Elections in Northern Ireland

This article is part of a series within the
Politics of the United Kingdom on the

Politics of Northern Ireland

Executive

* Executive Committee

First Minister

Michelle O'Neill
Deputya First Minister

Emma Little-Pengelly
* Civil Service
* Government departments

Assembly

* Speaker

Edwin Poots MLA
* Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly

List
* Private Members' Bills
* Committees

Windsor Framework Democratic Scrutiny Committee
Committee on Standards and Privileges
Assembly and Executive Review Committee
* Statutory rules
* Members (MLA)
* Commissioner for Standards

Law

* Supreme Court (UK)
* Courts of Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland in the UK

* His Majesty's Government

Northern Ireland Office

Secretary of State

Rt. Hon. Hilary Benn MP

* Interministerial Standing Committee
* Parliament of the United Kingdom

Direct rule
Grand Committee
Select Committee
* Elections
* Current Westminster MPs

Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland

* All-Ireland
* Good Friday Agreement
* North/South Ministerial Council
* North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association
* British–Irish Council

Local government

* Local government in Northern Ireland

* Counties
* Districts

* Local Government Boundaries Commissioner
* Northern Ireland Local Government Association

* Category
* NI portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

Elections in Northern Ireland are held on a regular basis to local councils, the Northern Ireland Assembly and to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The Northern Ireland Assembly has 90 members, elected in 18 five-member constituencies by the single transferable vote (STV) method.[1] Northern Ireland is represented at Westminster by 18 single-member constituencies elected by the first-past-the-post method.

Unlike in the rest of the United Kingdom, elections in Northern Ireland are administered centrally by the Chief Electoral Officer for Northern Ireland and the Electoral Office for Northern Ireland rather than by local authorities.

## Elections to the United Kingdom House of Commons

[edit]

Legend
U: unionist; N: nationalist; O: other.

This graph was using the legacy Graph extension, which is no longer supported. It needs to be converted to the new Chart extension.

|

Results over time(Northern Irish seats for parliament)

Election  | SF (N) | DUP (U) | UUP (U) | SDLP (N) | APNI (O) | TUV (U) | UKUP (U) | UPUP (U) | UUUP (U) | VUPP (U) | RLP (N) | PUP (U) | Unity (N) | NP (N) | Lab (O) | Ind U | Ind N | Ind Lab | Total | Total U | Total N | Total O
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1922 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 13 | 11 | 2 |
1923 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 13 | 11 | 2 |
1924 |  |  | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13 | 13 |  |
1929 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 13 | 11 | 2 |
1931 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 13 | 11 | 2 |
1935 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 13 | 11 | 2 |
1945 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  | 1 |  | 1 | 13 | 10 | 2 | 1
1950 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  |  | 12 | 10 | 2 |
1951 |  |  | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 1 |  |  |  | 12 | 9 | 2 | 1
1955 | 2 |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 | 10 | 2 |
1959 |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 | 12 |  |
1964 |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 | 12 |  |
1966 |  |  | 11  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12  | 11  | 1  |
1970 |  |  | 8  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1  | 1  | 2  |  |  |  |  |  | 12  | 9  | 3  |
Feb. 1974 |  | 1  | 7  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12  | 11  | 1  |
Oct. 1974 |  | 1  | 6  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1  |  | 12  | 10  | 2  |
1979 |  | 3  | 5  | 1  |  |  |  |  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1  | 1  |  | 12  | 10  | 2  |
1983 | 1  | 3  | 11  | 1  |  |  |  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17  | 15  | 2  |
1987 | 1  | 3  | 9  | 3  |  |  |  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17  | 13  | 4  |
1992 |  | 3  | 9  | 4  |  |  |  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17  | 13  | 4  |
1997 | 2  | 2  | 10  | 3  |  |  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18  | 13  | 5  |
2001 | 4  | 5  | 6  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18  | 11  | 7  |
2005 | 5  | 9  | 1  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18  | 10  | 8  |
2010 | 5  | 8  |  | 3  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1  |  |  | 18  | 9  | 8  | 1
2015 | 4  | 8  | 2  | 3  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1  |  |  | 18  | 11  | 7  |
2017 | 7  | 10  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1  |  |  | 18  | 11  | 7  |
2019 | 7  | 8  |  | 2  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18  | 8  | 9  | 1
2024 | 7  | 5  | 1  | 2  | 1  | 1  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1  |  |  | 18  | 8  | 9  | 1

* Sinn Féin have never taken their seats in the United Kingdom House of Commons due to their policy of abstentionism.
* UUP MPs sat as members of the Conservative Party until 1972.

### By-elections

[edit]

Gains are marked with a grey background.

Constituency | Date | Incumbent | Party | Winner | Party | Cause

|
|
|
|
|
|

Mid Armagh | 23 June 1921 | James Lonsdale |  | UUP | Henry Armstrong |  | UUP | Death
Belfast Duncairn | 23 June 1921 | Edward Carson |  | UUP | Thomas McConnell |  | UUP | Appointed Lord of Appeal in Ordinary
North Down | 23 June 1921 | Thomas Watters Brown |  | UUP | Thomas Watters Brown |  | UUP | Appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland
Mid Down | 2 July 1921 | James Craig |  | UUP | Robert Sharman-Crawford |  | UUP | Elected Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
West Down | 5 July 1921 | Daniel Martin Wilson |  | UUP | Thomas Browne Wallace |  | UUP | Appointed Recorder of Belfast
South Londonderry | 29 August 1921 | Denis Henry |  | UUP | Robert Chichester |  | UUP | Appointed Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland
South Londonderry | 18 January 1922 | Robert Chichester |  | UUP | William Pain |  | UUP | Death
West Down | 17 February 1922 | Thomas Browne Wallace |  | UUP | Hugh Hayes |  | UUP | Appointed Chief Clerk to the High Court of Northern Ireland
North Down | 21 February 1922 | Thomas Watters Brown |  | UUP | Sir Henry Wilson, Bt |  | UUP | Appointed to the High Court of Northern Ireland
North Londonderry | 4 June 1922 | Hugh T. Barrie |  | UUP | Malcolm Macnaghten |  | UUP | Death
North Down | 21 July 1922 | Sir Henry Wilson, Bt |  | UUP | John Simms |  | UUP | Killed by the IRA
Londonderry | 29 January 1929 | Malcolm Macnaghten |  | UUP | Ronald Ross |  | UUP | Appointment to High Court of Justice of England and Wales
Fermanagh and Tyrone | 7 March 1931 | Thomas Harbison |  | Nationalist | Cahir Healy |  | Nationalist | Death
Fermanagh and Tyrone | 27 June 1934 | Joseph Devlin |  | Nationalist | Joe Stewart |  | Nationalist | Death
Down | 10 May 1939 | David Reid |  | UUP | James Little |  | UUP | Death
Belfast East | 8 February 1940 | Herbert Dixon |  | UUP | Henry Harland |  | UUP | Elevation to the Peerage
Queen's University of Belfast | 2 November 1940 | Thomas Sinclair |  | UUP | Douglas Savory |  | UUP | Resignation
Belfast West | 9 February 1943 | Alexander Browne |  | UUP | Jack Beattie |  | NI Labour | Death
Antrim | 11 February 1943 | Sir Joseph McConnell, Bt |  | UUP | John Dermot Campbell |  | UUP | Death
Down | 2 June 1946 | James Little |  | Ind. Unionist | C. H. Mullan |  | UUP | Death
Armagh | 5 March 1948 | Sir William Allen |  | UUP | James Harden |  | UUP | Death by road accident
Belfast West | 29 November 1950 | J. G. MacManaway |  | UUP | Thomas Teevan |  | UUP | Disqualified under the House of Commons (Clergy Disqualification) Act 1801
Londonderry | 19 May 1951 | Ronald Ross |  | UUP | William Wellwood |  | UUP | Appointment as Northern Ireland Government Agent in London
North Antrim | 27 October 1952 | Sir Hugh O'Neill |  | UUP | Phelim O'Neill |  | UUP | Resignation
Belfast South | 4 November 1952 | Conolly Gage |  | UUP | David Campbell |  | UUP | Resignation
North Down | 15 April 1953 | Walter Smiles |  | UUP | Patricia Ford |  | UUP | Died in MV Princess Victoria ferry disaster
Armagh | 20 November 1954 | James Harden |  | UUP | C. W. Armstrong |  | UUP | Resignation
Mid Ulster | 11 August 1955 | Tom Mitchell |  | Sinn Féin | Tom Mitchell |  | Sinn Féin | Disqualification
Mid Ulster | 8 May 1956 | Charles Beattie |  | UUP | George Forrest |  | Ind. Unionist | Disqualification
Belfast East | 19 March 1959 | Alan McKibbin |  | UUP | Stanley McMaster |  | UUP | Death
Belfast South | 22 October 1963 | Sir David Campbell |  | UUP | Rafton Pounder |  | UUP | Death
Mid Ulster | 17 April 1969 | George Forrest |  | UUP | Bernadette Devlin |  | Unity | Death
Fermanagh and South Tyrone | 9 April 1981 | Frank Maguire |  | Ind. Nationalist | Bobby Sands |  | Anti H-Block | Death
Fermanagh and South Tyrone | 20 August 1981 | Bobby Sands |  | Anti H-Block | Owen Carron |  | Anti H-Block | Death from hunger strike
Belfast South | 4 March 1982 | Robert Bradford |  | UUP | Martin Smyth |  | UUP | Killed by the IRA
Antrim North | 23 January 1986 | Ian Paisley |  | DUP | Ian Paisley |  | DUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Antrim East | 23 January 1986 | Roy Beggs |  | UUP | Roy Beggs |  | UUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Antrim South | 23 January 1986 | Clifford Forsythe |  | UUP | Clifford Forsythe |  | UUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Belfast East | 23 January 1986 | Peter Robinson |  | DUP | Peter Robinson |  | DUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Belfast North | 23 January 1986 | Cecil Walker |  | UUP | Cecil Walker |  | UUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Belfast South | 23 January 1986 | Martin Smyth |  | UUP | Martin Smyth |  | UUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Down North | 23 January 1986 | James Kilfedder |  | UPUP | James Kilfedder |  | UPUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Down South | 23 January 1986 | Enoch Powell |  | UUP | Enoch Powell |  | UUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Fermanagh and South Tyrone | 23 January 1986 | Ken Maginnis |  | UUP | Ken Maginnis |  | UUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Lagan Valley | 23 January 1986 | James Molyneaux |  | UUP | James Molyneaux |  | UUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
East Londonderry | 23 January 1986 | William Ross |  | UUP | William Ross |  | UUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Mid Ulster | 23 January 1986 | William McCrea |  | DUP | William McCrea |  | DUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Strangford | 23 January 1986 | John Taylor |  | UUP | John Taylor |  | UUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Newry and Armagh | 23 January 1986 | James Nicholson |  | UUP | Seamus Mallon |  | SDLP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Upper Bann | 23 January 1986 | Harold McCusker |  | UUP | Harold McCusker |  | UUP | Resignation in protest at Anglo-Irish Agreement
Upper Bann | 17 May 1990 | Harold McCusker |  | UUP | David Trimble |  | UUP | Death
North Down | 15 June 1995 | Sir James Kilfedder |  | UPUP | Robert McCartney |  | UK Unionist | Death
South Antrim | 21 September 2000 | Clifford Forsythe |  | UUP | William McCrea |  | DUP | Death
Belfast West | 9 June 2011 | Gerry Adams |  | Sinn Féin | Paul Maskey |  | Sinn Féin | Resignation to contest the Louth constituency in the Irish general election
Mid Ulster | 7 March 2013 | Martin McGuinness |  | Sinn Féin | Francie Molloy |  | Sinn Féin | Resignation to end dual mandate as Member of Parliament and Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly
West Tyrone | 3 May 2018 | Barry McElduff |  | Sinn Féin | Órfhlaith Begley |  | Sinn Féin | Resignation

### Recall petition

[edit]

* 2018 North Antrim recall petition

## Referendums

[edit]

### Northern Ireland-specific referendums

[edit]

* 1973 Northern Ireland border poll
* 1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum

### United Kingdom-wide referendums

[edit]

* 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum#Results by United Kingdom constituent countries
* 2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum#Results by constituent countries
* 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum#Results by constituent countries & Gibraltar

## Elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly

[edit]

Legend
U: unionist; N: nationalist; O: other.
Election  | DUP (U) | SF (N) | UUP (U) | SDLP (N) | APNI (O) | UKUP (U) | UPUP (U) | PUP (U) | VUPP (U) | UPNI (U) | NILP (O) | NIWC (O) | GPNI (O) | TUV (U) | PBP (O) | Ind U | Ind N | Ind O | Total | Total U | Total N | Total O

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1973 | 8 |  | 31 | 19 | 8 |  |  |  | 7 |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | 78 | 50 | 19 | 9
1975 | 12 |  | 19 | 17 | 8 |  |  |  | 14 | 5 | 1 |  |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 78 | 52 | 17 | 9
1982 | 21 | 5 | 26 | 14 | 10 |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 78 | 49 | 19 | 10
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
1998 | 20 | 18 | 28 | 24 | 6 | 5 |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 108 | 58 | 42 | 8
2003 | 30 | 24 | 27 | 18 | 6 | 1 |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 108 | 59 | 42 | 7
2007 | 36 | 28 | 18 | 16 | 7 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | 1 | 108 | 55 | 44 | 9
2011 | 38 | 29 | 16 | 14 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 108 | 56 | 43 | 9
2016 | 38 | 28 | 16 | 12 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |  |  | 108 | 56 | 40 | 12
2017 | 28 | 27 | 10 | 12 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  | 90 | 40 | 39 | 11
2022 | 25  | 27  | 9  | 8  | 17  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1  | 1  | 2  |  |  | 90  | 37  | 35  | 18

* 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election
* 2003 Northern Ireland Assembly election
* 2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election
* 2011 Northern Ireland Assembly election
* 2016 Northern Ireland Assembly election
* 2017 Northern Ireland Assembly election
* 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election

## Elections to the European Parliament

[edit]

Main article: Northern Ireland (European Parliament constituency)

From 1979 to 2020, three of the seats in the European Parliament allocated to the United Kingdom formed a three-seat constituency elected by single transferable vote. It differed from European Parliament constituencies elsewhere in the United Kingdom which used the D'Hondt method. The United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union on 31 January 2020, and the constituency was abolished.

Year  |  |  |  |  |

|
|
|
|
|

DUP | SF | APNI | UUP | SDLP
1979 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1984 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1989 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1994 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1999 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
2004 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0
2009 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0
2014 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0
2019 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0

## Ad hoc elections

[edit]

* 1973 Northern Ireland Assembly election
* 1975 Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention election
* 1982 Northern Ireland Assembly election
* 1996 Northern Ireland Forum election

## Elections to the Northern Ireland House of Commons

[edit]

* 1921 Northern Ireland general election
* 1925 Northern Ireland general election
* 1929 Northern Ireland general election
* 1933 Northern Ireland general election
* 1938 Northern Ireland general election
* 1945 Northern Ireland general election
* 1949 Northern Ireland general election
* 1953 Northern Ireland general election
* 1958 Northern Ireland general election
* 1962 Northern Ireland general election
* 1965 Northern Ireland general election
* 1969 Northern Ireland general election

### By-elections

[edit]

* List of Northern Ireland Parliament by-elections

## Local elections

[edit]

Further information: Local government in Northern Ireland § Elections, and Category:Council elections in Northern Ireland

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Whyte, Nicholas. "The Single Transferable Vote (STV)". Northern Ireland Elections. Retrieved 28 June 2016.

## External links

[edit]

* Adam Carr's Election Archive
* Parties and elections
* Northern Ireland Elections

* v
* t
* e

Elections and referendums in Northern Ireland

NI Parliament elections|

* 1921
* 1925
* 1929
* 1933
* 1938
* 1945
* 1949
* 1953
* 1958
* 1962
* 1965
* 1969

Ad-hoc elections|

* 1973
* 1975
* 1982
* 1996

Assembly elections|

* 1998
* 2003
* 2007
* 2011
* 2016
* 2017
* 2022
* Next

European elections|

* 1979
* 1984
* 1989
* 1994
* 1999
* 2004
* 2009
* 2014
* 2019

Local elections|

* 1924
* 1936
* 1946
* 1949
* 1952
* 1955
* 1958
* 1961
* 1964
* 1967
* 1973
* 1977
* 1981
* 1985
* 1989
* 1993
* 1997
* 2001
* 2005
* 2011
* 2014
* 2019
* 2023

Referendums|

* 1973
* 1998

UK general elections|

* 1922
* 1923
* 1924
* 1929
* 1931
* 1935
* 1945
* 1950
* 1951
* 1955
* 1959
* 1964
* 1966
* 1970
* 1974 (Feb)
* 1974 (Oct)
* 1979
* 1983
* 1987
* 1992
* 1997
* 2001
* 2005
* 2010
* 2015
* 2017
* 2019
* 2024

* v
* t
* e

Northern Ireland Assembly

Assembly|

* Speaker
* Assembly Commission
* Acts
* Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)
* Parliament Buildings
* Commissioner for Standards at the Northern Ireland Assembly
* Clerk of the Northern Ireland Assembly

Committees|

| Statutory committees|

* Executive Office
* Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
* Communities
* Economy
* Education
* Finance
* Health
* Infrastructure
* Justice

|

Standing committees|

* Assembly and Executive Review
* Standards and Privileges
* Windsor Framework Democratic Scrutiny

Constituencies|

* Belfast East
* Belfast North
* Belfast South
* Belfast West
* East Antrim
* East Londonderry
* Fermanagh and South Tyrone
* Foyle
* Lagan Valley
* Mid Ulster
* Newry and Armagh
* North Antrim
* North Down
* South Antrim
* South Down
* Strangford
* Upper Bann
* West Tyrone

Parties|

Current:

* Alliance
* Democratic Unionist
* People Before Profit
* Sinn Féin
* Social Democratic and Labour
* Traditional Unionist Voice
* Ulster Unionist

Elections|

* 1998
* 2003
* 2007
* 2011
* 2016
* 2017
* 2022
* Next

Members|

* 1st Assembly (1998–03)
* 2nd Assembly (2006–07)
* 3rd Assembly (2007–11)
* 4th Assembly (2011–16)
* 5th Assembly (2016–17)
* 6th Assembly (2017–22)
* 7th Assembly (2022)

Procedure|

* Cross-community vote

See also|

* Sunningdale Agreement
* Anglo-Irish Agreement
* Good Friday Agreement
* St Andrews Agreement
* Hillsborough Castle Agreement
* Stormont House Agreement
* New Decade, New Approach
* Northern Ireland Protocol
* Windsor Framework
* Northern Ireland Youth Assembly

* v
* t
* e

Elections in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales
* Vatican City

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

Other entities|

* European Union

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template