Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India

Lists the official languages of the Republic of India

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The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India lists the languages officially recognized by the Government of India. As of 2024[update], 22 languages have been classified under the schedule.

## Definition

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As per the Constitution of India, the provisions belonging to the eight schedule are defined in articles 344(1) and 351. Article 344(1) defined a set of 14 regional languages which were represented in the Official Languages Commission and Article 351 deals with the promotion of usage of Hindi by Government of India, which was declared as an official language. English was declared as an additional official language to be used for a period not exceeding 15 years. The commission was to suggest steps to be taken to progressively promote the use of Hindi as the official language of the country.[1]

## Official Languages Act, 1963

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Main article: Official Languages Act, 1963

The Official Languages Act, 1963 which came into effect on 26 January 1965, made provisions for the continuation of English as an official language alongside Hindi in official communications after the expiration of the fifteen year period.[2][3]

On 18 January 1968, the Official Language Resolution was passed by the Parliament of India which further mandated the development and promotion of all the languages listed in the Eighth Schedule. As per the resolution, the Government of India was obligated to take measures for the development of the languages defined in the eighth schedule.[4][5]

## History

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### Initial list (1950)

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The original Eighth Schedule in 1950 included 14 languages:

* Assamese
* Bengali
* Gujarati
* Hindi
* Kannada
* Kashmiri
* Malayalam
* Marathi
* Odia[6]
* Punjabi
* Sanskrit
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu

### Additions through constitutional amendments

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Source:[7]

* 21st Amendment (1967): Sindhi was added as the 15th language.
* 71st Amendment (1992): Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali were included, increasing the total to 18 languages.
* 92nd Amendment (2003): Four languages—Bodo, Dogri, Santali, and Maithili—were added, raising the total number to 22 languages.
* 96th Amendment (2011): Oriya was renamed Odia.

## Scheduled languages

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The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution defined 14 languages in 1950:[8] Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.[9] In 1967, the 21st amendment to the constitution added Sindhi to the Eighth Schedule. The 71st Amendment, enacted in 1992, added three more languages: Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali. In 2003, the 92nd Amendment added Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithili, raising the total number of languages to 22.[9] In 2011, the spelling Oriya was changed to Odia by 96th amendment.[10]

As of 2025[update], the following languages are recognized under the eighth schedule of the Constitution of India:

Language[1] | Speakers[11]
(millions, 2011) | Year included[9] | Official Script in India  | Language family[12] | States/UTs where official[13]

|
|
|
|
|

Assamese | 15.3  | 1950  | Bengali–Assamese | Indo-Aryan | Assam
Bengali | 97.2  | Assam, West Bengal, Tripura, Jharkhand
Bodo | 1.48  | 2003  | Devanagari | Sino-Tibetan | Assam
Dogri | 2.6  | Indo-Aryan  | Jammu and Kashmir
Gujarati | 55.5  | 1950  | Gujarati | Gujarat
Hindi | 528  | Devanagari  | Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.
Kannada | 43.7  | Kannada | Dravidian | Karnataka
Kashmiri | 6.8  | Perso-Arabic | Indo-Aryan  | Jammu and Kashmir
Konkani | 2.25  | 1992  | Devanagari  | Goa
Maithili | 13.6  | 2003  | Bihar, Jharkhand
Malayalam | 34.8  | 1950  | Malayalam | Dravidian  | Kerala, Puducherry, Lakshadweep
Manipuri | 1.8  | 1992  | Meitei | Sino-Tibetan  | Manipur
Marathi | 83  | 1950  | Balbodh | Indo-Aryan  | Goa, Maharashtra
Nepali | 2.9  | 1992  | Devanagari | Sikkim, West Bengal
Odia | 37.5  | 1950  | Odia script | Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal
Punjabi | 33.1  | Gurmukhi | Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, West Bengal
Sanskrit | 0.02  | Devanagari | Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
Santali | 7.6  | 2003  | Ol Chiki | Austroasiatic | Jharkhand, West Bengal
Sindhi | 2.7  | 1967  | Devanagari and Perso-Arabic | Indo-Aryan  | None
Tamil | 69  | 1950  | Tamil | Dravidian  | Puducherry, Tamil Nadu
Telugu | 81.1  | Telugu | Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry, Telangana, West Bengal
Urdu | 50.7  | Perso-Arabic  | Indo-Aryan  | Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal

## Demands for expansion

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In 2003, a committee was established by Government of India, to study the possible inclusion of more languages to the schedule. As per the Ministry of Home Affairs, there are demands for inclusion of 38 more languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. These are:[1]

* Angami
* Angika
* Bajjika
* Bhojpuri
* Bundeli
* Chhattisgarhi
* Dhatki
* English
* Garhwali
* Gondi
* Gujjari
* Pahadi
* Ho
* Kachhi
* Kamtapuri
* Karbi
* Khasi
* Kodava
* Kokborok
* Kumaoni
* Kurmali
* Kurukh
* Ladakhi
* Banjara
* Lepcha
* Limbu
* Magahi
* Mizo
* Mundari
* Sadri
* Nicobarese
* Pali
* Rajasthani[14]
* Sambalpuri
* Saraiki
* Shauraseni Prakrit
* Sikkimese
* Tulu

## Arguments regarding expansion

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### Arguments for inclusion

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* Cultural preservation: Many communities argue that inclusion in the Eighth Schedule would help preserve and promote their cultural heritage and linguistic identity.[15]
* Administrative recognition: Inclusion grants official recognition, ensuring the use of these languages in government administration and education.
* Increased resources: Inclusion allows for funding and resources to be allocated for the development and promotion of the language.

### Arguments against inclusion

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* Administrative complexity: Recognizing too many languages could complicate governance, translation, and communication.
* Dilution of resources: Increased inclusion could divert resources and attention from the development of existing languages.
* Politicization of language: Inclusion may encourage regional and political pressures, leading to disputes over linguistic priorities.

## References

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1. ^ a b c "Constitution of India, Eighth schedule" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
2. ^ Official Languages Act (PDF). Parliament of India. 1963. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
3. ^ "THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT, 1963 | Department of Official Language | Ministry of Home Affairs | GoI". rajbhasha.gov.in. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
4. ^ Official Languages Resolution. Parliament of India. 1968. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
5. ^ "THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE RESOLUTION, 1968" (PDF). DGDE. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
6. ^ Renamed Odia in 2011.
7. ^ "Amendments to the Official Language of India". Drishti Judiciary. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
8. ^ "The Constitution of India" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
9. ^ a b c "Eighth Schedule" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
10. ^ "The Constitution (Ninety-Sixth Amendment) Act, 2011". eGazette of India. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
11. ^ Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues – 2011 (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2018.
12. ^ "Indian languages". Ethnologue. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
13. ^ Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) (PDF) (Report). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
14. ^ The Rajasthan State Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution in August 2003 advocating for the recognition of Rajasthani and its inclusion in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. [1]
15. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375894955_PROMOTING_MULTILINGUALISM_AND_CULTURAL_DIVERSITY_IN_NATIONAL_EDUCATION_POLICY

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Languages of India

Official
languages|

| Union-level|

* Hindi
* English

|

8th schedule to the
Constitution of India|

| Classical|

* Assamese
* Bengali
* Kannada
* Malayalam
* Marathi
* Odia
* Sanskrit
* Tamil
* Telugu

|

Non-classical|

* Bodo
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Hindi
* Kashmiri
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Meitei (Manipuri)
* Nepali
* Punjabi
* Santali
* Sindhi
* Urdu

State-level only|

* Angika
* Bhojpuri
* Chhattisgarhi
* Garo
* Gurung
* Ho
* Kamatapuri
* Kharia
* Khasi
* Khortha
* Kokborok
* Kurmali
* Kurukh
* Lepcha
* Limbu
* Magahi
* Magar
* Mizo
* Mundari
* Newari
* Rai
* Rajbangshi
* Sadri
* Sherpa
* Sikkimese
* Sunwar
* Tamang

Major
unofficial
languages|

| Over 1 million
speakers|

* Awadhi
* Bagheli
* Bagri
* Bajjika
* Bhili
* Bundeli
* Dhundhari
* Garhwali
* Gondi
* Harauti
* Haryanvi
* Kangri
* Khandeshi
* Kumaoni
* Lambadi
* Malvi
* Marwari
* Mewari
* Nimadi
* Rajasthani
* Surjapuri
* Tulu
* Wagdi
* Varhadi

|

100,000 – 1 million
speakers|

* Adi
* Angami
* Ao
* Badaga
* Dimasa
* Halbi
* Karbi
* Khotta
* Kodava
* Kolami
* Konyak
* Korku
* Koya
* Kui
* Kuvi
* Ladakhi
* Lotha
* Malto
* Mising
* Nishi
* Phom
* Rabha
* Sema
* Sora
* Tangkhul
* Thadou

* Linguistic history
* Classical
* Multilingualism
* Endangered
* Scheduled languages in states

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