Elections in India

For the last general election, see 2024 Indian general election.

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Part of the Politics series

Elections

Basic types

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Terminology

* Anonymous elector
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* Administration
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India has a parliamentary system as defined by its constitution, with power distributed between the union government and the states. India's democracy is the largest democracy in the world.[1]

The President of India is the ceremonial head of state of the country and supreme commander-in-chief for all defense forces in India. However, it is the Prime Minister of India, who is the leader of the party or political alliance having a majority in the national elections to the Lok Sabha (Lower house of the Parliament). The Prime Minister is the leader of the legislative branch of the Government of India. The Prime Minister is the head of the Union Council of Ministers.

India is regionally divided into States (and Union Territories) and each State has a Governor who is the state's head, but the executive authority rests with the Chief Minister, who is the leader of the party or political alliance that has won a majority in the regional elections, otherwise known as State Assembly Elections that exercises executive powers in that State. The respective State's Chief Minister has executive powers within the State and works jointly with the Prime Minister of India or their ministers on matters that require both State and Central attention. Some Union Territories also elect an Assembly and have a territorial government, and other (mainly smaller) Union Territories are governed by an administrator/lieutenant governor appointed by the President of India.

The President of India monitors the rule of law through their appointed governors in each State and on their recommendation, can take over the executive powers from the Chief Minister of the State temporarily when the elected representatives of the State government have failed to create a peaceful environment and it has deteriorated into chaos. The President of India dissolves the existing State government if necessary, and a new election is conducted.

The Republic of India has instituted universal suffrage since independence from the British Raj, with the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1949.[2][3][4]

## Results in history

[edit]

### 1951–52 Indian general election

[edit]

Party| Votes| %| Seats
| Indian National Congress| 47,665,951| 44.99| 364
| Socialist Party (India)| 11,216,719| 10.59| 12
| Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party| 6,135,978| 5.79| 9
| Communist Party of India| 3,487,401| 3.29| 16
| Bharatiya Jana Sangh| 3,246,361| 3.06| 3
| Scheduled Castes Federation| 2,521,695| 2.38| 2
| Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad| 2,091,898| 1.97| 3
| Krishikar Lok Party| 1,489,615| 1.41| 1
| People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)| 1,367,404| 1.29| 7
| Shiromani Akali Dal| 1,047,611| 0.99| 4
| Hindu Mahasabha| 1,003,034| 0.95| 4
| Peasants and Workers Party of India| 992,187| 0.94| 2
| All India Forward Bloc| 963,058| 0.91| 1
| All India Ganatantra Parishad| 959,749| 0.91| 6
| Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party| 889,292| 0.84| 4
| Jharkhand Party| 749,702| 0.71| 3
| Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)| 468,108| 0.44| 3
| Commonweal Party| 325,398| 0.31| 3
| Lok Sewak Sangh| 309,940| 0.29| 2
| Zamindar Party| 291,300| 0.27| 0
| Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party| 236,094| 0.22| 1
| Uttar Pradesh Praja Party| 213,656| 0.20| 0
| S.K. Paksha| 137,343| 0.13| 0
| All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar)| 133,936| 0.13| 0
| Kamgar Kisan Paksha| 132,574| 0.13| 0
| Tribal Sangha| 116,629| 0.11| 0
| Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress| 115,893| 0.11| 1
| Kerala Socialist Party| 102,098| 0.10| 0
| Indian Union Muslim League| 79,470| 0.08| 1
| Revolutionary Communist Party of India| 67,275| 0.06| 0
| Justice Party (India)| 63,254| 0.06| 0
| All India United Kisan Sabha| 60,254| 0.06| 0
| All India Republican Party (RPP)| 57,815| 0.05| 0
| All India Republican Party (REP)| 44,286| 0.04| 0
| All People's Party (Assam)| 36,851| 0.03| 0
| Tamil Nadu Congress Party| 36,158| 0.03| 0
| Khasi-Jaintia Durbar| 32,987| 0.03| 0
| Saurashtra Khedut Sangh| 29,766| 0.03| 0
| Bolshevik Party of India| 25,792| 0.02| 0
| All Manipur National Union| 22,083| 0.02| 0
| Uttar Pradesh Revolutionary Socialist Party| 20,665| 0.02| 0
| Hill People Party| 17,350| 0.02| 0
| Krishak Sramik Party| 16,955| 0.02| 0
| Kuki National Association| 12,155| 0.01| 0
| Punjab Depressed Class League| 11,789| 0.01| 0
| Pursharathi Panchayat| 10,778| 0.01| 0
| Cochin Party| 8,947| 0.01| 0
| Kisan Mazdoor Mandal| 8,808| 0.01| 0
| Hyderabad State Praja Party| 7,646| 0.01| 0
| Gandhi Sebak Seva| 7,196| 0.01| 0
| Kisan Janta Sanyukta Party| 6,390| 0.01| 0
| National Party of India| 3,232| 0.00| 0
| Historical Research| 1,468| 0.00| 0
| Independents| 16,850,089| 15.90| 37
Appointed members| 0| 0.00| 10
Total| 105,950,083| 100.00| 499

## Latest election

[edit]

Full entry 2024 Indian general election

Party or alliance| Votes| %| Seats
| National Democratic Alliance| | Bharatiya Janata Party| 235,974,144| 38.42| 240
| Telugu Desam Party| 12,775,270| 2.08| 16
| Janata Dal (United)| 8,039,663| 1.31| 12
| Shiv Sena| 7,401,447| 1.21| 7
| Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)| 2,810,250| 0.46| 5
| Janata Dal (Secular)| 2,173,701| 0.35| 2
| Jana Sena Party| 1,454,138| 0.24| 2
| Rashtriya Lok Dal| 893,460| 0.15| 2
| All Jharkhand Students Union| 458,677| 0.07| 1
| Nationalist Congress Party| 2,059,179| 0.34| 1
| United People's Party Liberal| 488,995| 0.08| 1
| Sikkim Krantikari Morcha| 164,396| 0.03| 1
| Apna Dal (Soneylal)| 808,245| 0.13| 1
| Asom Gana Parishad| 1,298,707| 0.21| 1
| Hindustani Awam Morcha| 494,960| 0.08| 1
| Pattali Makkal Katchi| 1,879,689| 0.31| 0
| Bharath Dharma Jana Sena| 505,753| 0.08| 0
| Tamil Maanila Congress| 410,401| 0.07| 0
| Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam| 521,787| 0.08| 0
| National People's Party| 417,930| 0.07| 0
| Naga People's Front| 299,536| 0.05| 0
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party| 350,967| 0.06| 0
| Rashtriya Lok Morcha| 253,876| 0.04| 0
| Rashtriya Samaj Paksha| 467,282| 0.08| 0
| Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party| 340,188| 0.06| 0
| Independent| 342,882| 0.06| 0
Total| 283,085,523| 46.09| 293
| Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance| | Indian National Congress| 136,759,064| 22.27| 99
| Samajwadi Party| 29,549,381| 4.81| 37
| All India Trinamool Congress| 28,213,393| 4.59| 29
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| 11,754,710| 1.91| 22
| Communist Party of India (Marxist)| 11,342,553| 1.85| 4
| Rashtriya Janata Dal| 10,107,402| 1.65| 4
| Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)| 9,567,779| 1.56| 9
| Aam Aadmi Party| 7,147,800| 1.16| 3
| Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar| 5,921,162| 0.96| 8
| Communist Party of India| 3,157,184| 0.51| 2
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha| 2,652,955| 0.43| 3
| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation| 1,736,771| 0.28| 2
| Indian Union Muslim League| 1,716,186| 0.28| 3
| Jammu and Kashmir National Conference| 1,147,041| 0.19| 2
| Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi| 990,237| 0.16| 2
| Bharat Adivasi Party| 1,257,056| 0.20| 1
| Kerala Congress| 364,631| 0.06| 1
| Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| 542,213| 0.09| 1
| Rashtriya Loktantrik Party| 596,955| 0.10| 1
| Revolutionary Socialist Party| 587,363| 0.10| 1
| All India Forward Bloc| 289,941| 0.05| 0
| Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party| 435,980| 0.07| 0
| Vikassheel Insaan Party| 1,187,455| 0.19| 0
| Assam Jatiya Parishad| 414,441| 0.07| 0
| Kerala Congress (Mani)| 277,365| 0.05| 0
Total| 283,085,308| 46.09| 234
| YSR Congress Party| 13,316,039| 2.17| 4
| Shiromani Akali Dal| 1,814,318| 0.30| 1
| All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen| 1,400,215| 0.23| 1
| Zoram People's Movement| 208,552| 0.03| 1
| Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)| 691,820| 0.11| 1
| Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)| 571,078| 0.09| 1
| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| 8,952,587| 1.46| 0
| Bahujan Samaj Party| 13,153,818| 2.14| 0
| Karnataka Rashtra Samithi| 51,529| 0.01| 0
| Biju Janata Dal| 9,413,379| 1.53| 0
| Uttama Prajaakeeya Party| 40,491| 0.01| 0
| Bharat Rashtra Samithi| 3,657,237| 0.60| 0
| Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)| 521,749| 0.08| 0
| Indian National Lok Dal| 226,975| 0.04| 0
| Jannayak Janta Party| 113,827| 0.02| 0
| Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam| 1,128,616| 0.18| 0
| Gondwana Ganatantra Party| 0| 0.00| 0
| All India United Democratic Front| 625,954| 0.10| 0
| Revolutionary Goans Party| 64,578| 0.01| 0
| Sikkim Democratic Front| 77,171| 0.01| 0
| Bodoland People's Front| 777,570| 0.13| 0
| Mizo National Front| 140,264| 0.02| 0
| United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)| 44,563| 0.01| 0
| Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party| 23,268| 0.00| 0
| Other| 0| 0.00| 0
| Independents| 0| 0.00| –
None of the above (India)| 6,372,220| 1.04| 0
Total| 614,190,359| 100.00| 536

## Election Commission of India

[edit]

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous authority of India that is enacted under the provisions of the Constitution, responsible for monitoring and administering Union and State election processes in India. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias. It derived its powers from A 324 of the constitution [5]

The ECI, established as a permanent Constitutional Body, is entrusted by the Constitution with the superintendence, direction, and control of the entire electoral process for Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice President of India.

Elections ensure the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections is as per the statutory legislation.

All election-related disputes are handled by the Election Commission. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act as appropriate. The first chief election Commissioner was Sukumar Sen.

The elections for the President and Vice President of India, the Rajya Sabha (council of states) and Lok Sabha (house of the people), State Legislative Assemblies (including Union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi and Puducherry), and State Legislative Councils are conducted by the Election Commission of India.

## State Election Commissions

[edit]

The State Election Commission (SEC) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering elections to the 3rd tier of governance, i.e., the Local Government, which includes the Panchayati Raj Institutions and the Urban Local Bodies. As per the constitutional provision, superintendence, direction, and control of the conduct of Elections to Urban & Rural Local bodies vest in State Election Commission.

State Election Commission consists of a State Election Commissioner, who is appointed by the Governor for a fixed tenure of 5 years and cannot be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of a High Court.

The elections to local self-government institutions, such as panchayats and municipalities, are conducted by the respective State Election Commissions (SECs).[6]

### List of State Election Commissions

[edit]

* Andhra Pradesh State Election Commission

* Arunachal Pradesh State Election Commission

* Assam State Election Commission

* Bihar State Election Commission

* Chhattisgarh State Election Commission

* Delhi State Election Commission

* Goa State Election Commission

* Gujarat State Election Commission

* Haryana State Election Commission

* Himachal Pradesh State Election Commission

* Jammu and Kashmir State Election Commission

* Jharkhand State Election Commission

* Karnataka State Election Commission

* Kerala State Election Commission

* Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission

* Maharashtra State Election Commission

* Manipur State Election Commission

* Meghalaya State Election Commission

* Mizoram State Election Commission

* Nagaland State Election Commission

* Odisha State Election Commission

* Puducherry State Election Commission

* Punjab State Election Commission

* Rajasthan State Election Commission

* Sikkim State Election Commission

* Tamil Nadu State Election Commission

* Telangana State Election Commission

* Tripura State Election Commission

* Uttar Pradesh State Election Commission

* Uttarakhand State Election Commission

* West Bengal State Election Commission

## Types of elections

[edit]

Elections in the Republic of India include elections for

* President of India,
* Vice President of India,
* Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha (Upper house) and Lok Sabha (Lower house),
* Members of State Legislative Councils,
* Members of State Legislative Assemblies (includes legislative assemblies of three union territories - Jammu and Kashmir, National Capital Territory of Delhi and Puducherry)
* Members of local governance bodies (Municipal bodies and Panchayats),
* A By-election is held when a seat-holder of a particular constituency dies, resigns, or is disqualified.

### Parliamentary general elections (Lok Sabha)

[edit]

Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People), or the lower house of India's Parliament, are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India (who crossed 18 years of age) from a set of candidates who contest in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called 'Members of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to the creation of new laws and removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 543 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house).[7]

General election results (Lok Sabha) 1st Lok Sabha (1951–52) | 2nd Lok Sabha(1957) |  | 4th Lok Sabha(1967) | 5th Lok Sabha(1971) | 6th Lok Sabha(1977) | 7th Lok Sabha(1980) | 8th Lok Sabha(1984) | 9th Lok Sabha(1989) | 10th Lok Sabha(1991) | 11th Lok Sabha(1996) | 12th Lok Sabha(1998) | 13th Lok Sabha(1999) | 14th Lok Sabha(2004) | 15th Lok Sabha(2009) | 16th Lok Sabha(2014) | 17th Lok Sabha (2019) | 18th Lok Sabha(2024)

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### History of Lok Sabha elections

[edit]

Lok Sabha elections[8][9][10][11] Lok Sabha
(Election) | Total Seats  | First  | Second  | Third

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Political party  | Seats  | Percentage of votes  | Political party  | Seats  | Percentage of votes  | Political party  | Seats  | Percentage of votes
1st
(1951–52) | 489  | Indian National Congress |  | 364  | 44.99%  | Communist Party of India |  | 16  | 3.29%  | Socialist Party |  | 12  | 10.59%
2nd
(1957) | 494  | Indian National Congress | 371  | 47.78%  | Communist Party of India | 27  | 8.92%  | Praja Socialist Party |  | 19  | 10.41%
3rd
(1962) | 494  | Indian National Congress | 361  | 44.72%  | Communist Party of India | 29  | 9.94%  | Swatantra Party |  | 18  | 7.89%
4th
(1967) | 520  | Indian National Congress | 283  | 40.78%  | Swatantra Party |  | 44  | 8.67%  | Bharatiya Jana Sangh |  | 35  | 9.31%
5th
(1971) | 518  | Indian National Congress (R) |  | 352  | 43.68%  | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |  | 25  | 5.12%  | Communist Party of India |  | 23  | 4.73%
6th
(1977) | 542  | Bharatiya Lok Dal |  | 295  | 41.32%  | Indian National Congress (R) |  | 154  | 34.52%  | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |  | 22  | 4.29%
7th
(1980) | 529  | Indian National Congress (Indira) |  | 353  | 42.69%  | Janata Party (Secular) |  | 41  | 9.39%  | Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 37  | 6.24%
8th
(1984) | 541  | Indian National Congress (Indira) |  | 414  | 48.12%  | Telugu Desam Party |  | 30  | 4.06%  | Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 22  | 5.72%
9th
(1989) | 529  | Indian National Congress (Indira) | 197  | 39.53%  | Janata Dal |  | 143  | 17.79%  | Bharatiya Janata Party |  | 85  | 11.36%
10th
(1991) | 534  | Indian National Congress (Indira) | 244  | 36.40%  | Bharatiya Janata Party |  | 120  | 20.07%  | Janata Dal |  | 59  | 11.73%
11th
(1996) | 543  | Bharatiya Janata Party |  | 161  | 20.29%  | Indian National Congress (Indira) |  | 140  | 28.80%  | Janata Dal | 46  | 8.08%
12th
(1998) | 543  | Bharatiya Janata Party | 182  | 25.59%  | Indian National Congress |  | 141  | 25.82%  | Communist Party of India (Marxist) |  | 32  | 5.16%
13th
(1999) | 543  | Bharatiya Janata Party | 182  | 23.75%  | Indian National Congress | 114  | 28.30%  | Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 33  | 5.40%
14th
(2004) | 543  | Indian National Congress |  | 145  | 26.53%  | Bharatiya Janata Party |  | 138  | 22.16%  | Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 43  | 5.66%
15th
(2009) | 543  | Indian National Congress | 206  | 28.55%  | Bharatiya Janata Party | 116  | 18.80%  | Samajwadi Party |  | 23  | 3.23%
16th
(2014) | 543  | Bharatiya Janata Party |  | 282  | 31.34%  | Indian National Congress |  | 44  | 19.52%  | All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |  | 37  | 3.31%
17th
(2019) | 543  | Bharatiya Janata Party | 303  | 37.70%  | Indian National Congress | 52  | 19.67%  | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |  | 24  | 2.36%
18th
(2024) | 543  | Bharatiya Janata Party | 240  | 36.56%  | Indian National Congress | 99  | 21.19%  | Samajwadi Party |  | 37  | 4.58%

### State Assembly elections

[edit]

Members of the State Legislative Assembly are elected directly by voting from a set of candidates who contest in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the State Legislative Assemblies elections are called 'Members of Legislative Assembly' (MLA) and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the Governor. The house meets in the respective state, on matters relating to the creation of new laws, removing, or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens living in that state.

The total strength of each assembly depends on each State, mostly based on size and population. Similar to the Lok Sabha elections, the leader of the majority party/alliance takes an oath as Chief Minister of the State.

The Election Commission conducts the elections and provides a voluntary facility to 80-plus-year-old electors to vote through ballot papers at their homes depending upon polling booth accessibility. Elections are taken up enthusiastically by a major portion of the population, who turn out in high numbers. For example, An 83-year-old woman, Dolma, cast her vote at the Chasak Bhatori polling station in the Pangi area of the Chamba district after covering 14 kilometers walking on a snowy road during the 2022 assembly elections in Himachal Pradesh.[12]

Prior to the much awaited Lok Sabha elections in 2024, the state assembly elections in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Telangana are an important political event. November 7 and November 17 are the scheduled dates for Chhattisgarh's elections, while Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Telangana will hold their votes on November 17, November 23, and November 30, respectively. The political climate before the national elections is anticipated to be shaped by the outcomes of these elections, which are anticipated to be declared on December 3. Key political players in these states are diverse and competing for domination, such as the Indian National Congress (INC), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and other regional parties. These states differ in the quantity of assembly seats they have; Chhattisgarh has ninety [13] seats.

Legislative Assembly Elections  State/UT | 1950s | 1960s | 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s | 2020s

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

AP | AS 1955
1957 | 1962
1967 | 1972
1978 | 1983
1985
1989 | 1994
1999 | 2004
2009 | 2014
2019 | 2024
AR |  –  |  –  | 1978 | 1980
1984 | 1990
1995
1999 | 2004
2009 | 2014
2019 | 2024
AS | 1952
1957 | 1962
1967 | 1972
1978 | 1983
1985 | 1991
1996 | 2001
2006 | 2011
2016 | 2021
BR | 1952
1957 | 1962
1967
1969 | 1972
1977 | 1980
1985 | 1990
1995 | 2000
2005 (Feb)
2005 (Oct) | 2010
2015 | 2020
2025
CG | State didn't exist. Was part of MP. (Established in 2000)  | 2003
2008 | 2013
2018 | 2023
DL | 1952 |  –  |  –  |  –  | 1993
1998 | 2003
2008 | 2013
2015 | 2020
2025
GA |  –  | 1963
1967 | 1972
1977 | 1980
1984
1989 | 1994
1999 | 2002
2007 | 2012
2017 | 2022
GJ |  –  | 1962
1967 | 1972
1975 | 1980
1985 | 1990
1995
1998 | 2002
2007 | 2012
2017 | 2022
HR |  –  | 1967
1968 | 1972
1977 | 1982
1987 | 1991
1996 | 2000
2005
2009 | 2014
2019 | 2024
HP | 1952
| 1967 | 1972
1977 | 1985
| 1990
1993
1998 | 2003
2007 | 2012
2017 | 2022
JK | 1951
1957 | 1962
1967 | 1972
1977 | 1983
1987 | 1996 | 2002
2008 | 2014 | 2024
JH | State didn't exist. Was part of Bihar. (Established in 2000)  | 2005
2009 | 2014
2019 | 2024
KA | Mysore 1952
Mysore 1957 | Mysore 1962
Mysore 1967 | Mysore 1972
1978 | 1983
1985
1989 | 1994
1999 | 2004
2008 | 2013
2018 | 2023
KL | 1952 Thiru-Kochi
1954 Thiru-Kochi
1957 | 1960
1965
1967 | 1970
1977 | 1980
1982
1987 | 1991
1996 | 2001
2006 | 2011
2016 | 2021
MP | Bhopal 1952
MB 1952
MP 1952
VP 1952
1957 | 1967 | 1972
1977 | 1980
1985 | 1990
1993
1998 | 2003
2008 | 2013
2018 | 2023
MH |  –  | 1962
1967 | 1972
1978 | 1980
1985 | 1990
1995
1999 | 2004
2009 | 2014
2019 | 2024
MN |  –  | 1967 | 1972
1974 | 1980
1984 | 1990
1995 | 2000
2002
2007 | 2012
2017 | 2022
ML |  –  |  –  | 1972
1978 | 1983
1988 | 1993
1998 | 2003
2008 | 2013
2018 | 2023
MZ |  –  |  –  | 1972
1978
1979 | 1984
1987
1989 | 1993
1998 | 2003
2008 | 2013
2018 | 2023
NL |  –  | 1964
1969 | 1974
1977 | 1982
1987
1989 | 1993
1998 | 2003
2008 | 2013
2018 | 2023
OD | 1952
1957 | 1961
1967 | 1971
1974
1977 | 1980
1985 | 1990
1995 | 2000
2004
2009 | 2014
2019 | 2024
PB | 1952
1957 | 1962
1967
1969 | 1972
1977 | 1980
1985 | 1992
1997 | 2002
2007 | 2012
2017 | 2022
PY |  –  | 1964
1969 | 1974
1977 | 1980
1985 | 1990
1991
1996 | 2001
2006 | 2011
2016 | 2021
RJ | 1952
1957 | 1962
1967 | 1972
1977 | 1980
1985 | 1990
1993
1998 | 2003
2008 | 2013
2018 | 2023
SK |  –  |  –  | 1979 | 1985
1989 | 1994
1999 | 2004
2009 | 2014
2019 | 2024
TN | Madras 1952
Madras 1957 | Madras 1962
Madras 1967 | 1971
1977 | 1980
1984
1989 | 1991
1996 | 2001
2006 | 2011
2016 | 2021
TS | Hyderabad 1952 |  | 2014
2018 | 2023
TR[14] |  –  | 1967 | 1972
1977 | 1983
1988 | 1993
1998 | 2003
2008 | 2013
2018 | 2023
UP | 1951
1952
1957 | 1962
1967
1969 | 1974
1977 | 1980
1985
1989 | 1991
1993
1996 | 2002
2007 | 2012
2017 | 2022
UT | State didn't exist. Was part of UP. (Established in 2000)  | 2002
2007 | 2012
2017 | 2022
WB | 1952
1957 | 1962
1967
1969 | 1971
1972
1977 | 1982
1987 | 1991
1996 | 2001
2006 | 2011
2016 | 2021

### By-election

[edit]

When an elected candidate to either the State Assembly, Lok Sabha, or Rajya Sabha leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by-election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred to in India as bypolls.

Common reasons for by-elections:

* Resignation by the sitting MP or MLA
* Death of the sitting MP or MLA

But other reasons occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, failure to maintain a minimum level of attendance in the office, due to election irregularities found later, or when a candidate wins more than one seat and has to vacate one).

### Rajya Sabha (Upper House) Elections

[edit]

Main article: Rajya Sabha

The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of India's Parliament. Candidates are not elected directly by the citizens but by the members of legislative assemblies and up to 13 can be nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha get a tenure of six years, with one-third of the body facing re-election every two years. Rajya Sabha acts as a second-level review body before a bill becomes an act.[15]

The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions.

The legislative proposals (making new laws, removing, or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament.

The Constitution of India, however, places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha, which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that money bills must originate in the Lok Sabha.

Members of Rajya Sabha debate bills sent by the Lok Sabha and can approve, reject, or send the bill back to the Lok Sabha for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of the Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations to the Lok Sabha for money bills within 14 days. If the Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form in which the Lok Sabha finally passes it.

## Election procedure in India

[edit]

Candidates are required to file their nomination papers with the Electoral Commission. Then, a list of candidates is published. No party is allowed to use government resources for campaigning. No party is allowed to bribe the candidates before elections. The government cannot start a project during the election period. Campaigning ends by 6:00 pm two days before the polling day.

The polling is held between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm. The Collector of each district is in charge of polling. Government employees are employed as poll officers at the polling stations. Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) are being used instead of ballot boxes to prevent election fraud. After the citizen votes, his or her left index finger is marked with indelible ink. This practice was instituted in 1962.

Privacy Shields for Voting Booth used in India

### Vote from home

[edit]

The Election Commission of India has granted permission for individuals aged 80 and above and those with physical challenges to cast their votes from the comfort of their homes using ballot papers.[16] To avail of this facility, eligible individuals must register with the designated booth-level officer at least 10 days prior to the election date. The necessary Form 12-D for facilitating the postal ballot has to be submitted well in advance. A dedicated team of five officers, including a polling officer, micro observer, police officer, and photographer, will visit their residences to ensure a smooth and transparent polling process. The entire polling procedure will be documented through photographs and videos. While the option to vote from home is voluntary, the decision cannot be reversed later once an elector chooses this method. Election officials in Bhopal, India, are actively reaching out to the residences of super senior citizens (aged above 80 years) and voters with disabilities to provide assistance in submitting their votes through postal ballots for 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections.[17]

In the 2024 lok sabha elections, ECI extended the "vote-from-home" option to people aged 85 years and above and to Persons with Disabilities (PwD) for the first time in the history of the Lok Sabha elections. The goal of this move is to improve participation and accessibility in the electoral process.[18][19]

A senior citizen (above 80) is casting her vote from home in Bhopal

### Indelible ink

[edit]

Ink used in Indian elections Ink bottle pledge

Research into indelible ink was commenced by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). In the 1950s, M. L. Goel worked on this research at the Chemical Division of the National Physical Laboratory of India. The ink used contains silver nitrate, which makes it photo-sensitive. It is stored in amber-colored plastic or brown-colored glass bottles. On application, the ink remains on the finger for at least two days. It may last up to a month, depending on the person's body temperature and the environment.

### Electronic voting

[edit]

Main article: Electronic voting in India

Voting machine

BHAVIK (EVM) were first used in the 1997 election and became the only method of voting in 2004. The EVMs save time in reporting results. A voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) was introduced on 14 August 2014 in Nagaland.[20] In the 2014 general election, VVPAT was operational in 8 constituencies (Lucknow, Gandhinagar, Bangalore South, Chennai Central, Jadavpur, Raipur, Patna Sahib and Mizoram) as a pilot project.[21][22] A slip generated by the VVPAT tells a voter to which party or candidate their vote has been given, their name, their constituency and their polling booth.[23][24][25][26][27]

Opposition parties demanded that VVPAT be made mandatory all over India due to allegations against the government of hacking the EVM. Accordingly, Voter-verified paper audit trails (VVPATs) and EVMs were used in every assembly and the general election in India since 2019.[28][29] On 9 April 2019, Supreme Court of India gave the judgement, ordering the Election Commission of India to increase the VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means the Election Commission of India has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs in the 2019 General elections.[30][31][32] VVPAT enables voters to cross-check whether the vote they have given goes to their desired candidate, as the VVPAT unit produces a paper slip, additionally called a ballot slip, that contains the name, serial number, and image of the candidate selected by the voter for his vote. Post the 2019 general election, ECI declared that there were no mismatches between EVM and VVPAT.[33]

### NOTA

[edit]

Further information: None of the Above in Indian Elections

On 27 September 2013, the Supreme Court of India judged that citizens have the right to cast a negative vote by exercising the "None of the above" (NOTA) option. This was the result of petitioning by the Electoral Commission and the People's Union for Civil Liberties in 2009. In November 2013, NOTA was introduced in five state elections. Even if the number of electors opting for the NOTA option is more than the number of votes polled by any of the candidates, the candidate who secures the largest number of votes has to be declared elected.[34]

### Absentee voting

[edit]

India does not provide general absentee voting.[35][36] On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazetted to give voting rights to non-resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required.[37][38]

### Postal voting

[edit]

Postal voting in India is done only through the "Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB)" system of the Election Commission of India, where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters, and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted before those from the Electronic Voting Machines. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. People working in the Union armed forces and state police, as well as their spouses and employees working for the Government of India who are officially posted abroad, can register for the postal vote; these are also called the "Service voters". Additionally, people in preventive detention, disabled, and those above the age of 80 years old can use postal votes. Prisoners cannot vote at all.[39][40][41]

## Elections by statewise

[edit]

1. Elections in Andhra Pradesh
2. Elections in Arunachal Pradesh
3. Elections in Assam
4. Elections in Bihar
5. Elections in Chhattisgarh
6. Elections in Delhi
7. Elections in Goa
8. Elections in Gujarat
9. Elections in Haryana
10. Elections in Himachal Pradesh
11. Elections in Jammu and Kashmir
12. Elections in Jharkhand
13. Elections in Karnataka
14. Elections in Kerala
15. Elections in Madhya Pradesh
16. Elections in Maharashtra
17. Elections in Manipur
18. Elections in Meghalaya
19. Elections in Mizoram
20. Elections in Nagaland
21. Elections in Odisha
22. Elections in Puducherry
23. Elections in Punjab
24. Elections in Rajasthan
25. Elections in Sikkim
26. Elections in Tamil Nadu
27. Elections in Telangana
28. Elections in Tripura
29. Elections in Uttar Pradesh
30. Elections in Uttarakhand
31. Elections in West Bengal

## See also

[edit]

* India portal
* Politics portal

* 49-O Now replaced with 'NOTA (None of The Above)'
* Booth capturing
* Democracy in India
* History of democracy in the Indian-subcontinent
* Gopala I
* Election Commission of India
* Exercise Franchise For Good Governance
* Legislative Assembly elections in India
* British India - General Elections
* 1920 Indian general election
* 1923 Indian general election
* 1926 Indian general election
* 1930 Indian general election
* 1934 Indian general election
* 1945 Indian general election
* British India - Provincial Elections
* 1937 Indian provincial elections
* 1946 Indian provincial elections

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Richetta, Cécile; Harbers, Imke; van Wingerden, Enrike (2023). "The subnational electoral coercion in India (SECI) data set, 1985–2015" (PDF). Electoral Studies. 85. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102662. ISSN 0261-3794.
2. ^ "Lok Sabha polls 2024: What is universal adult franchise?". Deccan Herald.
3. ^ "Did the British Empire resist women's suffrage in India?". BBC News. 22 February 2018.
4. ^ Bhatia, Gautam (27 February 2018). "The 1947 singularity: on India's adoption of universal suffrage". The Hindu.
5. ^ "A Constitutional Body". Election Commission of India.[permanent dead link]
6. ^ "Role of SEC- State Election Commission, Maharashtra". mahasec.maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
7. ^ "Terms of the Houses". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
8. ^ "Lok Sabha Election Results 1951-2004". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
9. ^ "Lok Sabha Election Results 2009". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
10. ^ "General Election 2014". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
11. ^ "General Election 2019 (Including Vellore PC)". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
12. ^ "Assembly elections 2022: 66% voter turnout in Himachal Pradesh, world's highest booth sees 100% polling | Himachal-Pradesh Election News". The Times of India. 12 November 2022.
13. ^ "Assembly elections in 5 states explained in 4 charts". 9 October 2023.
14. ^ "43. India/Tripura (1949-present)". University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
15. ^ "Rajya Sabha Election 2017: Here Is How Members Are Elected To Upper House". NDTV.com. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
16. ^ "EC provides facility to voters above 80 years of age & Divyanga to vote from home". News On AIR - News Services Division. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
17. ^ Ayub, Jamal (8 November 2023). "Vote From Home: Madhya Pradesh Polling Stations Come To The Doorstep For Elderly & Disabled". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
18. ^ Kalia, Saumya (23 March 2024). "All about the vote-from-home facility in the Lok Sabha elections | Explained". The Hindu.
19. ^ "ECI walks the extra mile to reach at the doorstep of elderly and PwD voters". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
20. ^ "EC Decides to use VVPAT System at Bye-Election in Nagaland" (Press release). Press Information Bureau. 17 August 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
21. ^ References:
* "EVM-paper trail introduced in 8 of 543 constituencies". dna. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
* Press Trust of India (29 April 2014). "LS polls: Voters to get 'automated-receipts' at Gandhinagar". Business Standard India. Business-standard.com. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
* Staff Reporter (4 April 2014). "VVPAT machine to be on demonstration for 10 days". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
* "VVPAT to be introduced in Jadavpur constituency". Indiatvnews.com. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
* Patna Sahib electorate can see who they voted for - The Times of India
* "EVM slip will help verify your vote". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
* 400 EVMs on standby for Patna Sahib, Pataliputra
* "VVPAT to Debut in B'lore South". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
* T. Ramakrishnan (April 2014). "Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail system comes to Chennai". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
22. ^ "VVPAT, a revolutionary step in voting transparency". DNA. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
23. ^ "Not many were aware of VVPAT, but were happy with verification". The Hindu. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
24. ^ "Safe distance". The Indian Express. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
25. ^ "As smooth as it gets, says city poll chief". The Times of India. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
26. ^ "Ripon Buildings turns nerve centre of electoral activities in Chennai". The Times of India. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
27. ^ "Voter's verifiable paper audit trail system to be introduced in Chennai Central constituency". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
28. ^ "EC announces Lok Sabha election dates: VVPATs, to be used in all polling stations, help bring more accuracy in voting". Firstpost. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
29. ^ "What are EVMs, VVPAT and how safe they are". The Times of India. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
30. ^ "Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat | India News". The Times of India. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
31. ^ JAIN, MEHAL (8 April 2019). "Breaking: SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency [Read Order]". www.livelaw.in. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
32. ^ "When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present". Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
33. ^ "EVM-VVPAT pass test in Lok Sabha polls". Economic Times. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
34. ^ "ECI Press release - Supreme Court's judgement for "None of the Above" option on EVM– clarification" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2017.
35. ^ "Who can vote by postal ballot?". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
36. ^ "Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid". dna. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
37. ^ "Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections". Voterswithoutborders.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
38. ^ "People for Lok Satta- NRI voting campaign". Nrivotingrights.info. 9 January 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
39. ^ Postal ballots: Who can vote through ETPB, how to get registered and how the voting is done; an explainer, First Post, 2 April 2019.
40. ^ Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?, Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.
41. ^ Bakshi, Gorki (29 October 2019). "People over 80 years of age, disabled can now vote through postal ballot". Retrieved 22 September 2020.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elections in India.

* Election Commission of India[usurped]
* Adam Carr's election archive
* Qualification and disqualification[usurped] Election Commission of India handbook for candidates
* Elections India Archived 26 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine

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* Districts
* Municipalities
* States and union territories

See also|

* National monuments of India
* National parks of India
* Nature worship in Indian-origin religions
* World Heritage Sites in India
* Culture of India
* History of India
* Tourism in India

Politics

| Government|

* Agencies
* Energy policy
* Foreign relations
* Parliament
* Lok Sabha
* Rajya Sabha
* President
* Vice President
* Prime Minister
* Union Council of Ministers
* Civil Services
* Cabinet Secretary
* State governments
* State legislative assemblies
* State legislative councils
* Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators
* Chief Ministers
* Chief Secretaries

|

Law|

* Constitution
* Penal Code
* Fundamental rights, principles and duties
* Human rights
* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* High Courts
* District Courts

Enforcement|

| Federal|

* Border Security Force (BSF)
* Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
* Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
* Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
* National Security Guard (NSG)
* Railway Protection Force (RPF)
* Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
* Special Protection Group (SPG)

|

Intelligence|

* Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
* Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
* Enforcement Directorate (ED)
* Intelligence Bureau (IB)
* Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
* Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
* National Investigation Agency (NIA)
* Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)

Military|

* Army
* Navy
* Air Force

Politics|

* Censorship
* Citizenship
* Elections
* Democracy
* Nationalism
* Political parties
* Reservations
* Scandals
* Scheduled groups
* Secularism
* Women in politics

Economy

| Companies|

* BSE SENSEX
* NIFTY 50
* NIFTY Next 50
* NIFTY 500
* GIFT Nifty

|

Governance|

* Ministry of Finance
* Finance ministers
* Ministry of Commerce and Industry
* Finance Commission
* Economic Advisory Council
* Central Statistical Office
* Securities and Exchange Board of India
* Enforcement Directorate
* External debt
* Foreign trade
* Foreign direct investment
* Foreign exchange reserves
* Remittances
* Taxation
* Subsidies
* Industrial licensing
* Voluntary guidelines
* NITI Aayog
* Make in India
* Atmanirbhar Bharat

Currency|

* Indian rupee
* Sign
* History
* Historical Forex
* Digital rupee
* Coinage
* Paisa
* Reserve Bank of India
* Governor
* Mint
* Inflation

Financial services|

* Banking
* Insurance
* Multi Commodity Exchange
* Bullion
* BSE
* NSE
* India INX

History|

* COVID-19 impact
* Economic development
* Liberalisation
* Licence Raj
* Green revolution
* Government initiatives
* Numbering system

People|

* By net worth
* Demography
* Income
* Poverty
* Labour law
* Pensions
* EPFO
* NPS
* PPF

States|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Delhi
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Ladakh
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Mizoram
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Uttarakhand
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Sectors|

* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Fishing
* Automotive
* Chemical
* Construction
* Defence
* Education
* Energy
* Electricity
* Nuclear
* Oil and gas
* Solar
* Wind
* Electronics and semiconductor
* Entertainment
* Forestry
* Gambling
* Healthcare
* Hospitals
* Information technology
* Media
* Cinema
* FM Radio
* Television
* Printing
* Mining
* Coal
* Iron and Steel
* Pharmaceuticals
* Pulp and paper
* Retail
* Science and technology
* Biotechnology
* Space
* Telecommunications
* Textiles
* Tourism
* Transport
* Aviation
* Civil
* Ports
* Rail
* Roads
* Electricity
* Water
* Power

Regulator|

* IRDAI
* RBI
* SEBI
* IBBI
* PFRDA

Other|

* NCLT
* NCLAT
* BIFR
* IBBI
* IBC
* SARFESI Act
* Income Tax Act
* Companies Act
* Banking Act
* Insurance Act
* FEMA
* Mumbai Consensus

* Society and culture

| Society|

* Caste system
* Corruption
* Crime
* Demographics
* Indians
* Education
* Universities in India
* Medical colleges in India
* Law colleges in India
* Engineering colleges in India
* Ethnic relations
* Health
* Languages
* Life expectancy
* Literacy
* Poverty
* Prisons
* Religion
* Socio-economic issues
* Standard of living
* Water supply and sanitation
* Women
* Sexuality
* Youth

|

Culture|

* Arts and entertainment
* Architecture
* Blogging
* Cinema
* Comics
* Webcomics
* Cuisine
* wine
* Dance
* Dress
* Folklore
* Festivals
* Literature
* Media
* television
* Martial arts
* Music
* Painting
* Physical culture
* Public holidays
* Sculpture
* tallest
* Sport
* Traditional

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