Elections in Peru

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In Peru, the people directly elect a head of state (the president) as well as a legislature. The president is elected by the people for a five-year term. The unicameral Congress (Congreso) has 130 members, also elected for a five-year term by proportional representation. Peru has a multi-party system, which effectively bars one party from becoming the sole influence in a decision-making process. As such, parties must work with one another to form coalition governments. The whole election process is held by the National Jury of Elections and the National Office of Electoral Processes. Peru has compulsory voting.[1][2]

## History

[edit]

Secret ballots were introduced in 1931, along with an expansion of suffrage to allow all literate males to vote.[3]

## Schedule

[edit]

### Election

[edit]

Position | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021

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Type  | Presidential (April & June)
National Congress (April)
Gubernatorial (April & June) | None | Presidential (April & June)
National Congress (April)
Gubernatorial (April & June)
President and
vice president  | President and vice president | None | President and vice president
National Congress  | All seats | None | All seats
Provinces, cities and municipalities  | All positions | None | All positions

### Inauguration

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Position | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021

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Type  | Presidential (May)
National Congress (May)
Gubernatorial (May) | None | Presidential (May)
National Congress (May)
Gubernatorial (May)
President and
vice president  | 28 July | None | 28 July
National Congress  | 28 July | None | 28 July
Provinces, cities and municipalities  | 28 July | None | 28 July

## Latest elections

[edit]

Main article: 2020 Peruvian parliamentary election

### Presidential election

[edit]

This section is transcluded from 2021 Peruvian general election. (edit | history)

Leading candidate by region in the first round Leading candidate by region in the second round Leading candidate by province in the second round Leading candidate by district in the second round

The first round was held on 11 April.[4][5] The first exit polls published indicated that underdog nominee Pedro Castillo of Free Peru had placed first in the first round of voting with approximately 16.1% of the vote, with Hernando de Soto and Keiko Fujimori tying with 11.9% each.[5] Yonhy Lescano, Rafael López Aliaga, Verónika Mendoza, and George Forsyth followed, with each receiving 11.0%, 10.5%, 8.8%, and 6.4%, respectively.[5] César Acuña and Daniel Urresti received 5.8% and 5.0%, respectively, while the rest of the nominees attained less than 3% of the popular vote.[6][7]

In the second round, Castillo defeated Fujimori by just 44,263 votes, winning by 50.13% to 49.87%. Castillo was officially designated as president-elect of Peru on 19 July 2021, a little over a week before he was to be inaugurated.[8]

Candidate| Party| First round| Second round

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Votes| %| Votes| %
| Pedro Castillo| Free Peru| 2,724,752| 18.92| 8,836,380| 50.13
| Keiko Fujimori| Popular Force| 1,930,762| 13.41| 8,792,117| 49.87
| Rafael López Aliaga| Popular Renewal| 1,692,279| 11.75|
| Hernando de Soto| Go on Country – Social Integration Party| 1,674,201| 11.63|
| Yonhy Lescano| Popular Action| 1,306,288| 9.07|
| Verónika Mendoza| Together for Peru| 1,132,577| 7.86|
| César Acuña| Alliance for Progress| 867,025| 6.02|
| George Forsyth| National Victory| 814,516| 5.66|
| Daniel Urresti| Podemos Perú| 812,721| 5.64|
| Julio Guzmán| Purple Party| 325,608| 2.26|
| Alberto Beingolea| Christian People's Party| 286,447| 1.99|
| Daniel Salaverry| We Are Peru| 240,234| 1.67|
| Ollanta Humala| Peruvian Nationalist Party| 230,831| 1.60|
| José Vega| Union for Peru| 101,267| 0.70|
| Ciro Gálvez| National United Renaissance| 89,376| 0.62|
| Marco Arana| Broad Front| 65,300| 0.45|
| Rafael Santos [es]| Peru Secure Homeland| 55,644| 0.39|
| Andrés Alcántara [es]| Direct Democracy| 50,802| 0.35|
Total| 14,400,630| 100.00| 17,628,497| 100.00
Valid votes| 14,400,630| 81.30| 17,628,497| 93.49
Invalid votes| 1,123,027| 6.34| 1,106,816| 5.87
Blank votes| 2,190,059| 12.36| 121,489| 0.64
Total votes| 17,713,716| 100.00| 18,856,802| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 25,287,954| 70.05| 25,287,954| 74.57
Source: ONPE, ONPE

#### By department

[edit]

2021 Peruvian presidential election results – First round by Department  Department | Castillo
Free Peru | Fujimori
Popular Force | López Aliaga
Popular Renewal | De Soto
Go on Country | Lescano
Popular Action | Mendoza
Together for Peru | Other
candidates | Valid
votes | Turnout

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Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | %
Amazonas | 34,411 | 26.1% | 17,805 | 13.5% | 8,269 | 6.3% | 4,433 | 3.4% | 12,698 | 9.6% | 8,887 | 6.7% | 45,557 | 34.5% | 132,060 | 60.1%
Ancash | 110,620 | 23.4% | 67,394 | 14.3% | 42,312 | 9.0% | 34,562 | 7.3% | 38,911 | 8.2% | 39,786 | 8.4% | 138,200 | 29.3% | 471,785 | 69.3%
Apurimac | 88,812 | 53.4% | 10,879 | 6.5% | 7,768 | 4.7% | 6,531 | 3.9% | 15,649 | 9.4% | 15,368 | 9.2% | 21,179 | 12.7% | 166,186 | 69.4%
Arequipa | 256,224 | 32.2% | 40,216 | 5.1% | 71,053 | 8.9% | 148,793 | 18.7% | 88,708 | 11.1% | 55,269 | 6.9% | 135,448 | 17.0% | 795,711 | 78.8%
Ayacucho | 130,224 | 52.0% | 17,751 | 7.1% | 11,490 | 4.6% | 8,995 | 3.6% | 20,315 | 8.1% | 24,506 | 9.8% | 37,269 | 14.9% | 250,550 | 68.6%
Cajamarca | 232,418 | 44.9% | 54,962 | 10.6% | 31,129 | 6.0% | 25,156 | 4.9% | 38,677 | 7.5% | 29,746 | 5.7% | 105,374 | 20.4% | 517,462 | 62.6%
Callao | 33,750 | 6.4% | 79,699 | 15.2% | 78,066 | 14.9% | 78,920 | 15.0% | 34,965 | 6.7% | 38,233 | 7.3% | 181,634 | 34.6% | 525,267 | 75.2%
Cusco | 232,178 | 38.2% | 27,132 | 4.5% | 29,618 | 4.9% | 40,423 | 6.6% | 60,659 | 10.0% | 123,397 | 20.3% | 94,626 | 15.6% | 608,033 | 73.5%
Huancavelica | 79,895 | 54.2% | 8,449 | 5.7% | 5,060 | 3.4% | 4,591 | 3.1% | 16,727 | 11.3% | 10,091 | 6.8% | 22,574 | 15.3% | 147,387 | 67.6%
Huanuco | 110,978 | 37.6% | 32,827 | 11.1% | 33,787 | 11.4% | 15,822 | 5.4% | 22,565 | 7.6% | 15,556 | 5.3% | 63,688 | 21.6% | 295,223 | 68.3%
Ica | 56,597 | 14.0% | 62,055 | 15.3% | 46,098 | 11.4% | 39,929 | 9.8% | 39,461 | 9.7% | 30,602 | 7.5% | 130,887 | 32.3% | 405,629 | 76.0%
Junin | 131,438 | 22.9% | 80,057 | 13.9% | 52,599 | 9.2% | 54,124 | 9.4% | 66,214 | 11.5% | 52,270 | 9.1% | 137,396 | 23.9% | 574,098 | 71.9%
La Libertad | 90,078 | 11.5% | 131,441 | 16.8% | 95,765 | 12.2% | 84,444 | 10.8% | 47,218 | 6.0% | 37,372 | 4.8% | 296,598 | 37.9% | 782,916 | 68.9%
Lambayeque | 73,279 | 12.9% | 121,263 | 21.4% | 86,126 | 15.2% | 50,087 | 8.8% | 51,467 | 9.1% | 28,866 | 5.1% | 155,480 | 27.4% | 566,568 | 71.4%
Lima | 416,537 | 7.8% | 753,785 | 14.2% | 869,950 | 16.4% | 870,582 | 16.4% | 362,668 | 6.8% | 431,425 | 8.1% | 1,602,623 | 30.2% | 5,307,570 | 74.6%
Loreto | 15,432 | 4.9% | 51,900 | 16.6% | 16,378 | 5.3% | 18,816 | 6.0% | 34,773 | 11.2% | 19,502 | 6.3% | 155,025 | 49.7% | 311,826 | 61.0%
Madre de Dios | 23,945 | 37.1% | 7,278 | 11.3% | 4,041 | 6.3% | 3,996 | 6.2% | 6,601 | 10.2% | 4,372 | 6.8% | 14,341 | 22.2% | 64,574 | 71.1%
Moquegua | 33,665 | 34.4% | 4,617 | 4.7% | 6,832 | 7.0% | 10,183 | 10.4% | 15,412 | 15.7% | 7,190 | 7.3% | 20,027 | 20.5% | 97,926 | 77.2%
Pasco | 34,187 | 34.2% | 12,607 | 12.6% | 8,009 | 8.0% | 5,102 | 5.1% | 11,871 | 11.9% | 6,896 | 6.9% | 21,324 | 21.3% | 99,996 | 63.6%
Piura | 70,968 | 10.1% | 173,891 | 24.8% | 68,316 | 9.8% | 63,842 | 9.1% | 51,223 | 7.3% | 44,576 | 6.4% | 227,714 | 32.5% | 700,530 | 66.8%
Puno | 292,218 | 47.5% | 17,514 | 2.8% | 15,918 | 2.6% | 21,665 | 3.5% | 175,712 | 28.5% | 35,484 | 5.8% | 57,010 | 9.3% | 615,521 | 81.9%
San Martin | 67,000 | 21.4% | 46,699 | 14.9% | 26,561 | 8.5% | 21,825 | 7.0% | 31,498 | 10.0% | 17,122 | 5.5% | 102,765 | 32.8% | 313,470 | 69.2%
Tacna | 64,521 | 33.2% | 9,363 | 4.8% | 17,842 | 9.2% | 21,000 | 10.8% | 28,696 | 14.8% | 14,068 | 7.2% | 38,779 | 20.0% | 194,269 | 77.8%
Tumbes | 7,613 | 7.7% | 36,403 | 37.1% | 8,799 | 9.0% | 7,123 | 7.3% | 7,046 | 7.2% | 5,242 | 5.3% | 26,015 | 26.5% | 98,241 | 74.6%
Ucayali | 26,339 | 14.0% | 40,510 | 21.5% | 14,981 | 8.0% | 11,124 | 5.9% | 14,359 | 7.6% | 15,092 | 8.0% | 65,965 | 35.0% | 188,370 | 66.3%
Peruvians Abroad | 10,602 | 6.6% | 22,887 | 14.1% | 34,767 | 21.5% | 21,552 | 13.3% | 11,617 | 7.2% | 21,185 | 13.1% | 39,146 | 24.2% | 161,756 | 22.8%
Total | 2,723,929 | 18.9% | 1,929,384 | 13.4% | 1,691,534 | 11.8% | 1,673,620 | 11.6% | 1,305,710 | 9.1% | 1,132,103 | 7.9% | 3,936,644 | 27.4% | 14,392,924 | 70.0%
Source: ONPE (100% counted)

### Parliamentary election

[edit]

This section is transcluded from 2021 Peruvian general election. (edit | history)

Results of the Congressional election Map of percentage of votes received by the largest party per region

The Popular Action, the largest party in the previous legislature, lost some of its seats, and previous parliamentary parties like Union for Peru (UPP) and the Broad Front (FA) had their worst results ever, attaining no representation.[9] The Peruvian Nationalist Party of former President Ollanta Humala and National Victory of George Forsyth (who led polling for the presidential election earlier in the year) failed to win seats as well.[9] New or previously minor parties such as Free Peru, Go on Country and Together for Peru and Popular Renewal, the successor of National Solidarity, had good results, with Free Peru becoming the largest party in Congress.[9] Contigo, the successor to former president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski's Peruvians for Change party, failed to win a seat once again and received less than 1% of the vote.[9] On 26 July, two days before Castillo was sworn in as Peru's President, an opposition alliance led by Popular Action member María del Carmen Alva successfully negotiated an agreement to gain control of Peru's Congress.[10]

Party| Votes| %| Seats| +/–
| Free Peru| 1,724,354| 13.41| 37| +37
| Popular Force| 1,457,694| 11.34| 24| +9
| Popular Renewal| 1,199,705| 9.33| 13| +13
| Popular Action| 1,159,734| 9.02| 16| −9
| Alliance for Progress| 969,726| 7.54| 15| −7
| Go on Country – Social Integration Party| 969,092| 7.54| 7| +7
| Together for Peru| 847,596| 6.59| 5| +5
| We Are Peru| 788,522| 6.13| 5| −6
| Podemos Perú| 750,262| 5.83| 5| −6
| Purple Party| 697,307| 5.42| 3| −6
| National Victory| 638,289| 4.96| 0| New
| Agricultural People's Front of Peru| 589,018| 4.58| 0| −15
| Union for Peru| 266,349| 2.07| 0| −13
| Christian People's Party| 212,820| 1.65| 0| 0
| Peruvian Nationalist Party| 195,538| 1.52| 0| New
| Broad Front| 135,104| 1.05| 0| −9
| Direct Democracy| 100,033| 0.78| 0| 0
| National United Renaissance| 97,540| 0.76| 0| 0
| Peru Secure Homeland| 54,859| 0.43| 0| 0
| Contigo| 5,787| 0.05| 0| 0
Total| 12,859,329| 100.00| 130| 0
Valid votes| 12,859,329| 72.56|
Invalid votes| 2,737,099| 15.44|
Blank votes| 2,126,712| 12.00|
Total votes| 17,723,140| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 25,287,954| 70.09|
Source: ONPE, Ojo Público

## Laws

[edit]

* Sale of alcohol and carrying firearms (except for Members of the Armed Forces and the National Police) are forbidden during an election.
* Political gatherings are forbidden, while public gatherings of any sort are prohibited during voting hours, including religious liturgies and entertainment shows. Clergy of any religion can not participate in their distinctive garments or habits.

## See also

[edit]

* National Jury of Elections
* National Office of Electoral Processes
* Electoral calendar
* Electoral system

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Peru: Electoral Systems". Political Database of the Americas. 14 March 2012.
2. ^ Jason Brennan; Lisa Hill (12 June 2014). Compulsory Voting: For and Against. Cambridge University Press. p. 116\. ISBN 978-1-107-04151-6.
3. ^ Bertram, Geoffrey (1991), Bethell, Leslie (ed.), "Peru, 1930–60", The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume 8: Latin America since 1930: Spanish South America, vol. 8, Cambridge University Press, pp. 383–450, doi:10.1017/chol9780521266529.008, ISBN 978-0-521-26652-9
4. ^ "In Peru's Presidential Election, the Most Popular Choice Is No One". The New York Times. 12 April 2021. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
5. ^ a b c "Elecciones Perú 2021: con el 100% del voto procesado, Pedro Castillo y Keiko Fujimori son los candidatos que pasan a la segunda vuelta de las presidenciales" (in Spanish). BBC. 12 April 2021. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
6. ^ "Conteo rápido de Ipsos al 100%: Pedro Castillo y Keiko Fujimori disputarían segunda vuelta de Elecciones 2021". El Comercio (in Spanish). Peru. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
7. ^ "Flash electoral a boca de urna región por región, según Ipsos". Diario Correo (in Spanish). 12 April 2021. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
8. ^ Taj, Mitra; Turkewitz, Julie (20 July 2021). "Pedro Castillo, Leftist Political Outsider, Wins Peru Presidency". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
9. ^ a b c d "Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions". Finch Ratings. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
10. ^ Aquino, Marco (26 July 2021). "Peru opposition to lead Congress in setback for socialist Castillo". Reuters. Retrieved 28 July 2021.

## External links

[edit]

* Adam Carr's Election Archive

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