Elections in Bangladesh

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Scene from a polling booth in Bangladesh

Bangladesh elects on national level a legislature with one house or chamber. The unicameral Jatiyo Sangshad, meaning national parliament, has 350 members of which 300 members are directly elected through a national election for a five-year term in single-seat constituencies while 50 memberships are reserved for the women who are selected by the ruling party or coalition. The Prime Minister is the head of the government. The president who is the head of the state is elected by the National Parliament. The president of Bangladesh is a ceremonial post and does not exercise any control over the running of the state.

Prior to the 2024 Bangladesh constitutional crisis, the country had a two-party system that had evolved over time since the election of 1991. Two political parties or coalitions dominated, one headed by Bangladesh Awami League and the other by Bangladesh Nationalist Party, making it difficult for anybody to achieve electoral success under the banner of any other party. However, the Jatiya Party (Ershad) has enjoyed electoral success over the years, winning several local and mayoral elections and becoming the primary opposition party following the boycott by of the 2014 Bangladeshi general election by BNP.

## Historical overview

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The constitution was adopted in 1972 and declared Bangladesh as a parliamentary republic. However, in 1975 executive powers were transferred to the Presidency, reducing the Jatiyo Sangshad and the Prime Minister to legislative powers only. This system was maintained until 1991 when the Twelfth Amendment was passed, returning the state to a parliamentary system. Since 1971, 11 parliamentary elections have been held and three Presidential elections have been held by popular vote.

## Parliamentary elections

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### Electoral system

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See also: Jatiya Sangsad and Government of Bangladesh

Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban

The Parliament of Bangladesh (Jatiya Sangsad) consists of 350 members elected to five-year terms. Of that number, 300 are elected in single-member territorial constituencies according to the first-past-the-post electoral system. The remaining 50 seats are reserved for women, and are filled on the basis of proportional representation by a vote of the 300 members. The number of reserved seats has been revised over the years, increasing from 30 to 45 under the 8th parliament and 45 to 50 under the 9th parliament.[1]

### General elections

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Since independence in 1971, 11 general elections have been held in Bangladesh to elect members of the Jatiya Sangsad:

#### 1970

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1970 Pakistani general election

Main articles: 1970 Pakistani general election and 1970 Pakistani general election in East Pakistan

The 1970 Pakistani National Assembly election was held on 7 December 1970. In East Pakistan, The total number of voters were 29,479,386. The number of casting votes was 17,005,163 (57.68%), the valid casting votes was 16,454,278.[2]

Party  | Votes  | %  | Seats

|
|
|

Awami League | 12,338,921 | 74.9 | 160
Jamaat-e-Islami | 991,908 | 6.0 | 0
Pakistan Democratic Party | 483,571 | 2.9 | 1
Convention Muslim League | 464,185 | 2.8 | 0
National Awami Party (Wali) | 310,986 | 1.8 | 0
Council Muslim League | 274,453 | 1.6 | 0
Pakistan Muslim League (Qayyum) | 175,822 | 1.0 | 0
Independent | 561,083 | 3.4 | 1

1970 East Pakistan Provincial Assembly election

Main article: 1970 East Pakistan Provincial Assembly election

The 1970 East Pakistan Provincial Assembly election was held on 17 December 1970. The percentage of casting votes was (57.69%), and the number of reserved women seat was 10.[3]

Main article: 1970 East Pakistan Provincial Assembly election

Party| Seats

|

| Awami League| 288
| Pakistan Democratic Party| 2
| National Awami Party (Wali)| 1
| Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan| 1
| Nizam-e-Islam Party| 1
| Other parties and independents| 7
Total| 300
Source: Baxter[4]

#### 1973

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Main article: 1973 Bangladeshi general election

The 1973 general election was held on 7 March 1973. There were 15 seats reserved for women.[5]

Party| Votes| %| Seats
General| Reserved| Total| +/–
| Awami League| 13,798,717| 73.20| 293| 15| 308| +10
| National Awami Party (Muzaffar)| 1,569,299| 8.32| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal| 1,229,110| 6.52| 1| 0| 1| New
| National Awami Party (Bhashani)| 1,002,771| 5.32| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jatiya League| 62,354| 0.33| 1| 0| 1| +1
| Bangla Jatiya League| 53,097| 0.28| 0| 0| 0| New
| Communist Party of Bangladesh| 47,211| 0.25| 0| 0| 0| New
| Sramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal| 38,421| 0.20| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist)| 18,619| 0.10| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Shramik Federation| 17,271| 0.09| 0| 0| 0| New
| Banglar Communist Party| 11,911| 0.06| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangla Chattra Union| 7,564| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jatiya Congress| 3,761| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Ganatantrik Dal| 1,818| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Independents| 989,884| 5.25| 5| 0| 5| –2
Total| 18,851,808| 100.00| 300| 15| 315| +5
Valid votes| 18,851,808| 97.53|
Invalid/blank votes| 477,875| 2.47|
Total votes| 19,329,683| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 35,205,642| 54.91|
Source: Nohlen et al., Government of Bangladesh, Kumar Panday

#### 1979

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Main article: 1979 Bangladeshi general election

The 1979 general election was held on 18 February 1979.[6] There were 30 seats reserved for women.[7]

Party| Votes| %| Seats
General| Reserved| Total| +/–
| Bangladesh Nationalist Party| 7,934,236| 41.17| 207| 30| 237| New
| Awami League| 4,734,277| 24.56| 39| 0| 39| –269
| Bangladesh Muslim League–Islamic Democratic League| 1,941,394| 10.07| 20| 0| 20| New
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal| 931,851| 4.83| 8| 0| 8| +7
| Awami League (Mizan)| 535,426| 2.78| 2| 0| 2| New
| National Awami Party (Muzaffar)| 432,514| 2.24| 1| 0| 1| New
| United Peoples' Party| 170,955| 0.89| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Gono Front| 115,622| 0.60| 2| 0| 2| New
| National Awami Party (Nurur-Zahid)| 88,385| 0.46| 0| 0| 0| New
| Communist Party of Bangladesh| 75,455| 0.39| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist)| 74,771| 0.39| 1| 0| 1| New
| Bangladesh Jatiya League| 69,319| 0.36| 2| 0| 2| +1
| Jatiya Ekata Party| 44,459| 0.23| 1| 0| 1| New
| Bangladesh Ganatantrik Andolan| 34,259| 0.18| 1| 0| 1| New
| Jatiyatabadi Ganatantrik Dal| 27,259| 0.14| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Awami Party (Naser)| 25,336| 0.13| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Janata Dal| 18,748| 0.10| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Republican Party for Parity| 14,429| 0.07| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Janata Party| 10,932| 0.06| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Labour Party| 7,738| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| New
| People's Democratic Party| 5,703| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Sramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal| 4,954| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Democratic Party| 3,564| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jatiya Mukti Party| 3,363| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Tanti Samity| 1,834| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Nezam-e-Islam Party| 1,575| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Gano Azadi League| 1,378| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| United Republican Party| 389| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Ganatantrik Chashi Dal| 130| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Independents| 1,963,345| 10.19| 16| 0| 16| +15
Total| 19,273,600| 100.00| 300| 30| 330| +15
Valid votes| 19,273,600| 97.95|
Invalid/blank votes| 402,524| 2.05|
Total votes| 19,676,124| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 38,363,858| 51.29|
Source: Nohlen et al., IPU, Government of Bangladesh

#### 1986

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Main article: 1986 Bangladeshi general election

The 1986 general election was held on 7 May 1986. There were 30 seats reserved for women.[8]

Party| Votes| %| Seats
General| Reserved| Total| +/–
| Jatiya Party| 12,079,259| 42.34| 153| 30| 183| New
| Awami League| 7,462,157| 26.16| 76| 0| 76| +37
| Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami| 1,314,057| 4.61| 10| 0| 10| New
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Rab)| 725,303| 2.54| 4| 0| 4| New
| Bangladesh Muslim League| 412,765| 1.45| 4| 0| 4| +4
| Oikya National Awami Party| 369,824| 1.30| 5| 0| 5| +5
| Communist Party of Bangladesh| 259,728| 0.91| 5| 0| 5| +5
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Siraj)| 248,705| 0.87| 3| 0| 3| New
| National Awami Party (Muzaffar)| 202,520| 0.71| 2| 0| 2| +1
| Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League| 191,107| 0.67| 3| 0| 3| New
| Workers Party of Bangladesh| 151,828| 0.53| 3| 0| 3| New
| Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan| 123,306| 0.43| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jana Dal| 98,100| 0.34| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Nagarik Sanghati| 68,290| 0.24| 0| 0| 0| New
| Islami Jukta Front| 50,509| 0.18| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Janata Party (Odud)| 46,704| 0.16| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Samyabadi Dal (M-L)| 36,944| 0.13| 0| 0| 0| New
| Gano Azadi League| 23,632| 0.08| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Bangladesh Islamic Andolan| 22,931| 0.08| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jamaaiatay Olamaya Islam| 5,676| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jamaaiatay Olamaya Islam-Nezam-e-Islami party| 5,572| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| Pragotishil Jatiyatabadi Dal| 2,997| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Janata Party (Sujat)| 1,988| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jayita League| 1,985| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| –2
| Bangladesh Hindu Oikkya Front| 1,338| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiyatabadi Ganatantrik Dal| 149| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Young Muslim Society| 141| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Islamic Republican Party| 110| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Independents| 4,619,025| 16.19| 32| 0| 32| +16
Total| 28,526,650| 100.00| 300| 30| 330| 0
Valid votes| 28,526,650| 98.69|
Invalid/blank votes| 377,209| 1.31|
Total votes| 28,903,859| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 47,305,886| 61.10|
Source: Nohlen et al., IPU, Government of Bangladesh

#### 1988

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Main article: 1988 Bangladeshi general election

The 1988 general election was held on 3 March 1988. There were 30 seats reserved for women.[9]

Party| Votes| %| Seats| +/–
| Jatiya Party| 17,680,133| 68.44| 251| +98
| Combined Opposition Party| 3,263,340| 12.63| 19| New
| Bangladesh Freedom Party| 850,284| 3.29| 2| New
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Siraj)| 309,666| 1.20| 3| 0
| Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan| 105,910| 0.41| 0| 0
| 23-Party Alliance| 102,930| 0.40| 0| New
| Ganatantra Bastabayan Party| 4,209| 0.02| 0| New
| Jana Dal| 28,929| 0.11| 0| 0
| Independents| 3,487,457| 13.50| 25| –7
Total| 25,832,858| 100.00| 300| 0
Source: Nohlen, Government of Bangladesh

#### 1991

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Main article: 1991 Bangladeshi general election

The 1991 general election was held on 13 January 1991. There were 30 seats reserved for women.[10]

Party| Votes| %| Seats
General| Reserved| Total| +/–
| Bangladesh Nationalist Party| 10,507,549| 30.81| 140| 28| 168| New
| Awami League| 10,259,866| 30.08| 88| 0| 88| New
| Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami| 4,136,661| 12.13| 18| 2| 20| New
| Jatiya Party| 4,063,537| 11.92| 35| 0| 35| –216
| Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League| 616,014| 1.81| 5| 0| 5| New
| Zaker Party| 417,737| 1.22| 0| 0| 0| New
| Communist Party of Bangladesh| 407,515| 1.19| 5| 0| 5| New
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Rab)| 269,451| 0.79| 0| 0| 0| New
| Islami Oikya Jote| 269,434| 0.79| 1| 0| 1| New
| National Awami Party (Muzaffar)| 259,978| 0.76| 1| 0| 1| New
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Inu)| 171,011| 0.50| 0| 0| 0| New
| Ganatantri Party| 152,529| 0.45| 1| 0| 1| New
| National Democratic Party| 121,918| 0.36| 1| 0| 1| New
| Bangladesh Janata Dal| 120,729| 0.35| 0| 0| 0| New
| United Communist League of Bangladesh| 110,517| 0.32| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan| 93,049| 0.27| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Bangladesh Freedom Party| 90,781| 0.27| 0| 0| 0| –2
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Siraj)| 84,276| 0.25| 1| 0| 1| –2
| Bangladesh Muslim League (Ainuddin)| 66,565| 0.20| 0| 0| 0| New
| Workers Party of Bangladesh| 63,434| 0.19| 1| 0| 1| New
| Bangladesh Samajtantrik Dal (Khaliquzzaman)| 34,868| 0.10| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Muslim League (Kader)| 32,693| 0.10| 0| 0| 0| New
| Janata Mukti Party| 30,962| 0.09| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Ganotantrik Party| 24,761| 0.07| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Inquilab Party| 24,310| 0.07| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Oikkya Front| 21,624| 0.06| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Janata Party–Ganatantrik Oikkya Jote| 20,568| 0.06| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jomiyatay Wulamayya Islami Party| 15,073| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Samajtantrik Dal (Mahbub)| 13,413| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Hindu League| 11,941| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Samyabadi Dal (Marxist-Leninist)| 11,275| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Oikkya Prakriyya| 11,074| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Muslim League (Matin)| 11,073| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Awami Party (Bhashani)| 9,129| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Pragotishil Jatiyatabadi Dal| 6,677| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| Sramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal| 6,396| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Biplobi Front| 3,671| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Pragotishil Ganatantrik Sakt| 3,598| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Janata Party (Ashraf)| 3,187| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jatiya Tanti Dal| 3,115| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Muslim League (Yusuf)| 2,757| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Jukta Front| 2,668| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Janata Party (Asad)| 1,570| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh National Congress| 1,421| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiyatabadi Ganatantrik Chhashi Dal| 1,317| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Gano Azadi League (Samad)| 1,314| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Janasakti Party| 1,263| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Nezam-e-Islam Party| 1,236| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Islamic Samajtantrik Dal Bangladesh| 1,039| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Freedom League| 1,034| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Peoples Democratic Party| 879| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh People's League (Goariobi Newaz)| 742| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Mukti Dal| 723| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jana Parishad| 686| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Muslim Peoples Party| 515| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Mukti Andolan| 503| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh National Hindu Party| 502| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiyatabadi Ganatantrik Dal| 496| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Democratic League| 453| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Humanitarian Organization for the Prevention of Smoking and Drug Abuse| 453| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Tarun Sangha| 417| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Labour Party| 318| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Manobatabadi Dal| 294| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Ideal Party| 251| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Awami Party (Sadequr Rahman)| 248| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Khilafat Party| 241| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Islamic Biplobi Parishad| 214| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Islami Front| 202| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Bekar Samaj| 182| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Adarsha Krishak Dal| 154| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Islamic Revolutionary Party| 138| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Bekar Party| 39| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Sramajibi Party| 28| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Awami Party (Nur Mohammad Kazi)| 27| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jatiya People's Party| 25| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Independents| 1,497,369| 4.39| 3| 0| 3| –22
Total| 34,103,677| 100.00| 300| 30| 330| +30
Valid votes| 34,103,677| 98.92|
Invalid/blank votes| 374,026| 1.08|
Total votes| 34,477,703| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 62,181,743| 55.45|
Source: Nohlen et al., Bangladesh Election Commission, Kumar Panday

#### 1996

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Main articles: February 1996 Bangladeshi general election and June 1996 Bangladeshi general election

Following boycotts by the main opposition party, the Bangladesh Awami League, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party won the uncontested February 1996 general election. However, amidst protests, they were made to cave in to Awami League's original demands, dissolve the parliament, and hold elections under a neutral caretaker government after the enactment of the 13th amendment.

Party| Votes| %| Seats
General| Reserved| Total| +/–
| Bangladesh Nationalist Party| | 278| 30| 308| +140
| Bangladesh Freedom Party| | 1| 0| 1| 0
| Independents| | 10| 0| 10| +7
Vacant| | 11| 0| 11| –
Total| | 300| 30| 330| 0
Total votes| 11,776,481| –|
Registered voters/turnout| 56,149,182| 20.97|
Source: Nohlen et al., Kumar Panday

Bangladesh Awami League won the June 1996 general election for the first time since 1973 by forming a coalition government, since they fell 5 seats short of a majority.

Party| Votes| %| Seats
General| Reserved| Total| +/–
| Awami League| 15,882,792| 37.44| 146| 27| 173| New
| Bangladesh Nationalist Party| 14,255,986| 33.61| 116| 0| 116| –192
| Jatiya Party| 6,954,981| 16.40| 32| 3| 35| New
| Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami| 3,653,013| 8.61| 3| 0| 3| New
| Islami Oikya Jote| 461,517| 1.09| 1| 0| 1| New
| Zaker Party| 167,597| 0.40| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Rab)| 97,916| 0.23| 1| 0| 1| New
| Workers Party of Bangladesh| 56,404| 0.13| 0| 0| 0| New
| Gano Forum| 54,250| 0.13| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Inu)| 50,944| 0.12| 0| 0| 0| New
| Communist Party of Bangladesh| 48,549| 0.11| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh| 45,585| 0.11| 0| 0| 0| New
| Sammilita Sangram Parishad| 40,803| 0.10| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Freedom Party| 38,974| 0.09| 0| 0| 0| New
| Samridhya Bangladesh Andolon| 27,083| 0.06| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Islami Front| 23,696| 0.06| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan| 18,397| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jatiyabadi Awami League| 11,190| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Islami Shasantantra Andolon| 11,159| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesher Samajtantrik Dal (Khalekuzzaman)| 10,234| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Samajtantrik Dal (Mahbub)| 6,791| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh National Awami Party (NAP Bashani)| 5,948| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Muslim League (Jamir Ali)| 4,580| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Ganatantri Party| 4,114| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh National Awami Party (NAP)| 3,620| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Democratic Republican Party| 3,605| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Janata Party| 3,364| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Janata Party (Nurul Islam)| 2,986| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Janata Party (Sheikh Asad)| 2,395| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Social Democratic Party| 1,938| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Gano Azadi League| 1,683| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Progotisil Jatiata Badi Dal| 1,515| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Hak Kathar Mancha| 1,340| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Samyabadi Dal (Marxist-Leninist)| 1,148| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Sramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal| 964| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Communist Kendra| 888| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Biplobi Front| 631| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Saat Dalya Jote (Mirpur)| 602| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Hindu League| 570| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Peoples Party| 558| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Bekar Samaj| 548| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Tafsil Jati Federation (S.K. Mandal)| 537| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Desh Prem Party| 532| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Ganotantrik Sarbahara Party| 502| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jatiya League (Sobhan)| 418| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jana Dal| 395| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Mahiuddin)| 393| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Seba Dal| 365| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Democratic Party| 353| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Krisak Sramik Janata Party| 294| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Islami Al Zihad Dal| 288| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Sarbahara Party| 248| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Daridra Party| 244| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Sramajibi Oikya Forum| 229| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Islamic Dal Bangladesh (Saifur)| 221| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh People's League| 213| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Samajtantrik Samsad (Darshan Shava)| 209| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Mukti Andolon| 189| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Gano Oikkya Front (Guff)| 186| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Mehanati Front| 173| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Tafsili Federation (Sudir)| 150| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| People's Muslim League| 140| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Awami Party (NAP Bhashani)| 138| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Quran Dorshion Sangshta Bangladesh| 137| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Progatishil Gonotantrik Shakti| 134| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Islami Party| 132| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jatiya Agragati Party| 131| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Oikya Prokria| 112| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Bashani Adarsha Bastabayan Parishad| 107| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Bastuhara Parishad| 105| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh National Congress| 99| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Quran Sunna Bastabayan Party| 82| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Tanjimul Muslimin| 81| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Samridhya Bangladesh Babosai Samproday| 48| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bashani Front| 45| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Krishak Raj Islami Party| 33| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| National Patriotic Party| 31| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Islami Biplobi Parishad| 29| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Taherikay Olama-e-Bangladesh| 29| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| United Peoples' Party| 26| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Manabodjikar Dal| 20| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Independents| 449,618| 1.06| 1| 0| 1| New
Total| 42,418,274| 100.00| 300| 30| 330| 0
Valid votes| 42,418,274| 98.92|
Invalid/blank votes| 462,302| 1.08|
Total votes| 42,880,576| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 56,716,935| 75.60|
Source: ECB, Kumar Panday

#### 2001

[edit]

Main article: 2001 Bangladeshi general election

BNP won two-thirds majority in the parliament and won the 2001 general election.

Party| Votes| %| Seats
| Bangladesh Nationalist Party| 22,833,978| 40.97| 193
| Awami League| 22,365,516| 40.13| 62
| Islami Jatiya Oikya Front| 4,038,453| 7.25| 14
| Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami| 2,385,361| 4.28| 17
| Bangladesh Jatiya Party| 621,772| 1.12| 4
| Islami Oikya Jote| 376,343| 0.68| 2
| Krishak Sramik Janata League| 261,344| 0.47| 1
| Jatiya Party (Manju)| 243,617| 0.44| 1
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal| 119,382| 0.21| 0
| Communist Party of Bangladesh| 56,991| 0.10| 0
| Workers Party of Bangladesh| 40,484| 0.07| 0
| Bangladesh Islami Front| 30,761| 0.06| 0
| BASAD–Khalekuzzaman| 21,164| 0.04| 0
| Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh| 19,256| 0.03| 0
| Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan| 13,472| 0.02| 0
| Gano Forum| 8,494| 0.02| 0
| Islami Shasantantra Andolon| 5,944| 0.01| 0
| Liberal Party Bangladesh| 3,976| 0.01| 0
| National Awami Party (NAP)| 3,801| 0.01| 0
| Bangladesh Progressive Party| 3,734| 0.01| 0
| Ganatantri Party| 3,190| 0.01| 0
| Bangladesh Samajtantrik Dal| 2,308| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Janata Party| 1,703| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Mukti Andolon| 1,248| 0.00| 0
| Zaker Party| 1,181| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Peoples Congress| 1,155| 0.00| 0
| Communist Kendra| 1,042| 0.00| 0
| Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist)| 972| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Hindu League| 922| 0.00| 0
| Gano Azadi League| 780| 0.00| 0
| Jatiyo Janata Party (Adv. Nurul Islam Khan)| 657| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Muslim League (Jamir Ali)| 582| 0.00| 0
| National Patriotic Party| 551| 0.00| 0
| National Awami Party (Bhashani)| 442| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Jatiya Tanti Dal| 441| 0.00| 0
| Samridha Bangladesh Andolon| 429| 0.00| 0
| Sramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal| 391| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Peoples Party| 382| 0.00| 0
| Desh Prem Party| 366| 0.00| 0
| Democratic Republican Party| 364| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Manabadhikar Dal| 237| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Krisak Sramik Janata Party| 197| 0.00| 0
| Liberal Democrats Party| 170| 0.00| 0
| Quran Darshan Sangstha Bangladesh| 161| 0.00| 0
| Jatiya Janata Party (Sheik Asad)| 148| 0.00| 0
| Pragatishil Ganotantrik Shakti| 136| 0.00| 0
| Sama-Samaj Ganotantri Party| 131| 0.00| 0
| National Awami Party (NAP-Bhashani Mushtaq)| 79| 0.00| 0
| Quran and Sunnah Bastabayan Party| 77| 0.00| 0
| Bhashani Front| 76| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League| 59| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Bhashani Adarsha Bastabayan Parishad| 58| 0.00| 0
| Bangladesh Sarbahara Party| 44| 0.00| 0
| Jatiya Janata Party (Hafizur)| 30| 0.00| 0
| Independents| 2,262,073| 4.06| 6
Total| 55,736,625| 100.00| 300
Valid votes| 55,736,625| 99.20|
Invalid/blank votes| 449,082| 0.80|
Total votes| 56,185,707| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 74,946,364| 74.97|
Source: ECB

#### 2008

[edit]

Main article: 2008 Bangladeshi general election

Bangladesh Awami League won two-thirds majority in the parliament and won the 2008 general election.

Seats won by alliance (left) and party (right)

Party or alliance| Votes| %| Seats
General| Reserved| Total| +/–
| Grand Alliance| | Awami League| 33,634,629| 48.04| 230| 36| 266| +204
| Jatiya Party (Ershad)| 4,926,360| 7.04| 27| 4| 31| +17
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal| 506,605| 0.72| 3| 0| 3| +3
| Workers Party of Bangladesh| 262,093| 0.37| 2| 0| 2| +2
| Liberal Democratic Party| 191,679| 0.27| 1| 0| 1| New
Total| 39,521,366| 56.45| 263| 40| 303| +226
| Four Party
Alliance| | Bangladesh Nationalist Party| 22,757,101| 32.50| 30| 5| 35| –158
| Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami| 3,289,967| 4.70| 2| 0| 2| –15
| Bangladesh Jatiya Party| 173,292| 0.25| 1| 0| 1| –3
| Islami Oikya Jote| 108,415| 0.15| 0| 0| 0| –2
Total| 26,328,775| 37.61| 33| 5| 38| –178
| Islami Andolan Bangladesh| 658,254| 0.94| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh| 175,245| 0.25| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh| 146,827| 0.21| 0| 0| 0| New
| Zaker Party| 134,933| 0.19| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Jatiya Ganotantrik Party| 107,796| 0.15| 0| 0| 0| New
| Krishak Sramik Janata League| 102,879| 0.15| 0| 0| 0| –1
| Gano Forum| 72,911| 0.10| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Communist Party of Bangladesh| 42,331| 0.06| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Socialist Party of Bangladesh| 38,643| 0.06| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Rab)| 37,350| 0.05| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Islami Front| 31,785| 0.05| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Khelafat Majlish| 27,921| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh National Awami Party| 24,141| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Kalayan Party| 21,609| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Tarikat Federation| 19,905| 0.03| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan| 16,944| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Progressive Democratic Party| 14,228| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| New
| National People's Party| 10,348| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Jatiya Party| 8,383| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Jatiya Party (Manju)| 7,818| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| –1
| Bangladesh NAP| 4,365| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| People's Front| 4,009| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| United Citizens Movement| 3,542| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| New
| Ganatantri Party| 2,550| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Revolutionary Workers Party of Bangladesh| 2,021| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Muslim League| 1,113| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Islamic Front Bangladesh| 1,020| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Bangladesh Freedom Party| 566| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| New
| Communist Party of Bangladesh (ML)| 297| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| 0
| Independents| 2,060,392| 2.94| 4| 0| 4| –2
None of the above| 381,924| 0.55| –| –| –| –
Total| 70,012,191| 100.00| 300| 45| 345| +45
Valid votes| 70,012,191| 99.10|
Invalid/blank votes| 636,294| 0.90|
Total votes| 70,648,485| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 81,087,003| 87.13|
Source: ECB, Asian Tribune

#### 2014

[edit]

Main article: 2014 Bangladeshi general election

In the 2014 general election the Awami League was declared victors in 127 of the 154 uncontested seats by default on 5 January 2014.[11] Of the remaining uncontested seats, the Jatiya Party led by Rowshan Ershad won 20, the JSD won three, the Workers Party won two and the Jatiya Party (Manju) won one.[12]

As a result of violence and the opposition boycott voter turnout in Dhaka was 22%.[13] Results of 139 seats out of 147 were released, with the Awami League winning 105, the Jatiya Party winning 13, the Workers Party winning four, the JSD winning two and the Tarikat Federation and BNF winning one each.[12] The remaining 8 constituencies election were suspended due to violence and re-election to be held.[12] The newly elected MPs were sworn in on 9 January.[14]

Party| Votes| %| Seats
General| Reserved| Total
| Awami League| 12,357,374| 72.14| 234| 39| 273
| Jatiya Party| 1,199,727| 7.00| 34| 6| 40
| Workers Party of Bangladesh| 359,620| 2.10| 6| 1| 7
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal| 203,799| 1.19| 5| 1| 6
| Bangladesh Tarikat Federation| 177,449| 1.04| 2| 0| 2
| Jatiya Party (Manju)| 124,389| 0.73| 2| 0| 2
| Bangladesh Nationalist Front| 107,990| 0.63| 1| 0| 1
| Bangladesh National Awami Party| 7,120| 0.04| 0| 0| 0
| Khelafat Majlish| 5,725| 0.03| 0| 0| 0
| Gano Front| 2,717| 0.02| 0| 0| 0
| Bangladesh Islami Front| 2,585| 0.02| 0| 0| 0
| Ganatantri Party| 2,031| 0.01| 0| 0| 0
| Independents| 2,579,324| 15.06| 16| 3| 19
Total| 17,129,850| 100.00| 300| 50| 350
Valid votes| 17,129,850| 98.49|
Invalid/blank votes| 263,037| 1.51|
Total votes| 17,392,887| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 43,943,184| 39.58|
Source: Parliament, Election Commission, IPU

#### 2018

[edit]

Main article: 2018 Bangladeshi general election

The 2018 general election held on 30 December 2018, voter turnout was 80%. Bangladesh Awami League under the leadership of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina won their 4th term as the ruling party with 302 seats. The Jatiya Party became the main opposition party with only 26 seats.[15]

Party| Votes| %| Seats
General| Reserved| Total| +/–
| Awami League[i][ii]| 63,805,379| 74.96| 257| 43| 300| +27
| Bangladesh Nationalist Party[iii]| 9,985,202| 11.73| 6| 1| 7| +7
| Jatiya Party| 4,443,351| 5.22| 24| 4| 28| –12
| Islami Andolan Bangladesh| 1,255,373| 1.47| 0| 0| 0| –
| Workers Party of Bangladesh[iv]| 646,064| 0.76| 2| 1| 3| –4
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal[v]| 610,044| 0.72| 2| 0| 2| –4
| Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh[vi]| 565,940| 0.66| 2| 0| 2| +2
| Gano Forum[vii]| 501,737| 0.59| 2| 0| 2| +2
| Bangladesh Tarikat Federation[viii]| 429,955| 0.51| 1| 0| 1| –1
| Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh[ix]| 218,009| 0.26| 0| 0| 0| –
| Jatiya Party (Manju)| 182,611| 0.21| 1| 0| 1| –1
| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (Rab)[x]| 155,986| 0.18| 0| 0| 0| –
| Krishak Sramik Janata League[xi]| 144,115| 0.17| 0| 0| 0| –
| Khelafat Majlish[xii]| 117,110| 0.14| 0| 0| 0| –
| Zaker Party| 109,440| 0.13| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh Islami Front| 60,372| 0.07| 0| 0| 0| –
| Communist Party of Bangladesh| 55,421| 0.07| 0| 0| 0| –
| Liberal Democratic Party[xiii]| 54,031| 0.06| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh Kalyan Party[xiv]| 44,436| 0.05| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh Jatiya Party[xv]| 38,750| 0.05| 0| 0| 0| –
| National People's Party| 36,611| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| –
| Islamic Front Bangladesh| 31,468| 0.04| 0| 0| 0| –
| Revolutionary Workers Party of Bangladesh[xvi]| 18,043| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| –
| Socialist Party of Bangladesh| 17,591| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh Muslim League[xvii]| 15,116| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh Nationalist Front| 13,289| 0.02| 0| 0| 0| –1
| Islami Oikya Jote| 11,328| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan| 9,796| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh National Awami Party| 8,367| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| –
| Progressive Democratic Party| 6,113| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| –
| Gano Front| 5,277| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh National Awami Party-Bangladesh NAP| 5,176| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh Jatiya Party (Mukit)| 4,606| 0.01| 0| 0| 0| –
| Jatiya Ganotantrik Party| 3,798| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish| 2,899| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| –
| Ganatantri Party| 1,641| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh Cultural Liberation Front (Muktijote)| 1,219| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| –
| Communist Party of Bangladesh (M-L)| 387| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| –
| Bangladesh Muslim League-BML| 228| 0.00| 0| 0| 0| –
| Independents| 1,498,152| 1.76| 3| 1| 4| –15
Total| 85,114,431| 100.00| 300| 50| 350| 38
Registered voters/turnout| 104,142,381| 80.20|
Source: ECS, ECS, ECS,
Daily Star, Financial Express, Dhaka Tribune,
Daily Star, Daily Star, parliament.gov.bd, IFES [1]

#### 2024

[edit]

Main article: 2024 Bangladeshi general election

The 2024 general election held on 7 January 2024, voter turnout was 40%. Bangladesh Awami League under the leadership of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina won their 5th term as the ruling party with 223 seats with two other parties(jatiya party and trinamul BNP) securing 6 seats. Other than the political parties, independents won a total of 63 seats.[16]

## Presidential elections

[edit]

Main article: Presidential elections in Bangladesh

In 1974, the president was elected by the National Assembly with only one candidate on the ballot, before a new constitution was adopted in 1975 for the president to be elected by popular vote. There were three such elections, in 1978, 1981 and 1986. After the constitutional reform in 1991, the President was elected by the parliament.

Following constitutional reform and a return to a parliamentary democracy in 1991, the office of the President has been largely a ceremonial one. The President is elected by a vote in the Jatiya Sangsad. A Presidential term is for five-years, although they remain in office until their successor is elected. Elections under this system have taken place in 1991, 1996, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013 and 2018.

### 1978

[edit]

Main article: 1978 Bangladeshi presidential election

The 1978 Bangladeshi presidential elections were held on 3 June 1978. They were the first direct elections for the post President, as the post had previously been elected by the Jatiya Sangsad. The result was a victory for Ziaur Rahman, who won 76.6% of the vote. Turnout was 54.3%.

Candidate  | Party  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

Ziaur Rahman | Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Front  | 15,733,807  | 76.6
M. A. G. Osmani | Ganatantrik Oikkya Jote  | 4,455,200  | 21.7
Eight other candidates  |  | 342,554  | 1.7
Invalid/blank votes  | 354,010  | –
Total | 20,885,571 | 100

### 1981

[edit]

Main article: 1981 Bangladeshi presidential election

The 1981 Bangladeshi presidential elections were held on 15 November 1981. The result was a victory for the incumbent acting President Abdus Sattar of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), who received 65.5% of the vote, beating his principal challenger Kamal Hossain of the Awami League. Voter turnout was 54.3%.

Candidate  | Party  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

Abdus Sattar | Bangladesh Nationalist Party | 14,203,958  | 65.5
Kamal Hossain | Bangladesh Awami League | 5,636,113  | 26.0
Maulana Mohammudullah  | Independent  | 388,741  | 1.8
M. A. G. Osmani | Independent  | 293,637  | 1.4
M. A. Jalil | Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal | 248,769  | 1.1
Muzaffar Ahmed  | NAP (M)-CPB | 224,188  | 1.0
33 other candidates  |  | 682,154  | 3.2
Invalid/blank votes  | 332,524  | –
Total | 22,010,084 | 100

### 1986

[edit]

Main article: 1986 Bangladeshi presidential election

The 1986 Bangladeshi presidential elections were held on 15 October 1986. The result was a victory for incumbent Hussain Muhammad Ershad, who had assumed the office in 1983 following a military coup. Ershad reportedly won 84.1% of the vote with a voter turnout of 54.9%. However the elections were controversial as they were boycotted by all major opposition candidates and there were reports of irregularities.

Candidate  | Party  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

Hussain Muhammad Ershad | Jatiya Party | 21,795,337  | 84.1
Mauluna Mohammadullah  | Independent  | 1,510,456  | 5.8
Syed Faruque Rahman | Bangladesh Freedom Party | 1,202,303  | 4.6
Nine other candidates  |  | 1,408,195  | 5.4
Invalid/blank votes  | 380,745  | –
Total | 26,297,337 | 100

## See also

[edit]

* Bangladesh Election Commission
* National Assembly Elections in Bangladesh
* Electoral system
* List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The voting figures of the Awami League does not include the votes for 13 candidates of allied registered parties who contested on the Awami League 'boat' symbol
2. ^ Bangladesh Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal's Mayeen Uddin Khan Badal ran as a Awami League candidate in Chattogram-8 an won the seat with 282,313 votes.
3. ^ The voting figures of the BNP does not include the votes for 25 candidates of allied registered parties who contested on the BNP 'sheaf of paddy' symbol
4. ^ WPB fielded three candidates on its 'hammer' election symbol, who received 1,729 votes, and five candidates on the Awami League 'boat' symbol, who received 644,335 votes.
5. ^ JASAD fielded nine candidates on its 'torch' election symbol, who received 39,104 votes, and three candidates on the Awami League 'boat' symbol, who received 570,940 votes.
6. ^ Bikalpdhara Bangladesh fielded 23 candidates on its 'winnowing fan' election symbol, who received 18,183 votes, and three candidates on the Awami League 'boat' symbol, who received 547,757 votes.
7. ^ GaFo fielded twenty candidates on its 'rising sun' election symbol, who received 103,535 votes, and seven candidates on the BNP 'sheaf of paddy' symbol, who received 398,202 votes.
8. ^ Bangladesh Tarikat Federation fielded 16 candidates on its 'winnowing fan' election symbol, who received 6,087 votes, and two candidates on the Awami League 'boat' symbol, who received 423,868 votes.
9. ^ JUIB fielded five candidates on its 'date palm' election symbol, who received 2,351 votes, and three candidates on the BNP 'sheaf of paddy' symbol, who received 215,658 votes.
10. ^ JSD fielded fifteen candidates on its 'star' election symbol, who received 3,119 votes, and four candidates on the BNP 'sheaf of paddy' symbol, who received 152,867 votes.
11. ^ KSJL fielded five candidates on its 'gamchha' election symbol, who received 597 votes, and three candidates on the BNP 'sheaf of paddy' symbol, who received 143,518 votes.
12. ^ KM fielded ten candidates on its 'wall-clock' election symbol, who received 11,203 votes, and two candidates on the BNP 'sheaf of paddy' symbol, who received 105,907 votes.
13. ^ LDP fielded four candidates on its 'umbrella' election symbol, who received 25,152 votes, and four candidates on the BNP 'sheaf of paddy' symbol, who received 28,879 votes.
14. ^ BKP fielded one candidate on its 'wrist-watch' election symbol, who received 55 votes, and one candidate on the BNP 'sheaf of paddy' symbol, who received 44,381 votes.
15. ^ BJP fielded two candidates on its 'cow cart' election symbol, who received 111 votes, and one candidate on the BNP 'sheaf of paddy' symbol, who received 38,639 votes.
16. ^ Unregistered member political parties of the Left Democratic Alliance like the Ganasamhati Andolan fielded candidates on RWPB's 'hoe' election symbol.
17. ^ Some unregistered political parties, most notably the Nationalist Democratic Movement (NDM) led by Bobby Hajjaj, contested under Muslim League’s 'lantern' election symbol. The alliance of these parties held the name 'Gano Oikya Jote' (lit. Mass Unity Alliance).

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Reserved parliamentary seats for women gets 25-year extension|Dhaka Tribune|8 July 2018
2. ^ Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970-2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, Bangladesh Research and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-23
3. ^ Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970–2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, Bangladesh Research and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-25
4. ^ Craig Baxter (1971) "Pakistan Votes – 1970 Asian Survey, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp197–218
5. ^ Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970–2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, Bangladesh Research and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-27
6. ^ "The Rule of General Zia". Bangladesh Awami League. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
7. ^ Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970–2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, Bangladesh Research and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-30
8. ^ Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970–2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, Bangladesh Research and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-33
9. ^ Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970–2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, Bangladesh Research and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-36
10. ^ Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970–2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, Bangladesh Research and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page 40
11. ^ "Clashes and boycott mar Bangladesh election". BBC News. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
12. ^ a b c "Repolls ordered in 8 constituencies". bdnews24.com. 14 September 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
13. ^ Barry, Ellen (6 January 2014). "Low Turnout in Bangladesh Elections Amid Boycott and Violence". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
14. ^ "Newly elected Bangladesh MPs sworn in". Al Jazeera English.
15. ^ Hasan, Rashidul (5 January 2019). "Never-ending drama in JP". The Daily Star.
16. ^ Mahmud, Faisal (9 January 2024). "Sheikh Hasina wins fifth term in Bangladesh amidst turnout controversy". Al Jazeera.

## External links

[edit]

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* Sena
* Sultanates:
* Islamic rulers
* Delhi Sultanate
* Khalji dynasty
* Bengal Sultanate
* Sur Empire
* Baro-Bhuyan
* Mughal period:
* Bengal Subah
* Nawabs of Bengal
* Battle of Plassey

Colonial and Pakistan era|

* Portuguese Bengala
* British Bengal:
* Famine of 1770
* Sepoy Rebellion
* Bengal Renaissance
* Partition of Bengal (1905)
* Prime Minister of Bengal
* Lahore Resolution
* Famine of 1943
* Direct Action Day
* Partition of Bengal (1947)
* East Pakistan:
* Language Movement
* Legislative election in 1954
* Six point movement
* 1969 Uprising
* General election in 1970
* Proclamation of Independence
* Bangladesh Liberation War:
* Provisional Government
* Genocide
* Rape
* Timeline

Republic of Bangladesh|

* Famine of 1974
* Military coups
* 1975
* 1981
* 1982
* 1990 Uprising
* Political crisis in 2006–08
* Bangladesh Rifles revolt
* Battle of Begums
* Protests in 2013
* Student–People's uprising
* Quota reform movement
* Non-cooperation movement
* Massacre

Regional|

* Chittagong
* Dhaka
* Jessore
* Noakhali
* Rangpur
* Sylhet

Geography|

* Administrative:
* Divisions
* Districts
* Sub-districts
* Cities and towns
* Borders
* Nature:
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* National parks
* Rivers
* Places:
* Bay of Bengal
* Bengal Fan
* Chittagong Hill Tracts
* Cox's Bazar
* Ganges Basin
* Ganges Delta
* Hatirjheel
* Sundarbans
* World Heritage Sites

Politics|

| Government|

* Executive:
* President
* List
* Prime Minister
* List
* Cabinet
* Elections:
* Election Commission
* General elections
* Presidential elections
* Political parties
* Foreign relations
* Foreign policies
* Jatiya Sangsad (parliament):
* Constituencies
* Speaker
* Local government:
* City corporations
* Municipalities
* Upazila Parishads
* Union councils
* Law:
* Constitution
* Supreme Court
* High Court Division
* International Crimes Tribunal
* Chief Justice
* Attorney General
* Human rights:
* Forced disappearance
* Freedom of religion
* LGBT rights
* Women

|

Military and enforcement|

* Armed Forces:
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Paramilitary:
* Border Guard
* Coast Guard
* Ansar
* Village Defence Party
* President Guard Regiment
* Special Security Force

* Intelligence:
* NSI
* DGFI
* CTIB
* Special Branch
* Police:
* APBn
* CID
* CTTC
* PBI
* RAB
* SPBn

Economy|

* Bangladesh Planning Commission
* Industries:
* Automotive
* Ceramics
* Electronics
* Food
* Pharmaceutical
* Textile
* Shipbuilding
* Steel
* Tea production
* Finance sectors:
* Banking
* Bangladesh Bank (central bank)
* Bangladeshi taka (currency)
* Financial system
* Stock Exchange:
* Chittagong
* Dhaka
* 2011 scam
* Energy and resources:
* Energy policy
* Electricity
* Natural gas and petroleum
* Nuclear energy
* Renewable energy
* Export Processing Zones
* Agriculture:
* Rice
* Poultry
* Fishing
* Forestry
* Tourism
* Poverty
* Infrastructure:
* Post
* Telecommunications
* Real estate
* Water supply and sanitation
* Transport:
* Airports
* Airlines
* Railway
* Roads
* Ports

Society|

| Demographics|

* Ethnic groups
* Bangladeshis
* Bengalis
* Names
* Crime
* Corruption
* Human trafficking
* Terrorism
* Education
* Schools
* Universities
* Health
* Hunger
* Religion
* Society

|

Culture|

* Architecture
* Bangaliana
* Baul
* Bangladeshi nationalism
* Bengalization
* Calendars
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Language
* Bengal studies
* Literature
* Music
* Public holidays
* Sports
* Traditional
* Theatre
* Radio stations
* Television
* Sexuality
* Marriage

Symbols|

* Amar Shonar Bangla
* Bangamata
* Bengal fire
* Bengal tiger
* Bungalow
* Flag
* Government Seal
* Ilish
* Jackfruit
* Kabaddi
* Bengal cat
* Mango tree
* National Emblem
* National Martyrs' Memorial
* Notuner Gaan
* Oriental magpie-robin
* Water lily
* Inventions and discoveries

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

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