Edward VII

King of the United Kingdom from 1901 to 1910

For other uses, see Edward VII (disambiguation).

Edward VII

Portrait by W. & D. Downey, 1900s

* King of the United Kingdom
and the British Dominions
* Emperor of India

Reign| 22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910
Coronation| 9 August 1902
Imperial Durbar| 1 January 1903
Predecessor| Victoria
Successor| George V

Born| (1841-11-09)9 November 1841
Buckingham Palace, London, England
Died| 6 May 1910(1910-05-06) (aged 68)
Buckingham Palace, London, England
Burial| 20 May 1910

Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

* 28 November 1925

Albert Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel

* 22 April 1927

South Aisle, St George's Chapel

Spouse|

Alexandra of Denmark

(m. 1863)​

Issue
Detail|

* Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
* George V
* Louise, Princess Royal
* Princess Victoria
* Maud, Queen of Norway
* Prince Alexander John of Wales

| Names

Albert Edward
House| Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Father| Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Mother| Queen Victoria
Religion| Protestant
Signature|
Education|

* Christ Church, Oxford
* Trinity College, Cambridge

Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.

The second child and eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward, nicknamed "Bertie", was related to royalty throughout Europe. He was Prince of Wales and heir apparent to the British throne for almost 60 years. During his mother's reign, he was largely excluded from political influence and came to personify the fashionable, leisured elite. He married Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863, and the couple had six children. As Prince of Wales, Edward travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial public duties and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and of the Indian subcontinent in 1875 proved popular successes. Despite the approval of the public, his reputation as a playboy prince soured his relationship with his mother.

Edward inherited the throne upon his mother's death in 1901. He played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War of 1899–1902. He re-instituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised. He fostered good relations between Britain and other European countries, especially France, for which he was popularly called "Peacemaker", but his relationship with his nephew, German Emperor Wilhelm II, was poor.

The Edwardian era, which covered Edward's reign and was named after him, coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society, including steam turbine propulsion and the rise of socialism. Edward died in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was succeeded by his only surviving son, George V.

## Early life and education

[edit]

Portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1846

Edward was born on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace.[1] He was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 25 January 1842.[a] He was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the royal family throughout his life.[3]

As the eldest son of the British sovereign, Edward was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth. As a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850,[4][5][b] a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867.[4] In 1863, he renounced his succession rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother Alfred.[7]

The Queen and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a model constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on a rigorous educational programme devised by Albert, and supervised by several tutors. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, he did not excel in his studies.[8] He tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent and of sweet manner.[9] After the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor Frederick Waymouth Gibbs was replaced by Robert Bruce as his personal governor.[10]

After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, Edward spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, the chemist Lyon Playfair. In October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford.[11] Now released from the educational strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time and performed satisfactorily in examinations.[12] In 1861, he transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge,[13] where he was tutored in history by Charles Kingsley, Regius Professor of Modern History.[14] Kingsley's efforts brought forth the best academic performances of Edward's life, and Edward actually looked forward to his lectures.[15]

## Early adulthood

[edit]

Edward and his entourage at Niagara Falls, 1860

In 1860, Edward undertook the first tour of North America by a Prince of Wales. His genial good humour and confident bonhomie made the tour a great success.[16] He inaugurated the Victoria Bridge, Montreal, across the St Lawrence River, and laid the cornerstone of Parliament Hill, Ottawa. He watched Charles Blondin traverse Niagara Falls by highwire, and stayed for three days with President James Buchanan at the White House. Buchanan accompanied the prince to Mount Vernon, to pay his respects at the tomb of George Washington. Vast crowds greeted Edward everywhere. He met Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Prayers for the royal family were said in Trinity Church, New York, for the first time since 1776.[16] The four-month tour throughout Canada and the United States considerably boosted Edward's confidence and self-esteem, and had many diplomatic benefits for Great Britain.[17]

Edward had hoped to pursue a career in the British Army, but his mother vetoed an active military career.[18] He had been gazetted colonel on 9 November 1858[19]—to his disappointment, as he had wanted to earn his commission by examination.[12] In September 1861, he was sent to Germany, supposedly to watch military manoeuvres, but actually in order to engineer a meeting between him and Princess Alexandra of Denmark. The Queen and Prince Albert had already decided that Edward and Alexandra should marry. They met at Speyer on 24 September under the auspices of Edward's elder sister, Victoria, who had married the Crown Prince of Prussia in 1858.[20] Princess Victoria, acting upon instructions from her mother, had met Alexandra at Strelitz in June; Alexandra made a very favourable impression. She and Edward were friendly from the start, and marriage plans advanced.[21]

Edward gained a reputation as a playboy. Determined to get some army experience, he attended manoeuvres in Ireland, during which he spent three nights with an actress, Nellie Clifden, who was hidden in the camp by his fellow officers.[22] Albert, though ill, was appalled and visited Edward at Cambridge to issue a reprimand. Albert died in December 1861, just two weeks after the visit. The Queen was inconsolable, wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life and blamed Edward for his father's death.[23] At first, she regarded her son with distaste as frivolous, indiscreet and irresponsible. She wrote to her eldest daughter, "I never can, or shall, look at him without a shudder."[24]

### Marriage

[edit]

Main article: Wedding of Prince Albert Edward and Princess Alexandra

Edward and Alexandra, 1863

Once widowed, the Queen effectively withdrew from public life. Shortly after Prince Albert's death, she arranged for Edward to embark on an extensive tour of the Middle East, visiting Egypt, Jerusalem, Damascus, Beirut and Istanbul.[25] The British government wanted Edward to secure the friendship of Egypt's ruler, Said Pasha, to prevent French control of the Suez Canal if the Ottoman Empire collapsed. It was the first royal tour on which an official photographer, Francis Bedford, was in attendance.

As soon as Edward returned to Britain, preparations were made for his engagement, which was sealed at Laeken in Belgium on 9 September 1862.[26] Edward married Alexandra at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 10 March 1863. He was 21; she was 18.

Edward and Alexandra on their wedding day, 1863

The couple established Marlborough House as their London residence and Sandringham House in Norfolk as their country retreat. They entertained on a lavish scale. Their marriage met with disapproval in certain circles because most of the Queen's relations were German, and Denmark was at loggerheads with Germany over the territories of Schleswig and Holstein. When Alexandra's father, King Christian IX, inherited the throne of Denmark in November 1863, the German Confederation took the opportunity to invade and annex Schleswig-Holstein. The Queen was of two minds as to whether it was a suitable match, given the political climate.[27] After the marriage, she expressed anxiety about their socialite lifestyle and attempted to dictate to them on various matters, including the names of their children.[28]

London Bridge on the Night of the Marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales, by William Holman Hunt (1864)

Edward had mistresses throughout his married life. He socialised with actress Lillie Langtry; Lady Randolph Churchill;[c] Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick; actress Sarah Bernhardt; noblewoman Lady Susan Vane-Tempest; singer Hortense Schneider; prostitute Giulia Beneni (known as "La Barucci"); wealthy humanitarian Agnes Keyser; and Alice Keppel. At least fifty-five liaisons are conjectured.[30][31] How far these relationships went is not always clear. Edward always strove to be discreet, but this did not prevent society gossip or press speculation.[32] Keppel's great-granddaughter Camilla Parker Bowles became the mistress and subsequent wife of King Charles III, Edward's great-great-grandson. It was rumoured that Camilla's grandmother Sonia Keppel was fathered by Edward, but she was "almost certainly" the daughter of George Keppel, whom she resembled.[33] Edward never acknowledged any illegitimate children.[34] Alexandra was aware of his affairs, and seems to have accepted them.[35]

In 1869, Sir Charles Mordaunt, a British Member of Parliament, threatened to name Edward as co-respondent in his divorce suit. Ultimately, he did not do so but Edward was called as a witness in the case in early 1870. It was shown that Edward had visited the Mordaunts' house while Sir Charles was away sitting in the House of Commons. Although nothing further was proven and Edward denied he had committed adultery, the suggestion of impropriety was damaging.[12][36]

## Heir apparent

[edit]

During his mother's widowhood, Edward pioneered the idea of royal public appearances as they are understood today—for example, opening the Thames Embankment in 1871, the Mersey Railway Tunnel in 1886, and Tower Bridge in 1894[37]—but his mother did not allow him an active role in the running of the country until 1898.[38][39] He was sent summaries of important government documents, but she refused to give him access to the originals.[12] Edward annoyed his mother, who favoured the Germans, by siding with Denmark on the Schleswig-Holstein Question in 1864 and in the same year annoyed her again by making a special effort to meet Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian general and revolutionary, who was a leader in the movement for Italian unification.[40] Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone sent him papers secretly.[12] From 1886, Foreign Secretary Lord Rosebery sent him Foreign Office despatches, and from 1892 some Cabinet papers were opened to him.[12]

In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain was given a boost when the French Emperor, Napoleon III, was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and the French Third Republic was declared.[41] However, in the winter of 1871, a brush with death led to an improvement in both Edward's popularity with the public and his relationship with his mother. While staying at Londesborough Lodge, near Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Edward contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father. There was great national concern, and one of his fellow guests (Lord Chesterfield) died. Edward's recovery was greeted with almost universal relief.[12] Public celebrations included the composition of Arthur Sullivan's Festival Te Deum. Edward cultivated politicians from all parties, including republicans, as his friends, and thereby largely dissipated any residual feelings against him.[42]

Edward (front left) in India, 1875–76

On 26 September 1875, Edward set off for India on an extensive eight-month tour; on the way, he visited Malta, Brindisi and Greece. His advisors remarked on his habit of treating all people the same, regardless of their social station or colour. In letters home, he complained of the treatment of the native Indians by the British officials: "Because a man has a black face and a different religion from our own, there is no reason why he should be treated as a brute."[43] Consequently, Lord Salisbury, the Secretary of State for India, issued new guidance and at least one resident was removed from office.[12] He returned to England on 11 May 1876, after stopping off at Portugal.[44] At the end of the tour, Queen Victoria was given the title Empress of India by Parliament, in part as a result of the tour's success.[45]

Edward was regarded worldwide as an arbiter of men's fashions.[46][47] He made wearing tweed, Homburg hats and Norfolk jackets fashionable, and popularised the wearing of black ties with dinner jackets, instead of white tie and tails.[48] He pioneered the pressing of trouser legs from side to side in preference to the now normal front and back creases,[49] and was thought to have introduced the stand-up turn-down shirt collar, created for him by Charvet.[50] A stickler for proper dress, he is said to have admonished Lord Salisbury for wearing the trousers of an Elder Brother of Trinity House with a privy councillor's coat. Deep in an international crisis, Salisbury informed Edward that it had been a dark morning, and that "my mind must have been occupied by some subject of less importance."[51] The tradition of men not buttoning the bottom button of waistcoats is said to be linked to Edward, who supposedly left his undone because of his large girth.[12][52] His waist measured 48 inches (122 cm) shortly before his coronation.[53] He introduced the practice of eating roast beef and potatoes with horseradish sauce and Yorkshire pudding on Sundays, a meal that remains a staple British favourite for Sunday lunch.[54] He was a lifelong heavy smoker, but not a heavy drinker, though he did drink champagne and, occasionally, port.[55]

Edward was a patron of the arts and sciences and helped found the Royal College of Music. He opened the college in 1883 with the words, "Class can no longer stand apart from class ... I claim for music that it produces that union of feeling which I much desire to promote."[45] At the same time, he enjoyed gambling and country sports, and was an enthusiastic hunter. He ordered all the clocks at Sandringham to run half an hour ahead to provide more daylight time for shooting. This tradition of so-called Sandringham time continued until 1936, when it was abolished by Edward VIII.[56] He also laid out a golf course at Windsor. By the 1870s Edward had taken a keen interest in horseracing and steeplechasing. In 1896, his horse Persimmon won both the Derby Stakes and the St Leger Stakes. In 1900, Persimmon's brother, Diamond Jubilee, won five races (Derby, St Leger, 2000 Guineas Stakes, Newmarket Stakes and Eclipse Stakes)[57] and another of Edward's horses, Ambush II, won the Grand National.[58]

Edward (right) with his mother (centre); his niece Empress Alexandra of Russia (far left); her husband, Tsar Nicholas II; and their daughter Olga, 1896

In 1891 Edward was embroiled in the royal baccarat scandal, when it was revealed he had played an illegal card game for money the previous year. He was forced to appear as a witness in court for a second time when one of the participants unsuccessfully sued his fellow players for slander after being accused of cheating.[59] In the same year Edward was involved in a personal conflict, when Lord Charles Beresford threatened to reveal details of Edward's private life to the press, as a protest against Edward interfering with Beresford's affair with Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick. The friendship between the two men was irreversibly damaged, and their bitterness would last for the remainder of their lives.[60] Usually, Edward's outbursts of temper were short-lived, and "after he had let himself go ... [he would] smooth matters by being especially nice".[61]

In late 1891, Edward's eldest son, Albert Victor, was engaged to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck. Just a few weeks later, in early 1892, Albert Victor died of pneumonia. Edward was grief-stricken. "To lose our eldest son", he wrote, "is one of those calamities one can never really get over". Edward told the Queen, "[I would] have given my life for him, as I put no value on mine".[62] Albert Victor was the second of Edward's children to die. In 1871, his youngest son, Alexander John, had died just 24 hours after being born. Edward had insisted on placing Alexander John in a coffin personally with "the tears rolling down his cheeks".[63]

On his way to Denmark through Belgium on 4 April 1900, Edward was the victim of an attempted assassination when 15-year-old Jean-Baptiste Sipido shot at him in protest over the Second Boer War. The culprit was acquitted by a Belgian court because he was underage.[64] The perceived laxity of the Belgian authorities, combined with British disgust at Belgian atrocities in the Congo, worsened the already poor relations between the United Kingdom and the Continent. However, in the next ten years, Edward's affability and popularity, as well as his use of family connections, assisted Britain in building European alliances.[65]

## Reign

[edit]

### Accession

[edit]

Portrait by Sir Luke Fildes, 1901

When his mother died on 22 January 1901, Edward became King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India and, in an innovation, King of the British Dominions.[66] He chose to reign under the name of Edward VII, instead of Albert Edward—the name his mother had intended for him to use[d]—declaring that he did not wish to "undervalue the name of Albert" and diminish the status of his father with whom the "name should stand alone".[67] The numeral VII was occasionally omitted in Scotland, even by the national church, in deference to protests that the previous Edwards were English kings who had "been excluded from Scotland by battle".[12] J. B. Priestley recalled, "I was only a child when he succeeded Victoria in 1901, but I can testify to his extraordinary popularity. He was in fact the most popular king England had known since the earlier 1660s."[68]

Caricature in Puck magazine, 1901

Edward donated his parents' house, Osborne on the Isle of Wight, to the state and continued to live at Sandringham.[69] He could afford to be magnanimous; his private secretary, Sir Francis Knollys, claimed that he was the first heir to succeed to the throne in credit.[70] Edward's finances had been ably managed by Sir Dighton Probyn, Comptroller of the Household, and had benefited from advice from Edward's financier friends, some of whom were Jewish, such as Ernest Cassel, Maurice de Hirsch and the Rothschild family.[71] At a time of widespread antisemitism, Edward attracted criticism for openly socialising with Jews.[72][73]

Edward's coronation had originally been scheduled for 26 June 1902. However, two days before, he was diagnosed with appendicitis.[74] The disease was generally not treated operatively. It carried a high mortality rate, but developments in anaesthesia and antisepsis in the preceding 50 years made life-saving surgery possible.[75] Sir Frederick Treves, with the support of Lord Lister, performed a then-radical operation of draining a pint of pus from the infected abscess through an incision in the king's abdomen; this outcome showed that the cause was not cancer.[76] The next day, Edward was sitting up in bed, smoking a cigar.[77] Two weeks later, it was announced that he was out of danger. Treves was honoured with a baronetcy (which the King had arranged before the operation)[78] and appendix surgery entered the medical mainstream.[75] Edward was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 9 August 1902 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Frederick Temple.[74]

Edward refurbished the royal palaces, reintroduced the traditional ceremonies, such as the State Opening of Parliament, that his mother had foregone, and founded new honours, such as the Order of Merit, to recognise contributions to the arts and sciences.[79] In 1902, the Shah of Persia, Mozzafar-al-Din, visited England expecting to receive the Order of the Garter. The King refused to bestow the honour on the Shah because the order was meant to be in his personal gift and the Foreign Secretary, Lord Lansdowne, had promised it without his consent. He also objected to inducting a Muslim into a Christian order of chivalry. His refusal threatened to damage British attempts to gain influence in Persia,[80] but Edward resented his ministers' attempts to reduce his traditional powers.[81] Eventually, he relented and Britain sent a special embassy to the Shah with a full Order of the Garter the following year.[82]

### "Uncle of Europe"

[edit]

Relaxing at Balmoral Castle, photograph by Queen Alexandra

As King, Edward's main interests lay in the fields of foreign affairs and naval and military matters. Fluent in French and German, he reinvented royal diplomacy by numerous state visits across Europe.[83] He took annual holidays in Biarritz and Marienbad.[56] One of his most important foreign trips was an official visit to France in May 1903 as the guest of President Émile Loubet. Following a visit to Pope Leo XIII in Rome, this trip helped create the atmosphere for the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale, an agreement delineating British and French colonies in North Africa, and ruling out any future war between the two countries. The Entente was negotiated in 1904 between the French foreign minister, Théophile Delcassé, and the British foreign secretary, Lord Lansdowne. It marked the end of centuries of Anglo-French rivalry and Britain's splendid isolation from Continental affairs, and attempted to counterbalance the growing dominance of the German Empire and its ally, Austria-Hungary.[84]

Edward was related to nearly every other European monarch, and came to be known as the "uncle of Europe".[38] German Emperor Wilhelm II and Emperor Nicholas II of Russia were his nephews; Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain, Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden, Crown Princess Marie of Romania, Crown Princess Sophia of Greece, and Empress Alexandra of Russia were his nieces; King Haakon VII of Norway was both his nephew and his son-in-law; kings Frederick VIII of Denmark and George I of Greece were his brothers-in-law; kings Albert I of Belgium, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, and Carlos I and Manuel II of Portugal were his second cousins. Edward doted on his grandchildren, and indulged them, to the consternation of their governesses.[85] However, there was one relation whom Edward did not like: Wilhelm II. His difficult relationship with his nephew exacerbated the tensions between Germany and Britain.[86]

In April 1908, during Edward's annual stay at Biarritz, he accepted the resignation of British Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. In a break with precedent, Edward asked Campbell-Bannerman's successor, H. H. Asquith, to travel to Biarritz to kiss hands. Asquith complied, but the press criticised the action of the King in appointing a prime minister on foreign soil instead of returning to Britain.[87] In June 1908, Edward became the first reigning British monarch to visit the Russian Empire, despite refusing to visit in 1906, when Anglo-Russian relations were strained in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, the Dogger Bank incident, and the Tsar's dissolution of the Duma.[88] The previous month, he visited the Scandinavian countries, becoming the first British monarch to visit Sweden.[89]

### Political opinions

[edit]

Portrait in naval uniform by Vanity Fair magazine, 1902 Edward VII on British 1-penny stamp of 1902

While Prince of Wales, Edward had to be dissuaded from breaking with constitutional precedent by openly voting for W. E. Gladstone's Representation of the People Bill (1884) in the House of Lords.[12][90] On other matters, he was more conservative; for example, he did not favour giving votes to women,[12][91] although he did suggest that the social reformer Octavia Hill serve on the Commission for Working Class Housing.[92] He was also opposed to Irish Home Rule, instead preferring a form of dual monarchy.[12]

As Prince of Wales, Edward had come to enjoy warm and mutually respectful relations with Gladstone, whom his mother detested,[93] but the statesman's son, Home Secretary Herbert Gladstone, angered the King by planning to permit Roman Catholic priests in vestments to carry the Host through the streets of London, and by appointing two ladies, Lady Frances Balfour and May Tennant (wife of H. J. Tennant), to serve on a Royal Commission on reforming divorce law—Edward thought divorce could not be discussed with "delicacy or even decency" before ladies. Edward's biographer Philip Magnus-Allcroft suggests that Gladstone may have become a whipping boy for the King's general irritation with the Liberal government. Gladstone was sacked in the reshuffle the following year and the King agreed, with some reluctance, to appoint him Governor-General of South Africa.[94]

Edward involved himself heavily in discussions over army reform, the need for which had become apparent with the failings of the Second Boer War.[95] He supported the redesign of army command, the creation of the Territorial Force, and the decision to provide an Expeditionary Force supporting France in the event of war with Germany.[96] Reform of the Royal Navy was also suggested, partly due to the ever-increasing Naval Estimates, and because of the emergence of the Imperial German Navy as a new strategic threat.[97] Ultimately a dispute arose between Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, who favoured increased spending and a broad deployment, and the First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John Fisher, who favoured efficiency savings, scrapping obsolete vessels, and a strategic realignment of the Royal Navy relying on torpedo craft for home defence backed by the new dreadnoughts.[98][99]

The King lent support to Fisher, in part because he disliked Beresford, and eventually Beresford was dismissed. Beresford continued his campaign outside of the navy and Fisher ultimately announced his resignation in late 1909, although the bulk of his policies were retained.[100] The King was intimately involved in the appointment of Fisher's successor as the Fisher-Beresford feud had split the service, and the only truly qualified figure known to be outside of both camps was Sir Arthur Wilson, who had retired in 1907.[101] Wilson was reluctant to return to active duty, but Edward persuaded him to do so, and Wilson became First Sea Lord on 25 January 1910.[102]

Edward VII (left) and Kaiser Wilhelm II (right)

Edward was rarely interested in politics, although his views on some issues were notably progressive for the time. During his reign, he said use of the word nigger was "disgraceful", despite it then being in common parlance.[103] In 1904, Wilhelm II and Edward met during an Anglo-German summit in Kiel. Wilhelm, with the Russo-Japanese War in mind, started to go on about the "Yellow Peril", which he called "the greatest peril menacing ... Christendom and European civilisation. If the Russians went on giving ground, the yellow race would, in twenty years time, be in Moscow and Posen".[104] Wilhelm went on to attack his British guests for supporting Japan against Russia, suggesting that the British were committing "race treason". In response, Edward stated that he "could not see it. The Japanese were an intelligent, brave and chivalrous nation, quite as civilised as the Europeans, from whom they only differed by the pigmentation of their skin".[104] Although Edward lived a life of luxury often far removed from that of the majority of his subjects, they expected it, and his personal charm with all levels of society and his strong condemnation of prejudice went some way to assuage republican and racial tensions building during his lifetime.[12]

### Constitutional crisis

[edit]

In the last year of his life, Edward became embroiled in a constitutional crisis when the Conservative majority in the House of Lords refused to pass the "People's Budget" proposed by the Liberal government of Prime Minister Asquith. The crisis eventually led—after Edward's death—to the removal of the Lords' right to veto legislation. The King was displeased at Liberal attacks on the peers, which included a polemical speech by David Lloyd George at Limehouse.[105] Cabinet minister Winston Churchill publicly demanded a general election, for which Asquith apologised to the King's adviser Lord Knollys and rebuked Churchill at a Cabinet meeting. Edward was so dispirited at the tone of class warfare—although Asquith told him that party rancour had been just as bad over the First Home Rule Bill in 1886—that he introduced his son to Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane as "the last King of England".[106] After the King's horse Minoru won the Derby on 26 July 1909, he returned to the racetrack the following day and laughed when a man shouted: "Now, King. You've won the Derby. Go back home and dissolve this bloody Parliament!"[107]

In vain, the King urged Conservative leaders Arthur Balfour and Lord Lansdowne to pass the budget, which Lord Esher had advised him was not unusual, as Queen Victoria had helped to broker agreements between the two Houses over Irish disestablishment in 1869 and the Third Reform Act in 1884.[108] On Asquith's advice, however, he did not offer them an election (at which, to judge from recent by-elections, they were likely to gain seats) as a reward for doing so.[109]

Bust by Francis Derwent Wood Profile of Edward VII on a halfpenny, 1902

The Finance Bill passed the Commons on 5 November 1909, but was rejected by the Lords on 30 November; they instead passed a resolution of Lord Lansdowne's stating that they were entitled to oppose the bill as it lacked an electoral mandate. The King was annoyed that his efforts to urge passage of the budget had become public knowledge[110] and had forbidden Knollys, who was an active Liberal peer, from voting for the budget, although Knollys had suggested that this would be a suitable gesture to indicate royal desire to see the budget pass.[111] In December 1909, a proposal to create peers (to give the Liberals a majority in the Lords) or give the prime minister the right to do so was considered "outrageous" by Knollys, who thought the King should abdicate rather than agree to it.[112]

Talk of removing the Lords' veto played a major role in the January 1910 election. Early in the election campaign, Lloyd George talked of "guarantees" and Asquith of "safeguards" that would be necessary before forming another Liberal government, but such talk ceased after the King informed Asquith that he would not be willing to contemplate creating peers until after a second general election.[12][113] Balfour refused to say whether or not he would be willing to form a Conservative government, but advised the King not to promise to create peers until he had seen the terms of any proposed constitutional change.[114] During the campaign, the leading Conservative Walter Long asked Knollys for permission to state that the King did not favour Irish Home Rule, but Knollys refused on the grounds that it was not appropriate for the monarch's views to be known in public.[115]

The election resulted in a hung parliament, with the Liberal government dependent on the support of the third-largest party, the nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party. The King suggested a compromise whereby only 50 peers from each side would be allowed to vote, which would also obviate the large Conservative majority in the Lords, but Lord Crewe, Liberal leader in the Lords, advised that this would reduce the Lords' independence, as only peers who were loyal party supporters would be picked.[115] Pressure to remove the Lords' veto now came from the Irish nationalist MPs, who wanted to remove the Lords' ability to block the introduction of Home Rule. They threatened to vote against the budget unless they had their way (an attempt by Lloyd George to win their support by amending whiskey duties was abandoned as the Cabinet felt this would recast the budget too much). Asquith now revealed that there were no "guarantees" for the creation of peers. The Cabinet considered resigning and leaving it up to Balfour to try to form a Conservative government.[116]

The King's speech from the throne on 21 February made reference to introducing measures restricting the Lords' power of veto to one of delay, but Asquith inserted a phrase "in the opinion of my advisers" so the King could be seen to be distancing himself from the planned legislation.[117] The Commons passed resolutions on 14 April that would form the basis for the Parliament Act 1911: to remove the power of the Lords to veto money bills, to replace their veto of other bills with a power to delay, and to reduce the term of Parliament from seven years to five (the King would have preferred four[114]). However, in that debate Asquith hinted—to ensure the support of the nationalist MPs—that he would ask the King to break the deadlock "in that Parliament" (i.e. contrary to Edward's earlier stipulation that there be a second election). The budget was passed by both Commons and Lords in April.[118]

By April, the Palace was having secret talks with Balfour and Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury, who both advised that the Liberals did not have sufficient mandate to demand the creation of peers. The King thought the whole proposal "simply disgusting" and that the government was "in the hands of Redmond & Co". Lord Crewe announced publicly that the government's wish to create peers should be treated as formal "ministerial advice" (which, by convention, the monarch must accept), although Lord Esher argued that the monarch was entitled in extremis to dismiss the government rather than take their "advice".[119] Esher's view has been called "obsolete and unhelpful".[120]

## Death

[edit]

Main article: Death and state funeral of Edward VII

Deathbed photograph, May 1910 Funeral procession of Edward VII, London, 1910

Edward habitually smoked twenty cigarettes and twelve cigars a day. In 1907, a rodent ulcer, a type of cancer affecting the skin next to his nose, was cured with radium.[121] Towards the end of his life he increasingly suffered from bronchitis.[12] He suffered a momentary loss of consciousness during a state visit to Berlin in February 1909.[122] In March 1910, he was staying at Biarritz when he collapsed. He remained there to convalesce, while in London Asquith tried to get the Finance Bill passed. The King's continued ill health was unreported, and he attracted criticism for staying in France while political tensions were so high.[12] On 27 April he returned to Buckingham Palace, still suffering from severe bronchitis. Alexandra returned from visiting her brother, George I of Greece, in Corfu a week later on 5 May.

On 6 May, Edward suffered several heart attacks, but refused to go to bed, saying, "No, I shall not give in; I shall go on; I shall work to the end."[123] Between moments of faintness, his son the Prince of Wales (shortly to be King George V) told him that his horse, Witch of the Air, had won at Kempton Park that afternoon. The King replied, "Yes, I have heard of it. I am very glad": his final words.[12] At 11:30 p.m. he lost consciousness for the last time and was put to bed. He died 15 minutes later.[123]

Alexandra refused to allow Edward's body to be moved for eight days afterwards, though she allowed small groups of visitors to enter his room.[124] On 11 May, the late king was dressed in his uniform and placed in a massive oak coffin, which was moved on 14 May to the throne room, where it was sealed and lay in state, with a guardsman standing at each corner of the bier. Despite the time that had elapsed since his death, Alexandra noted his body remained "wonderfully preserved".[125] On the morning of 17 May, the coffin was placed on a gun carriage and drawn by black horses to Westminster Hall, with the new king, his family and Edward's favourite dog, Caesar, walking behind. Following a brief service, the royal family left, and the hall was opened to the public; over 400,000 people filed past the coffin over the next two days.[126] As Barbara Tuchman noted in The Guns of August, his funeral, held on 20 May 1910, marked "the greatest assemblage of royalty and rank ever gathered in one place and, of its kind, the last." A royal train conveyed the King's coffin from London to Windsor Castle, where Edward was buried at St George's Chapel.[127]

## Legacy

[edit]

Further information: Cultural depictions of Edward VII and Royal eponyms in Canada

Statue in Queen Victoria Gardens, Melbourne

Statue outside Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh

Statue of Edward VII, Bangalore, India

Statues of Edward can be found throughout the former empire.

Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson Charles III on 20 April 2011.[128] The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing.[129] Edward was the longest-serving holder of that title until surpassed by Charles on 9 September 2017.[130] Edward was Prince of Wales between 8 December 1841 and 22 January 1901 (59 years, 45 days); Charles held the title between 26 July 1958 and 8 September 2022 (64 years, 44 days).[129][131][132]

As king, Edward VII proved a greater success than anyone had expected,[133] but he was already past the average life expectancy and had little time left to fulfil the role. In his short reign, he ensured that his second son and heir, George V, was better prepared to take the throne. Contemporaries described their relationship as more like affectionate brothers than father and son,[134] and on Edward's death George wrote in his diary that he had lost his "best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief".[135]

Edward has been recognised as the first truly constitutional British sovereign and the last sovereign to wield effective political power.[136] Though lauded as "Peacemaker",[137] he had been afraid that German Emperor Wilhelm II, who was one of his nephews, would tip Europe into war.[138] Four years after Edward's death, the First World War broke out. The naval reforms he had supported and his part in securing the Triple Entente between Britain, France, and Russia, as well as his relationships with his extended family, fed the paranoia of the German Emperor, who blamed Edward for the war.[139] Publication of the official biography of Edward was delayed until 1927 by its author, Sidney Lee, who feared German propagandists would select material to portray Edward as an anti-German warmonger.[140] Lee was also hampered by the extensive destruction of Edward's personal papers; Edward had left orders that all his letters should be burned on his death.[141] Subsequent biographers have been able to construct a more rounded picture of Edward by using material and sources that were unavailable to Lee.[142]

Historian R. C. K. Ensor, writing in 1936, praised the King's political personality:

> ...he had in many respects great natural ability. He knew how to be both dignified and charming; he had an excellent memory; and his tact in handling people was quite exceptional. He had a store of varied, though unsystematised, knowledge gathered at first-hand through talking to all sorts of eminent men. His tastes were not particularly elevated, but they were thoroughly English; and he showed much (though not unfailing) comprehension for the common instincts of the people over whom he reigned. This was not the less remarkable because, though a good linguist in French and German, he never learned to speak English without a German accent.[143]

Ensor rejects the widespread notion that the King exerted an important influence on British foreign policy, believing he gained that reputation by making frequent trips abroad, with many highly publicised visits to foreign courts. Ensor thought surviving documents showed "how comparatively crude his views on foreign policy were, how little he read, and of what naïve indiscretions he was capable."[144] Edward received criticism for his apparent pursuit of self-indulgent pleasure, but he received great praise for his affable manners and diplomatic tact. As his grandson Edward VIII wrote, "his lighter side ... obscured the fact that he had both insight and influence."[145] "He had a tremendous zest for pleasure but he also had a real sense of duty", wrote J. B. Priestley.[146] Lord Esher wrote that Edward VII was "kind and debonair and not undignified—but too human".[147]

## Honours

[edit]

Edward VII wearing the Order of the Star of India. He became an extra knight of the order in 1861, while Prince of Wales.[148] Portrait by Alfred James Downey.

British honours[5]

* KG: Royal Knight Companion of the Garter, 9 November 1858[149]
* GCSI: Extra Knight Companion of the Star of India, 25 June 1861;[148] Extra Knight Grand Commander, 24 May 1866[150]
* FRS: Fellow of the Royal Society, 12 February 1863
* PC: Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, 8 December 1863
* GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Bath (military), 10 February 1865;[151] Great Master, 22 June 1897[152]
* KT: Extra Knight of the Thistle, 24 May 1867[153]
* KP: Extra Knight of St. Patrick, 18 March 1868[154]
* PC(I): Member of the Privy Council of Ireland, 21 April 1868
* GCStJ: Knight of Justice of St. John, 1876;[155] Grand Prior, 1888[156]
* GCMG: Extra Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 31 May 1877[157]
* GCIE: Extra Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire, 21 June 1887[158]
* GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 6 May 1896[159]
* Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, 1901[160]
* Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Merit, 26 June 1902[161]
* Founder and Sovereign of the Imperial Service Order, 8 August 1902[162]
* Founder of the Royal Victorian Chain, 1902[163]

Foreign honours
Armorial achievement of the Spanish Army 62nd Regiment of Infantry "Arapiles".
King Edward's cypher and the name of the British Army unit that played a prominent role in the Battle of Salamanca were added at the beginning of the Peninsular War Centenary (1908).[164]

* Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1844[165]
* Russia:[166]
* Knight of St. Andrew, with Collar, 1844
* Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, 1844
* Knight of the White Eagle, 1844
* Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class, 1844
* Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class, 1844
* Knight of St. Vladimir, 3rd Class, 1881
* Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion, 1849[166]
* Spain:
* Knight of the Golden Fleece, 7 May 1852[167]
* Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar, 6 May 1876[168]
* Portugal:[169]
* Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, 25 November 1858
* Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders, 7 June 1865; Three Orders, 8 February 1901
* Prussia:[170]
* Knight of the Black Eagle, 22 December 1858; with Collar, 1869
* Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, 2 March 1874
* Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 11 March 1878
* Knight of the Royal Crown Order, 3rd Class with Red Cross on White Field on Commemorative Band, 4 April 1881
* Knight of Honour of the Johanniter Order, 19 May 1884
* Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (civil), 11 January 1859[171]
* Sardinia: Knight of the Annunciation, 20 February 1859[172]
* Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, December 1859[173]
* Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 17 April 1860[174]
* Baden:[175]
* Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1861
* Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1861
* Ottoman Empire:
* Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class, 25 May 1862[176]
* Order of the House of Osman, June 1902[177]
* Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer, 29 May 1862[178]
* Hesse and by Rhine:[179]
* Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 8 October 1862
* Grand Cross of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous, with Swords, 18 February 1878
* Knight of the Golden Lion, 18 June 1882
* France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 15 March 1863[180]
* Denmark:[181]
* Knight of the Elephant, 16 November 1863
* Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, 14 October 1864
* Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise, 1892
* Grand Commander of the Dannebrog, 9 September 1901
* Sweden:
* Knight of the Seraphim, with Collar, 27 September 1864[182]
* Knight of the Order of Charles XIII, 21 December 1868[183]
* Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, with Collar, 26 April 1908[184]
* Hanover:[185]
* Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1864
* Knight of St. George, 1865
* Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore, 13 August 1865[186]
* Nassau: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, August 1865[187]
* Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 13 June 1867[188]
* Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross, 11 July 1871[188]
* Ethiopia:
* Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon, 1874[189]
* Grand Cross of the Star of Ethiopia, 9 October 1901[190]
* Norway: Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar, 3 October 1874[191]
* Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 24 February 1878[192]
* Siam:
* Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 1880[166]
* Grand Cross of the White Elephant, 1887[188]
* Military Order of Malta: Knight, 14 June 1881;[188] Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion[193]
* Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kalākaua, with Collar, July 1881[194]
* Romania:
* Grand Cross of the Star of Romania, 1882[166]
* Collar of the Order of Carol I, 1906[195]
* Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1883[196]
* Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 20 September 1886; Collar, 13 April 1902[197]
* Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 19 March 1901[188]
* Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles, 25 June 1902[198]
* San Marino: Grand Cross of the Order of San Marino, August 1902[199]
* Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I, 1902[200]
* Persia: Order of the Aqdas, 1st Class, 1904[201]

### Honorary foreign military appointments

[edit]

* 1870: Honorary Colonel of the Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)[202]
* 1883: Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) of the German Army[203]
* 5 February 1901: Honorary Colonel of the 27th (King Edward's) Regiment of Dragoons of Kiev[204]
* 26 June 1902: Admiral of the Fleet (Großadmiral) à la suite of the Imperial German Navy[203]
* Honorary Captain General of the Spanish Army[205]
* Honorary Admiral of the Spanish Navy[205]
* Colonel-in-Chief of the German regiment 5th (Pomeranian) Hussars "Prince Blücher of Wahlstatt"[203]
* Colonel-in-Chief 1st Guards Dragoons "Queen of Great Britain and Ireland"[203]
* Honorary Colonel of the Infantry Regiment "Zamora" No. 8 (Spain)[205]
* 1905: Honorary Admiral of the Swedish Navy[206]
* 1908: Honorary General of the Swedish Army[207]
* Honorary Admiral of the Greek Navy[193]
* Honorary General of the Norwegian Army[193]

## Arms

[edit]

Shortly after Edward's accession, he proposed an alternative version of the Royal Standard for use by the Sovereign, defaced in the centre with a purple oval containing the cypher and crown of the reigning monarch. However, he was persuaded that such a proposal was impractical.[208]

Edward's coat of arms as the Prince of Wales was the royal arms differenced by a label of three points argent and an inescutcheon of the Duchy of Saxony, representing his paternal arms. When he acceded as King, he gained the royal arms undifferenced.[209]

Coat of arms as Prince of Wales, 1841–1901

Royal coat of arms outside Scotland

Royal coat of arms in Scotland

Royal cypher[210]

## Issue

[edit]

Further information: Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark § Children of Alexandra and Edward VII

Name | Birth | Death | Marriage/notes

|
|
|

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale | 8 January 1864 | 14 January 1892 (aged 28) | engaged 1891, to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck
George V | 3 June 1865 | 20 January 1936 (aged 70) | 1893, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck; had issue including Edward VIII and George VI
Louise, Princess Royal | 20 February 1867 | 4 January 1931 (aged 63) | 1889, Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife; had issue
Princess Victoria | 6 July 1868 | 3 December 1935 (aged 67) | never married and without issue
Princess Maud | 26 November 1869 | 20 November 1938 (aged 68) | 1896, Prince Carl of Denmark (King of Norway as Haakon VII from 1905); had issue including Prince Alexander (later Olav V)
Prince Alexander John of Wales | 6 April 1871 | 7 April 1871 | born and died at Sandringham House

## Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Edward VII[211][212][213]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 14)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|

|  |  |
| 9\. Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf (= 15)

| 2\. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

| 5\. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|

|  |  |
| 11\. Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

| 1\. Edward VII of the United Kingdom|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. George III of the United Kingdom

| 6\. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 3\. Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 8)

| 7\. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|

|  |  |
| 15\. Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf (= 9)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## See also

[edit]

* Love chair (siège d'amour), sex chair invented for Edward
* Household of Edward VII and Alexandra
* Edward the Seventh, a 1975 television miniseries.

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ His godparents were the King of Prussia, his paternal step-grandmother the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (for whom the Duchess of Kent, his maternal grandmother, stood proxy), his great-uncle the Duke of Cambridge, his step-great-grandmother the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg (for whom the Duchess of Cambridge, his great-aunt, stood proxy), his great-aunt Princess Sophia (for whom Princess Augusta of Cambridge, his first cousin once-removed, stood proxy) and his great-uncle Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[2]
2. ^ Gazetted on 10 September 1849.[6]
3. ^ Letters written by Edward to Lady Randolph may have "signified no more than a flirtation" but were "[w]ritten in a strain of undue familiarity".[29]
4. ^ No English or British sovereign has ever reigned under a double name.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Magnus, p. 1
2. ^ "No. 20065", The London Gazette, 28 January 1842, p. 224
3. ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 1
4. ^ a b Weir, Alison (1996), Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised Edition, London: Random House, p. 319, ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5
5. ^ a b Cokayne, G. E. (1910), Gibbs, Vicary (ed.), The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, vol. 4, London: St Catherine's Press, pp. 451–452
6. ^ "No. 21018", The London Gazette, 11 September 1849, p. 2783
7. ^ Van der Kiste, John (May 2007) [September 2004], "Alfred, Prince, duke of Edinburgh (1844–1900)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/346, retrieved 24 June 2009`{{cite encyclopedia}}`: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
8. ^ Ridley, pp. 17–19
9. ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 4
10. ^ Ridley, p. 42
11. ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 18
12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Matthew, H. C. G. (May 2006) [September 2004], "Edward VII (1841–1910)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32975, retrieved 24 June 2009`{{cite encyclopedia}}`: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
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55. ^ Hattersley, p. 27
56. ^ a b Windsor, p. 46
57. ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 110
58. ^ Middlemas, p. 98
59. ^ Hattersley, pp. 23–25; Ridley, pp. 280–290
60. ^ Middlemas, p. 86; Ridley, pp. 265–268
61. ^ Sir Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby, quoted in Middlemas, p. 188
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65. ^ Middlemas, p. 65
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67. ^ "No. 27270", The London Gazette (Supplement), 23 January 1901, p. 547
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70. ^ Lee, p. 26
71. ^ Middlemas, pp. 38, 84, 96; Priestley, p. 32
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77. ^ Windsor, p. 20
78. ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 127
79. ^ Bentley-Cranch, pp. 122–139; Ridley, pp. 351–352, 361, 372
80. ^ Hattersley, pp. 39–40
81. ^ Lee, p. 182
82. ^ Lee, p. 157; Middlemas, pp. 125–126
83. ^ Glencross, Matthew (2015), The State Visits of Edward VII: Reinventing Royal Diplomacy for the Twentieth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-137-54898-6
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92. ^ Bentley-Cranch, p. 98
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123. ^ a b Bentley-Cranch, p. 151
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160. ^ The Albert Medal, Royal Society of Arts, London, UK, archived from the original on 8 June 2011, retrieved 9 March 2011
161. ^ Martin, Stanley (2007), The Order of Merit: One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour, New York City: I.B. Tauris & Co., p. 1, ISBN 978-1-86064-848-9, archived from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 19 October 2019
162. ^ "No. 27463", The London Gazette, 8 August 1902, p. 5171
163. ^ "Court Circular" (12 August 1902) The Times Issue 36844, p. 8.
164. ^ History of the 62nd Mountain Hunters Regiment "Arapiles" Archived 5 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Spanish Army website (in Spanish), retrieved 28 April 2016
165. ^ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66, Heinrich, 1866, p. 4, archived from the original on 1 August 2020, retrieved 21 November 2019
166. ^ a b c d Kimizuka, Naotaka (2004), 女王陛下のブルーリボン: ガーター勲章とイギリス外交 [Her Majesty The Queen's Blue Ribbon: The Order of the Garter and British Diplomacy] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NTT Publishing, pp. 300–302, ISBN 978-4-7571-4073-8, archived from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 14 September 2020
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170. ^ "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei: 5, 23, 632, 935, 1048, 1886, archived from the original on 18 August 2021, retrieved 18 August 2021
171. ^ "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1860, p. 50, archived from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 13 March 2021 - via Archives de Bruxelles
172. ^ Cibrario, Luigi (1869), Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri (in Italian), Eredi Botta, p. 116, archived from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 4 March 2019
173. ^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg (1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 18 Archived 8 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
174. ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1864), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13 Archived 25 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
175. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1862), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 33 Archived 24 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, 45 Archived 24 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine
176. ^ Star of the Order of Osmanieh, Royal Collection, archived from the original on 2 April 2019, retrieved 12 December 2019
177. ^ "Court Circular" (26 June 1902) The Times Issue 36804, p. 9
178. ^ Star of the Order of the Redeemer, Royal Collection, archived from the original on 2 April 2019, retrieved 12 December 2019
179. ^ Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1909, pp. 3, 6, 28 - via HathiTrust
180. ^ M. & B. Wattel (2009), Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers, Paris: Archives & Culture, p. 460, ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9
181. ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1910) [1st pub.:1801], Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1910 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1910] (PDF), Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish), Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri, pp. 3, 6, archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2020, retrieved 2 September 2020 - via da:DIS Danmark
182. ^ Sveriges och Norges Statskalender (in Swedish), 1865, p. 428, archived from the original on 7 December 2019, retrieved 20 February 2019 - via runeberg.org
183. ^ Anton Anjou (1900), "Utländske Riddare", Riddare af Konung Carl XIII:s orden: 1811–1900: biografiska anteckningar (in Swedish), Eksjö, Eksjö tryckeri-aktiebolag, p. 177
184. ^ "Matriklar (D 1)" [Directory (D 1)], Kungl. Maj:ts Ordens arkiv (in Swedish), vol. 7, Royal Court of Sweden, p. 298, 1900–1909, archived from the original on 10 June 2020, retrieved 18 December 2024 - via National Archives of Sweden
185. ^ Staat Hannover (1865), Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865, Berenberg, pp. 38, 81
186. ^ "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878 (in German), Neustrelitz: Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn, 1878, p. 11
187. ^ "Herzogliche Orden", Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau, Wiesbaden: Druck der A. Stein'schen Buchdruckerei, 1866, p. 9, archived from the original on 21 December 2019, retrieved 1 December 2019.
188. ^ a b c d e Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1910, p. 12
189. ^ "The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia Archived 26 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine", The Crown Council of Ethiopia. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
190. ^ "Court Circular" (10 October 1901) The Times Issue 36582, p. 7
191. ^ Norway (1908), "Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden", Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), pp. 869–870, archived from the original on 17 September 2021, retrieved 17 September 2021
192. ^ "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst-orden des Herzogs Peter Friedrich Ludwig", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: 1879, Oldenburg: Schulze, 1879, p. 35, archived from the original on 29 August 2020, retrieved 22 June 2020
193. ^ a b c Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1910) p. 37
194. ^ Kalakaua to his sister, 24 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "The Royal Tourist - Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London", Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 5, p. 100. Archived 19 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine
195. ^ "Ordinul Carol I" [Order of Carol I], Familia Regală a României (in Romanian), archived from the original on 6 May 2021, retrieved 17 October 2019
196. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1896), "Königliche Orden" p. 28
197. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017), 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese), 明治聖徳記念学会紀要, pp. 144, 149, archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2021, retrieved 17 August 2020
198. ^ "Partie officielle" (PDF), Journal de Monaco (2297): 1, 15 July 1902, archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022
199. ^ "Court News" (6 September 1902) The Times Issue 36866, p. 7
200. ^ "The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I", orderofdanilo.org. Archived 9 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
201. ^ Mulder, C. P. (1990), Persian Orders 1808–1925, Copenhagen: Orders and Medals Society of Denmark, p. 14, ISBN 87-88513-08-4
202. ^ Galla Uniform (in Danish), archived from the original on 4 June 2016, retrieved 30 January 2016
203. ^ a b c d "The German Emperor and the King" (28 June 1902) The Times Issue 36806, p. 5
204. ^ "The Coronation" (3 June 1902) The Times Issue 36784, p. 10
205. ^ a b c "Muerte del Rey Eduardo VII Archived 31 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine" (7 May 1910)  ABC (1st ed.), p. 12, retrieved 28 April 2016.
206. ^ Svensk rikskalender 1908 (in Swedish), Stockholm: P. A. Nordstedt & Söner, 1908, p. 229, SELIBR 498191, archived from the original on 9 July 2019, retrieved 20 February 2019
207. ^ Svensk rikskalender 1909 (in Swedish), Stockholm: P. A. Nordstedt & Söner, 1908, p. 155, SELIBR 498191, archived from the original on 24 December 2019, retrieved 20 February 2019
208. ^ David Prothero (12 April 2007), "British Royal Flags, Reign of Edward VII: Proposal for a Personal Royal Standard of King Edward VII", Flags of the World, retrieved 3 October 2022
209. ^ Velde, François (19 April 2008), Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family, Heraldica, archived from the original on 17 March 2018, retrieved 2 May 2010
210. ^ "The Royal Arms and Cypher for the Present Reign", The Genealogical Magazine, 5: 93–94, 1902 [First published July 1901], retrieved 28 June 2024
211. ^ Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (ed.) (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World, 1st edition. London: Burke's Peerage
212. ^ Huberty, M., Giraud, A., Magdelaine, F. & B. (1976–1994). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Vols I–VII. Le Perreux, France: Alain Giraud
213. ^ Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael (1999), Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, London: Little, Brown, p. 34, ISBN 978-1-85605-469-0

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Bentley-Cranch, Dana (1992), Edward VII: Image of an Era 1841–1910, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, ISBN 978-0-11-290508-0
* Ensor, R. C. K. (1936), England, 1870–1914, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* Hattersley, Roy (2004), The Edwardians, London: Little, Brown, ISBN 978-0-316-72537-8
* Heffer, Simon (1998), Power and Place: The Political Consequences of King Edward VII, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-84220-0
* Hough, Richard (1992), Edward & Alexandra: Their Private and Public Lives, London: Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-0-340-55825-6
* Lee, Sidney (1927), King Edward VII: A Biography, vol. II, London: Macmillan
* Magnus, Philip (1964), King Edward The Seventh, London: John Murray
* Middlemas, Keith (1972), Antonia Fraser (ed.), The Life and Times of Edward VII, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-83189-1
* Priestley, J. B. (1970), The Edwardians, London: Heinemann, ISBN 978-0-434-60332-9
* Ridley, Jane (2012), Bertie: A Life of Edward VII, London: Chatto & Windus, ISBN 978-0-7011-7614-3
* Shaw, William Arthur; Burtchaell, George Dames (1906), The knights of England; a complete record from the earliest time to the present day of the knights of all the orders of chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of knights bachelors, London: Central chancery of the orders of knighthood, Sherratt and Hughes
* Windsor, HRH The Duke of (1951), A King's Story, London: Cassell and Co

## Further reading

[edit]

* Andrews, Allen (1975), The Follies of King Edward VII, Lexington, ISBN 978-0-904312-15-7
* Beer, Peter (2016), Playboy Princes: The Apprentice Years of Edward VII and VIII, Peter Owen
* Buckner, Phillip (2003), "Casting daylight upon magic: Deconstructing the royal tour of 1901 to Canada", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 31 (2): 158–189, doi:10.1080/03086530310001705656, S2CID 162347515
* Butler, David (1975), Edward VII, Prince of Hearts, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, ISBN 978-0-297-76897-5
* Cornwallis, Kinahan (2009) [1860], Royalty in the New World: Or, the Prince of Wales in America, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-108-00298-1
* Cowles, Virginia (1956), Edward VII and his Circle, H. Hamilton
* Farrer, James Anson (1912), England Under Edward VII, Allen & Unwin
* Glencross, Matthew (2016), The State Visits of Edward VII: Reinventing Royal Diplomacy for the Twentieth Century, Palgrave Macmillan
* Hibbert, Christopher (2007), Edward VII: The Last Victorian King, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-4039-8377-0
* Neilson, Francis (1957), "Edward VII and the Entente Cordiale, I.", American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 16 (4): 353–368, doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1957.tb00197.x, JSTOR 3484884
* Plumptre, George (1997), Edward VII, Trafalgar Square Publishing, ISBN 978-1-85793-846-3
* Ponsonby, Frederick (1951), Recollections of Three Reigns, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode
* Ridley, Jane (2013), "'The Sport of Kings': Shooting and The Court of Edward VII", The Court Historian, 18 (2): 189–205, doi:10.1179/cou.2013.18.2.004, S2CID 159750104
* Ridley, Jane (2016), "Bertie Prince of Wales: Prince Hal and the Widow of Windsor", Royal Heirs and the Uses of Soft Power in Nineteenth-Century Europe, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 123–138
* Roby, Kinley E. (1975), The King, the Press and the People: A Study of Edward VII, Barrie and Jenkins, ISBN 978-0-214-20098-4
* Ryan, A. P. (1953), "The Diplomacy of Edward VII", History Today, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 352–360
* St Aubyn, Giles (1979), Edward VII, Prince and King, Atheneum, ISBN 978-0-689-10937-9
* Tuchman, Barbara (1964), The Guns of August, New York: Macmillan
* Walker, Richard (1988), The Savile Row Story: An Illustrated History, London: Prion, ISBN 978-1-85375-000-7
* Watson, Alfred Edward Thomas (1911), King Edward VII. as a sportsman, Longmans, Green and Company
* Weintraub, Stanley (2001), Edward the Caresser: The Playboy Prince Who Became Edward VII, Free Press, ISBN 978-0-684-85318-5

## External links

[edit]

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Edward VII at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Texts from Wikisource
* Data from Wikidata

* Edward VII at the official website of the British monarchy
* Edward VII at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
* Edward VII at BBC History
* Works by Edward VII at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Edward VII at the Internet Archive
* Macaulay, James (editor) (1889). Speeches and addresses of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales: 1863–1888 London: Murray
* Portraits of King Edward VII at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Edward VII

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Cadet branch of the House of Wettin

Born: 9 November 1841 Died: 6 May 1910

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Victoria

|  King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions
Emperor of India
22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910  | Succeeded by

George V

British royalty
Vacant

Title last held by

George (IV) |  Prince of Wales
Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
1841–1901  | Succeeded by

George (V)

Military offices
Preceded by

The Earl Beauchamp

|  Colonel of the 10th (Prince of Wales's Own Royal) Hussars
1863–1901  | Succeeded by

Lord Ralph Drury Kerr

Masonic offices
Preceded by

The Marquess of Ripon

|  Grand Master of the United
Grand Lodge of England
1874–1901  | Succeeded by

The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

Honorary titles
Vacant

Title last held by

The Prince Consort |  Great Master of the Bath
1897–1901  | Succeeded by

The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

* v
* t
* e

Edward VII

King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India (1901–1910)

Family|

* Alexandra of Denmark (wife)
* Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (son)
* George V (son)
* Louise, Princess Royal (daughter)
* Princess Victoria (daughter)
* Maud, Queen of Norway (daughter)
* Queen Victoria (mother)
* Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (father)
* Victoria, German Empress (sister)
* Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine (sister)
* Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (brother)
* Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (sister)
* Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll (sister)
* Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (brother)
* Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (brother)
* Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg (sister)

Events|

* Wedding
* Royal baccarat scandal
* Coronation
* Honours
* Medal
* Police Medal
* Coronation cases
* State and official visits made
* State visits received
* Death and state funeral

Reign|

* Edwardian era
* Edwardian architecture
* Prime ministers
* Household

Namesakes|

* King Edward VII Land, Antarctica
* King Edward VII-class battleship
* HMS King Edward VII
* Hospitals
* Falkland Islands
* London
* Sheffield
* Parks
* Lisbon
* Schools
* Johannesburg
* King's Lynn
* Lytham St Annes
* Melton Mowbray
* Sheffield
* Taiping
* Universities
* Lahore
* Prince Albert
* King Edward VII Stakes

Depictions|

| Film and television|

* The Coronation of Edward VII (1902)
* "Guest of Honour" (1972)
* Fall of Eagles (1974)
* Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill (1974)
* Edward the Seventh (1975)
* The Duchess of Duke Street (1976)
* Lillie (1978)
* Mrs Brown (1997)
* The Lost Prince (2003)
* Victoria & Abdul (2017)

|

Statues and
memorials|

* Bengaluru
* Birmingham
* Bootle
* Brighton
* Montreal

Portraits|

* The Christening of the Prince of Wales
* The Marriage of the Prince of Wales
* Coronation portrait

Books|

* The Edwardians (1930)
* And Having Writ... (1978)
* Flashman and the Tiger (1999)

Stamps|

* Edward VII 2d Tyrian plum

Mistresses|

* Agnes Keyser
* Alice Keppel
* Daisy Greville
* Hortense Schneider
* Lady Susan Vane-Tempest
* Lillie Langtry
* Nellie Clifden
* Patsy Cornwallis-West

Honours|

* Royal Family Order
* Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
* Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order

Related|

* Arthur Sassoon
* Olga de Meyer
* Lady Randolph Churchill
* Sarah Bernhardt
* Homburg hat
* Caesar (dog)
* King Edward VII's Town Coach
* King's Ginger
* Marlborough House set
* Love chair

* ← Victoria
* George V →

* v
* t
* e

English, Scottish and British monarchs

| Monarchs of England until 1603| Monarchs of Scotland until 1603

|

* Alfred the Great
* Edward the Elder
* Ælfweard
* Æthelstan
* Edmund I
* Eadred
* Eadwig
* Edgar the Peaceful
* Edward the Martyr
* Æthelred the Unready
* Sweyn
* Edmund Ironside
* Cnut
* Harold Harefoot
* Harthacnut
* Edward the Confessor
* Harold Godwinson
* Edgar Ætheling
* William I
* William II
* Henry I
* Stephen
* Matilda
* Henry II
* Henry the Young King
* Richard I
* John
* Louis
* Henry III
* Edward I
* Edward II
* Edward III
* Richard II
* Henry IV
* Henry V
* Henry VI
* Edward IV
* Edward V
* Richard III
* Henry VII
* Henry VIII
* Edward VI
* Jane
* Mary I and Philip
* Elizabeth I

* Kenneth I MacAlpin
* Donald I
* Constantine I
* Áed
* Giric
* Eochaid
* Donald II
* Constantine II
* Malcolm I
* Indulf
* Dub
* Cuilén
* Amlaíb
* Kenneth II
* Constantine III
* Kenneth III
* Malcolm II
* Duncan I
* Macbeth
* Lulach
* Malcolm III
* Donald III
* Duncan II
* Edgar
* Alexander I
* David I
* Malcolm IV
* William I
* Alexander II
* Alexander III
* Margaret
* John
* Robert I
* David II
* Edward Balliol
* Robert II
* Robert III
* James I
* James II
* James III
* James IV
* James V
* Mary I
* James VI

* Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603

* James I & VI
* Charles I
* The Protectorate
* Oliver Cromwell
* Richard Cromwell
* Charles II
* James II & VII
* William III & II and Mary II
* Anne

* British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707

* Anne
* George I
* George II
* George III
* George IV
* William IV
* Victoria
* Edward VII
* George V
* Edward VIII
* George VI
* Elizabeth II
* Charles III

* Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Monarchy in Canada

The Crown|

* Monarchy in the Canadian provinces
* BC
* AB
* SK
* MB
* ON
* QC
* NB
* NS
* PE
* NL

Monarchs|

* Victoria
* Edward VII
* George V
* Edward VIII
* George VI
* Elizabeth II
* Charles III

Viceroys|

* Governor General of Canada
* List
* Lieutenant governors in Canada
* BC
* List
* AB
* List
* SK
* List
* MB
* List
* ON
* List
* QC
* List
* NB
* List
* NS
* List
* PE
* List
* NL
* List
* Territorial Commissioners
* Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments

Constitutional|

* King-in-Council
* King-in-Parliament
* King-on-the-Bench
* King's peace
* The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces
* The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada

Legal|

* Crown copyright
* Crown corporations
* King's Consent
* King's Printer
* Royal charter
* Royal commissions

Ceremonial and symbolic|

* Chapels Royal
* Crown Collection
* Royal symbols
* Royal tours
* 1786–1999
* 2000–present
* Special address
* Title and style
* Thrones of Canada
* Canadian Coronation Contingent

Related|

* Canadian Secretary to the King
* History of monarchy in Canada
* Debate on the monarchy in Canada
* Monarchism
* Republicanism

* v
* t
* e

British princes

The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.

1st generation|

* King George II

2nd generation|

* Frederick, Prince of Wales
* Prince George William
* Prince William, Duke of Cumberland

3rd generation|

* King George III
* Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
* Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
* Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn
* Prince Frederick

4th generation|

* King George IV
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
* King William IV
* Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
* King Ernest Augustus of Hanover
* Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
* Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
* Prince Octavius
* Prince Alfred
* Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

5th generation|

* Prince Albert1
* King George V of Hanover
* Prince George, Duke of Cambridge

6th generation|

* King Edward VII
* Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
* Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
* Prince Ernest Augustus

7th generation|

* Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
* King George V
* Prince Alexander John of Wales
* Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Arthur of Connaught
* Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince George William of Hanover
* Prince Christian of Hanover
* Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick

8th generation|

* King Edward VIII
* King George VI
* Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
* Prince George, Duke of Kent
* Prince John
* Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
* Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover
* Prince George William of Hanover

9th generation|

* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2
* Prince William of Gloucester
* Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
* Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
* Prince Michael of Kent

10th generation|

* King Charles III
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

11th generation|

* William, Prince of Wales
* Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
* James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex

12th generation|

* Prince George of Wales
* Prince Louis of Wales
* Prince Archie of Sussex

1 Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.
Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Forefather|

Duke Francis I*

1st generation|

* Duke Ernest I*
* Prince Ferdinand*
* King Leopold I of the Belgians*

2nd generation|

| Ducal|

* Duke Ernest II*
* Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom*

|

Koháry|

* King Ferdinand II of Portugal and the Algarves*
* Prince August*
* Prince Leopold*

Belgium|

* Crown Prince Louis Philippe
* King Leopold II
* Prince Philippe

3rd generation|

| United Kingdom|

* King Edward VII
* Duke Alfred I
* Prince Arthur
* Prince Leopold

|

Portugal|

* King Pedro V
* King Luís I
* Infante João
* Infante Fernando
* Infante Augusto

Koháry|

* Prince Philipp
* Prince Ludwig August
* Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians

Belgium|

* Prince Leopold
* Prince Baudouin
* King Albert I

4th generation|

| United Kingdom|

* Prince Albert Victor
* King George V
* Hereditary Prince Alfred
* Prince Arthur
* Duke Charles Edward I

|

Portugal|

* King Carlos I
* Infante Afonso

Koháry|

* Prince Leopold Clement
* Prince Peter August
* Prince August Leopold
* Prince Joseph Ferdinand
* Prince Ludwig Gaston

Bulgaria|

* Tsar Boris III
* Prince Kiril

Belgium|

* King Leopold III
* Prince Charles

5th generation|

| United Kingdom|

* King Edward VIII
* King George VI
* Prince Henry
* Prince George
* Prince John
* Prince Alastair

|

Ducal|

* Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold
* Prince Hubertus
* Prince Friedrich Josias

Portugal|

* Prince Luís Filipe
* King Manuel II

Koháry|

* Prince Rainer
* Prince Philipp

Bulgaria|

* Tsar Simeon II

Belgium|

* King Baudouin I
* King Albert II
* Prince Alexandre

6th generation|

| Ducal|

* Prince Ernst Leopold
* Prince Andreas

|

Bulgaria|

* Prince Kardam
* Prince Kyril

Belgium|

* King Philippe I
* Prince Laurent

7th generation|

| Ducal|

* Prince Hubertus (born 1961)
* Prince Hubertus (born 1975}

|

Bulgaria|

* Prince Boris

Belgium|

* Prince Gabriel
* Prince Emmanuel

*Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826

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* e

Princes of Wales

* Edward of Caernarfon (1301–1307)
* Edward the Black Prince (1343–1376)
* Richard of Bordeaux (1376–1377)
* Henry of Monmouth (1399–1413)
* Edward of Westminster (1454–1471)
* Edward (1471–1483)
* Edward of Middleham (1483–1484)
* Arthur (1489–1502)
* Henry (1504–1509)
* Edward (1537–1547)
* Henry Frederick (1610–1612)
* Charles (1616–1625)
* Charles (1641–1649)
* James (1688)
* George (1714–1727)
* Frederick (1728–1751)
* George (1751–1760)
* George (1762–1820)
* Albert Edward (1841–1901)
* George (1901–1910)
* Edward (1910–1936)
* Charles (1958–2022)
* William (2022–present)

See also: Principality of Wales

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Dukes of Cornwall

* Edward (1337–1376)
* Richard (1376–1377)
* Henry (1399–1413)
* Henry (1421–1422)
* Edward (1453–1471)
* Richard (1460; disputed)
* Edward (1470–1483)
* Edward (1483–1484)
* Arthur (1486–1502)
* Henry (1502–1509)
* Henry (1511)
* Edward (1537–1547)
* Henry Frederick (1603–1612)
* Charles (1612–1625)
* Charles (1630–1649)
* James (1688–1701/2)
* George (1714–1727)
* Frederick (1727–1751)
* George (1762–1820)
* Albert Edward (1841–1901)
* George (1901–1910)
* Edward (1910–1936)
* Charles (1952–2022)
* William (2022–present)

Cornwall Portal

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* e

Dukes of Rothesay

* David (1398–1402)
* James (1402–1406)
* Alexander (1430)
* James (1430–1437)
* James (1452–1460)
* James (1473–1488)
* James (1507–1508)
* Arthur (1509–1510)
* James (1512–1513)
* James (1540–1541)
* James (1566–1567)
* Henry Frederick (1594–1612)
* Charles (1612–1625)
* Charles James (1629)
* Charles (1630–1649)
* James (1688–1689)
* George (1714–1727)
* Frederick (1727–1751)
* George (1762–1820)
* Albert Edward (1841–1901)
* George (1901–1910)
* Edward (1910–1936)
* Charles (1952–2022)
* William (2022–present)

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* e

Great Masters of the Order of the Bath

* John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu (1725–1749)
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (1767–1827)
* Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (1827–1830)
* Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex (1837–1843)
* Albert, Prince Consort (1843–1861)
* Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (1897–1901)
* Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1901–1942)
* Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1942–1974)
* Charles, Prince of Wales (1974–2022)
* William, Prince of Wales (2024–present)

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* e

United Grand Lodge of England

Grand Masters|

| 19th century|

* The Duke of Sussex (1813–1843)
* The Earl of Zetland (1844–1870)
* The Marquess of Ripon (1870–1874)
* The Prince of Wales (1874–1901)

|

20th century|

* The Duke of Connaught (1901–1939)
* The 1st Duke of Kent (1939–1942)
* The Earl of Harewood (1942–1947)
* The Duke of Devonshire (1947–1950)
* The Earl of Scarbrough (1951–1967)
* The 2nd Duke of Kent (1967–present)

Related articles|

* History of Freemasonry
* Premier Grand Lodge of England
* Antient Grand Lodge of England
* Freemasons' Hall, London
* Mark Masons' Hall, London
* Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution
* Provincial Grand Lodges (UGLE)
* Lectures of the Three Degrees in Craft Masonry
* Emulation Lodge of Improvement
* Quatuor Coronati Lodge

Appendant bodies|

| Trinitarian|

* Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia
* Royal Order of Scotland
* Ancient and Accepted Rite
* Royal Order of Eri
* Order of Knights Templar and Knights of Malta
* Order of the Red Cross of Constantine
* Order of Holy Wisdom
* Order of Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests
* Order of St Thomas of Acon
* Order of Knights Beneficent of the Holy City

|

non-Trinitarian|

* Order of the Holy Royal Arch
* Order of Mark Master Masons
* Order of the Secret Monitor
* Order of Athelstan
* Order of the Allied Masonic Degrees
* Order of Royal and Select Masters
* Order of Knight Masons
* Fraternity of Royal Ark Mariners
* Order of the Scarlet Cord

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