] Real median household income, a good measure of middle-class purchasing power, continued in record territory, rising from $62,898 in 2016 to $68,703 in 2019, a 3% average annual growth rate.[36]

Trump's tax reform plan was signed into law in December 2017, which included substantial tax cuts for higher income taxpayers and corporations as well as repeal of a key Obamacare element, the individual mandate. The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) reported that the Tax Act would marginally increase the size of the economy and boost job creation.[37] Due primarily to the Tax Act, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) increased the estimated national debt addition for the 2018–2027 period by $1.6 trillion, from $10.1 trillion to $11.7 trillion, assuming the individual tax cut elements expire as scheduled after 2025.[38] This was incremental to the existing $20 trillion national debt at the time. Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP would rise from around 77% GDP in 2017 to as much as 105% GDP by 2028.[39]

Under the Tax Act, households in all income groups were forecast to initially get a tax cut on average, with families earning $50,000 to $75,000 receiving around $900 in 2018. However, reduced rates for individuals were scheduled to expire after 2025, contributing (along with other factors) to a tax increase for households earning $75,000 or less by 2027 relative to the continuation of prior law.[40] Further, CBO reported that lower-income groups would incur net costs under the tax plan, either paying higher taxes or receiving fewer government benefits: those under $20,000 by 2019; those under $40,000 from 2021 to 2025; and those under $75,000 in 2027 and beyond.[41] As a result, critics argued the tax bill unfairly benefited higher-income taxpayers and corporations at the expense of lower-income taxpayers, and therefore would significantly increase income inequality.[42][43] The CBO reported in December 2019 that it expected inequality to increase from 2016 to 2021, due in part to the Trump tax cuts, with the share of income received by the top 1% rising and other groups falling, and larger tax cuts in percentage terms for higher income groups versus lower.[44] CBS News reported on a study indicating the effective Fortune 500 corporate tax rate in 2018 was the lowest rate in 40 years, at 11.3%, versus 21.2% on average for the 2008–2015 period.[45]

Trump's healthcare policies have been criticized for their adverse impacts.[46] Bills to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (the ACA or "Obamacare") supported by Trump did not pass Congress in mid-2017, due in part to estimates that over 20 million more persons would become uninsured.[47] The number without health insurance increased by 4.6 million or 16% from the end of 2016 through 2019; 2017 was the first year since 2010 with an increase.[8] CBO forecast in May 2019 that 6 million more would be without health insurance in 2021 under Trump's policies (33 million), relative to continuation of Obama policies (27 million).[9] The number of children under age 19 without health insurance increased by 425,000 from 2017 to 2018, mainly due to a decline in public coverage.[48] An analysis of Census data released in September 2020 showed that 2.3 million more Americans became uninsured over Trump's first three years in office, contrasting with six consecutive years of a decline in the number of uninsured people under Obama after the passage of the ACA.[49] Between 2016 and 2019, 33 states experienced a statistically significant increase in their uninsured rates; the state with the largest increase was Texas, where the number of uninsured people rose by 689,000 over those three years.[49]

Trump often falsely asserted that the tariffs he imposed would be "paid for by China". .[50][51] In fact, many companies passed the costs of the Trump tariffs on to consumers in the form of higher prices.[52]: 180 Following impositions of the tariffs on Chinese goods, the prices of U.S. intermediate goods rose by 10% to 30%, an amount generally equivalent to the size of the tariffs.[53]: 233–234 Studies by the CBO and Federal Reserve estimated that Trump's tariffs cost the typical U.S. household an estimated $580–$1,280 per year, while marginally slowing GDP and income growth.[1][54] A 2021 study by Oxford Economics and the U.S.-China Business Council concluded that the United States lost 245,000 jobs as a result of the Trump tariffs.[52]: 180

Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership in January 2017, although the remaining countries implemented an alternative agreement in December 2018. Trump also signed the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement to replace NAFTA in November, 2018.[55]

One July 2018 study indicated Trump's policies have had little impact on the U.S. economy in terms of GDP or employment.[56] Analysis conducted by Bloomberg News at the end of Trump's second year in office found that his economy ranked sixth among the last seven presidents, based on fourteen metrics of economic activity and financial performance.[57] Through his first three years in office, Trump falsely characterized the economy during his presidency as the best in American history over 250 times.[58][59]

### 2020–2021

[edit]

Job Growth by U.S. president, measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of term. As of September 2020, the number of jobs was 2.7% below the January 2017 level when President Trump was inaugurated, and 7.0% below the February 2020 peak. About half of the peak-to-trough jobs lost had been regained.

The 128-month (10.7 year) record economic expansion that began in June 2009 abruptly ended at a peak in February 2020, with the U.S. entering a recession.[12] Pandemic concerns and mitigation measures resulted in over 40 million people filing for unemployment insurance the weeks of March 21 – May 28.[60] The number of unemployed persons jumped from 7.1 million in March 2020 to 23.1 million in April 2020, with the unemployment rate rising from 4.4% to 14.7%. The wider measure of unemployment (U-6) which includes those unemployed but not actively looking for work and those working part time for economic reasons, increased from 8.7% to 22.8%.[61]

Trump signed the $2 trillion Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES) on March 27, which funded increased unemployment insurance amounts and duration, loans and grants to businesses, and funding for state governments.

The CBO forecast in April 2020 that the budget deficit in fiscal year 2020 would be $3.7 trillion (17.9% GDP), versus the January estimate of $1 trillion (4.6% GDP).[62] The CBO also reported in May 2020 that:

* The unemployment rate increased from 3.5% in February to 14.7% in April, representing a decline of more than 25 million people employed, plus another 8 million persons that exited the labor force.
* Job declines were focused on industries that rely on "in-person interactions" such as retail, education, health services, leisure and hospitality. For example, 8 of the 17 million leisure and hospitality jobs were lost in March and April.
* The economic impact was expected to hit smaller and newer businesses harder, as they typically have less financial cushion.
* Real (inflation-adjusted) consumer spending fell 17% from February to April, as social distancing reached its peak. In April, car and light truck sales were 49% below the late 2019 monthly average. Mortgage applications fell 30% in April 2020 versus April 2019.
* Real GDP was forecast to fall at a nearly 38% annual rate in the second quarter, or 11.2% versus the prior quarter, with a return to positive quarter-to-quarter growth of 5.0% in Q3 and 2.5% in Q4 2020. However, real GDP was not expected to regain its Q4 2019 level until 2022 or later.
* The unemployment rate was forecast to average 11.5% in 2020 and 9.3% in 2021.[63]

After peaking at $19.3 trillion in Q4 2019, real GDP fell to a trough of $17.3 trillion in Q2 2020, a drop of nearly $2 trillion or 10%.[64] The New York Times reported that the economy (real GDP) contracted by a record 9.5% in Q2 2020 (32.6% annualized, later revised to 31.4%), which reduced the overall size of the economy to early 2015 levels. This was twice as large a decline as the Great Recession. However, government efforts at financial support (the $2 trillion CARES Act) were largely successful in helping about 30 million people receiving unemployment benefits as of late July.[65] In Q3 2020, GDP partially recovered to $18.6 trillion, an increase of $1.3 trillion or 7% from the trough (33.1% annualized). Measured from Q4 2016 to Q3 2020, GDP increased by $0.7 trillion or 4%, which represented an annualized average growth rate of 1.0%, the slowest among post-WW2 Presidents.[64][66]

## Economic strategy

[edit]

The economic policy positions of United States President Donald Trump prior to his election had elements from across the political spectrum.[67] However, once in office his actions indicated a politically rightward shift towards more conservative economic policies.[68][69] Trump's economic and trade policy has been described as neomercantilist.[70]

Prior to election, then-candidate Trump proposed sizable income tax cuts and deregulation consistent with conservative (Republican Party) policies, along with significant infrastructure investment and status-quo protection for entitlements for the elderly, typically considered liberal (Democratic Party) policies. His anti-globalization policies of trade protectionism and immigration reduction cross party lines.[67] This combination of policy positions from both parties could be considered "populist" and likely succeeded in converting some of the 2012 Obama voters who became Trump voters in 2016.[68]

Trump's federal budget proposal for the 2018 fiscal year (submitted to Congress in January 2017) proposed a $1.9 trillion reduction in healthcare spending for health care, primarily in cuts to Medicaid; a $1.9 trillion decrease in nondefense discretionary spending and "overseas contingency operations" defense spending (Afghanistan and other items), various tax-cut proposals that would reduce revenues by $894 billion (or 2%) from 2018 to 2027 period; a decrease in outlays for income security programs by $238 billion over the next ten years; and spending $200 billion over the next ten years for unspecified infrastructure programs.[71]

Journalist Matthew Yglesias wrote in December 2017 that while Trump campaigned as a populist, much of his post-election economic agenda has been consistent with far-right economic policy: "His decision to refashion himself in office as a down-the-line exponent of hard-right policies has been the key strategic decision of the Trump presidency." Yglesias hypothesized this was a bargain to reduce Congressional oversight of the executive branch.[68] Economist Paul Krugman expressed a similar view in February 2020, writing that Trump's initial promises of a more bi-partisan agenda (e.g., raising taxes on the rich, infrastructure investment and preserving safety net programs) ultimately gave way to pursuing more typical Republican policy priorities of tax cuts and reduced safety net spending, although without the previous concerns about the budget deficit that Republicans expressed during the Obama Administration.[72]

Trump also sought to enlist the aid of the U.S. Federal Reserve in supporting his attempts to stimulate the economy. Initially, Fed officials hinted in December 2016 that fiscal policy stimulus (i.e., tax cuts and increased government spending) in an economy already near full employment and growing near its maximum sustainable pace of around 2%, might be counteracted by tightening monetary policy (e.g., raising interest rates) to offset the risk of inflation. To paraphrase a former Fed chairman, "The Fed's job is to take away the punch bowl just when the party gets going."[73] However, after raising rates through 2018, in 2019 the Fed reduced interest rates several times, citing the related issues of a global economic slowdown and Trump's trade policies.[74] President Trump often criticized the Fed for raising interest rates during his tenure, although he also criticized the Fed for keeping rates low during President Obama's administration.[75]

## Overall evaluations

[edit]

### 2017–2019

[edit]

Economic scorecard comparing Trump and Obama presidencies. Refer to sources on the detail page.

Economist Justin Wolfers wrote in February 2019: "I've reviewed surveys of about 50 leading economists - liberals and conservatives - run by the University of Chicago. What is startling is that the economists are nearly unanimous in concluding that Mr. Trump's policies are destructive." He assigned a letter grade of A− to the economy's performance overall, despite "failing grades" for Trump's policies, including an "F" grade for trade policy, "D−" for fiscal policy, and a "C" for monetary policy.[76] One July 2018 study indicated Trump's policies have had little impact on the U.S. economy in terms of GDP or employment.[56]

Writing in The New York Times, Steven Rattner explained in August 2018 that "Yes, the economy is continuing to expand nicely, which all Americans should celebrate. But no, there's nothing remarkable in the overall results since Mr. Trump took office. Most importantly, there is little evidence that the president's policies have meaningfully improved the fortunes of those 'forgotten' Americans who elected him."[77] Rattner explained that job creation and real wage growth had slowed comparing the end of the Obama administration with an equal period elapsed during the Trump administration; that the 4.1% real GDP growth in Q2 2018 was increased by non-recurring trade contributions and was exceeded during four quarters of the Obama Administration; that 84% of the benefits of the Trump tax cuts would go to businesses and individuals with incomes greater than $75,000 (thus increasing inequality); that the tax cuts and spending increases were forecast to increase the budget deficit in 2019 to nearly $1 trillion, double the previous forecast; and that half the benefit of the tax cuts for the typical middle-class worker in 2018 would be offset by higher gas prices.[77] Rattner expanded his analysis in December 2018, explaining further that the debt to GDP ratio was on a much higher trajectory compared to the forecast when Trump took office, with as much as $16 trillion more federal debt added over a decade.[78]

Writing in The Washington Post, Heather Long explained in August 2019 that: "[A] closer look at the data shows a mixed picture in terms of whether the economy is any better than it was in Obama's final years. The economy is growing at about the same pace as it did in Obama's last years, and unemployment, while lower under Trump, has continued a trend that began in 2011." Nominal wages, consumer and business confidence, and manufacturing job creation (initially) compared favorably, while government debt, trade deficits, and persons without health insurance did not.[27]

Writing in The Washington Post, Phillip Bump explained that for Trump's first term as of September 2019, performance on several key variables was comparable or below Obama's second term (January 2013 – September 2016), as follows: 1) Real GDP was up 7.5% cumulatively under Obama, versus 7.2% under Trump; 2) The total number of jobs was up 5.3% for Obama, versus 4.3% under Trump; 3) The S&P 500 was up moderately more under Obama at +39.9% versus Trump at +34.2%; 4) The unemployment rate fell 2.9 percentage points under Obama versus 1.2 points under Trump; and 5) the national debt was up 10.5% under Obama, versus 15.1% under Trump.[79]

Factcheck.org reported in November 2019 that: "There's no question the economy has been strong since Trump took office, but it was also strong before he took office, a fact he continues to distort as he falsely puffs up his own record." For example, Trump promised real GDP growth of 4–6% per year, but only achieved 2.9% growth in 2018, the same rate as 2015. Further, job creation was slower under President Trump than comparable periods at the end of the Obama Administration. Many of Trump's claims about unemployment, labor force participation, and median household income were also false or exaggerated.[80]

Writing in The New Yorker, John Cassidy described the opportunity costs of Trump's tax cuts: "Some of the debt that is being issued to pay for the tax cut could have been used to finance investments in infrastructure, renewable energy sources, universal day care, adult retraining, reducing the cost of higher education, or any other number of programs that yield long-term benefits to ordinary Americans. Instead, the biggest handouts went to corporations, who saw their tax rate [statutory] reduced from 35% to 21%."[29]

President Trump claimed in his third State of the Union Address in February 2020 that: "If we hadn't reversed the failed economic policies of the previous administration, the world would not now be witnessing this great economic success." The Trump administration provided statistics in support of this claim. However, Politifact rated this claim false, explaining: "The bottom line: For virtually each of these measurements, we found that the trend lines continued almost seamlessly from the second half of Obama's presidency into the first three years of Trump's tenure. Trump's claim that he turned around a failing economy is wrong."[81]

NBC explained in August 2020 that Trump inherited a solid economy: "If you compare key economic indicators from Barack Obama's second term in office to the first three years of Trump's time (that is, before the pandemic hit), the data show a continuation of trends, not a dramatic shift. It suggests Trump didn't build something new; rather he inherited a pretty good situation."[6]

## Statistical summaries

[edit]

### Annual comparisons 2014–2019

[edit]

Panel chart illustrates nine key economic variables measured annually from 2014 to 2019. The years 2014–2016 were during President Obama's second term, while 2017–2019 were during President Trump's first term. Refer to citations on detail page.

The following table illustrates some of the key economic variables in the last three years of the Obama Administration (2014–2016) and the first three years of the Trump Administration (2017–2019). The arrows indicate whether the variable improved (green) or worsened (red) versus the prior year.

Variable  | 2014  | 2015  | 2016  | 2017  | 2018  | 2019

|
|
|
|
|
|

Real GDP growth[82] | 2.5%  | 3.1%  | 1.7%  | 2.3%  | 3.0%  | 2.2%
Job creation per month (000s)[83] | 250  | 227  | 195  | 176  | 193  | 178
Mfg. job creation per month (000s)[84] | 17  | 6  | −1  | 15  | 22  | 5
Unemployment rate (December)[85] | 5.6%  | 5.0%  | 4.7%  | 4.1%  | 3.9%  | 3.5%
Labor force participation Age 25–54 (Dec)[86] | 80.9%  | 81.0%  | 81.4%  | 81.9%  | 82.3%  | 82.9%
Inflation rate (CPI-All, Avg.)[87] | 1.6%  | 0.1%  | 1.3%  | 2.1%  | 2.4%  | 1.8%
Poverty rate %[88] | 14.8%  | 13.5%  | 12.7%  | 12.3%  | 11.8%  | 10.5%
Real median household income $[89] | $56,969  | $60,987  | $62,898  | $63,761  | $64,324  | $68,703
Real wage growth %[90] | 0.4%  | 2.2%  | 1.3%  | 0.4%  | 0.6%  | 1.3%
Productivity growth %[91] | 0.9%  | 1.3%  | 0.3%  | 1.3%  | 1.3%  | 1.6%
Mortgage rate 30-yr fixed (avg.)[92] | 4.2%  | 3.9%  | 3.7%  | 4.0%  | 4.5%  | 3.9%
Gas prices (avg.)[93] | $3.36  | $2.43  | $2.14  | $2.42  | $2.72  | $2.60
Stock market annual % increase (SP 500)[94] | +11.4%  | −0.7%  | +9.5%  | +19.4%  | −6.2%  | +28.9%
Number uninsured under 65 yrs. (millions)[95][96] | 35.7  | 28.4  | 28.2  | 28.9  | 30.1  | 32.8
Health insurance premium (family/employer mkt % chg)[97] | 3.0%  | 4.2%  | 3.4%  | 3.4%  | 4.5%  | 4.9%
Trade deficit % GDP[98] | 2.8%  | 2.7%  | 2.7%  | 2.8%  | 3.0%  | 2.9%
Budget deficit ($ Billions)[99] | $485  | $442  | $585  | $665  | $779  | $984
Budget deficit % GDP[99] | 2.8%  | 2.4%  | 3.2%  | 3.5%  | 3.9%  | 4.6%
Debt held by public % GDP[99] | 73.7%  | 72.5%  | 76.4%  | 76.1%  | 77.8%  | 78.9%
Growth in Real Federal Debt Held By Public[100] | 4.8%  | 4.6%  | 3.3%  | 0.5%  | 6.8%  | 5.9%
Inequality: Third Quintile Income Share[101] | 14.3%  | 14.3%  | 14.2%  | 14.0%  | 14.1%  | 14.1%
Border apprehensions-FY total (000s)[102] | 487  | 337  | 416  | 310  | 404  | 860
Carbon dioxide emissions (Metric tons in millions)[103] | 5,413  | 5,263  | 5,170  | 5,131  | 5,280  | Not avail.

### Coronavirus impact 2020

[edit]

The following table illustrates the impact of the pandemic on key economic measures. February 2020 represented the pre-crisis level for most monthly variables, with the S&P 500 stock market index (a leading daily indicator) falling from its February 19 peak.

Variable  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | June  | July  | August  | September

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Jobs, level (000s)[83] | 152,523  | 150,840  | 130,161  | 132,994  | 137,840  | 139,566  | 141,149  | 141,865
Jobs, monthly change (000s)[83] | 251  | −1,683  | −20,679  | 2,833  | 4,846  | 1,726  | 1,583  | 716
Unemployment rate %[85] | 3.5%  | 4.4%  | 14.8%  | 13.3%  | 11.1%  | 10.2%  | 8.4%  | 7.8%
Number unemployed (millions)[104] | 5.8  | 7.1  | 23.1  | 21.0  | 17.8  | 16.3  | 13.6  | 12.6
Employment to population ratio %, age 25–54[105] | 80.5%  | 79.6%  | 69.7%  | 71.4%  | 73.5%  | 73.8%  | 75.3%  | 75.0%
Inflation rate % (CPI-All)[87] | 2.3%  | 1.5%  | 0.4%  | 0.2%  | 0.7%  | 1.0%  | 1.3%  | 1.4%
Stock market S&P 500 (avg. level)[94] | 3,277  | 2,652  | 2,762  | 2,920  | 3,105  | 3,208  | 3,392  | 3,432
Debt held by public ($ trillion)[106] | 17.4  | 17.7  | 19.1  | 19.9  | 20.5  | 20.6  | 20.8  | 21.0

### End of Term vs. Inauguration

[edit]

The following table compares the data at the end of Trumps term, with levels at the time of Trump's inauguration in January 2017. For quarterly or annual variables, the figure closest to the date indicated is used. For the deficit, the CBO forecast for FY2020 is used.

Variable  | January 2017  | January 2021  | Change  | % Change

|
|
|
|

Jobs, level (millions)[83] | 145.6  | 142.6  | −3.0  | −2.0%
Unemployment rate %[85] | 4.7%  | 6.3%  | 1.6 pp  | n/a
Number unemployed (millions)[104] | 7.5  | 10.1  | 2.7  | 36%
Real GDP level ($ trillions)[107] | 17.9  | 18.8  | +0.9  | +5.1%
Budget deficit ($ billions)[62] | 665  | 3,131  | 2,466  | 371%
Stock market S&P 500[94] | 2,263  | 3,798  | 1,535  | 68%
Debt held by public ($ trillions)[106] | 14.4  | 21.6  | 7.2  | 50%

## Health care

[edit]

U.S. uninsured number (millions) and rate (%), including historical data through 2016 and two CBO forecasts (2016/Obama policy and 2018/Trump policy) through 2026. Two key reasons for more uninsured under President Trump include: 1) Eliminating the individual mandate to have health insurance; and 2) Stopping cost-sharing reduction payments.[108]

### Health insurance coverage

[edit]

See also: Health insurance coverage in the United States

Before his term and throughout his term, Trump said he was nearing completion of a new health insurance program to replace the Affordable Care Act (the ACA or "Obamacare"); at various times, Trump said that, "We're going to have insurance for everybody"[109] and that he would repeal the ACA and replace it with something it "terrific," "phenomenal" and "fantastic"[110] that would be more generous than the ACA.[111] Despite these pledges, Trump never proposed such a plan.[110][111]

Gains in healthcare coverage under Obama reversed under Trump:

* The Centers for Disease Control reported that the number of uninsured persons under age 65 rose from 28.2 million in 2016 to 32.8 million in 2019, an increase of 4.6 million or 16%; 2017 was the first year since 2010 with an increase. The rate of uninsured rose from 10.4% in 2016 to 12.1% in 2019.[8][112]
* The Census Bureau reported in September 2020 that the number of uninsured increased from 27.3 million in 2016 to 29.6 million in 2019, an increase of 2.3 million or 8%. The rate of uninsured rose from 8.6% in 2016 to 9.2% in 2019.[113] Further, the number of children under age 19 without health insurance increased from 3.9 million in 2017 to 4.3 million in 2018 (mainly due to declines in public coverage), then fell to 4.0 million in 2019.[113]
* CBO forecast in May 2019 that 6 million more would be without health insurance in 2021 under Trump's policies (33 million), relative to continuation of Obama policies (27 million).[9]

The Commonwealth Fund reported that the number of uninsured was increasing due to two factors: 1) Not addressing specific weaknesses in the ACA; and 2) Actions by the Trump administration that exacerbated those weaknesses. The impact was greater among lower-income adults, who had a higher uninsured rate than higher-income adults. Regionally, the South and West had higher uninsured rates than the North and East. Further, those 18 states that have not expanded Medicaid had a higher uninsured rate than those that did.[114] Gallup cited a "number of factors" for the increase, including: an increase in 2018 premiums; reduction in marketing and enrollment periods; reduced funding for enrollment support; elimination of the individual mandate; and elimination of cost-sharing reduction subsidies.[115][116] The Washington Post cited research indicating that mortality increases about one person per 800 without health insurance, so 2 million more uninsured represents 2,500 avoidable deaths per year.[117]

The 2020 Coronavirus pandemic was also expected to increase the number of uninsured significantly, as millions lost jobs and their employer-provided healthcare. One study placed the number over 5 million, versus nearly 4 million due to the Great Recession of 2007–2009.[118]

### Legislation

[edit]

Further information: American Health Care Act and 2017 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act replacement proposals

President Trump advocated repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act (ACA or "Obamacare"). The Republican-controlled House passed the American Health Care Act (AHCA) in May 2017, handing it to the Senate, which decided to write its own version of the bill rather than voting on the AHCA.[119] The Senate bill, called the "Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017" (BCRA), failed on a vote of 45–55 in the Senate during July 2017. Other variations also failed to gather the required support, facing unanimous Democratic Party opposition and some Republican opposition.[120] The Congressional Budget Office estimated that the bills would increase the number of uninsured by over 20 million persons while reducing the budget deficit marginally.[47]

### Actions to hinder implementation of ACA

[edit]

See also: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

President Trump continued Republican attacks on the ACA while in office, according to The New York Times,[121] including steps such as:

* Weakening the individual mandate through his first executive order, which resulted in limiting enforcement of mandate penalties by the IRS. For example, tax returns without indications of health insurance ("silent returns") will still be processed, overriding instructions from the Obama administration to the IRS to reject them.[122]
* Reducing funding for advertising for the 2017 and 2018 exchange enrollment periods by up to 90%, with other reductions to support resources used to answer questions and help people sign-up for coverage. This action could reduce ACA enrollment.[123]
* Cutting the enrollment period for 2018 by half, to 45 days. The NYT editorial board referred to this as part of a concerted "sabotage" effort.[124]
* Issuing public statements that the exchanges are unstable or in a death spiral.[125] CBO reported in May 2017 that the exchanges would remain stable under current law (ACA), but would be less stable if the AHCA were passed.[47]

Several insurers and actuary groups cited uncertainty created by President Trump, specifically non-enforcement of the individual mandate and not funding cost sharing reduction subsidies, as contributing 20–30 percentage points to premium increases for the 2018 plan year on the ACA exchanges. In other words, absent Trump's actions against the ACA, premium increases would have averaged 10% or less, rather than the estimated 28–40% under the uncertainty his actions created.[126] The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) maintains a timeline of many "sabotage" efforts by the Trump Administration.[127]

The New York Times reported in December 2017 that about 8.8 million persons signed up for ACA coverage via the marketplace exchanges for the 2018 policy period, roughly 96% of the 9.2 million who signed-up for the 2017 policy period. An estimated 2.4 million were new customers and 6.4 million returned. These figures represent the national Healthcare.gov exchanges in 39 states and not 11 states that operate their own exchanges and also reported strong enrollment. The enrollment numbers "essentially defied President Trump's assertion that 'Obamacare is imploding'".[128]

About 80% of persons who buy insurance through the marketplaces qualify for subsidies to help pay premiums. The Trump Administration reported in October 2017 that the average subsidy would rise to $555 per month in 2018, up 45% from 2017. This increase was due significantly to the actions it took to hinder ACA implementation.[128] Prior to Trump taking office, several insurance companies estimated there would be a 10% increase in premiums and related subsidies for 2017.[126]

### Ending cost-sharing reduction (CSR) payments

[edit]

Main article: Cost sharing reductions subsidy

President Trump announced in October 2017 he would end the smaller of the two types of subsidies under the ACA, the cost-sharing reduction (CSR) subsidies. This controversial decision significantly raised premiums on the ACA exchanges (as much as 20 percentage points) along with the premium tax credit subsidies that rise with them, with the CBO estimating a $200 billion increase in the budget deficit over a decade.[129] CBO also estimated that initially up to one million fewer would have health insurance coverage, although more might have it in the long run as the subsidies expand. CBO expected the exchanges to remain stable (e.g., no "death spiral") as the premiums would increase and prices would stabilize at the higher (non-CSR) level.[130]

President Trump's argument that the CSR payments were a "bailout" for insurance companies and therefore should be stopped, actually results in the government paying more to insurance companies ($200B over a decade) due to increases in the premium tax credit subsidies. Journalist Sarah Kliff therefore described Trump's argument as "completely incoherent."[129]

### Repeal of the ACA individual mandate

[edit]

Main article: Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017

President Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act into law in December 2017, which included the repeal of the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This removed the requirement that all persons purchase health insurance or pay a penalty. The Congressional Budget Office estimated that up to 13 million fewer persons would be covered by health insurance by 2027 relative to prior law and insurance premiums on the exchanges would increase by about 10 percentage points. This is because removing the mandate encourages younger and typically healthier persons to opt out of health insurance on the ACA exchanges, increasing premiums for the remainder. The non-group insurance market (which includes the ACA exchanges) would continue to be stable (i.e., no "death spiral"). CBO estimated this would reduce government spending for healthcare subsidies to lower income persons by up to $338 billion (~$404 billion in 2023) in total during the 2018–2027 period compared to the prior law baseline.[131][132] Trump stated in an interview with The New York Times in December 2017: "I believe we can do health care in a bipartisan way, because we've essentially gutted and ended Obamacare."[133]

The CBO released an analysis on May 23, 2018, indicating that repeal of the individual mandate will increase the number of uninsured by 3 million and increase individual healthcare insurance premiums by 10% through 2019. The CBO projected that another 3 million would become uninsured over the following two years due to repeal of the mandate.[134] CBO released an analysis in May 2019 that stated: "By 2021, in the current baseline, 7 million more people are uninsured than would have been if the individual mandate penalty had not been repealed; subsequently, that number remains roughly constant to the end of the projection period in 2029."[135]

### Pre-existing conditions

[edit]

The New York Times explained that the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed in 2010 and extended protections to those with pre-existing health conditions, requiring insurers to "offer coverage to anyone who wishes to buy it, with prices varying only by region and age of the customer." Prior to the ACA, insurers in most states (where not prohibited by state law) were able to discriminate against persons on the basis of their health history. President Trump advocated for the repeal of the ACA in 2017, which would have eliminated these protections.[136]

Further, on June 7, 2018, the Trump Justice Department notified a federal court that the ACA provisions that prohibit insurers from denying coverage or charging higher rates to people with pre-existing conditions were inextricably linked to the individual mandate and so must be struck down, hence the Department would no longer defend those provisions in court.[137] Polls have consistently shown that the pre-existing conditions provisions have been the most popular aspect of ACA.[138] Trump has falsely claimed he saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided in ACA.[139]

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services website states that 50–129 million non-elderly Americans (19–50 percent) have pre-existing conditions that could place them at risk of losing insurance coverage without ACA protections.[140]

### Healthcare costs

[edit]

President Trump campaigned that he would support allowing the government to negotiate drug prices with drug companies, to push costs down. However, when House Democrats passed a bill (H.R.3) to do just that, Trump vowed to veto the bill.[141] CBO estimated that the price negotiation provisions of H.R.3 would reduce costs by $456 billion over a decade, while provisions to expand dental, vision, and hearing coverage under Medicare would raise spending by $358 billion.[142]

In his February 2020 State of the Union speech, President Trump stated that "...for the first time in 51 years, the cost of prescription drugs actually went down." However, Politifact rated this claim as "Mostly False", explaining that: "In 2019, 4,311 prescription drugs experienced a price hike, with the average increase hovering around 21%, according to data compiled by Rx Savings Solutions, a consulting group. Meanwhile, 619 drugs had price dips. And already in 2020, 2,519 drugs have increased prices. The average hike so far this year is 6.9%. Meanwhile, the prices of 70 drugs have dropped."[143]

The Kaiser Family Foundation surveyed the employer-sponsored health insurance market, reporting in September 2019 that:[97]

* Annual family premiums for employer-sponsored health insurance increased from $19,616 in 2018 to $20,576 in 2019, up $960 or 4.9%.
* Increases from 2014 to 2016 averaged 3.5%, while increases from 2017 to 2019 averaged 4.3%.
* Deductibles for single coverage averaged $1,655 in 2019, similar to 2018. However, this was 41% above the $989 for 2014.
* The percentage of workers with an annual deductible over $2,000 increased from 16% in 2016 to 22% in 2019.
* Premium growth exceeds inflation and wage growth, and the prices employer plans pay for care are rising faster than either Medicare or Medicaid.[97]

### Consequences if ACA repealed

[edit]

President Trump and Republicans in Congress tried repeatedly to repeal or replace the ACA, without success. In February 2018, 20 states, led by Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton and Wisconsin Attorney General Brad Schimel, filed a lawsuit against the federal government alleging the ACA is now unconstitutional because the individual mandate tax which NFIB v. Sebelius rested on was repealed by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.[144][145]

Writing in The Washington Post in September 2020, Catherine Rampell predicted some of the most adverse consequences if the ACA is overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court as:[146]

* 50+ million non-elderly adults with pre-existing conditions could be declined health insurance, or be charged more by insurance companies
* 12+ million low-income persons would become ineligible for Medicaid, thereby losing insurance
* 9+ million persons receiving tax credits to reduce insurance premiums on the exchanges would either pay more or lose coverage
* Minimum essential coverage for prescription benefits and substance abuse treatment would no longer be required in insurance policies
* Children would no longer be able to stay on their parents' plans until age 26
* Preventive care would again involve cost-sharing (co-pays)
* More Americans would have healthcare plans without comprehensive protection
* Insurance companies would again be able to impose lifetime limits

## Taxation

[edit]

See also: Taxation in the United States, History of taxation in the United States, Income tax in the United States, and Sales taxes in the United States

### 2017 proposal

[edit]

CBO forecasts that the 2017 Tax Act will increase the sum of budget deficits (debt) by $2.289 trillion over the 2018–2027 decade, or $1.891 trillion after macro-economic feedback.[38] CBO and JCT estimate of the distribution of impact by income group (average dollars per taxpayer) under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. On average, taxpayers in the income groups highlighted in yellow will incur a net cost (shown as a positive figure as this reduces the budget deficit), mainly due to reduced healthcare subsidies. Higher income taxpayers receive a benefit via tax cuts (shown as a negative number as this increases the budget deficit). The percent of taxpayers in each income group is also shown for the 2023 period.[41][147] Distribution of benefits during 2018 by income percentile under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Conf. Cmte. version) based on data from the Tax Policy Center. The top 10% of taxpayers (incomes over $216,800) receive 52% of the benefit, while the bottom 60% (incomes under $86,100) receive 17% of the benefit. This excludes the impact of reduced ACA subsidies.[148]

Main article: Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017

In late September 2017, the Trump administration proposed a tax overhaul. The proposal would reduce the corporate tax rate to 20% (from 35%) and eliminate the estate tax. On individual tax returns it would change the number of tax brackets from seven to three, with tax rates of 12%, 25%, and 35%; apply a 25% tax rate to business income reported on a personal tax return; eliminate the alternative minimum tax; eliminate personal exemptions; double the standard deduction; and eliminate many itemized deductions (specifically retaining the deductions for mortgage interest and charitable contributions).[149][150] It is unclear from the details offered whether a middle-class couple with children would see tax increase or tax decrease.[151]

In October 2017 the Republican-controlled Senate and House passed a resolution to provide for $1.5 trillion (~$1.83 trillion in 2023) in deficits over ten years to enable enactment of the Trump tax cut. As Reuters reported:[152]

> Republicans are traditionally opposed to letting the deficit grow. But in a stark reversal of that stance, the party's budget resolution, previously passed by the Senate, called for adding up to $1.5 trillion to federal deficits over the next decade to pay for the tax cuts.

In December 2017, the Trump Treasury Department released a one-page summary of the nearly 500-page Senate tax bill that suggested the tax cut would more than pay for itself, based on an assumption of higher economic growth than any independent analysis had forecast.[153] Every detailed, independent analysis found that the enacted tax cut would increase budget deficits.[154]

The House passed its version of the Trump tax plan on November 16, 2017, and the Senate passed its version on December 2, 2017. Important differences between the bills were reconciled by a conference committee on December 15, 2017.[155] The President signed the bill into law on December 22, 2017.[156]

Major elements of the new tax law include reducing tax rates for businesses and individuals; a personal tax simplification by increasing the standard deduction and family tax credits, but eliminating personal exemptions and making it less beneficial to itemize deductions; limiting deductions for state and local income taxes (SALT) and property taxes; further limiting the mortgage interest deduction; reducing the alternative minimum tax for individuals and eliminating it for corporations; reducing the number of estates impacted by the estate tax; and repealing the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).[157]

Just prior to signing the bill, Trump asserted the new tax law might generate GDP growth as high as 6%.[158]

On numerous occasions, Trump has falsely asserted the tax cut was the largest in history.[159][160][161][162][163]

### Impact on the economy, deficit and debt

[edit]

The non-partisan Joint Committee on Taxation of the U.S. Congress published its macroeconomic analysis of the Senate version of the Act, on November 30, 2017:

* Gross domestic product would be 0.7% higher on average each year during the 2018–2027 period relative to the CBO baseline forecast, a cumulative total of $1,895 billion, due to an increase in labor supply and business investment. This is the level of GDP, not annual growth rate, so the economic impact is relatively minor.
* Employment would be about 0.6% higher each year during the 2018–2027 period than otherwise. The lower marginal tax rate on labor would provide "strong incentives for an increase in labor supply."
* Personal consumption, the largest component of GDP, would increase by 0.6%.[37]

The CBO estimated in April 2018 that implementing the Act would add an estimated $2.289 trillion to the national debt over ten years,[38] or about $1.891 trillion ($15,000 per household) after taking into account macroeconomic feedback effects, in addition to the $9.8 trillion increase forecast under the current policy baseline and existing $20 trillion national debt.[39]

As Trump celebrated the six-month anniversary of the tax cut on June 29, 2018,[164] National Economic Council director Larry Kudlow asserted that the tax cut was generating such growth that "it's throwing off enormous amount[s] of new tax revenues" and "the deficit, which was one of the other criticisms, is coming down—and it's coming down rapidly." Both assertions were incorrect. Since the tax cut was enacted, federal tax receipts increased 1.9% on a year-on-year basis, while they increased 4.0% during the comparable period in 2017. By the same method, the federal budget deficit increased 37.8% while it increased 16.4% during the comparable period in 2017. Kevin Hassett, chairman of Trump's Council of Economic Advisers, noted days earlier that the deficit was "skyrocketing," which is consistent with the analysis of every reputable budget analyst.[165][166] Kudlow later asserted he was referring to future deficits, although every credible budget forecast indicates increasing deficits in coming years, made worse by the Trump tax cut if not offset by major spending cuts. Barring such spending cuts, the CBO projected the tax cut would add $1.27 trillion in deficits over the next decade, even after considering any economic growth the tax cut might generate.[167]

Providing a twelve-month summary of the impact on the economy of the tax cut, Minton Beddoes as editor of The Economist compared the short-term impact on the US economy to long-term expectations stating: "Mr. Trump's economic stewardship is less stellar than his supporters claim. Yes, the economy is booming. But that is largely because it is in the midst of a sugar high thanks to a fiscally irresponsible tax cut."[168]

The Trump administration predicted the tax cut would spur corporate capital investment and hiring. One year after enactment of the tax cut, a National Association for Business Economics survey of corporate economists found that 84% reported their firms had not changed their investment or hiring plans due to the tax cut.[169] The International Monetary Fund also found the tax cut had little impact on business investment decisions,[170] while the Penn Wharton Budget Model found that the increasing price of oil "explains the entire increase in the growth rate of investment in 2018."[171] Trump has on several occasions taken credit for business investments that began before he became president.[172][173][174]

Analysis released by the Congressional Research Service in May 2019 found that "On the whole, the growth effects tend to show a relatively small (if any) first-year effect on the economy."[175][176] Analysis conducted by The New York Times in November 2019 found that average business investment was lower after the tax cut than before, and that firms receiving larger tax relief increased investment less than firms receiving smaller tax relief. The analysis also found that since the tax cut firms increased dividends and stock buybacks by nearly three times as much as they increased capital investments.[177]

In a December 2019 opinion piece, former Trump economic advisors Kevin Hassett and Gary Cohn argued that the Trump tax cut had caused wages to rise faster for lower-wage workers than for higher-wage workers, thus delivering on a Trump campaign promise. Other analysts noted wages at the lower end of the income scale had increased at least in part due to numerous states raising their minimum wage in recent years.[178][179]

### Distribution of benefits and costs

[edit]

The distribution of impact from the final version of the Act by individual income group varies significantly based on the assumptions involved and point in time measured. In general, businesses and upper income groups will mostly benefit regardless, while lower income groups will see the initial benefits fade over time or be adversely impacted. CBO reported on December 21, 2017, that: "Overall, the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits (primarily stemming from reductions in spending) allocated to lower-income tax filing units and to increase deficits (primarily stemming from reductions in taxes) allocated to higher-income tax filing units."[41]

For example:

* During 2019, income groups earning under $20,000 (about 23% of taxpayers) would contribute to deficit reduction (i.e., incur a cost), mainly by receiving fewer subsidies due to the repeal of the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act. Other groups would contribute to deficit increases (i.e., receive a benefit), mainly due to tax cuts.
* During 2021, 2023, and 2025, income groups earning under $40,000 (about 43% of taxpayers) would contribute to deficit reduction, while income groups above $40,000 would contribute to deficit increases.
* During 2027, income groups earning under $75,000 (about 76% of taxpayers) would contribute to deficit reduction, while income groups above $75,000 would contribute to deficit increases.[41]

The Joint Committee on Taxation reported in March 2019 that: "[G]enerally as income increases the average tax rate reduction increases." For example, in 2019 the average tax rate reduction for the group earning $50,000–$75,000 would be 1.3%, while the reduction for the group earning $1,000,000+ would be 2.3%.[180]

The Tax Policy Center (TPC) reported its distributional estimates for the Act on December 18, 2017. This analysis excludes the impact from repealing the ACA individual mandate, which would apply significant costs primarily to income groups below $40,000. It also assumes the Act is deficit financed and thus excludes the impact of any spending cuts used to finance the Act, which also would fall disproportionally on lower income families as a percentage of their income.[148]

* Compared to current law, 5% of taxpayers would pay more in 2018, 9% in 2025, and 53% in 2027.
* The top 1% of taxpayers (income over $732,800) would receive 8% of the benefit in 2018, 25% in 2025, and 83% in 2027.
* The top 5% (income over $307,900) would receive 43% of the benefit in 2018, 47% in 2025, and 99% in 2027.
* The top 20% (income over $149,400) would receive 65% of the benefit in 2018, 66% in 2025 and all of the benefit in 2027.
* The bottom 80% (income under $149,400) would receive 35% of the benefit in 2018, 34% in 2025 and none of the benefit in 2027, with some groups incurring costs.
* The third quintile (taxpayers in the 40th to 60th percentile with income between $48,600 and $86,100, a proxy for the "middle class") would receive 11% of the benefit in 2018 and 2025, but would incur a net cost in 2027.

The TPC also estimated the amount of the tax cut each group would receive, measured in 2017 dollars:

* Taxpayers in the second quintile (incomes between $25,000 and $48,600, the 20th to 40th percentile) would receive a tax cut averaging $380 in 2018 and $390 in 2025, but a tax increase averaging $40 in 2027.
* Taxpayers in the third quintile (incomes between $48,600 and $86,100, the 40th to 60th percentile) would receive a tax cut averaging $930 in 2018, $910 in 2025, but a tax increase of $20 in 2027.
* Taxpayers in the fourth quintile (incomes between $86,100 and $149,400, the 60th to 80th percentile) would receive a tax cut averaging $1,810 in 2018, $1,680 in 2025, and $30 in 2027.
* Taxpayers in the top 1% (income over $732,800) would receive a tax cut of $51,140 in 2018, $61,090 in 2025, and $20,660 in 2027.[148]

Bloomberg News reported in January 2020 that the top six American banks saved more than $32 billion in taxes during the two years after enactment of the tax cut, while they reduced lending, cut jobs and increased distributions to shareholders.[181]

Following the tax reforms, the average rate of tax for America's richest 400 billionaires dropped to 20%, a lower tax rate than Americans at the median income level.[182]

### Effects on corporate taxation and behavior

[edit]

The Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) reported in December 2019 that:

* The Tax Act lowered the statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% in 2018, although corporations continued to reduce their taxes below the statutory rate via loopholes. The Tax Act closed some old loopholes, but created new ones.
* The effective corporate tax rate (i.e., taxes paid as a percentage of taxable income) in 2018 was the lowest rate in 40 years, at 11.3%, versus 21.2% on average for the 2008–2015 period.
* Of 379 profitable Fortune 500 corporations in the ITEP study, 91 paid no corporate income taxes and another 56 paid an average effective tax rate of 2.2%.
* If the 379 businesses had instead paid the 21% tax rate, it would have generated an additional $74 billion in tax revenue.[183]

The Economic Policy Institute reported in December 2019 that:

* Working people saw no discernible wage increase due to the Tax Act. The tight labor market and higher state-level minimum wages can explain the wage growth in 2018.
* The Tax Act has not increased business investment, with the small increase in 2018 a "natural bounceback" from a weak 2015–2016, and a sizable decline in 2019.
* Companies used much of the tax benefit for stock buybacks, to the tune of $580 billion in 2018, an increase of 50% from 2017.[184][45]

### Taxation through tariffs

[edit]

President Trump increased tariffs significantly as part of his trade policies. CBO reported that "Customs Duties" (which includes tariff revenues) increased from $34.6 billion in 2017, to $41.3 billion in 2018 and $70.8 billion in 2019, reducing deficits accordingly.[1] Reuters reported that: "Tariffs are a tax on imports. They are paid by U.S.-registered firms to U.S. customs for the goods they import into the United States. Importers often pass the costs of tariffs on to customers – manufacturers and consumers in the United States – by raising their prices."[185] President Trump falsely claimed in August 2018 that "because of tariffs we will be able to start paying down large amounts of the $21 trillion in debt that has been accumulated...while at the same time reducing taxes for our people." The tariff revenue is very small relative to the debt, and tariffs are taxes on Americans.[186]

### Criticism

[edit]

A FiveThirtyEight average of November 2017 surveys showed that 32% of voters approved of the legislation while 46% opposed it.[187] This made the 2017 tax plan less popular than any tax proposal since 1981, including the tax increases of 1990 and 1993.[187] Trump has claimed the tax cuts on the wealthy and corporations would be "paid for by growth", although 37 economists polled by the University of Chicago unanimously rejected the claim.[188] The Washington Posts fact-checker has found that Trump's claims that his economic proposal and tax plan would not benefit wealthy persons like himself are provably false.[189] The elimination of the estate tax (which only applies to inherited wealth greater than $11 million for a married couple) benefits only the heirs of the very rich (such as Trump's children), and there is a reduced tax rate for people who report business income on their individual returns (as Trump does).[190][151][191] If Trump's tax plan had been in place in 2005 (the one recent year in which his tax returns were leaked), he would have saved $31 million in taxes from the alternative minimum tax cut alone.[151] If the most recent estimate of the value of Trump's assets is correct, the repeal of the estate tax could save his family about $1.1 billion.[192]

Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin argued that the corporate income tax cut will benefit workers the most; however, the nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation and Congressional Budget Office estimate that owners of capital benefit vastly more than workers.[193]

Economist Paul Krugman summarized what he called ten lies modern Republicans and conservatives tell about their tax plans, many of which have been deployed in this case: "But the selling of tax cuts under Trump has taken things to a whole new level, both in terms of the brazenness of the lies and their sheer number." These range from "America is the most highly taxed country in the world" (the OECD reported the U.S. is in fact one of the lowest-taxed in the OECD) to "Cutting [corporate] profits taxes really benefits workers" (corporate tax cuts mainly benefit wealthy stockholders) to "Tax cuts won't increase the deficit" (they significantly increase the deficit). Krugman referred to a Tax Policy Center estimate that by 2027, the majority of the tax cut would go to the top 1%; but only 12% to the middle class.[194]

Economist and former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers referred to the analysis provided by the Trump administration of its tax proposal as "... some combination of dishonest, incompetent, and absurd." Summers continued that "... there is no peer-reviewed support for [the Administration's] central claim that cutting the corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 20 percent would raise wages by $4,000 per worker. The claim is absurd on its face."[195][196]

On the day Trump signed the tax bill, polls showed that 30% of Americans approved of the new law. While its popularity has increased somewhat since, through August 2018 a plurality of Americans still dislike the law.[197]

Despite every independent economic analysis concluding that the tax cut would increase deficits, a June 2018 survey found that 22% of Republicans agreed with that conclusion, while nearly 70% of Democrats agreed.[198]

## Federal budget deficit and debt 2017–2019

[edit]

Comparison of U.S. federal revenues for two CBO forecasts, one from January 2017 (based on laws at the end of the Obama Administration) and the other from April 2018, which reflects Trump's policy changes. Key insights include: 1) Tax cuts reduce revenue collections relative to a baseline without them; 2) Tax revenues rise each year under both forecasts as the economy grows; and 3) The gap is larger initially, indicating larger stimulus effects in the earlier years.[26][20] CBO current law baseline as of January 2017, showing forecast of deficit and debt by year. The sum of deficits forecast from 2018 to 2027 was $9.4 trillion. This is the baseline prior to any changes by President Trump. It is the financial position he "inherited" from President Obama. The CBO April 2018 baseline for the 2018–2027 period includes a $1.6 trillion higher debt (sum of deficits) projection than the June 2017 baseline and $2.3 trillion higher than the January 2017 baseline. This is due to the 2017 Tax Act and other spending legislation. The effect from the legislation is partially offset by economic feedback and technical changes.[20] Federal budget deficit CBO baseline forecast from January 2017 assuming continuation of Obama policy, versus actual for fiscal years 2017–2020. The significant deficit increases for 2018 and 2019 were due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and other spending legislation, while 2020 also included relief/stimulus legislation due to coronavirus. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) baseline scenario comparisons: June 2017 ($10.1 trillion debt increase over a decade), April 2018 ($11.7 trillion, which reflects Trump's tax cuts and spending bills), and April 2018 alternate scenario ($13.7 trillion, which assumes extension of the Trump tax cuts, among other current policy extensions).[20]

### Summary

[edit]

President Trump's policies have significantly increased the budget deficits and U.S. debt trajectory over the 2017–2027 time periods.

* Fiscal year 2018 (FY 2018) ran from October 1, 2017, through September 30, 2018. It was the first fiscal year budgeted by President Trump. The Treasury department reported on October 15, 2018, that the budget deficit rose from $666 billion in FY2017 to $779 billion in FY2018, an increase of $113 billion or 17.0%. Corporate tax receipts fell by 31%, accounting for most of the deficit increase. Compared with 2017, tax receipts fell by 0.8% GDP, while outlays fell by 0.4% GDP. The 2018 deficit was an estimated 3.9% of GDP, up from 3.5% GDP in 2017.[199]
* The FY2018 deficit increased about 60% from the $487 billion level forecast by CBO in January 2017, just prior to Trump's inauguration. The deficit increase relative to this forecast was due to Trump's tax cuts and additional spending.[26][20] CBO forecast in January 2017 that tax revenues in fiscal year 2018 would be $3.60 trillion if laws in place as of January 2017 continued.[200] However, actual 2018 revenues were $3.33 trillion, a shortfall of $270 billion (7.5%) relative to the forecast. This difference is primarily due to the Tax Act.[201] In other words, revenues would have been considerably higher in the absence of the tax cuts.
* The debt additions projected by CBO for the 2017–2027 period have increased from the $10.0 trillion that Trump inherited from Obama (January 2017 CBO baseline[26]) to $13.7 trillion (CBO January 2019 current policy baseline[202]), a $3.7 trillion or 37% increase.

As a presidential candidate, Trump pledged to eliminate $19 trillion in federal debt in eight years.[203] Trump and his economic advisers initially pledged to radically decrease federal spending in order to reduce the country's budget deficit. A first estimate of $10.5 trillion in spending cuts over 10 years was reported on January 19, 2017,[204] although cuts of this size did not appear in Trump's 2018 budget. However, the CBO forecast in the April 2018 baseline for the 2018–2027 period includes much larger annual deficits than the January 2017 baseline he inherited from President Obama, due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and other spending bills.[20]

Wells Fargo Economics reported in May 2018 that: "Despite stronger predicted economic growth in the short term, a combination of tax cuts and surging spending have led the budget deficit to widen as a share of GDP, with more deterioration expected over the next year or two. This pattern is historically unusual, as budget deficits typically expand during recession, gradually close during the recoveries and then begin widening again at the next onset of economic weakness."[205]

The New York Times reported in August 2019 that: "The increasing levels of red ink stem from a steep falloff in federal revenue after Mr. Trump's 2017 tax cuts, which lowered individual and corporate tax rates, resulting in far fewer tax dollars flowing to the Treasury Department. Tax revenues for 2018 and 2019 have fallen more than $430 billion short of what the budget office predicted they would be in June 2017, before the tax law was approved that December."[206]

The Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget estimated in January 2020 that President Trump had signed $4.2 trillion of additional debt into law for the 2017–2026 decade, and $4.7 trillion for 2017–2029. This is on top of the $17.2 trillion debt held by the public and the $9.2 trillion already expected to be added to the debt excluding these proposals. About half was the Tax Act, and the other half was spending increases. This analysis assumed the individual tax cuts expire as scheduled after 2025; if extended, up to another $1 trillion could be added through 2029. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 and Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019 added $2.2 trillion to the projected debt, mainly by increasing defense and non-defense discretionary spending caps through 2017–2021. There are no such caps after 2021. A December 2019 spending deal added another $500 billion (~$588 billion in 2023) of debt through additional tax cuts, repealing 3 taxes meant to fund the Affordable Care Act, including the so-called "Cadillac tax" on unusually generous health plans.[30]

### CBO baseline projections

[edit]

Further information: Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration

The CBO publishes a 10-year economic and budgetary forecast ("baseline") annually as part of their "Budget and Economic Outlook" report. Comparing baselines provides insight into the impact of policies on the deficit. The January 2017 "current law" baseline assumed the implementation of laws already on the books from the Obama Administration (i.e., laws in place just prior to Trump's inauguration would continue or expire as scheduled). All of the figures in the January 2017 baseline shown in the table below were forecasts at the time.[26] The January 2019 "current policy" or "alternative" baseline reflected Trump's policies along with various assumptions, including the extension of individual tax cuts scheduled to expire after 2025. The 2018 and 2019 actual budget deficits were about 60% above the January 2017 baseline, while the sum of the 2017–2027 deficits in the January 2019 alternative baseline are 37% higher.[202]

Budget Deficit ($ Billions)  | 2017  | 2018  | 2019  | 2020F  | 2021–2027F  | Total 2017–2027F

|
|
|
|
|
|

January 2017 Baseline[26] | 559  | 487  | 601  | 684  | 7,654  | 9,984
January 2019 Alt Baseline[202] | 665  | 779  | 984  | 1,021  | 10,263  | 13,712
Increase  | 106  | 292  | 383  | 337  | 2,610  | 3,728
% Increase  | 19%  | 60%  | 64%  | 49%  | 34%  | 37%

The January 2017 baseline projected that "debt held by the public" would increase from $14.2 trillion in 2016 to $24.9 trillion by 2027, an increase of $10.7 trillion. Debt held by the public would reach 88.9% GDP in 2027.[26] Three years later, the 2027 estimate was 92.6% of GDP.[207]

CBO also estimated that if policies in place as of the end of the Obama administration continued over the following decade (i.e., the January 2017 10-year forecast or baseline), real GDP would grow at approximately 2% per year, the unemployment rate would remain around 5%, inflation would remain around 2%, and interest rates would rise moderately. This forecast assumed the U.S. was very close to full employment by the time President Trump took office and that deficits would fall through 2018.[26] With the notable exception of deficits, actual results for 2017–2019 for these key variables compare favorably against the baseline, as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act provided a stimulus and the economy was further from full employment than CBO anticipated:

* Real GDP growth averaged 2.5%, versus the 1.9% forecast.
* Job creation averaged 193,000 per month, versus the 92,000 forecast, a three-year total of 7.0 million versus 3.3 million forecast.
* The unemployment rate averaged 4.0%, versus the 4.5% forecast.
* Inflation averaged 2.1%, versus the 2.3% forecast.
* Budget deficits totaled $780 billion more than forecast, with the 2018 and 2019 deficits up 60% versus forecast.[208]

### CBO scoring of the 2018 budget

[edit]

Main article: 2018 United States federal budget

A budget document is a statement of goals and priorities, but requires separate legislation to achieve them. As of January 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was the primary legislation passed that moved the budget closer to the priorities set by Trump.

Trump released his first budget, for FY2018, on May 23, 2017. It proposed unprecedented spending reductions across most of the federal government, totaling $4.5 trillion over ten years,[209] including a 33% cut for the State Department, 31% for the EPA, 21% each for the Agriculture Department and Labor Department, and 18% for the Department of Health and Human Services, with single-digit increases for the Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Homeland Security and the Defense Department.[210] The Republican-controlled Congress promptly rejected the proposal.[211] Instead, Congress pursued an alternative FY2018 budget[212] linked to their tax reform agenda; this budget was adopted in late 2017, after the 2018 fiscal year had begun.[213] The budget agreement included a resolution specifically providing for $1.5 trillion in new budget deficits over ten years to accommodate the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that would be enacted weeks later.[214]

The Congressional Budget Office reported its evaluation of President Trump's FY2018 budget on July 13, 2017, including its effects over the 2018–2027 period.

* Mandatory spending: The budget cuts mandatory spending by a net $2,033 billion (B) over the 2018–2027 period. This includes reduced spending of $1,891B for healthcare, mainly due to the proposed repeal and replacement of the Affordable Care Act (ACA/Obamacare); $238B in income security ("welfare"); and $100B in reduced subsidies for student loans. This savings would be partially offset by $200B in additional infrastructure investment.
* Discretionary spending: The budget cuts discretionary spending by a net $1,851 billion over the 2018–2027 period. This includes reduced spending of $752 billion for overseas contingency operations (defense spending in Afghanistan and other foreign countries), which is partially offset by other increases in defense spending of $448B, for a net defense cut of $304B. Other discretionary spending (cabinet departments) would be reduced by $1,548B.
* Revenues would be reduced by $1,000B, mainly by repealing the ACA, which had applied higher tax rates to the top 5% of income earners. Trump's budget proposal was not sufficiently specific to score other tax proposals; these were simply described as "deficit neutral" by the Administration.
* Deficits: CBO estimated that based on the policies in place as of the start of the Trump administration, the debt increase over the 2018–2027 period would be $10,112B. If all of President Trump's proposals were implemented, CBO estimated that the sum of the deficits (debt increases) for the 2018–2027 period would be reduced by $3,276B, resulting in $6,836B in total debt added over the period.
* CBO estimated that the debt held by the public, the major subset of the national debt, would rise from $14,168B (77.0% GDP) in 2016 to $22,337B (79.8% GDP) in 2027 under the President's budget, versus 91.2% GDP under the pre-Trump policy baseline.[71]

### Actual results FY2017

[edit]

Fiscal year 2017 (FY2017) ran from October 1, 2016, to September 30, 2017; President Trump was inaugurated in January 2017, so he began office in the fourth month of the fiscal year, which was budgeted by President Obama. In FY2017, the actual budget deficit was $666 billion, $80 billion more than FY2016. FY2017 revenues were up $48 billion (1%) vs. FY2016, while spending was up $128 billion (3%). The deficit was $107 billion more than the CBO January 2017 baseline forecast of $559 billion. The deficit increased to 3.5% GDP, up from 3.2% GDP in 2016 and 2.4% GDP in 2015.[215]

### FY2018 results

[edit]

Fiscal year 2018 (FY 2018) ran from October 1, 2017, through September 30, 2018. It was the first fiscal year budgeted by President Trump. The Treasury department reported on October 15, 2018, that the budget deficit rose from $666 billion in FY2017 to $779 billion in FY2018, an increase of $113 billion or 17.0%. In dollar terms, tax receipts increased 0.4%, while outlays increased 3.2%. Revenue fell from 17.2% GDP in 2017 to 16.4% GDP in 2018, below the 50-year average of 17.4%. Outlays fell from 20.7% GDP in 2017 to 20.3% GDP in 2018, equal to the 50-year average.[216] The 2018 deficit was an estimated 3.9% of GDP, up from 3.5% GDP in 2017.[199]

CBO reported that corporate income tax receipts fell by $92 billion or 31% in 2018, falling from 1.5% GDP to 1.0% GDP, approximately half the 50-year average. This was due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. This accounted for much of the $113 billion (~$135 billion in 2023) deficit increase in 2018.[216]

During January 2017, just prior to President Trump's inauguration, CBO forecast that the FY 2018 budget deficit would be $487 billion if laws in place at that time remained in place. The $779 billion actual result represents a $292 billion or 60% increase versus that forecast.[20] This difference was mainly due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which took effect in 2018, and other spending legislation.[217]

### FY2019 budget

[edit]

Main article: 2019 United States federal budget

Trump released his second budget, for FY2019, on February 23, 2018; it also proposed major spending reductions, totaling $3 trillion (~$3.59 trillion in 2023) over ten years, across most of the federal government.[218] This budget was also largely ignored by the Republican-controlled Congress.[209] One month later, Trump signed a $1.3 trillion bipartisan, omnibus spending bill to fund the government through the end of FY2018, hours after he had threatened to veto it. The bill increased both defense and domestic expenditures, and Trump was sharply criticized by his conservative supporters for signing it.[219][220] Trump then vowed, "I will never sign another bill like this again."[221]

### FY 2019 results

[edit]

Fiscal year 2019 (FY 2019) ran from October 1, 2018, through September 30, 2019. It was the first fiscal year where Trump's tax cuts were in effect for the entire period. The Treasury Department reported on October 17, 2019, that the budget deficit rose from $778 billion in FY2018 to $984 billion in FY2018, an increase of $205 billion or 26%. In dollar terms, tax receipts increased 4%, while outlays increased 8%.[222] The 2019 deficit was an estimated 4.7% of GDP, up from 3.9% GDP in 2018. This was the highest as a % GDP since 2012 and the fourth consecutive year with an increase.[223]

During January 2017, just prior to President Trump's inauguration, CBO forecast that the FY 2019 budget deficit would be $601 billion if laws in place at that time remained in place. The $984 billion actual result represents a $383 billion or 64% increase versus that forecast.[223][20] This difference was mainly due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which took effect in 2018, and other spending legislation.

The New York Times reported in October 2019 that: "In fact, tax revenue for the last two years has fallen more than $400 billion short of what the Congressional Budget Office projected in June 2017, six months before the tax law was passed." The Treasury Department expects the deficit to exceed $1 trillion in FY2020. The budget deficit has increased nearly 50% since Trump took office and has increased for the past four years. This is contrary to Trump's promises to eliminate deficits within 8 years.[224] The 2019 calendar year deficit exceeded $1 trillion.[225]

### Ten year forecasts 2018–2028

[edit]

The CBO estimated the impact of Trump's tax cuts and separate spending legislation over the 2018–2028 period in their annual "Budget & Economic Outlook", released in April 2018:

* CBO forecasts a stronger economy over the 2018–2019 periods than do many outside economists, blunting some of the deficit impact of the tax cuts and spending increases.
* Real (inflation-adjusted) GDP, a key measure of economic growth, is expected to increase 3.3% in 2018 and 2.4% in 2019, versus 2.6% in 2017. It is projected to average 1.7% from 2020 to 2026 and 1.8% in 2027–2028. Over 2017–2027, real GDP is expected to grow 2.0% on average under the April 2018 baseline, versus 1.9% under the June 2017 baseline.
* The non-farm employment level would be about 1.1 million higher on average over the 2018–2028 period, about 0.7% level higher than the June 2017 baseline.
* The budget deficit in fiscal 2018 (which runs from October 1, 2017, to September 30, 2018, the first year budgeted by President Trump) is forecast to be $804 billion, an increase of $139 billion (21%) from the $665 billion in 2017 and up $242 billion (39%) over the previous baseline forecast (June 2017) of $580 billion for 2018. The June 2017 forecast was essentially the budget trajectory inherited from President Obama; it was prepared prior to the Tax Act and other spending increases under President Trump.
* For the 2018–2027 period, CBO projects the sum of the annual deficits (i.e., debt increase) to be $11.7 trillion, an increase of $1.6 trillion (16%) over the previous baseline (June 2017) forecast of $10.1 trillion.
* The $1.6 trillion debt increase includes three main elements: 1) $1.7 trillion less in revenues due to the tax cuts; 2) $1.0 trillion more in spending; and 3) Partially offsetting incremental revenue of $1.1 trillion due to higher economic growth than previously forecast. The $1.6 trillion figure is approximately $12,700 per family or $4,900 per person total.
* Debt held by the public is expected to rise from 78% of GDP ($16 trillion) at the end of 2018 to 96% GDP ($29 trillion) by 2028. That would be the highest level since the end of World War Two.
* CBO estimated under an alternative scenario (in which policies in place as of April 2018 are maintained beyond scheduled initiation or expiration) that deficits would be considerably higher, rising by $13.7 trillion over the 2018–2027 period, an increase of $3.6 trillion (36%) over the June 2017 baseline forecast. Maintaining current policies for example would include extending the individual Trump tax cuts past their scheduled expiration in 2025, among other changes. The $3.6 trillion figure is approximately $28,500 per household or $11,000 per person total.[20]

### Federal corporate income tax receipts

[edit]

During the six months following enactment of the Trump tax cut, year-on-year corporate profits increased 6.4%, while corporate income tax receipts declined 45.2%. This was the sharpest semiannual decline since records began in 1948, with the sole exception of a 57.0% decline during the Great Recession when corporate profits fell 47.3%.[226]

Federal corporate income tax receipts fell from about $297 billion in fiscal year 2017 (prior to the Trump tax cuts) to $205 billion in fiscal year 2018, nearly one-third. This revenue decline occurred despite a growing economy and corporate profits, which ordinarily would cause tax receipts to increase. Corporate tax receipts fell from 1.5% GDP in 2017 to 1.0% GDP in 2018. The pre-Great Recession historical average (1980–2007) was 1.8% GDP.[227]

### Federal budget shutdown of 2018–2019

[edit]

Main article: 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown

On December 22, 2018, the federal government went into a partial shutdown caused by the expiration of funding for nine executive departments. The lapse in funding occurred after Trump demanded that the appropriations bill include funding for a U.S.-Mexico border wall.[228] The shutdown ended on January 25, 2019, with the total shutdown period extending over a month, the longest in American history.[229][230] By mid-January 2019, the White House Council of Economic Advisors estimated that each week of the shutdown reduced GDP growth by 0.1 percentage points, the equivalent of 1.2 points per quarter.[231] About 380,000 federal employees were furloughed, some public services were shut down, and an additional 420,000 employees for the affected agencies were expected to work with their pay delayed until the end of the shutdown, totaling 800,000 workers affected out of 2.1 million civilian non-postal federal employees.[232][233]

A January 2019 Congressional Budget Office report estimated that the 35-day partial government shutdown cost the American economy at least $11 billion, including $3 billion in permanent losses; the CBO estimate excluded indirect costs that were difficult to quantify.[234] The shutdown had an adverse effect on the budgets of state and local governments, as states covered some federal services (particularly the most vulnerable) during the shutdown.[235][236]

## Federal budget deficit 2020–

[edit]

### Coronavirus and CARES ACT impact on deficit

[edit]

The CBO forecast in April 2020 that the budget deficit in fiscal year 2020 would be $3.7 trillion (17.9% GDP), versus the January estimate of $1 trillion (4.6% GDP).[62] The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States impacted the economy significantly beginning in March 2020, as businesses were shut-down and furloughed or fired personnel. About 20 million persons filed for unemployment insurance in the four weeks ending April 11. It caused the number of unemployed persons to increase significantly, which is expected to reduce tax revenues while increasing automatic stabilizer spending for unemployment insurance and nutritional support. As a result of the adverse economic impact, both state and federal budget deficits will dramatically increase, even before considering any new legislation.[237]

To help address lost income for millions of workers and assist businesses, Congress and President Trump enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES) on March 27, 2020. It included loans and grants for businesses, along with direct payments to individuals and additional funding for unemployment insurance. While the Act carried an estimated $2.3 trillion price tag, some or all of the loans may ultimately be paid back including interest, while the spending measures should dampen the negative budgetary impact of the economic disruption. While the law will almost certainly increase budget deficits relative to the January 2020 10-year CBO baseline (completed prior to the Coronavirus), in the absence of the legislation, a complete economic collapse could have occurred.[238]

CBO provided a preliminary score for the CARES Act on April 16, 2020, estimating that it would increase federal deficits by about $1.8 trillion over the 2020–2030 period. The estimate includes:

* A $988 billion increase in mandatory outlays;
* A $446 billion decrease in revenues; and
* A $326 billion increase in discretionary outlays, stemming from emergency supplemental appropriations.

CBO reported that not all parts of the bill will increase deficits: "Although the act provides financial assistance totaling more than $2 trillion, the projected cost is less than that because some of that assistance is in the form of loan guarantees, which are not estimated to have a net effect on the budget. In particular, the act authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to provide up to $454 billion to fund emergency lending facilities established by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Because the income and costs stemming from that lending are expected to roughly offset each other, CBO estimates no deficit effect from that provision".[239]

The Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget estimated that the budget deficit for fiscal year 2020 would increase to a record $3.8 trillion, or 18.7% GDP.[240] For scale, in 2009 the budget deficit reached 9.8% GDP ($1.4 trillion nominal dollars) in the depths of the Great Recession. CBO forecast in January 2020 that the budget deficit in FY2020 would be $1.0 trillion (~$1.16 billion in 2023), prior to considering the impact of the coronavirus pandemic or CARES.[241]

## Labor market

[edit]

Job creation for Trump's first 36 months (through January 2020) vs. Obama's last 36 months ($1.0 [!]).[242]

### Jobs and unemployment

[edit]

As a candidate in 2016, Trump promised to create 25 million new jobs over the next decade.[243] However, Trump left office with 3 million fewer jobs in the U.S. than when he took office, making Trump the only U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce (since employment statistics began to be kept in 1939).[11] The unemployment rate when Trump took office was 4.7%; when Trump left office, the unemployment rate was 6.3%,[244] which is above the median historical norm (5.6% is the median U.S. unemployment rate for all months since 1948).[245] The unemployment rate at the end of Trump's term would have been higher but for the 3.9 million people who dropped out of the labor force (i.e., stopped looking for a job) between February 2020 and January 2021 (and are thus not counted in the unemployment rate).[245]

Trump inherited a booming labor market, and for the first three years in Trump's term, the number of U.S. jobs continued to grow, although far below Trump's pledges and with an average average monthly gain lower than under Obama.[7][246][247][248] Job growth was concentrated in Democratic-leaning counties rather than Republican ones: in the year ending in May 2018, 58.5% of job creation was in counties that Trump did not carry in the 2016 election, similar to the results during the months prior to Trump's presidency. Over 35% of counties Trump carried showed job losses, compared to 19.2% of counties carried by Clinton.[249] The U.S. unemployment rate hit a 50-year low (3.5%) in February 2020, but just two months later hit a 90-year high (14.8%), matching Great Depression levels, due to the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[244][250] Unemployment thereafter declined from the peak, and was 6.3% at the end of Trump's term.[244]

The "Misery Index" (the sum of inflation and unemployment rates) reached a record high in summer 2020, following the COVID-19 crisis and ensuing economic recession.[251]

### Labor force participation

[edit]

The U.S. labor force participation rate in December 2020 (Trump's last full month in office) was 61.5%, which was 1.3 percentage points lower than the labor force participation rate in January 2017, when Trump took office.[245]

### Wages

[edit]

Trump ran on a campaign to improve wages for the working class, and as president he falsely asserted on several occasions that wages were rising for the first time in as many as 22 years.[252][253][254][255][256] However, the average real (inflation-adjusted) hourly wage for private sector production and nonsupervisory workers (loosely, "working-class" workers) began steadily rising in November 2012, and that wage growth slowed under Trump compared to prior years, mainly due to increases in energy prices. Trump and Republicans have asserted that the corporate tax cut in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act would cause employers to pass their tax savings on to workers in the form of wage increases, while critics predicted companies would spend most of the savings on stock repurchases and dividends to shareholders. Early evidence appeared to confirm the latter.[257][258][259]

For example, average hourly earnings (for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls) rose from $26.26 in June 2017 to $26.98 in June 2018, an increase of $0.72 or 2.74%.[260] However, inflation (CPI-U, for all items) rose 2.8% for the 12 months ending May 2018, indicating that workers' real (inflation-adjusted) hourly earnings were essentially unchanged over that mid-2017 to mid-2018 period.[261] Real wage growth turned negative in June 2018, as the inflation rate was higher than nominal wage growth, continuing into July.[262][263]

On September 5, 2018, Trump's top economist Kevin Hassett released new analysis indicating that real wage growth under Trump was higher than previously reported. However, the new analysis also showed that real wage growth under Trump was lower than in 2015 and 2016.[264]

A September 2018 analysis by Reuters found that wage growth over the year ended March 2018 substantially lagged the national average in the 220 counties that flipped from voting for Obama in 2012 to voting for Trump in 2016.[265]

Eighteen states increased their minimum wage effective January 1, 2018 - including California, Florida, New York, New Jersey and Ohio - which the Economic Policy Institute estimated would provide $5 billion (~$6.07 billion in 2023) in additional wages to 4.5 million workers. The average increase over the 18 states was 4.4%.[266]

During his February 2019 State of the Union Address, Trump asserted, "Wages are rising at the fastest pace in decades, and growing for blue collar workers, who I promised to fight for, faster than anyone else."[267] Nominal wage growth for production and nonsupervisory workers averaged 3.0% during 2018, the highest rate since 2009. Adjusted for inflation, the 2018 average growth rate for such workers was 0.5%, the highest rate since 2016, when real wages rose 1.2%. However, real wage growth was lower during both of Trump's first two years in office than during the preceding four years.[268]

Average hourly earnings increased from 2015–2016 to 2017–2018 in nominal terms, but since inflation was higher in the latter period, real earnings growth was lower. For example, average hourly earnings growth rates for production and non-supervisory workers (a proxy for middle-class workers) increased in nominal terms from 2.3% for the 2015–2016 period, to 2.6% for the 2017–2018 period. However, in real (inflation-adjusted) terms, the growth rate was faster at 1.6% in 2015–2016 versus the 0.3% in 2017–2018, as inflation was higher in the latter period. For all employees, which includes higher wage managers, the pattern is similar, with faster nominal growth in 2017–2018 at 2.7% versus 2015–2016 at 2.4%, but slower real growth in 2017–2018 at 0.4% vs. 1.7% in 2015–2016.[269]

The following table summarizes real (inflation-adjusted) wage growth for "All Employees" and "Production and Non-supervisory Employees." The latter group excludes higher-paid managerial employees and is referred to as "blue collar" workers by President Trump. The data is listed by year and grouped for the last three years of the Obama Administration (2014–2016) and the first three years of the Trump Administration (2017–2019). In 2014 and 2019, blue collar employees had faster real wage gains than "All employees." For both groups of employees, real wage growth averaged 1.3% under Obama for 2014–2016 and 0.8% under Trump during 2017–2019.[269][270]

Real Wage Growth (YOY Avg. % Chg)  | 2014  | 2015  | 2016  | 2017  | 2018  | 2019  | Avg 2014–2016 Obama  | Avg 2017–2019 Trump

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

All Employees  | 0.4  | 2.1  | 1.3  | 0.4  | 0.6  | 1.5  | 1.3  | 0.8
Prod & Non-Supervisory  | 0.7  | 2.0  | 1.2  | 0.2  | 0.5  | 1.7  | 1.3  | 0.8

## Economic growth

[edit]

U.S. real GDP growth for full year 2012–2019. Growth averaged 2.4% in Obama's last 3 years versus 2.7% in Trump's first 3 years.[271] U.S. real GDP quarterly growth from 2014 to 2019.[272]

U.S. real GDP growth under Trump was substantially below that achieved by other presidents.[273] Trump presided over the slowest economic growth of any U.S. president since the Second World War, partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic that triggered a brief recession and a 2.2% decline in real GDP growth in his last year.[274][275] Prior to the pandemic, real GDP growth averaged 2.7% during the first three years of the Trump presidency.[276]

In the first three years of the Trump administration, U.S. GDP growth was 2.3% (2017), 3.0% (2018) and 2.2% (2019),[274] a middling record among recent U.S. presidents.[277] Growth in Trump's peak year, 3.0%, was surpassed in 17 of the preceding 39 years under presidents from Reagan to Obama.[274] In 2020, U.S. GDP shrunk by 3.5%, an economic contraction caused by the devastation of the COVID-19 pandemic, making 2020 the worst year for economic growth since 1946 (when the U.S. was demobilizing from World War II) and the first year that the U.S. had an annual decrease in GDP since 2009 (when the U.S. suffered from the Great Recession).[277] The U.S. GDP decline in the second quarter of 2020 was the sharpest ever quarterly decline experienced by the U.S.; the third quarter of 2020 had a resurgence in growth due to economic reopenings; and the fourth quarter of 2020 had 1% GDP growth, a sluggish rate indicative of a faltering recovery.[277]

Real GDP per capita increased from $55,790 in 2017 to $57,158 in 2018 to $58,113 in 2019, continuing to set a new record each year (as the U.S. had done since 2010); however real GDP per capita declined to $55,790 in 2020.[278]

In 2019, amid concerns about a possible future U.S. recession, caused in part by global uncertainty due to Trump's trade policies, Trump demanded that the Federal Reserve lower interest rates and publicly considering payroll and capital gains tax cuts, as additional stimulus measures, although these were not enacted.[279][280] Trump claimed in 2017 that GDP growth could reach 6% annually if his tax cuts were passed, a claim that economics identified as highly unrealistic.[281]

Throughout his tenure, Trump falsely claimed that the economy under his administration was "the greatest economy in the history of our country" and made various inflated and inaccurate claims about the state of the U.S. economy and its rate of growth, including the false claim that GDP had "doubled and tripled" under his tenure.[282][283][284][285] Trump repeated some version of the false claim "The U.S. economy has never been stronger" some 493 times during his presidency, making it his most-often repeated false claim.[286]

## Infrastructure, inflation, and energy

[edit]

### Infrastructure

[edit]

Main article: Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump

Within days of taking office, Trump signed presidential memoranda to revive both the Keystone XL and Dakota Access oil pipelines;[287] although Trump touted the projects as job-creating measures, the proposed projects were projected to have only a tiny impact on the U.S. economy.[288][289]

Trump pledged as a candidate to invest $550 billion in infrastructure and create an infrastructure fund,[290] and in 2018 released a federal infrastructure plan that called for the federal government to contribute $200 billion over ten years, with state and local governments and private industry to contribute the rest.[291][292] However, Trump failed to advance an infrastructure bill through Congress and did not create a U.S. infrastructure fund.[290][292][293][294] Trump and congressional Republicans did not make passage of a major infrastructure bill a key legislative priority, instead focusing on efforts to pass a tax-cut bill and repeal the Affordable Care Act.[292] Later in his presidency, Trump tentatively agreed with Democratic congressional leadership for a $2 trillion infrastructure package, but in May 2019 the agreement collapsed after Trump accused Democrats of launching "phony investigations" against him.[290] In 2020, Trump made an unsuccessful election-year push for an infrastructure bill; this encountered opposition from Senate Republicans.[295] Federal investments on water infrastructure declined to a 30-year low during Trump's tenure, while federal investments in road and bridge transportation stagnated.[292]

### Inflation

[edit]

Trends in inflation rates over the 2016–2018 period vary depending on whether volatile food and energy prices are included in the measure:

* Inflation measured by the consumer price index for all items rose from 1.3% in 2016 to 2.1% in 2017 and 2.5% year-to-date (YTD) June 2018. This was mainly driven by higher energy prices.
* Core inflation, which excludes volatile food and energy prices, was relatively flat, at 2.2% in 2016, 1.8% in 2017, and 2.1% YTD June 2018.[296]

### Energy

[edit]

Main article: Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump § Energy

In May 2018 Trump ordered the Department of Energy to conduct unprecedented intervention in energy markets to protect the coal and nuclear industries from competitive market pressures.[297][298] Robert Powelson, whom Trump appointed to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, testified to the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee on June 12, 2018, that "unprecedented steps by the federal government – through the President's recent directive to the Department of Energy to subsidize certain resources – threaten to collapse the wholesale competitive markets that have long been a cornerstone of FERC policy. This intervention could potentially "blow up" the markets and result in significant rate increases without any corresponding reliability, resilience, or cybersecurity benefits."[299][300]

The Trump administration initiated regulatory relief for the coal mining industry, particularly by moving to repeal the Clean Power Plan (CPP). A 2019 projection by the Energy Information Administration estimated that coal production without CPP would decline over coming decades at a faster rate than indicated in the agency's 2017 projection, which had assumed the CPP was in effect.[301]

Through October 2020, coal-fueled electricity generating capacity declined faster during Trump's presidency than during any previous presidential term, falling 15% with the idling of 145 coal-burning units at 75 power plants. An estimated 20% of electricity was expected to be generated by coal in 2020, compared to 31% in 2017.[302]

## Trade

[edit]

See also: Trump tariffs and Tariff in United States history

The U.S. Trade Deficit represents imports greater than exports; it was $628 billion (3.0% GDP) in 2018 and $617 billion (2.9% GDP) in 2019.[303] The U.S. has a trade deficit in goods partially offset by a trade surplus in services. The goods-only trade deficit with China was $375 billion in 2017, $420 billion in 2018, and $346 billion in 2019.[304]

### USMCA

[edit]

Under Trump, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a trilateral agreement between the North American nations, was replaced by the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA).[305] The new agreement entered into effect on July 1, 2020, after two years of negotiations and a ratification process.[306]

USMCA is very similar to NAFTA, carrying over many of the same provisions and making only modest, mostly cosmetic changes.[307] The expected economic impact is very small.[308] An International Monetary Fund (IMF) working paper issued in late March 2019 found that the agreement would have "negligible" effects on the broad economy.[308][309] An April 2019 International Trade Commission analysis on the likely impact of the USMCA estimated that the agreement, when fully implemented (six years following ratification) would increase U.S. real GDP by 0.35% and would increase U.S. total employment by 0.12% (176,000 jobs).[310][311] The analysis cited by another study from the Congressional Research Service found the agreement would not have a measurable effect on jobs, wages, or overall economic growth.[310]

### Trans-Pacific partnership

[edit]

Further information: Trans-Pacific Partnership

In a November 10, 2015 Republican debate, Trump stated that the 12-nation Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was "a deal that was designed for China to come in, as they always do, through the back door and totally take advantage of everyone." Politifact rated this assertion "Pants On Fire,"[312] while the conservative Wall Street Journal editorial board wrote, "It wasn't obvious that [Trump] has any idea what's in [TPP]".[313] Trump stated similar rhetoric about TPP on June 26, 2016, which the Washington Post factchecker found to be incorrect.[314] President Trump abandoned TPP during his first week in office through an executive order. This decision was a component of his "America First" strategy and signaled a change from long-term Republican orthodoxy, that expanding global trade was good for America and the world. The TPP was to create complex trade rules between 12 countries, to create an economic competitor to a rising China. The move was criticized as an opportunity for China to expand its influence in Asia.[315] However, on April 13, 2018, Trump said the United States could rejoin the TPP.[316][317][318][319]

TPP, renegotiated and renamed as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) after the U.S. withdrawal, became effective on December 30, 2018. Investment bank HSBC noted that 90% of tariffs on goods were immediately eliminated by the six countries that had already ratified the agreement. The other five countries were expected to ratify the agreement within months. U.S. Wheat Associates President Vince Peterson had said earlier in December that American wheat exporters could face an "imminent collapse" in their 53% market share in Japan. Peterson added, "Our competitors in Australia and Canada will now benefit from those [CPTPP] provisions, as US farmers watch helplessly." The National Cattlemen's Beef Association stated that exports of beef to Japan, America's largest export market, would be at a serious disadvantage to Australian exporters as their tariffs on exports to Japan would be cut by 27.5% during the first year of CPTPP.[320][321] The Trump administration later sought a unilateral trade agreement with Japan that would increase American agricultural exports, but in April 2019 Japan rejected greater access to its markets.[322]

### Trade war with China

[edit]

Main article: China–United States trade war

In January 2020, CBO summarized the trade war with China from 2018 to just prior to the China "Phase One" Trade Deal: "In January 2018, the United States started imposing new trade barriers. As of January 7, 2020, the United States had imposed tariffs on 16.8 percent of goods imported into the country, measured as a share of the value of all U.S. imports in 2017. Some of those tariffs apply to imports from nearly all U.S. trading partners, including tariffs on washing machines, solar panels, and steel and aluminum products. A few countries are exempted from certain tariffs. For example, Canadian and Mexican imports were granted exemptions from the tariffs on steel and aluminum products. Other tariffs affected only imports from China, covering about half of U.S. imports from China and targeting intermediate goods (items used for the production of other goods and services), capital goods (such as computers and other equipment), and some consumer goods (such as apparel and footwear). In response to the tariffs, U.S. trading partners have retaliated by imposing their own trade barriers. As of January 7, 2020, retaliatory tariffs had been imposed on 9.3 percent of all goods exported by the United States— primarily industrial supplies and materials as well as agricultural products."[1] As of January 7, 2020, tariffs were in-effect for $395 billion of U.S. imports and $143 billion of U.S exports (in retaliation); nearly all of this balance relates to China.[1]

Further, China devalued its currency (Yuan) by about 12% from the beginning of 2018 to the end of 2019, making its exports more competitive, to help offset the impact on its economy from the tariffs. By August 2019, the exchange rate was the lowest in 11 years. The U.S. responded by declaring China a "currency manipulator" on August 5, 2019[323] although this designation was later rescinded in January 2020 as part of the Phase 1 trade deal.[324]

The following table summarizes trends in imports, exports, and trade balance (a negative indicating a trade deficit) in goods only with China. After increasing in 2017 and 2018, the goods trade deficit shrank in 2019 due to Trump's trade policies, with a decline in imports larger than the decline in exports.[304] Since the overall trade deficit across all countries was little changed, this indicates importers found other foreign sources besides China.[325]

Trade balance with China ($ Billions)  | 2016  | 2017  | 2018  | 2019

|
|
|
|

Exports (X)  | 116  | 130  | 120  | 106
Imports (M)  | 462  | 505  | 540  | 452
Balance (X-M)  | −347  | −375  | −420  | −346

### Phase-one trade deal with China

[edit]

On January 15, 2020 the U.S. and China entered into an agreement referred to as the "Phase One" trade deal. Reuters summarized the deal as follows:

* China will increase purchases of products & services by $200B over two years vs. 2017 levels of $130B in goods and $56 billion in services. This would approximately double U.S. exports to China.
* U.S. import tariffs would be cut from 15% to 7.5% on $120B of Chinese goods (the 9/1 tranche) effective 2/14. The 25% rate on $250 billion of Chinese goods would remain, so about $370B of Chinese imports would still have tariffs. The U.S. agreed to suspend an additional $160 billion in tariffs (12/15 tranche).
* China's planned retaliatory tariffs (12/15 tranche) were also suspended. China reduced tariffs on $75 billion worth of goods (9/1 tranche) on 2/5.
* China also pledged to strengthen intellectual property protection (patent/trademark/copyright); reduce pressure on foreign companies to transfer technology in exchange for market access; not competitively devalue its currency; and improve access to its financial market for U.S. financial institutions.[326]

The deal was seen as a "cease-fire" in the trade war, although tariffs remained at elevated levels. The intent to enter into a "Phase Two" deal (scheduled to take place after the 2020 Presidential election) was also communicated. Critics questioned whether any of the terms were enforceable.[327] U.S. allies expressed concerns that if China increases purchases from the U.S. by $200 billion, it will decrease purchases from them.[328]

### Economic impact of trade policies

[edit]

In January 2020, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) explained how tariffs reduce U.S. economic activity in three ways: 1) Consumer and capital goods become more expensive; 2) Business uncertainty increases, thereby reducing or slowing investment; and 3) Other countries impose retaliatory tariffs, making U.S. exports more expensive and thus reducing them. CBO summarized the economic impact of Trump's tariffs as follows:

* "In CBO's estimation, the trade barriers put in place by the United States and its trading partners between January 2018 and January 2020 would reduce real GDP over the projection period [2020–2030].
* The effects of those barriers on trade flows, prices, and output are projected to peak during the first half of 2020 and then begin to subside.
* Tariffs are expected to reduce the level of real GDP by roughly 0.5 percent and raise consumer prices by 0.5 percent in 2020.
* As a result, tariffs are also projected to reduce average real household income by $1,277 (in 2019 dollars) in 2020.
* CBO expects the effect of trade barriers on output and prices to diminish over time as businesses continue to adjust their supply chains in response to the changes in the international trading environment. By 2030, in CBO's projections, the tariffs lower the level of real GDP by 0.1 percent."[1]

The New York Times reported in June 2019 that If Trump's tariffs are fully implemented as proposed, they would raise prices sufficiently to offset most or all of his tax cuts for lower- and middle-class households, potentially slowing the economy. Analysis by the Tax Foundation found that the benefits of the Trump tax cut would be completely eliminated for all taxpayers through the 90th percentile in earnings.[329] Economists at the Federal Reserve Bank of NY estimated that tariffs implemented as of May 2019 cost the average family about $415 per year, while implementing the remaining threatened tariffs would bring the total to $830 per year.[54] PBS reported on a Fed study indicating that steel and aluminum tariffs were associated with 0.6% fewer jobs in the U.S. manufacturing sector in mid-2019 relative to a scenario without the tariffs, roughly 75,000 jobs. This was because the cost of tariffs on steel and aluminum inputs makes the U.S. finished products more expensive, reducing the quantitity demanded domestically or exported.[330]

The U.S. farm industry was adversely impacted by China canceling or delaying imports of soybeans and other products in retaliation for U.S. tariffs. In response, President Trump increased farm subsidies by an estimated $28 billion in a bailout attempt, over twice the $12 billion net cost of the 2009 automotive bailout. Much of these funds go to large corporations. Farmers are one of Trump's strongest constituencies, with 67% support.[331]

Trump's repeated claims that tariffs would be paid by China were labeled "false" by fact-checkers.[332] Approximately 40 economists surveyed by the University of Chicago either strongly agreed or agreed that U.S. households bear the cost of tariffs; none disagreed.[333] Hundreds of companies have explained that the tariffs will make their costs rise, which will be passed to consumers.[334]

President Trump increased tariffs significantly as part of his trade policies, which are effectively taxes paid by American import businesses, some of which are passed to American consumers in the form of higher prices. CBO reported that tariffs increased from $34.6 billion in 2017 (consistent with pre-trade war amounts from 2014 to 2016), to $41.3 billion in 2018 and $70.8 billion in 2019. Budget deficits would have been even higher in the absence of these tariff revenues.[1][185]

### Trade deficit

[edit]

Although Trump pledged to reduce the U.S. trade deficit,[335][336] it increased over his term and hit a record high, exploding from $481 billion in 2016 to $679 billion in 2020.[337] The trade deficit in goods alone hit a record high of $916 billion (a 21% increase from 2016).[337] Trump's 2017 tax legislation exacerbated the increase in the trade deficit.[337][338] The trade deficit increased in 2017 and 2018, slightly fell in 2019, then increased again in 2020.[339]

## Manufacturing

[edit]

See also: Manufacturing in the United States

Trump has emphasized increasing manufacturing jobs and the number of factories as key measures of success for his "America First" strategy. In his inaugural address, he referred to the long-term demise of manufacturing jobs as a contributor to "American carnage", with abandoned factories "scattered like tombstones" across the country.[24] He has attempted to protect American manufacturing by the imposition of tariffs, primarily on China. However, economists debate the extent to which trade policy and China are primary causes of the decline in manufacturing employment, as automation has played a significant role as well.[340] Further, the strategy of protectionism (i.e., to impose trade barriers such as tariffs, to retain or bring jobs back that were off-shored) as opposed to retraining and relocating workers adversely impacted by globalization, is debatable.[341]

Manufacturing employment peaked in June 1979 at 19.6 million and remained in a range of about 16–18 million until early 2001, when it began a steep decline that roughly coincided with China's entry into the World Trade Organization in December 2001. This downward trend hit bottom in March 2010 at 11.5 million following the Great Recession. An estimated 1–2 million of the job losses in manufacturing 1999–2011 were due to competition with China (the China shock).[342] The Economic Policy Institute estimated that the trade deficit with China cost about 2.7 million jobs between 2001 and 2011, including manufacturing and other industries.[343] Economist Paul Krugman argued in December 2016 that "America's shift away from manufacturing doesn't have much to do with trade, and even less to do with trade policy," meaning a shift towards service employment and automation. He also cited the work of other economists indicating that the declines in manufacturing employment from 1999 to 2011 due to trade policy generally and trade with China specifically were "less than a fifth of the absolute loss of manufacturing jobs over the period" but that the effects were significant for regions directly impacted by those losses.[340] In contrast to the China situation, manufacturing employment increased for several years following the adoption of NAFTA in early 1994, indicating it had little or no manufacturing jobs impact in total.[344]

Manufacturing employment has steadily recovered since 2010, reaching 12.4 million by December 2016 at the end of the Obama Administration (+900,000 from bottom) and reaching 12.9 million in January 2020 (+500,000 from start of Trump Administration). Manufacturing job creation was robust in 2017 and 2018, but slowed significantly in 2019.[84] The uncertainty for businesses created by the trade war with China following the imposition of tariffs in 2018 likely contributed to a significant decline in manufacturing activity and job creation in 2019, the opposite effect Trump intended. Fed minutes from the December 2019 meeting indicated "Manufacturing production appeared likely to remain soft in coming months, reflecting generally weak readings on new orders from national and regional manufacturing surveys, declining domestic business investment, slow economic growth abroad and a persistent drag from trade developments."[345]

Economist Paul Krugman argued in October 2019 that manufacturing had entered a "mini-recession", with production down and employment in Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania falling significantly from summer 2018 to December 2019, due in part to Trump's trade policies and other behavior that adversely impacted business investment. The U.S. had experienced another mini-recession in manufacturing in 2015–2016, as oil prices tumbled causing business investment to fall along with manufacturing employment.[346][347]

Analysis published by The Wall Street Journal in October 2020 found the trade war Trump initiated in early 2018 did not achieve the primary objective of reviving American manufacturing, nor did it result in the reshoring of factory production.[348]

## Immigration

[edit]

Number and share of foreign born residents in the U.S. from 1900 to 2019. In 2019, there were 42.4 million foreign-born U.S. residents, or 16.3% of the civilian noninstitutional population of 259.5 million.[349]

See also: Immigration policy of Donald Trump

A key element of Trump's "America First" strategy involves reducing the number of both legal and undocumented immigrants.[350] An important symbol of his policy is the building of a wall at the border with Mexico.[24] Trump's legal immigration reduction policies include: travel bans for 13 countries; visa restrictions (e.g., additional vetting and interviews for travelers); refugee caps; asylum policy changes; higher citizenship application fees; and wealth tests for green card applicants (e.g., a "public charge" rule, which would have blocked up to two-thirds of applicants admitted from 2012 to 2016), among other approaches.[351]

Speaking at a private gathering in February 2020, acting White House chief of staff Mick Mulvaney stated, "We are desperate – desperate – for more people. We are running out of people to fuel the economic growth that we've had in our nation over the last four years. We need more immigrants," noting he was referring to legal immigration.[352][353] During 2018 and 2019, the number of open jobs (total non-farm) averaged 7.2 million.[354]

Economist Austan Goolsbee explained in October 2019 that GDP growth is a function of the number of people and income per person (productivity), and restricting immigration hurts both measures. Immigrants start companies at twice the rate of Native Americans, and half the companies in the Fortune 500 were started by immigrants or their children; such innovation helps drive productivity. He opined: "The long-run health of the U.S. economy is in serious danger from a self-inflicted wound: The Trump Administration's big cuts in immigration." He cited statistics indicating immigration to the U.S. fell 70% in 2018 to only 200,000 people, the lowest level in more than a decade. If immigration stayed at that level rather than the typical 1 million per year, research from Moody's Analytics indicates GDP would be $1 trillion lower than it would otherwise be in a decade. Further, retirement programs such as Social Security and Medicare are funded by payroll taxes paid by workers; fewer workers means significant funding shortfalls for these programs.[355]

The Economist reported in February 2020 that strong nominal wage gains experienced by lower-paid workers in 2019 may be due in part to restrictions on immigration, along with the low unemployment rate giving workers more bargaining power, and significant increases in state-level minimum wages over several years. However, nominal wages are increasing in many rich countries, even those with growing foreign-born populations. Further, the article cautioned: "As America ages, it will need a lot more people willing to work in health care. Study after study finds a positive association between immigration and long-run economic growth - and therefore, ultimately, the living standards of all Americans. The Trump Administration's immigration [restrictions] may achieve a temporary boost in wages of the low-paid now, but at a cost to the country's future prosperity."[356]

Among the employed, the share of foreign-born workers increased from 17.0% in December 2016 to a peak of 17.8% in February 2019, before falling to 17.2% in January 2020.[357] Among the civilian noninstitutional population the share of foreign-born persons rose from 16.3% in December 2016 to peaks of 16.9% in March 2018 and 2019, before falling to 16.3% in January 2020.[358] The Economist also reported that: "For the first time in half a century America's immigrant population appears to be in sustained decline, both in absolute terms and as a share of the total."[356]

## Deregulation

[edit]

Deregulation refers to either removing or limiting government regulations of a market. President Trump and other Republicans believe that some U.S. markets are over-regulated. However, the U.S. ranks high on the world scale of regulatory freedom, ranking 17th (mostly free) out of 169 countries on The Heritage Foundation's 2017 edition of the Index of Economic Freedom[359] and sixth out of 143 countries on the 2016 Cato Institute freedom index,[360] meaning the U.S. markets are relatively unregulated compared to other countries. It is arguable whether additional deregulation would be beneficial.[360] For example, regulations or anti-trust action that address monopoly or oligopoly conditions can improve competition in a market, lowering prices and expanding output and employment.[361]

A report released in February 2018 by the Trump administration Office of Management and Budget (OMB) analyzed 137 "major" federal regulations (those with $100 million or more in economic impact) from FY2007 through FY2016, a period that encompasses all but the last four months of the Obama administration.[362] According to OMB calculations, in constant 2015 dollars the overall economic benefits far outweighed the economic costs, with aggregate benefits ranging from $302 to $930 billion, while aggregate costs ranged from $88 to $128 billion. Overall, the lowest estimate of regulatory benefits exceeded the highest estimate of regulatory costs by a ratio of 2.3X. Among the department/agency regulations that were evaluated, the largest ratio of lowest estimated benefits to highest estimated costs was 3.0X for the EPA, which the Trump administration has targeted for particularly aggressive regulatory rollback under administrator Scott Pruitt. Journalist David Roberts wrote in Vox in March 2018 that: "According to OMB – and to the federal agencies upon whose data OMB mostly relied – the core of the Trumpian case against Obama regulations, arguably the organizing principle of Trump's administration, is false." Rolling back Obama-era regulations can cost money, rather than save it, and there was no discernible job impact.[363]

The QuantGov project[364] at the Mercatus Center tracks the count of federal regulations containing restrictive terms such as "shall," "prohibited" or "may not." Their data indicate that such regulations increased 0.7% in calendar 2017, compared to 1.1% in 2016 and 0.1% in 2015, and compared to an average of 1.4% over the preceding 20 years.[365]

Through September 2018, the Trump administration published 69 new "major" regulatory rules in the Federal Register.[366]

According to the nonpartisan Institute for Policy Integrity, through the middle of the Trump administration's fourth year about 10% of its deregulatory efforts had been upheld by courts, compared to an average of 70% during previous Republican and Democratic administrations.[367]

### Environmental

[edit]

President Trump began a "high-profile" regulatory roll-back during 2017. The Administration adopted a more lenient approach to pollution relative to both the Bush and Obama Administrations, with less stringent enforcement by the Environmental Protection Agency.[368]

### Climate change

[edit]

Further information: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement and Scientific opinion on climate change

Trump announced the U.S. would leave the Paris Agreement on June 1, 2017. Under the Agreement, each country determines, plans and regularly reports its own contribution and targets for mitigating global warming. There is no mechanism to force a country to set a specific target by a specific date, but each target should go beyond previously set targets. As of November 2017, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the agreement, and 170 have become party to it.

The New York Times Editorial Board wrote on June 1, 2017: "Mr. Trump's policies – the latest of which was his decision to withdraw from the 2015 Paris agreement on climate change – have dismayed America's allies, defied the wishes of much of the American business community he pretends to help, threatened America's competitiveness as well as job growth in crucial industries and squandered what was left of America's claim to leadership on an issue of global importance." The Editorial Board referred to Trump's argument that an agreement to fight climate change would hurt the U.S. economy as "bogus."[369]

### Banking and consumer protection

[edit]

President Trump began efforts to loosen regulations imposed on financial institutions under the Dodd–Frank Act, which was implemented following the 2007–2008 subprime mortgage crisis. The president also installed budget director Mick Mulvaney to lead the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau established by Dodd–Frank. Mr. Mulvaney had been a "staunch opponent" of the Agency's past history of broad regulations. President Trump tweeted on November 25, 2017, that "Financial institutions have been devastated and unable to properly serve the public" even though commercial banks generated a record level of profit of $157 billion in 2016, lending activity was robust, and bank stocks were in record territory.[370] The Trump administration and others have asserted that excessive financial regulation since 2008 has caused banks, particularly smaller banks, to decline in numbers.[371][372] However, the FDIC has noted that "Consolidation in the U.S. banking industry is a multidecade trend that reduced the number of federally insured banks from 17,901 in 1984 to 7,357 in 2011"[373] and this trend has continued through 2017.[374]

The Republican-controlled House passed the Financial CHOICE Act, an expansive rollback of the Dodd–Frank Act, on June 8, 2017. A less aggressive bill was approved by the Republican-controlled Senate on March 14, 2018.[375] The House approved the Senate measure on May 22, 2018.[376]

### Net neutrality

[edit]

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted to repeal net neutrality regulations (the Open Internet Order) on December 14, 2017. This is expected to reduce the regulation of broadband (telecom) companies (such as AT&T and Comcast) that connect consumers' homes to the internet, essentially no longer regulating them as utilities. These providers tend to have little competition in a geographic area. Advocates and critics argued whether the move would help or hurt consumers and how it would shift market power between broadband providers and content providers (e.g., Netflix). This reversed a 2015 decision by the FCC.[377]

## Household financial position

[edit]

Cumulative stock market returns (S&P 500) by President as of trading day 763 of their presidency. Trump was tied for 3rd of the past six Presidents.[33] U.S. median family net worth peaked in 2007, declined due to the Great Recession until 2013, and only partially recovered by 2019. The much larger average shows wealth inequality.[378] Discontent with this result may have been a contributing factor to President Trump's 2016 election.[379]

### Stock market

[edit]

Further information: Wealth inequality in the United States

Trump frequently used the stock market as a measure of success.[380][381][382] The Dow Jones would increase to nearly 31,000 by the end of Trump's term compared to the 20,000 it was when Trump took office.[383] Average annual return for the S&P 500 was 13.73% under Trump, third behind Clinton (15.18%) and Obama (13.84%) among presidents dating back to the late 1800s.[380] Trump cut statutory corporate tax rates from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Anticipation of these cuts and a deregulatory regime significantly boosted the stock market in 2017.[384] Federal corporate income tax revenues fell from $300 billion in fiscal year 2017 to $200 billion in fiscal year 2018, a roughly 30% decline,[99] with significant increases in after-tax corporate profits and stock buybacks.[384] However, 2018 stock market performance was adversely impacted by several increases in interest rates by the Federal Reserve, which did so to limit or avoid inflation caused by the stimulus effects of the Trump tax cuts, with the stock market falling nearly 20% from its peak in December 2018.[385] The U.S. Federal Reserve then reversed course in 2019 and both cut rates and resumed expanding its balance sheet, boosting the stock market despite uncertainty created by Trump's trade policies.[386]

During March 2020, the Dow Jones Industrial Average entered a bear market, closing down over 20% from its most recent peak on February 12, 2020. Analysts primarily blamed the COVID-19 pandemic.[387] The U.S. stock market had grown consistently since its low point in March 2009, arguably the longest "bull market" in U.S. history.[388][389]

However, about half of Americans did not participate in this 2009–2020 bull market. In March 2017, NPR summarized the distribution of U.S. stock market ownership (direct and indirect through mutual funds) in the U.S., which is highly concentrated among the wealthiest families, with the bottom 80% owning only 8% of stocks.[390] Further, more than one-third of Americans who work full-time have no access to pensions or retirement accounts such as 401(k)s that derive their value from financial assets like stocks and bonds.[390] The NYT reported that the percentage of workers covered by generous defined-benefit pension plans has declined from 62% in 1983 to 17% by 2016.[391] While some economists consider an increase in the stock market to have a "wealth effect" that increases economic growth, economists like Former Dallas Federal Reserve Bank President Richard Fisher believe those effects are limited.[390]

### Household net worth

[edit]

See also: Wealth inequality in the United States

Household net worth is the sum of financial, real estate, and business assets (non-corporate), less liabilities. In nominal terms (not adjusted for inflation) it declined in 2008 due to the Great Recession but resumed steadily rising in 2009 and reached its sixth consecutive annual record high in 2017.[22] This was primarily driven by stock market increases, although housing price increases also contributed.[392] The $100 trillion level was reached in Q1 2018,[393] which is approximately $800,000 per household on average.[394] However, the median (50th percentile) family had $100,000 net worth in 2016, an indicator of the dramatic wealth inequality in the U.S.[395]

The Federal Reserve publishes information on the distribution of household wealth by quarter going back to 1989. From Q4 2016 (the end of the Obama Administration) to Q2 2020, real household net worth in total increased by $16.28 trillion or about 17%, driven primarily by stock market gains. Since the bottom 50% of U.S. households measured by net worth have little if any stock market exposure (neither directly nor indirectly through 401k plans[390]), that group received $0.88 trillion of that gain, about 5% (i.e., 0.88/16.28). The 90–99th percentile received 40% of the gain, the top 1% received 27% and the 50th–90th percentile received 27%. The following table summarizes the Fed data:[35]

The table below shows changes from Q4 2016 (the end of the Obama Administration) to Q2 2020.[396]

Household Net Worth  | Top 1%  | 90th to 99th  | 50th to 90th  | Bottom 50%  | Total

|
|
|
|
|

Q4 2016 ($ trillions)  | 30.26  | 37.10  | 28.67  | 1.23  | 97.26
Q2 2020 ($ trillions)  | 34.68  | 43.67  | 33.08  | 2.11  | 113.54
Increase ($ trillions)  | 4.42  | 6.57  | 4.41  | 0.88  | 16.28
% Increase  | 14.6%  | 17.7%  | 15.4%  | 71.5%  | 16.7%
Share of Increase (Increase/Total Increase)  | 27.1%  | 40.4%  | 27.1%  | 5.4%  | 100%
(Intentionally left blank)
Share of Net Worth Q4 2016  | 31.1%  | 38.1%  | 29.5%  | 1.3%  | 100%
Share of Net Worth Q2 2020  | 30.5%  | 38.5%  | 29.1%  | 1.9%  | 100%
Change in Share  | −0.6%  | +0.3%  | −0.3%  | +0.6%  | 0.0%

### Household income

[edit]

Further information: Household income in the United States

Real median household income continued in record territory under President Trump, as indicated in the table below.[397] The White House Council of Economic Advisers estimated in October 2017 that the corporate tax cut of the TCJA would increase real median household income by $3,000 to $7,000 annually.[398] This did not occur in 2018, with the Census Bureau characterizing the increase as statistically insignificant.[399] Critics explained that much of the corporate tax cuts went to stock buybacks and other corporate purposes, not wages.[400] The 2019 increase of $4,379 or 6.8% was the largest in records going back to 1985, although the Census Bureau did not attribute a cause.[401]

Variable  | 2015  | 2016 Previous Record  | 2017 Previous Record  | 2018 Previous Record  | 2019 Record

|
|
|
|
|

Real median household income[402] | $60,987  | $62,898  | $63,761  | $64,324  | $68,703
Change vs. Prior Year  | $2,986  | $1,911  | $863  | $563  | $4,379
% Change vs. Prior Year  | 5.1%  | 3.1%  | 1.4%  | 0.9%  | 6.8%

The U.S. poverty rate has fallen each year since the 2014 level of 14.8%. It fell from 12.7% in 2016, to 12.3% in 2017, 11.8% in 2018, and 10.5% in 2019, with an estimated 34 million people in poverty.[401][403][404]

### Household Economic Well-Being

[edit]

In its annual Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households released on May 22, 2018, the Federal Reserve found that 74% of surveyed adults were either "doing okay" or "living comfortably" in 2017, up from 70% in 2016, the fourth consecutive increase since the Fed first asked that survey question in 2013.[405][406][407]

### Effect of gas prices

[edit]

The average U.S. gasoline price during Trump's term through October 2020 was $2.49; the economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic led to a global decline in demand for oil, which kept prices low.[408] During Trump's term, the highest average U.S. gasoline price was $2.90 (in May 2019) and the lowest average price was $1.88 (in May 2020).[409] Trump's withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal in 2018, as well as OPEC quotas established while the global economy was growing (pre-recession), put upward pressure on gasoline prices.[410]

### SNAP participation

[edit]

On July 27, 2018 remarks about the economy, Trump stated, "More than 10 million additional Americans had been added to food stamps, past years. But we've turned it all around." SNAP participation had been steadily declining since December 2012.[411][412]

### Homelessness

[edit]

HUD reported in December 2017 that homelessness increased 0.7% in 2017, the first annual increase since 2010.[413]

## Corporate profits

[edit]

Nominal corporate profits after tax declined from $1,787 billion in 2016 to $1,680 billion in 2017, a decrease of 6.0%. However, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act is expected to increase corporate after-tax profits significantly beginning in 2018, when the corporate tax rate falls from 35% to 21%. For example, corporate profits after tax (annualized) rose from $1,845 billion for Q2 2017 to $1,969 billion in Q2 2018, up $124 billion or 6.7%, an all-time dollar record. At 9.64% GDP, they were below the Q1 2010 to Q4 2016 average of 10.22% GDP.[414]

Bank profits reached a record high of $56 billion in the first quarter following enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, although the figure would have been a record high $49.4 billion without the tax cut.[415]

## Income and wealth inequality

[edit]

Four charts that describe trends in income inequality in the United States.

The New York Times editorial board characterized the tax bill as both a consequence and a cause of income and wealth inequality: "Most Americans know that the Republican tax bill will widen economic inequality by lavishing breaks on corporations and the wealthy while taking benefits away from the poor and the middle class. What many may not realize is that growing inequality helped create the bill in the first place. As a smaller and smaller group of people cornered an ever-larger share of the nation's wealth, so too did they gain an ever-larger share of political power. They became, in effect, kingmakers; the tax bill is a natural consequence of their long effort to bend American politics to serve their interests." The corporate tax rate was 48% in the 1970s and is 21% under the Act. The top individual rate was 70% in the 1970s and is 37% under the Act. Despite these large cuts, incomes for the working class have stagnated and workers now pay a larger share of the pre-tax income in payroll taxes.[416]

The share of income going to the top 1% has doubled, from 10% to 20%, since the pre-1980 period, while the share of wealth owned by the top 1% has risen from around 25% to 42%.[417][418] Despite President Trump promising to address those left behind, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act would make inequality far worse:

* The Tax Policy Center estimated that the bottom 80% of taxpayers (income under $149,400) would receive 35% of the benefit in 2018, 34% in 2025 and none of the benefit in 2027, with some groups incurring costs.[148]
* Sizable corporate tax cuts would flow mostly to wealthy executives and shareholders;
* In 2019, a person in the bottom 10% would average a $50 tax cut, while a person in the top 1% gets a $34,000 tax cut;
* Up to 13 million persons losing health insurance or subsidies are overwhelmingly in the bottom 30% of the income distribution;
* The top 1% receives approximately 70% of the pass-through income, which will be subject to much lower taxes;
* Rolling back the estate tax, which only impacted the top 0.2% of estates in 2016, is a $150 billion benefit [Note: The final version of the tax law reduced this to $83 billion] to the ultra-rich over 10 years.[419]
* The top 1% of households own 40% of stocks; the bottom 80% just 7%, even when including indirect ownership through mutual funds.[420]

In 2027, if the tax cuts are matched by spending cuts borne evenly by all families, after-tax income would be 3.0% higher for the top 0.1%, 1.5% higher for the top 10%, −0.6% for the middle 40% (30th to 70th percentile) and −2.0% for the bottom 50%.[421]

The NYT reported in July 2018 that: "The top-earning 1 percent of households—those earning more than $607,000 a year—will pay a combined $111 billion less this year in federal taxes than they would have if the laws had remained unchanged since 2000. That's an enormous windfall. It's more, in total dollars, than the tax cut received over the same period by the entire bottom 60 percent of earners." This represents the tax cuts for the top 1% from the Bush tax cuts and Trump tax cuts, partially offset by the tax increases on the top 1% by Obama.[422]

In December 2019, CBO forecast that inequality would worsen between 2016 and 2021, due in part to the Trump tax cuts and policies regarding means-tested transfers. Their report had several conclusions:

* After taxes and transfers, the income of the top 1% would grow more than other income groups, continuing previous trends.
* Income of households in the bottom 99% percent would be higher than at any time in the past, adjusted for inflation, also continuing previous trends.
* For the top 1%, average federal tax rates would fall from 33% in 2016 to 30% (3 percentage points) in 2021. For the 81st to 99th percentiles, the rate would fall from 24% to 22%, and for the middle three quintiles, the rate would fall from 15% to 14%. These trends indicate worsening inequality, with larger tax reductions for higher incomes.
* The gini index would rise, indicating increasing inequality, reversing a trend from the latter part of the Obama administration.
* Means-tested transfer programs would contribute less to reducing inequality in 2021 than they did in 2016.[44]

## See also

[edit]

* 2010s in United States political history
* 2019 in politics and government

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2020 to 2030". January 28, 2020 - via CBO.gov.
2. ^ a b c Tankersley, Jim (January 13, 2020). "Budget Deficit Topped $1 Trillion in 2019". The New York Times.
3. ^ Irwin, Neil (June 24, 2024). "Trump ran up national debt twice as much as Biden: new analysis". Axios. Retrieved June 27, 2024.
4. ^ a b c Jackson, Brooks (September 29, 2017). "Obama's Final Numbers" - via Factcheck.org.
5. ^ a b Cohen, Patricia (December 2, 2016). "President Obama Is Handing a Strong Economy to His Successor". The New York Times - via nytimes.com.
6. ^ a b Chinni, Dante (August 23, 2020). "Data show Trump didn't build a great economy. He inherited it". nbcnews.com.
7. ^ a b c d Brooks Jackson (January 20, 2020). "Trump's Numbers January 2020 Update". FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania.
8. ^ a b c "CDC National Health Interview Survey Early Release Program". cdc.gov. August 19, 2021.
9. ^ a b c "New CBO Baseline Expects Number of Uninsured to Rise by 5 Million Over Next Decade". Georgetown University Health Policy Institute. May 3, 2019.
10. ^ Marr, Chuck (March 5, 2024). "The 2017 Trump Tax Law Was Skewed to the Rich, Expensive, and Failed to Deliver on Its Promises".
11. ^ a b c Andrew Van Dam (January 8, 2021). "Trump will have the worst jobs record in modern U.S. history. It's not just the pandemic". Washington Post.
12. ^ a b "Determination of the February 2020 Peak in US Economic Activity". June 8, 2020 - via NBER.org.
13. ^ "Monthly Budget Review for September 2020". cbo.gov. October 8, 2020.
14. ^ "Why Markets Boomed in a Year of Human Misery". New York Times. January 1, 2021.
15. ^ Kessler, Glenn (September 7, 2018). "President Trump's repeated claim: 'The greatest economy in the history of our country'". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
16. ^ Woodward, Bob (April 2, 2016). "In a revealing interview, Trump predicts a 'massive recession' but intends to eliminate the national debt in 8 years". The Washington Post.
17. ^ Long, Heather; Stein, Jeff (October 26, 2019). "The U.S. deficit hit $984 billion in 2019, soaring during Trump era". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
18. ^ Sloan, Allan; Podkul, Cezary (January 14, 2021). "Donald Trump Built a National Debt So Big (Even Before the Pandemic) That It'll Weigh Down the Economy for Years". ProPublica/Washington Post.
19. ^ a b c "All Employees: Total Nonfarm Payrolls". January 21, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
20. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2018 to 2028". April 9, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
21. ^ Long, Heather (September 12, 2019). "U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says" - via The Washington Post.
22. ^ a b "Households and Nonprofit Organizations; Net Worth, Level". March 8, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
23. ^ Jackson, Brooks (January 20, 2017). "What President Trump Inherits" - via Factcheck.org.
24. ^ a b c "President Trump's Inaugural Address". Factcheck.org. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
25. ^ "The Inaugural Address". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017 - via National Archives.
26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The Budget and Economic Outlook 2017–2027". CBO. January 24, 2017.
27. ^ a b c Long, Heather. "The Trump vs. Obama economy – in 15 charts". The Washington Post.
28. ^ "Unemployment rates by ethnic group". February 2, 2020 - via FRED.
29. ^ a b Cassidy, John (January 30, 2020). "New reports show that Trump's economic promises were empty". The New Yorker.
30. ^ a b "President Trump has Signed $4.7 Trillion of Debt into Law". crfg.org. January 8, 2020. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2020 - via Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.
31. ^ "How Trump's three years of job gains compares to Obama's". cnn.com. February 7, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
32. ^ "Trump's stock market rally is very good, but still lags Obama and Clinton". The Washington Post. December 28, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
33. ^ a b CNN-From Reagan To Trump-Here's How stocks performed under each President-Retrieved August 14, 2019
34. ^ FRED – Real and Nominal Household Net Worth – Retrieved January 26, 2020
35. ^ a b "Distributional National Accounts". federalreserve.gov. February 16, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
36. ^ "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019". Census.gov. September 15, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
37. ^ a b "JCX-67-17". JCT.gov. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
38. ^ a b c "CBO-Appendix B: The Effects of the 2017 Tax Act on CBO's Economic and Budget Projections, page 129" (PDF). Retrieved July 9, 2018.
39. ^ a b "The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2018 to 2028". April 9, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
40. ^ Kurtzleben, Danielle (December 19, 2017). "Charts: See How Much of GOP Tax Cuts Will Go to the Middle Class". NPR.org. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
41. ^ a b c d "Distributional Effects of Changes in Taxes and Spending Under the Conference Agreement for H.R. 1". cbo.gov. December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
42. ^ Long, Heather (September 25, 2017). "Analysis – Trump's tax 'reform' looks like tax cuts for the rich". Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via www.WashingtonPost.com.
43. ^ Appelbaum, Binyamin (September 27, 2017). "Trump Tax Plan Benefits Wealthy, Including Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
44. ^ a b "Projected Changes in the Distribution of Household Income, 2016 to 2021". CBO. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
45. ^ a b "Hundreds of companies saw tax rate plunge to 11.3% under Trump tax reform". cbsnews.com. December 17, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
46. ^ "Trump's Plot Against Health Care Continues". The New York Times. January 13, 2020.
47. ^ a b c "H.R. 1628, American Health Care Act of 2017". CBO.gov. May 24, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
48. ^ "Children's Public Health Insurance Coverage Lower Than in 2017". Census.gov. September 10, 2019.
49. ^ a b "Before COVID, the number of uninsured Americans grew by 2.3 million under Trump, analysis finds". USA Today. September 15, 2020.
50. ^ Louis Jacobson (May 14, 2019). "Who pays for US tariffs on Chinese goods? You do". Politifact.
51. ^ Brooks Jackson (February 28, 2019). "Does China Pay Tariffs?". FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania.
52. ^ a b Ma, Xinru; Kang, David C. (2024). Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations. Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55597-5.
53. ^ Jin, Keyu (2023). The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-1-9848-7828-1.
54. ^ a b "New China Tariffs Increase Costs to U.S. Households". libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org. May 23, 2019.
55. ^ "USMCA: Trump Signs New Trade Agreement With Mexico And Canada To Replace NAFTA". NPR.org. November 30, 2018.
56. ^ a b Born, Benjamin; Müller, Gernot; Schularick, Moritz; Sedláček, Petr (July 18, 2018). "Stable genius: Estimating the 'Trump effect' on the US economy". Retrieved July 28, 2018.
57. ^ Winkler, Matthew A. (January 28, 2019). "Ranking the Trump Economy". Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
58. ^ "The false claims that Trump keeps repeating". The Washington Post. January 19, 2020.
59. ^ AP Fact Check: Trump falsely claims economy, jobs best ever, Associated Press (August 6, 2018).
60. ^ Cohen, Patricia (May 28, 2020). "'Still Catching Up': Jobless Numbers May Not Tell Full Story". The New York Times.
61. ^ BLS-Employment Situation Summary for April 2020 – May 8, 2020
62. ^ a b c "CBO's Current Projections of Output, Employment, and Interest Rates and a Preliminary Look at Federal Deficits for 2020 and 2021". April 24, 2020 - via cbo.gov.
63. ^ "Interim economic projections for 2020 and 2021". cbo.gov. May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
64. ^ a b "Gross Domestic Product". Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
65. ^ Casselman, Ben (July 30, 2020). "A Collapse That Wiped Out 5 Years of Growth, With No Bounce in Sight". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
66. ^ Irwin, Neil (October 29, 2020). "The American Economy Was Hit by a Bus. It's Healing, but Slowly". The New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
67. ^ a b Amber Phillips (August 8, 2016). "A shortlist of economic issues on which Donald Trump sounds more like a Democrat than a Republican". The Washington Post.
68. ^ a b c "Trump has completely abandoned the economic populism that helped him win the election". Vox.com. December 29, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
69. ^ Rattner, Steven (December 29, 2017). "2017: The Year in Charts". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
70. ^ Helleiner, Eric (2021). "The Return of National Self-Sufficiency? Excavating Autarkic Thought in a De-Globalizing Era". International Studies Review. 23 (3): 933–957. doi:10.1093/isr/viaa092.
71. ^ a b CBO (July 13, 2017). "An Analysis of the President's 2018 Budget".
72. ^ "How Trump Got Trickled Down". nyt.com. February 10, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
73. ^ Appelbaum, Binyamin (December 16, 2016). "A Trump Economic Boom? The Fed May Stand in the Way". The New York Times - via nytimes.com.
74. ^ Smialek, Jeanna (October 30, 2019). "Federal Reserve Cuts Interest Rates for Third Time in 2019". The New York Times - via nytimes.com.
75. ^ Tankersley, Jim (July 19, 2018). "Trump Takes a Rare Presidential Swipe at the Fed". The New York Times - via nytimes.com.
76. ^ "An A- for the U.S. Economy, but Failing Grades for Trump's Policies". The New York Times. February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
77. ^ a b Rattner, Steven (August 3, 2018). "Opinion – Trump's Economic Claims Are Overblown". The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2019 - via NYTimes.com.
78. ^ Rattner, Steven (December 31, 2018). "Opinion – The Year in Charts". The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2019 - via NYTimes.com.
79. ^ Bump, Phillip. "Trump loves to celebrate the economy-even though it improved faster in Obama's second term". The Washington Post.
80. ^ Jackson, Brooks (November 15, 2019). "Trump's Economic Falsehoods". Factcheck.org.
81. ^ Jacobson, Louis. "No, the economy didn't suddenly get strong under Donald Trump". Factcheck.org.
82. ^ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (January 1, 1929). "Real Gross Domestic Product". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
83. ^ a b c d U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1, 1939). "All Employees: Total Nonfarm Payrolls". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
84. ^ a b U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1939). "All Employees: Manufacturing". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
85. ^ a b c U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1, 1948). "Civilian Unemployment Rate". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
86. ^ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1, 1948). "Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate: 25 to 54 years". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
87. ^ a b U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1, 1947). "Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
88. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (September 10, 2019). "Income and Poverty in the United States 2018". Census.gov. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
89. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (January 1, 1984). "Real Median Household Income in the United States". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
90. ^ "FRED Graph – St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
91. ^ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1, 1947). "Nonfarm Business Sector: Real Output Per Hour of All Persons". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
92. ^ Freddie Mac (April 2, 1971). "30-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Average in the United States". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
93. ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration (August 20, 1990). "US Regular All Formulations Gas Price". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
94. ^ a b c "S&P 500". fred.stlouisfed.org. June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
95. ^ "Health Insurance Coverage: Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey". cdc.gov. May 9, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
96. ^ "Health Insurance Coverage: Early Release of Estimates From the National Health Interview Survey, January–June 2019". cdc.gov. May 28, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
97. ^ a b c "2019 Employer Health Benefits Survey". kff.org. May 9, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
98. ^ "FRED Graph – St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
99. ^ a b c d "Budget and Economic Data – Congressional Budget Office". cbo.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
100. ^ "Federal Debt Held by the Public-Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
101. ^ "Historical Income Tables: Income Inequality Table A-4". Census.gov. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
102. ^ "CBP Stats and Summaries". cbp.gov. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
103. ^ "EIA Monthly Energy Review" (PDF). eia.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
104. ^ a b U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1, 1948). "Unemployment level". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
105. ^ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 1, 1948). "Employment-Population Ration 25–54 Yrs". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
106. ^ a b "The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It". treasurydirect.gov. June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
107. ^ "Gross Domestic Product". Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
108. ^ Fritzsche, Kate; McNelli, Kevin (May 23, 2018). "Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65: 2018 to 2028". Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
109. ^ Costa, Robert; Goldstein, Amy (January 15, 2017). "Trump vows 'insurance for everybody' in Obamacare replacement plan". Washington Post. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
110. ^ a b Victoria Knight (August 13, 2020). "Back to the Future: Trump's History of Promising a Health Plan That Never Comes". Kaiser Health News.
111. ^ a b Sheryl Gay Stolberg (September 17, 2020). "Trump's Secret Health Plan Is a Promise Voters Have Heard Before". The New York Times.
112. ^ "CDC Health Insurance Coverage". cdc.gov. August 3, 2021.
113. ^ a b "Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019". Census.gov.
114. ^ Collins, Sara R.; Gunja, Munira Z.; Doty, Michelle M.; Bhupal, Herman K. (2018). "First Look at Health Insurance Coverage in 2018 Finds ACA Gains Beginning to Reverse". Commonwealth Fund. doi:10.26099/aacp-5268. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
115. ^ "U.S. Uninsured Rate Rises to Four-Year High". Gallup. January 23, 2019.
116. ^ Gallup – U.S. Uninsured Rate Steady at 12.2% in Q4 2017. January 16, 2018
117. ^ Philip Bump. "3.2 million more people were uninsured at the end of 2017 than 2016". Washington Post. January 16, 2018
118. ^ "Millions Have Lost Health Insurance in Pandemic-Driven Recession". The New York Times. July 13, 2020.
119. ^ Bryan, Bob. "Senate Republicans signal they plan to scrap bill the House just passed and write their own". Business Insider.
120. ^ Klein, Ezra (July 28, 2017), The GOP's massive health care failures, explained, Vox, retrieved August 3, 2017
121. ^ Edsall, Thomas B. (July 27, 2017). "Opinion – Killing Obamacare Softly". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
122. ^ "Trump still enforcing Obamacare mandate". Politico.com. May 3, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
123. ^ "Trump is slashing Obamacare's advertising budget by 90%". Vox.com. August 31, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
124. ^ The Editorial Board (November 4, 2017). "Opinion – Obamacare vs. the Saboteurs". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
125. ^ "10 ways the GOP sabotaged Obamacare". HealthInsurance.org. May 17, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
126. ^ a b Scott, Dylan (October 18, 2017). "Obamacare premiums were stabilizing. Then Trump happened". Vox.
127. ^ "Sabotage Watch: Tracking Efforts to Undermine the ACA". Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Updated October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
128. ^ a b NYT – Robert Pear – Obamacare Sign-ups at High Levels Despite Trump Saying It's 'Imploding' December 21, 2017
129. ^ a b "Trump's stance on insurance "bailouts" is completely incoherent". Vox.com. October 18, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
130. ^ "The Effects of Terminating Payments for Cost-Sharing Reductions". CBO.gov. August 15, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
131. ^ "The Senate's tax bill is a sweeping change to every part of federal health care". Vox.com. November 29, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
132. ^ "Repealing the Individual Health Insurance Mandate: An Updated Estimate". CBO.gov. November 8, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
133. ^ Times, The New York (December 28, 2017). "Excerpts From Trump's Interview With The Times". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
134. ^ "Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65: 2018 to 2028". May 23, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
135. ^ "Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65: 2019 to 2029". May 2, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
136. ^ "To the Contrary, Trump Has Tried to Weaken Protections for Pre-existing Conditions". The New York Times. January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
137. ^ Pear, Robert (June 7, 2018). "Justice Dept. Says Crucial Provisions of Obamacare Are Unconstitutional". The New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2018 - via NYTimes.com.
138. ^ "Kaiser Health Tracking Poll – June 2017: ACA, Replacement Plan, and Medicaid". June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
139. ^ Luthra, Shefali (January 15, 2020). "PolitiFact – Trump's claim that he 'saved' pre-ex conditions 'part fantasy, part delusion'". PolitiFact.
140. ^ "At Risk: Pre-Existing Conditions Could Affect 1 in 2 Americans". cms.gov. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
141. ^ "House Votes to Give the Government the Power to Negotiate Drug Prices". The New York Times. December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
142. ^ "H.R. 3, Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act". cbo.gov. December 10, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
143. ^ Luthra, Shefali (February 5, 2020). "On Drug Pricing, The President's Numbers Are Still Off". PolitiFact. Retrieved February 12, 2020 - via khn.org.
144. ^ 20 states file lawsuit alleging ObamaCare is unconstitutional (The Hill)
145. ^ "Federal judge in Texas strikes down ObamaCare". The Hill. December 14, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
146. ^ Rampell, Catherine (September 24, 2020). "Opinion: How RBG's death could trigger a devastating blow to the U.S. health-care system". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
147. ^ "JCX-58-17". JCT.gov. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
148. ^ a b c d "Distributional Analysis of the Conference Agreement for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act". Tax Policy Center. December 18, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
149. ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Rappeport, Alan (September 27, 2017). "Trump Proposes the Most Sweeping Tax Overhaul in Decades". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
150. ^ "Trump proposal slashes taxes on businesses, the rich; fuels deficit worries". Reuters. 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
151. ^ a b c Kessler, Glenn; Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (September 28, 2017). "Analysis | Fact-checking President Trump's tax speech in Indianapolis". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
152. ^ Morgan, David (October 26, 2017). "House narrowly passes measure paving way for Trump tax cuts". Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
153. ^ Rappeport, Alan; Tankersley, Jim (December 11, 2017). "Treasury Defends Tax Plan Cost With One-Page Analysis". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
154. ^ Casselman, Ben; Tankersley, Jim (June 15, 2018). "Feeling Good About the Economy? You're Probably a Republican". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
155. ^ Rappeport, Alan (November 16, 2017). "The House and Senate Still Have Very Different Tax Bills. Here's How They Compare". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
156. ^ Sullivan, Eileen; Tackett, Michael (December 22, 2017). "In Signing Sweeping Tax Bill, Trump Questions Whether He Is Getting Enough Credit". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
157. ^ "Reconciliation Recommendations of the Senate Committee on Finance". CBO.gov. November 26, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
158. ^ Landers, Elizabeth. "Trump touts tax reform as he leaves for Camp David". CNN. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
159. ^ Factbase. "Donald Trump Complete – Search Tweets, Speeches, Policies – Factbase". Factbase. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
160. ^ "Donald Trump wrong that his tax plan is biggest cut ever". Retrieved July 9, 2018.
161. ^ "Largest Tax Cut in History? - FactCheck.org". November 1, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
162. ^ "Fact Check: Biggest tax cut in U.S. history?". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
163. ^ Sam Petulla; Tal Yellin. "The biggest tax cut in history? Not quite". CNN. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
164. ^ "Trump celebrates tax law's 6-month mark as IRS rolls out smaller filing form". June 29, 2018.
165. ^ Blake, Aaron (June 29, 2018). "Analysis – Trump's top economic adviser makes a laughable claim about a very basic economic number". Retrieved June 29, 2018 - via www.washingtonpost.com.
166. ^ "Federal Surplus or Deficit [-]". June 12, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
167. ^ Stein, Jeff (June 29, 2018). "Analysis – Trump's top economic adviser says deficit 'is coming down rapidly,' contradicting virtually all available data". Retrieved July 1, 2018 - via www.washingtonpost.com.
168. ^ Zanny Minton Beddoes. "The Trump Show, Season Two." The Economist. "The World in 2019" issue, Page 15, November 7, 2018.
169. ^ "$1.5 trillion U.S. tax cut has no major impact on business capex..." Reuters. January 28, 2019 - via www.reuters.com.
170. ^ "Trump's corporate tax cuts fail to boost investment, IMF analysis finds". Los Angeles Times. August 8, 2019.
171. ^ "Trump's tax cut isn't giving the US economy the boost it needs". Cnbc.com. August 16, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
172. ^ Mack, David (March 30, 2017). "Trump keeps taking credit for deals struck while Obama was president". CNBC.
173. ^ Dale, Daniel. "Fact check: Trump takes credit for another factory approved under Obama". CNN.
174. ^ "Trump took credit for opening Apple's Mac factory in Texas. It's been open since 2013". The Washington Post.
175. ^ "A new report further undermines Trump's claim that the tax cuts were economic 'rocket fuel'". The Washington Post. May 28, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
176. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
177. ^ Tankersley, Jim; Eavis, Peter; Casselman, Ben (November 17, 2019). "How FedEx Cut Its Tax Bill to $0". The New York Times.
178. ^ "Tax Reform Has Delivered for Workers". Wall Street Journal. December 22, 2019.
179. ^ "Wage growth is now fastest for the lowest earners. Is it Trump, or is it minimum-wage increases?". The Washington Post.
180. ^ "JCX-10-19". jct.gov.
181. ^ "Trump Tax Cut Hands $32 Billion Windfall to America's Top Banks". Bloomberg News. January 16, 2020.
182. ^ Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development. Translated by Topp, Gary. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 305\. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0.
183. ^ "Corporate Tax Avoidance in the First Year of the Trump Tax Law". itep.org. December 16, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
184. ^ "Still terrible at two". epi.org. December 17, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
185. ^ a b "Who pays Trump's tariffs, China or U.S. customers and companies?". reuters.com. May 21, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
186. ^ "No, Tariffs Aren't Going to Pay Down the National Debt". The New York Times. August 7, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
187. ^ a b "The GOP Tax Cuts Are Even More Unpopular Than Past Tax Hikes". FiveThirtyEight. November 29, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
188. ^ "37 top economists all say Trump's tax plan won't pay for itself". Vox.com. May 4, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
189. ^ Kessler, Glenn; Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (September 28, 2017). "Analysis – Fact-checking President Trump's tax speech in Indianapolis". Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via www.WashingtonPost.com.
190. ^ Barro, Josh (September 27, 2017). "Trump's 'small business' tax cut is actually for rich people like Trump". Business Insider. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
191. ^ Becker, Amanda (September 28, 2017). "Wealthy financiers could gain from Trump's proposed tax cut for small businesses". Reuters. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
192. ^ Drucker, Jesse; Popovich, Nadja (September 28, 2017). "Trump Could Save More Than $1 Billion Under His New Tax Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
193. ^ Rubin, Richard (September 28, 2017). "Treasury Removes Paper at Odds With Mnuchin's Take on Corporate-Tax Cut's Winners". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
194. ^ "Lies, Lies, Lies, Lies, Lies, Lies, Lies, Lies, Lies, Lies". The New York Times. October 14, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
195. ^ Summers, Lawrence H. (October 17, 2017). "Perspective – Lawrence Summers: Trump's top economist's tax analysis isn't just wrong, it's dishonest". Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via www.WashingtonPost.com.
196. ^ "YouTube". YouTube.com. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
197. ^ "RealClearPolitics – Election Other – Trump, Republicans' Tax Reform Law". realclearpolitics.com. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
198. ^ Casselman, Ben; Tankersley, Jim (June 15, 2018). "Feeling Good About the Economy? You're Probably a Republican". The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
199. ^ a b "Treasury: 2018 Deficit was $779 Billion". October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
200. ^ "Budget and Economic Data – Congressional Budget Office". cbo.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
201. ^ [CBO Monthly Budget Review Summary for Fiscal Year 2018 – November 7, 2018]
202. ^ a b c "The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019–2029". CBO.gov. January 28, 2019.
203. ^ "Updated – Trump cheers budget that adds to deficit, busts promises". Retrieved May 8, 2018.
204. ^ Bolton, Alexander (January 19, 2017). "Trump team prepares dramatic cuts". The Hill. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
205. ^ "Weekly Economic & Financial Commentary – Wells Fargo Commercial". wellsfargo.com. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
206. ^ Tankersley, Jim; Cochrane, Emily (August 21, 2019). "Deficit Will Reach $1 Trillion Next Year, Budget Office Predicts". The New York Times - via NYTimes.com.
207. ^ CBO January 2020 Budget Outlook, Table 1-1: "The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2020 to 2030 | Congressional Budget Office". January 28, 2020.
208. ^ "The Budget and Economic Outlook 2019–2029". CBO. January 28, 2019.
209. ^ a b Davidson, Kate (February 9, 2018). "Spending Bill Overshadows Coming Trump Budget Plan". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 10, 2018 - via www.wsj.com.
210. ^ "What Trump cut in his agency budgets". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
211. ^ Hulse, Carl (May 23, 2017). "Republicans Will Reject Trump's Budget, but Still Try to Impose Austerity". The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2018 - via NYTimes.com.
212. ^ "House GOP Budget Ignores Trump's Budget Cuts to Domestic Agencies". Bloomberg.com. July 18, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2018 - via www.bloomberg.com.
213. ^ CNBC (October 19, 2017). "Senate is poised to make crucial vote on the budget to make way for tax reform". CNBC. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
214. ^ DeBonis, Mike (October 26, 2017). "House narrowly passes budget, paving way for $1.5 trillion tax cut". Retrieved May 10, 2018 - via www.washingtonpost.com.
215. ^ "Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2017". cbo.gov. November 7, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
216. ^ a b "Monthly Budget Review: Summary for Fiscal Year 2018 – Congressional Budget Office". cbo.gov. November 7, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
217. ^ "CBO Monthly Budget Review-October 2018" (PDF). Retrieved October 12, 2018.
218. ^ Rowland, Geoffrey (February 12, 2018). "Trump releases 2019 budget with $3 trillion in cuts". Retrieved May 10, 2018.
219. ^ Wilkie, Christina (March 23, 2018). "Conservatives rip Trump for signing massive spending bill that ignores many of their priorities". CNBC. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
220. ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Shear, Michael D. (March 23, 2018). "Trump Signs Spending Bill, Reversing Veto Threat and Avoiding Government Shutdown". The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2018 - via NYTimes.com.
221. ^ "Trump: "I will never sign another bill like this again"". March 23, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
222. ^ Department of the Treasury-Monthly Treasury Statement September 2019 – October 25, 2019
223. ^ a b CBO Monthly Budget Review for September 2019 – October 7, 2019
224. ^ NYT-Federal Budget Deficit Swelled to Nearly $1 Trillion in 2019 – October 25, 2019
225. ^ Tankersley, Jim (January 13, 2020). "Budget Deficit Topped $1 Trillion in 2019 - The New York Times". The New York Times.
226. ^ "FRED Graph – FRED – St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
227. ^ CBO-Historical Budget Data-Retrieved April 18, 2019
228. ^ Wamsley, Laurel (January 9, 2019). "How Is The Shutdown Affecting America? Let Us Count The Ways". NPR.
229. ^ "Government Shutdown 2019". Politico. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
230. ^ Frost, Natasha (December 24, 2018). "Due to the government shutdown, the National Christmas tree has gone dark". Quartz. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
231. ^ "White House doubles its estimate of shutdown impact on GDP". CNBC. January 15, 2019.
232. ^ Kaufman, Ellie; Murphy, Paul P. (January 2, 2019). "Federal employees prepare for a long shutdown". CNN. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
233. ^ Bosman, Julie; Cohen, Patricia; Turkewitz, Julie (January 11, 2019). "Federal Shutdown's Uneven Toll: Some Americans Are Devastated, Others Oblivious". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 13, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
234. ^ Mui, Ylan (January 28, 2019). "Government shutdown cost the economy $11 billion: CBO". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 28, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
235. ^ Liz Farmer, The Federal Shutdown's Impact on States and Localities Archived January 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Governing (January 2, 2018).
236. ^ Reid Wilson, States scramble to fill void left by federal shutdown, The Hill (January 17, 2019).
237. ^ NYT – Sudden Black Hole for the Economy with Millions More Unemployed – April 9, 2020
238. ^ Penn Wharton Budget Model – Short Run Economic Effects of the CARES Act – April 8, 2020
239. ^ "H.R. 748, CARES Act, Public Law 116-136". cbo.gov. April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
240. ^ NYT – Reuters – U.S. Deficit to Soar to Record $3.8 Trillion in 2020, Budget Watchdog Group Says – April 13, 2020
241. ^ CBO – The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2020 to 2030 – January 28, 2020
242. ^ "All Employees: Total Nonfarm Payrolls". StLouisFed.org. December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
243. ^ Nick Gass (September 15, 2016). "Trump promises to create 25 million jobs with economic plan". Politico.
244. ^ a b c Courtenay Brown; Felix Salmon (February 5, 2021). "The Trump-COVID jobs legacy". Axios.
245. ^ a b c Brooks Jackson; Robert Farley; D'Angelo Gore (January 20, 2021). "What President Biden Inherits: A raging virus, a struggling economy and a fast-growing mountain of debt". FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania.
246. ^ Jones, Chuck. "Trump Is Falling Almost 1 Million Jobs Short Vs. Obama". Forbes. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
247. ^ "Trump's Numbers on 'Amazing' Economy Sometimes Don't Add Up". The New York Times. July 27, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
248. ^ "FactChecking the State of the Union". factcheck.org. February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
249. ^ Boak, Josh (August 6, 2018). "Jobs boom favors Democratic counties, not Trump strongholds". Associated Press.
250. ^ Rugaber, Christopher (May 9, 2020). "US unemployment surges to a Depression-era level of 14.7%". AP News. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
251. ^ Olivia Rockeman (June 23, 2020). "Trump's Re-Election Prospects Are Threatened by Economic Misery". Bloomberg News.
252. ^ "Trump wrong that wages 'haven't gone up for a long time'". Retrieved July 6, 2018.
253. ^ "Is U.S. 'finally seeing rising wages,' as Donald Trump said?". Retrieved July 6, 2018.
254. ^ "Donald Trump is wrong about wage trends". Retrieved July 6, 2018.
255. ^ "Trump rally – Great Falls, Montana – July 5, 2018: "Wages for the first time in 18 years are rising again"". C-SPAN.org. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
256. ^ Factbase. "Donald Trump Complete – Search Tweets, Speeches, Policies – Factbase". Factbase. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
257. ^ "Guess where the corporate tax cut money is flowing". CBS News. May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
258. ^ "Tax Cuts Still Don't Seem to Be Helping Workers". Bloomberg.com. May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018 - via www.bloomberg.com.
259. ^ "Tax cut savings flow to company stockholders, trickle to hourly workers". USA Today. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
260. ^ "BLS – Employment Situation Summary – June 2018 – July 6, 2018" (PDF). Retrieved July 9, 2018.
261. ^ "Consumer Price Index Summary". bls.gov. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
262. ^ Leonhardt, David (August 5, 2018). "Opinion – For Wages, a Trump Slump". The New York Times. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
263. ^ "Analysis – In America, wage growth is getting wiped out entirely by inflation". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
264. ^ On Wednesday, the Council of Economic Advisers posted on Twitter data that showed pretax compensation growth – adjusted in the administration's preferred way – neared 3 percent in 2015 and 2 percent in 2016, the last two years of President Barack Obama's second term. It slowed to about 1.5 percent by the end of 2017, and has slowed again in 2018, despite the passage of the tax cuts.Tankersley, Jim (September 5, 2018). "White House Says Wages Are Growing When Measured Differently". The New York Times.
265. ^ Lange, Jason (September 7, 2018). "Where Trump flipped counties, worker incomes grow more slowly". Reuters. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
266. ^ "18 states will increase their minimum wages on January 1, benefiting 4.5 million workers". Retrieved June 2, 2018.
267. ^ "State of the Union 2019: Read the full transcript". CNN.
268. ^ "FRED Graph – St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org.
269. ^ a b FRED – Real and Nominal Hourly Earnings Growth Rates for Both All Employees and Production & Non-Supervisory Workers – Retrieved August 8, 2019
270. ^ Rattner, Steven (February 5, 2020). "The economy is not as good as it looks". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
271. ^ "Real Gross Domestic Product". April 6, 2024. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
272. ^ "Real gross domestic product per quarter". FRED. February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
273. ^ Louis Jacobson (January 20, 2021). "One last time (as president): Fact-checking Donald Trump's departure speech". Politico.
274. ^ a b c Lori Robertson; Eugene Kiely; Robert Farley; D'Angelo Gore (January 20, 2021). "FactChecking Trump's Farewell Remarks". FactCheck.org. Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania.
275. ^ "Real Gross Domestic Product". Bureau of Economic Analysis. January 25, 2024.
276. ^ Galston, William (March 25, 2024). "Inflation and the gap between economic performance and economic perceptions". Brookings Institution.
277. ^ a b c Rachel Siegel, Andrew Van Dam & Erica Werner (January 28, 2021). "2020 was the worst year for economic growth since World War II". The Washington Post.
278. ^ "Real gross domestic product per capita". Retrieved February 13, 2021.
279. ^ The Editorial Board (August 20, 2019). "Opinion | Want to Prevent a Recession, Mr. Trump? Stop Hurting the Economy". New York Times.
280. ^ Tankersley, Jim (August 20, 2019). "Trump Says He's Exploring 'Various Tax Reductions,' and the Economic Data He Loves Shows Why". New York Times.
281. ^ "Trump defies data with 6% GDP growth forecast". cnbc.com. December 6, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
282. ^ Louis Jacobson (July 2, 2018). "Donald Trump off-base in describing GDP growth on his watch". Politifact.
283. ^ Louis Jacobson (October 1, 2020). "Donald Trump's dubious statement about presiding over 'the greatest economy' in history". Politifact.
284. ^ Robert Farley (July 13, 2018). "Trump Inflates GDP Growth". FactCheck.org.
285. ^ Yen, Hope (May 2, 2019). "AP Fact Check: Trump's double-false claim about GDP". Associated Press.
286. ^ Glenn Kessler; Joe Fox (January 20, 2021). "The false claims that Trump keeps repeating". Washington Post.
287. ^ Mufson, Steven (January 24, 2017). "Trump seeks to revive Dakota Access, Keystone XL oil pipelines". The Washington Post.
288. ^ David Koening (March 24, 2017). "Debate renewed over economic benefits of Keystone pipeline". Associated Press.
289. ^ Frank Ackerman; Pat Knight (February 1, 2017). Economic Impacts of Completing the Dakota Access Pipeline (PDF) (Report). Synapse Energy Economics, Inc.
290. ^ a b c Tom Kertscher (July 15, 2020). "Invest $550 billion in infrastructure and create an infrastructure fund: Promise Broken: No action evident on creating infrastructure fund". PolitiFact.
291. ^ Mallory Shelbourne, White House releases 55-page, $1.5 trillion infrastructure plan, The Hill (February 12, 2018).
292. ^ a b c d Jeff Stein (October 18, 2020). "Trump's 2016 campaign pledges on infrastructure have fallen short, creating opening for Biden". Washington Post.
293. ^ Weaver, Dustin (March 10, 2018). "Trump's infrastructure push hits wall in Congress". The Hill.
294. ^ Brianna Gurciullo (February 27, 2018). "Congress punctures Trump's infrastructure and aviation plans, in one day". Politico.
295. ^ Alexander Bolton (June 17, 2020). "Trump's push for major infrastructure bill faces GOP opposition". The Hill.
296. ^ "FRED Graph – St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
297. ^ Plumer, Brad (June 1, 2018). "Trump Orders a Lifeline for Struggling Coal and Nuclear Plants". The New York Times. Retrieved June 3, 2018 - via NYTimes.com.
298. ^ "Trump Prepares Lifeline for Money-Losing Coal Plants". Bloomberg.com. June 1, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2018 - via www.bloomberg.com.
299. ^ Plumer, Brad (June 13, 2018). "Trump Wants to Bail Out Coal and Nuclear Power. Here's Why That Will Be Hard". The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
300. ^ "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Report". energy.senate.gov. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
301. ^ Crooks, Ed (January 26, 2019). "President Obama's Clean Power Plan was expected to lead to a steep fall in US coal production. Now the plan has been blocked, and coal production is expected to fall even faster than if it had come into effect: https://www .ft.com/content/5c31c480-2036-11e9-b126-46fc3ad87c65 …pic.twitter.com/qfF7LhefOY".
302. ^ Lipton, Eric (October 5, 2020). "'The Coal Industry Is Back,' Trump Proclaimed. It Wasn't". The New York Times.
303. ^ "Trade Balance: Goods and Services, Balance of Payments Basis *-1 – FRED – St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
304. ^ a b "Foreign Trade: Data". census.gov. US Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
305. ^ Tankersley, Jim (October 1, 2018). "Trump Just Ripped Up Nafta. Here's What's in the New Deal". New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
306. ^ Ana Swanson (July 1, 2020). "As New NAFTA Takes Effect, Much Remains Undone". New York Times.
307. ^ Geoffrey Gertz, 5 things to know about USMCA, the new NAFTA, Brookings Institution (October 2, 2018).
308. ^ a b Tory Newmyer, The Finance 202: USMCA isn't expected to have a big impact on the economy, Washington Post (December 11, 2019).
309. ^ Mary E. Burfisher, Frederic Lambert & Troy D Matheson, NAFTA to USMCA: What is Gained?, International Monetary Fund Working Paper No. 19/73 (March 26, 2019).
310. ^ a b Gore, D'Angelo (August 21, 2019). "Kudlow's Unsupported USMCA Jobs Claim". FactCheck.org. FactCheck.org.
311. ^ United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement: Likely Impact on the U.S. Economy and Specific Industry Sectors (with errata), United States International Trade Commission, Publication No. 4889, Investigation No. TPA 105-003 (April 2019).
312. ^ "Trump says China gets an advantage from the Trans-Pacific Partnership". Retrieved May 10, 2018.
313. ^ "Trump blasts 'Wall Street Journal' for critical editorial". USA Today. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
314. ^ Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (June 30, 2016). "Donald Trump's claim that China 'will enter' the Trans-Pacific Partnership 'at a later date'". Retrieved May 9, 2018 - via www.washingtonpost.com.
315. ^ Baker, Peter (December 24, 2017). "Trump Abandons Trans-Pacific Partnership, Obama's Signature Trade Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
316. ^ "Trump to reconsider TPP trade pact". BBC News. April 13, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
317. ^ "Trump mulls major TPP backflip". Retrieved May 7, 2018.
318. ^ "Australian farmers shocked but cautious about news Trump wants 'another look' at the TPP". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. April 13, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
319. ^ Pramuk, Jacob (April 13, 2018). "'A ridiculous reversal': Top Democrats who sided with Trump on trade slam TPP move". CNBC. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
320. ^ "Pacific trade pact takes off with tariffs cut in six nations". Reuters. December 30, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2018 - via www.reuters.com.
321. ^ "US farmers 'helpless' as TPP boosts Aust". SBS News. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
322. ^ Sevastopulo, Demetri; Politi, James; Harding, Robin (April 28, 2019). "Japan refuses to give greater access to US farmers". Financial Times. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
323. ^ Feng, Emily (August 5, 2019). "China's Currency Falls To Lowest Exchange Rate In 11 Years". NPR.
324. ^ U.S. designates China as currency manipulator-August 5, 2019
325. ^ "One Trump Victory: Companies Rethink China". The New York Times. April 5, 2019.
326. ^ "What's in the U.S.-China Phase 1 trade deal". reuters.com. January 15, 2020.
327. ^ "Trump Reaches 'Phase 1' Deal With China and Delays Planned Tariffs". The New York Times. October 11, 2019.
328. ^ "China Poised to Buy More From U.S., at the Expense of U.S. Allies". The New York Times. January 21, 2020.
329. ^ Tankersley, Jim (June 3, 2019). "Trump's Tariffs Could Nullify Tax Cut, Clouding Economic Picture". The New York Times - via NYTimes.com.
330. ^ "Steel tariffs hurt manufacturers downstream, data shows". pbs.org. February 7, 2020.
331. ^ "Trump's $28 Billion Bet That Rural America Will Stick With Him". bloomberg.com. September 19, 2019.
332. ^ "Does China Pay Tariffs?". factcheck.org. February 28, 2019.
333. ^ "IGM Panel-China-US Trade War-May 29, 2019". Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
334. ^ GmbH, finanzennet. "An increasing number of major US companies are warning that tariffs may force them to raise prices – Markets Insider". Markets Insider. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
335. ^ David J. Lynch (March 6, 2019). "As trade deficit explodes, Trump finds he can't escape the laws of economics". The Washington Post.
336. ^ David J. Lynch (November 5, 2019). "Trump Vowed to Shrink the Trade Gap. It Keeps Growing". New York Times.
337. ^ a b c Doug Palmer (February 5, 2021). "America's trade gap soared under Trump, final figures show". Politico.
338. ^ Tankersley, Jim; Swanson, Ana (March 6, 2019). "In Blow to Trump, America's Trade Deficit in Goods Hits Record $891 Billion". New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
339. ^ "U.S. Trade in Goods and Services-Balance of Payments Basis: 1960 through 2020" (PDF). census.gov. US Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division. February 13, 2021.
340. ^ a b "Paul Krugman – Trade and Manufacturing Employment – December 4, 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
341. ^ "Politicians cannot bring back old-fashioned factory jobs". The Economist. January 14, 2017.
342. ^ Autor, David H.; Dorn, David; Hanson, Gordon H. (2016). "The China Shock: Learning from Labor Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade" (PDF). Annual Review of Economics. 8 (1): 205–240. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080315-015041. S2CID 1415485.
343. ^ "The China toll: Growing U.S. trade deficit with China cost more than 2.7 million jobs between 2001 and 2011, with job losses in every state".
344. ^ "The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)" (PDF).
345. ^ "U.S. manufacturing slumps as trade war damage lingers". The New York Times. January 3, 2020.
346. ^ "Manufacturing Ain't Great Again. Why?". The New York Times. October 31, 2019.
347. ^ "The Day the Trump Boom Died". The New York Times. October 24, 2019.
348. ^ Zumbrun, Josh (October 25, 2020). "China Trade War Didn't Boost U.S. Manufacturing Might". The Wall Street Journal.
349. ^ "US foreign-born gains are smallest in a decade, except in Trump states". brookings.edu. October 2, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
350. ^ Miroff, Nick (February 11, 2020). "Trump is fulfilling his pledge to build fortress America – and running on it". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
351. ^ "As Trump Barricades the Border, Legal Immigration Is Starting to Plunge". The New York Times. February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
352. ^ "Mick Mulvaney says U.S. is desperate for more legal immigrants, in contrast to Trump administration policies". The Washington Post.
353. ^ Smialek, Jeanna; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (February 27, 2020). "Why a Top Trump Aide Said 'We Are Desperate' for More Immigrants". The New York Times.
354. ^ "Job Openings: Total Nonfarm". fred.stlouisfed.org. December 2000. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
355. ^ Goolsbee, Austan (October 11, 2019). "Sharp Cuts in Immigration Threaten U.S. Economy and Innovation". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
356. ^ a b "Immigration to America is down. Wages are up". The Economist. economist.com. February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
357. ^ "Employed: Foreign Born as Share of Employed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
358. ^ "Civilian Noninstitutional Population". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
359. ^ "Index of Economic Freedom 2017". Index of Economic Freedom. The Heritage Foundation. 2017. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
360. ^ a b Ed Dolan. "Is overregulation really holding back the U.S. economy?". Harvard Business Review. January 8, 2018
361. ^ The Economist. "A lack of competition explains the flaws in American aviation". April 22, 2017
362. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
363. ^ Roberts, David (March 6, 2018). "Trump White House quietly issues report vindicating Obama regulations". Vox. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
364. ^ "QuantGov". quantgov.org. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
365. ^ "Trump's Numbers – FactCheck.org". January 19, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
366. ^ "Government Accountability Office database of regulatory rules". gao.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
367. ^ Friedman, Lisa (July 21, 2020). "New Emails Show How Energy Industry Moved Fast to Undo Curbs". The New York Times.
368. ^ Lipton, Eric; Ivory, Danielle (December 10, 2017). "Under Trump, E.P.A. Has Slowed Actions Against Polluters, and Put Limits on Enforcement Officers". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
369. ^ The Editorial Board (June 1, 2017). "Opinion – Our Disgraceful Exit From the Paris Accord". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
370. ^ Goldstein, Matthew; Cowley, Stacy (November 27, 2017). "Casting Wall Street as Victim, Trump Leads Deregulatory Charge". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
371. ^ "CNN.com – Transcripts". transcripts.cnn.com. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
372. ^ Yerak, Becky (August 7, 2015). "Is Marco Rubio right about 40% of banks wiped out by Dodd-Frank?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
373. ^ https://www.fdic.gov/regulations/resources/cbi/report/cbi-full.pdf [bare URL PDF]
374. ^ "Commercial Banks in the U.S." February 15, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
375. ^ Rappeport, Alan (March 14, 2018). "Senate Passes Bill Loosening Banking Rules, but Hurdles Remain in the House". The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2018 - via NYTimes.com.
376. ^ Rappeport, Alan; Flitter, Emily (May 22, 2018). "Congress Approves First Big Dodd-Frank Rollback". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
377. ^ Kang, Cecilia (December 14, 2017). "F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
378. ^ "The Fed – Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF)". Retrieved October 30, 2020.
379. ^ Schwartz, Nelson D. (September 12, 2018). "The Recovery Threw the Middle-Class Dream Under a Benz". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
380. ^ a b William Watts (January 20, 2021). "Stock-market performance under Trump trails only Obama and Clinton". MarketWatch.
381. ^ Philip Bump,A central argument for Trump's success is the rise in the stock market. How impressive is it?, Washington Post (December 27, 2017).
382. ^ Jacob Pramuk, Wall Street's cheerleader in chief: Trump has tweeted about the stock market at least 60 times since he was elected, CNBC (February 6, 2018).
383. ^ Macrotrends, Dow Jones - 10 Year Daily Chart, Macrostrends (January 20, 2017- January 20, 2021).
384. ^ a b Trump's Tax Cuts one Year Later: What Happened?, New York Times (December 27, 2018).
385. ^ CNBC – Dow Dives 350 points, closes at new low for year after Fed hikes rates – December 19, 2018
386. ^ CNBC – the stock market boomed in 2019. Here's how it happened – December 31, 2019
387. ^ "Dow futures drop more than 800 points as Trump speech disappoints investors". cnbc.com. March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
388. ^ Eavis, Peter; Grocer, Stephen (August 22, 2018). "A Brief History of Bull Markets, From Postwar Boom to Housing Bust". The New York Times. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
389. ^ Casselman, Ben (March 11, 2020). "Dow Ends 11-Year Bull Market as Coronavirus Defies Economic Remedies". The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
390. ^ a b c d Danielle Kurtzleben (March 1, 2017). "While Trump Touts Stock Market, Many Americans Are Left Out of the Conversation". NPR.
391. ^ Steven Rattner. "The Market Isn't Bullish for Everyone". NYT. January 22, 2018
392. ^ "U.S. Household Wealth Hit Record $96.9 Trillion Last Quarter". Bloomberg.com. December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via www.Bloomberg.com.
393. ^ "FRED Graph – St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
394. ^ "(Households and Nonprofit Organizations; Net Worth, Level /Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items * 247.3) / Total Households * 1000000 – FRED – St. Louis Fed". fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
395. ^ "The Fed – Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF)". Retrieved August 31, 2018.
396. ^ "Total Net Worth". Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis. October 10, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
397. ^ "Real Median Household Income in the United States". Fred.stlouisfed.org. January 1984. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
398. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2019 - via National Archives.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
399. ^ "Median household income stayed flat while number of uninsured rose". Usatoday.com. September 10, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
400. ^ "Trump's Tax Cut Was Supposed to Change Corporate Behavior. Here's What Happened". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
401. ^ a b "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019". census.gov. September 15, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
402. ^ FRED – Real Median Household Income – Retrieved April 20, 2019
403. ^ Table 4: "Historical Poverty Tables: People and Families – 1959 to 2020".
404. ^ Adamy, Janet; Overberg, Paul (September 13, 2018). "Incomes Rose and Poverty Rate Fell for Third Straight Year, Census Data Show". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 13, 2018 - via www.wsj.com.
405. ^ "Economic well being report" (PDF). federalreserve.gov. 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
406. ^ "Economic well being report" (PDF). federalreserve.gov. 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
407. ^ "Economic well being report" (PDF). federalreserve.gov. 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
408. ^ Saranac Hale Spencer, Misleading Messages on Gasoline Prices, FactCheck.org, Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania (October 27, 2020).
409. ^ Fact check: Gas prices shown in photograph do not correspond to Obama and Trump administrations, Reuters (October 28, 2020).
410. ^ Paul Davidson & Nathan Bomey (May 10, 2018). "Higher gas prices are eating into Trump tax cut, trimming spending by Americans". USA Today.
411. ^ Cohen, Patricia; Qiu, Linda (July 27, 2018). "Trump's Numbers on 'Amazing' Economy Sometimes Don't Add Up". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
412. ^ "SNAP Participation Dips to Lowest Level in Eight Years". Retrieved August 1, 2018.
413. ^ page 8, exhibit 1.1: "2017 AHAR: Part 1 – PIT Estimates of Homelessness in the U.S. – HUD Exchange" (PDF).
414. ^ "Corporate Profits After Tax (without IVA and CCAdj)". FRED. August 26, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
415. ^ Egan, Matt (May 22, 2018). "American banks had their most profitable quarter ever". Retrieved May 22, 2018.
416. ^ The Editorial Board (December 16, 2017). "Opinion – The Tax Bill That Inequality Created". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
417. ^ Emmanuel Saez (June 30, 2016). "Striking it Richer" (PDF). Berkeley.edu. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
418. ^ Saez & Zucman (May 2016). "Wealth Inequality in the United States Since 1913" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 131. Berkeley.edu: 519–578. doi:10.1093/qje/qjw004. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
419. ^ "The Republican tax bill will exacerbate income inequality in America". Vox.com. December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
420. ^ Krugman, Paul (December 21, 2017). "Opinion – Tax-Cut Santa Is Coming to Town". The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2017 - via NYTimes.com.
421. ^ Leonhardt, David (December 17, 2017). "A Plan to Turbocharge Inequality in Three Charts". The New York Times.
422. ^ Leonhardt, David (July 11, 2018). "Opinion – $111 Billion in Tax Cuts for the Top 1 Percent". The New York Times. Retrieved July 12, 2018.

## External links

[edit]

* Economist.com (May 4, 2017): Transcript: Interview with Donald Trump (along with Steve Mnuchin, the treasury secretary, and Gary Cohn, the director of the National Economic Council)
* Factcheck.org – Summary of key Trump economic figures for his first year – January 2018
* "Trump's Trade War". Frontline. Season 37. Episode 19. May 7, 2019. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved October 3, 2023.

* v
* t
* e

Donald Trump

* 45th President of the United States (2017–2021)

Life and
politics|

* Business career
* The Trump Organization
* legal affairs
* business projects in Russia
* links between business partners and Russian government officials
* wealth
* tax returns
* Trump Media & Technology Group
* Media career
* The Apprentice
* American football
* Golf
* Honors and awards
* Political positions
* Trumpism
* Rhetoric
* 2021 CPAC speech
* Endorsements
* False or misleading statements
* Protests
* timeline
* Racial views
* Security incidents
* Las Vegas rally incident
* Attempted assassinations
* in Pennsylvania
* raised-fist photographs
* perpetrator
* in Florida
* suspect
* Age and health concerns
* Comparisons to fascism

Family|

* Ivana Trump (first wife)
* Marla Maples (second wife)
* Melania Trump (third wife)
* Donald Trump Jr. (son)
* Ivanka Trump (daughter)
* Eric Trump (son)
* Tiffany Trump (daughter)
* Fred Trump (father)
* Mary Anne MacLeod Trump (mother)
* Maryanne Trump Barry (sister)
* Fred Trump Jr. (brother)
* Robert Trump (brother)
* Frederick Trump (grandfather)
* Elizabeth Christ Trump (grandmother)
* Jared Kushner (son-in-law)
* Lara Trump (daughter-in-law)
* Vanessa Trump (former daughter-in-law)
* Blaine Trump (former sister-in-law)
* Amalija Knavs (mother-in-law)
* John G. Trump (uncle)
* Mary L. Trump (niece)
* Fred Trump III (nephew)
* John Whitney Walter (cousin)

Books|

* Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987)
* Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990)
* Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997)
* The America We Deserve (2000)
* Trump: How to Get Rich (2004)
* The Way to the Top (2004)
* Trump 101 (2006)
* Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006)
* Think Big and Kick Ass (2007)
* Time to Get Tough (2011)
* Midas Touch (2011)
* Crippled America (2015)

Campaigns|

* 2000 presidential campaign
* 2016 presidential campaign
* announcement
* "Make America Great Again"
* rallies
* links between campaign officials and Russian government officials
* Crossfire Hurricane
* 2016 Republican primaries
* endorsements
* debates
* running mate selection
* convention
* 2016 general election
* endorsements
* debates
* reactions
* Republican opposition
* Never Trump movement
* 2016
* Mitt Romney speech
* 2020
* 2024
* Sexual misconduct allegations
* Access Hollywood recording
* 2020 presidential campaign
* rallies
* 2020 Tulsa rally
* 2020 Republican primaries
* convention
* 2020 general election
* political endorsements
* non-political endorsements
* debates
* attempts to overturn
* Republican reactions to Trump's election fraud claims
* 2024 presidential campaign
* rallies
* 2024 Republican primaries
* endorsements
* debates
* running mate selection
* convention
* 2024 general election
* eligibility
* endorsements
* debates
* Trump Bible
* "God Bless the U.S.A." (campaign song)

Post-presidential
legal affairs|

* FBI investigation into handling of government documents
* FBI search of Mar-a-Lago
* New York investigations of The Trump Organization
* Stormy Daniels scandal
* civil
* criminal
* Carroll v. Trump
* Trump v. United States (2022)
* State prosecutions
* Georgia
* New York
* Smith special counsel investigation
* Federal prosecution
* classified documents case
* election obstruction case
* Trump mug shot
* Trump v. United States (2024)

Related|

* Family
* Foundation
* In popular culture
* filmography
* in music
* SNL parodies
* Residences
* 85-15 Wareham Place
* Trump Tower
* penthouse apartment
* Bedminster
* Mar-a-Lago
* The Visionary
* Social media
* media use
* conflict
* wiretapping allegations
* Real News Update
* covfefe
* Donald J. Trump State Park
* Nicknames used
* Trump Force One
* Trump derangement syndrome
* Fort Trump
* Trumpism
* Bikers for Trump
* Women for Trump
* Blacks for Trump
* Black Voices for Trump
* Gays for Trump
* Pseudonyms
* Wikipedia coverage

* ← Barack Obama
* Joe Biden →

* * *

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Presidency of Donald Trump (2017–2021)

Tenure|

* Transition
* Inauguration
* speech
* Opinion polling
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* Social media
* 2018 midterm elections
* Government shutdowns
* January 2018
* 2018–2019
* Executive actions
* executive orders
* presidential proclamations
* State funeral of George H. W. Bush
* State funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsberg
* Executive clemency
* pardon of Joe Arpaio
* commutation of Jaime Davidson
* Travel bans
* reactions
* legal challenges
* protests
* replacement
* Trump wall
* Executive Order 13767
* Family separation policy
* Migrant detentions
* Operation Faithful Patriot
* Stormy Daniels scandal
* Anonymous senior official op-ed
* Relations with Israel
* Jerusalem recognition
* Golan Heights recognition
* Peace plan
* Abraham Accords
* UAE
* Bahrain
* Sudan
* Morocco
* Kosovo–Serbia agreement
* North Korea crisis
* peace process
* Singapore summit
* Hanoi summit
* DMZ summit
* Trump–Ukraine scandal
* Relations with Russia
* Helsinki summit
* Links between Trump administration and Russian government officials
* Russian bounty program
* Farmer bailouts
* Saudi Arabia arms deal
* Syria strikes
* 2017
* 2018
* Proposed invasion of Venezuela
* Taiwan call
* Withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal
* Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
* Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* COVID-19 pandemic response
* Communication
* White House COVID-19 outbreak
* Political interference with science agencies
* Federal government data breach
* Crossfire Hurricane
* Classified information disclosures
* Mueller special counsel investigation
* Durham special counsel investigation
* Legal affairs
* Impeachments
* efforts
* resolutions
* impeachment inquiry
* first impeachment
* first trial
* second impeachment
* second trial
* proposed expungements
* Photo op at St. John's Church
* 2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration
* National Garden of American Heroes
* Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election
* Stop the Steal
* January 6 United States Capitol attack
* timeline
* aftermath
* continued protests
* domestic reactions
* international reactions
* Presidential Library
* Judicial appointments
* Gorsuch
* Kavanaugh
* Barrett
* Supreme Court candidates
* controversies
* Biden transition

Timeline|

* First 100 days
* 2017
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2018
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2019
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* 2020
* Q1
* Q2
* Q3
* Q4
* January 2021
* Trips
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020–2021
* international
* by Rex Tillerson
* by Mike Pompeo
* Riyadh summit
* Singapore summit
* Helsinki summit
* Hanoi summit
* DMZ summit

Speeches|

* Joint session of Congress (2017)
* Warsaw speech (2017)
* National Scout Jamboree (2017)
* State of the Union Address
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2019 Oval Office address
* 2020 Oval Office address
* Farewell address (2021)

Policies|

* Economy
* tax cuts
* tariffs
* China trade war
* USMCA
* Environment
* Paris Agreement withdrawal
* America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018
* Foreign policy
* as candidate
* as President
* America First
* Immigration
* Infrastructure
* Racial views
* Social issues
* cannabis
* Space policy

Personnel|

* Cabinet
* formation
* Ambassadors
* Attorneys
* Economic advisors
* Withdrawn appointees
* Short-tenure appointees
* Dismissals and resignations
* attorneys
* Comey
* inspectors general

* ← Obama administration
* Biden administration →

* v
* t
* e

Public policy of the United States

* Agricultural
* Arctic
* Cultural
* Drug
* Education
* Fireworks
* Fiscal
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Trade
* Transportation
* Vaccination
* Visa

| Domestic|

* Square Deal
* New Freedom
* New Deal
* Fair Deal
* New Frontier
* Great Society/War on Poverty
* Reagan
* G. W. Bush
* Obama
* Trump

|

Economic|

* Monetary
* history

| By Presidency|

* Nixon
* Reagan
* Clinton
* G. W. Bush
* Obama
* Trump
* Biden

|

Energy|

* Hydropower
* Nuclear energy
* Low-level radioactive waste
* Smart grid

| By Presidency|

* Obama
* Trump

|

Environmental|

* Solid waste
* Climate change
* G. W. Bush

| By Presidency|

* Obama
* Trump
* Biden

|

Foreign|

* History
* Criticism
* Middle East
* Obama

| By Presidency|

* T. Roosevelt
* Wilson
* Hoover
* F. D. Roosevelt
* Truman
* Eisenhower
* Kennedy
* L. B. Johnson
* Nixon
* Ford
* Carter
* Reagan
* G. H. W. Bush
* Clinton
* G. W. Bush
* Obama
* Trump
* Biden

|

Gun control|

* Clinton

Immigration|

* Same-sex immigration

| By Presidency|

* Trump
* Biden

|

Infrastructure|

* Trump
* Biden

Native American|

* Grant
* Nixon
* Obama

Science|

* Genetic
* Stem cell

Social|

* Obama
* Trump
* Biden

Space|

* Obama
* Trump
* Biden

Portal:

* United States

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template