Elections in Poland

Politics of Poland

Government

* Constitution of Poland

* Law
* Human rights

Legislature

* Parliament of Poland

* Current Parliament

* * *

* Sejm

* Marshal Szymon Hołownia (PL2050)

* Deputy Marshals

* * *

* Senate

* Marshal Małgorzata Maria Kidawa- Błońska (PO)

* Deputy Marshals

Executive

* President of Poland

* Andrzej Duda (I)

* Prime Minister of Poland

* Donald Tusk (PO)

* * *

* Cabinet
* Ministries

Judiciary

* Supreme Court of Poland

* First President Małgorzata Manowska

* Constitutional Tribunal

* President Julia Przyłębska

* * *

* Supreme Administrative Court
* State Tribunal

Elections

* Presidential
* Parliamentary

* * *

* Local
* Referendums

Political parties

* Major political parties

* Law and Justice
* Civic Platform

* * *

* Other parties

Administrative divisions

* Voivodeship
* voivodes
* marshals
* Counties (powiat)
* Communes (gmina)
* Cities and towns

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

* Minister: Radosław Sikorski

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Poland

* * *

* Ambassadors

Related topics

* Economy
* History (political)
* Armed forces

* Poland portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

Poland has a multi-party political system. On the national level, Poland elects the head of state – the president – and a legislature. There are also various local elections, referendums and elections to the European Parliament.

Poland has a long history of public elections dating back several centuries, beginning with the elections to Sejm in Łęczyca (known as the First Sejm) in 1182. Notably, since the Sejm of 1493, Polish kings were obliged to call regular Sejms and regional elections (sejmiks) every two years. From 1573 until 1795 the state system of elective monarchy in Poland required the royal elections of monarchs as well during the Sejm proceedings.[1]

The first modern and free elections in 20th-century Poland were held in 1919, two months after the country regained independence in 1918 after over a century of partition and occupation by foreign powers. After the Second World War, Poland fell into the Soviet sphere of influence as a satellite state and became controlled by the communists, who rigged the elections of 1947 to ensure they controlled the entire Polish government. There were regular elections in Poland from that time on; however, no elections until the groundbreaking elections of 1989, marking the fall of communism, were free. The Polish communists secured a majority of the lower house seats in 1989, but allowed opposition parties to take up seats.

## Result in history

[edit]

The results of the June 1989 parliamentary elections:

Party or alliance| Constituency (competitive)| Constituency (reserved)| National list| Total
seats| +/–
Votes| %| Seats| Votes| %| Seats| Votes| %| Seats
| Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth| | Polish United Workers' Party| | 22,734,348| 59.26| 156| 132,845,385| 47.19| 17| 173| −72
| United People's Party| | 8,865,102| 23.11| 67| 74,921,230| 26.62| 9| 76| −30
| Democratic Party| | 3,961,124| 10.32| 24| 24,814,903| 8.82| 3| 27| −8
| PAX Association| | 1,216,681| 3.17| 7| 24,269,761| 8.62| 3| 10| +10
| Christian-Social Union| | 907,901| 2.37| 6| 16,601,896| 5.90| 2| 8| +8
| Polish Catholic-Social Association| | 681,199| 1.78| 4| 8,029,911| 2.85| 1| 5| +5
| Independents| 4,937,750| 21.42| 0| | | 0| −74
| Solidarity Citizens' Committee| 16,433,809| 71.28| 161| | | 161| +161
| Minor opposition| 171,866| 0.75| 0| | | 0| 0
| Confederation of Independent Poland| 122,132| 0.53| 0| | | 0| 0
Total| 21,665,557| 100.00| 161| 38,366,355| 100.00| 264| 281,483,086| 100.00| 35| 460| 0

## History

[edit]

Main articles: Sejm of the Republic of Poland § Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, List of Polish kings, and Golden Freedom

The first Polish Sejm was called in 1182. Since the Sejm of 1493, called by king John I Olbracht in 1493, Sejms were to be held every 2 years. There were also special Sejms when needed, for example the coronation sejms.[1]

The most famous Sejms included the Sejm Niemy or the Silent Sejm of 1717 which marked the beginning of Russian control over Polish internal affairs; the subsequent Repnin Sejm or the Sejm of 1767/1768, whose terms were dictated by the Russian ambassador Repnin; the Great Sejm – or the Four-Years Sejm of 1798–1792, which voted for the May Constitution of Poland; and the Grodno Sejm – last Sejm of the First Republic.

Since the death of Sigismund II Augustus, last of the Jagiellonian dynasty, and following a brief period of interregnum, the entire nobility (szlachta) of the Commonwealth (10% of the population) could take part in the elections of the monarchs. Last elected king was Stanisław August Poniatowski in 1764. He abdicated in 1795 after the partitions of Poland ended the existence of sovereign state of Poland for 123 years.

It is disputed how free were elections held after 1926; in particular, the 1930 elections are often considered to have been non-free pl:Wybory brzeskie. Polish presidents were elected by the Sejm and Senate (Zgromadzenie Narodowe), not in a popular vote. Before 1922, the Polish Chief of State was called Naczelnik Państwa.

Sejm and Senate Complex of Poland

Only the 1947 and 1989 elections can be considered as partially free. All others were controlled during that period. There were no direct presidential elections until 1990, with President Bolesław Bierut's nomination in 1947 by the Sejm and the abolition of the office by the 1952 constitution.

### Polish elections 1573 to 1985

[edit]

#### Polish election, Royal elections

[edit]

* 1st 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
* 2nd 1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
* 3rd 1587 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
* 4th 1632 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
* 5th 1648 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
* 6th 1669 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
* 7th 1674 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
* 8th 1697 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
* 9th 1704 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
* 10th 1733 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
* 11th 1764 Polish–Lithuanian royal election

#### Presidential elections

[edit]

* 1st Polish election, 1922 (9 Dec)
* 2nd Polish election, 1922 (20 Dec)
* 3rd Polish election, 1926 (May)
* 4th Polish election, 1926 (Jun)
* 5th Polish election, 1933
* 6th Polish election, 1947

#### Legislative elections

[edit]

* 1st Polish election, 1919
* 2nd Polish election, 1922
* 3rd Polish election, 1928
* 4th Polish election, 1930
* 5th Polish election, 1935
* 6th Polish election, 1938
* 7th Polish election, 1947
* 8th Polish election, 1952
* 9th Polish election, 1957
* 10th Polish election, 1961
* 11th Polish election, 1965
* 12th Polish election, 1969
* 13th Polish election, 1972
* 14th Polish election, 1976
* 15th Polish election, 1980
* 16th Polish election, 1985

## Post-Communist Poland

[edit]

Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska in 2006

Since 1991, Polish elections operate according to a typical representative democracy.

Poland has a multi-party political system, with numerous parties in which no party often has any chance of gaining power by itself, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.

Poland elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly has two chambers. The parliament (Sejm) has 460 members, elected for a four-year term by party lists in multi-seat constituencies with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions, (requirement waived for national minorities). The Senate (Senat) has 100 members elected for a four-year term via the first past-the-post system, with 100 single member constituencies. Prior to the 2011 parliamentary elections, elections to the Senate were conducted through plurality bloc voting in 40 multi-seat constituencies. Since 1991, elections have been supervised by National Electoral Commission (Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza), whose administrative division is called the National Electoral Office (Krajowe Biuro Wyborcze

Opinion polling for parties between 1993 and 2015

### End of Communist rule

[edit]

#### 1989 parliamentary elections

[edit]

Main article: 1989 Polish legislative election

See also: Contract Sejm

1989 Parliamentary Election: the Polish Round Table Agreement produced a partly open parliamentary election. The June election produced a Sejm (lower house), in which one-third of the seats went to communists and one-third went to the two parties which had hitherto been their coalition partners. The remaining one-third of the seats in the Sejm and all those in the Senate were freely contested; the majority of these were by candidates supported by Solidarity. Jaruzelski was elected by the Sejm as President of Poland.

The May 1990 local elections were entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced.

#### 1990 presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 1990 Polish presidential election

In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland.

#### 1991 parliamentary election

[edit]

Main article: 1991 Polish parliamentary election

Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held in 1991. More than 100 parties participated, representing the full spectrum of political views. No single party received more than 13% of the total vote.

#### 1993 parliamentary election

[edit]

Main article: 1993 Polish parliamentary election

After a rough start, the second group of elections were held in 1993, and the first parliament to serve a full term. The Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) received the largest share of votes.

After the election, the SLD and Polish People's Party (PSL) formed a governing coalition. Waldemar Pawlak, leader of the junior partner PSL, became prime minister, later replaced by SLD's leader Józef Oleksy.

#### 1995 presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 1995 Polish presidential election

In November 1995, Poland held its second post-war free presidential election. SLD leader Aleksander Kwaśniewski defeated Wałęsa by a narrow margin—51.7% to 48.3%.

#### 1997 parliamentary election

[edit]

Main article: 1997 Polish parliamentary election

In 1997 parliamentary elections two parties with roots in the Solidarity movement – Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) and the Freedom Union (UW) – won 261 of the 460 seats in the Sejm and formed a coalition government. Jerzy Buzek of the AWS became prime minister. The AWS and the Democratic Left Allianc (SLD) held the majority of the seats in the Sejm. Marian Krzaklewski was the leader of the AWS, and Leszek Miller led the SLD. In June 2000, UW withdrew from the governing coalition, leaving AWS at the helm of a minority government.

### Post-2000 elections

[edit]

#### 2000 presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 2000 Polish presidential election

In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought[who?] that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate, as well as falling support for the centre-right Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) government. This was related to internal friction in the ruling parliamentary coalition.

#### 2001 parliamentary election

[edit]

Main article: 2001 Polish parliamentary election

The 1997 Constitution and the changed administrative divisions of 1999 required a revision of the electoral system, which was passed in April 2001. The most important changes included:

1. the final liquidation of the party list (previously, some of the members of parliament were elected from a party list, based on nationwide voter support, rather than from local constituencies),
2. modification of the method of allocating seats to the Sainte-Laguë method, which gave less premium to large parties. The latter change was reverted to the d'Hondt method in 2002.

In the September 2001 parliamentary elections, the SLD won on the back of voter disillusionment with the AWS government and internal bickering within that bloc. So much so that this former ruling party did not enter parliament, falling below the 8% threshold for coalitions (they had failed to form a formal political party, which has only a 5% threshold, and formally remained a "coalition" of parties).

The SLD formed a coalition with the agrarian Polish Peasant Party and leftist Labour Union (UP), with Leszek Miller as prime minister.

#### 2005 presidential and parliament election

[edit]

Main articles: 2005 Polish parliamentary election and 2005 Polish presidential election

In the autumn of 2005 Poles voted in both parliamentary and presidential elections. September's parliamentary poll was expected to produce a coalition of two centre-right parties, Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) and Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska, PO). PiS eventually gained 27% of votes cast and became the largest party in the sejm ahead of PO on 24%. The out-going ruling party, the left-wing Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, SLD), achieved just 11%. Presidential elections in October followed a similar script. The early favourite, Donald Tusk, leader of the PO, saw his opinion poll lead slip away and was beaten 54% to 46% in the second round by the PiS candidate Lech Kaczyński (one of the twins, founders of the party). Both elections were blighted by low turn-outs—only 51% in the second and deciding round of the presidential election, and just over 40% in the parliamentary election. The suggested cause of the low turnout is popular disillusionment with politicians.

#### 2006 local elections

[edit]

Main article: 2006 Polish local elections

#### 2007 parliamentary election

[edit]

Main article: 2007 Polish parliamentary election

In the October parliamentary elections, the Civic Platform (PO) won a stunning victory, the largest opposition party, which gained more than 41% of the popular vote. PiS's vote increased, from 2005, but insufficiently to gain reelection, whilst both Samoobrona and LPR were wiped out, losing all representation, each having gained only a little over 1% of the vote. PO proceeded to form a majority governing coalition with the agrarian Polish People's Party (PSL), with PO leader, Donald Tusk, taking over the prime ministerial office in November 2007.

#### 2010 presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 2010 Polish presidential election

On 10 April 2010, multiple members of the political elite were killed in the Smolensk air crash, including Lech Kaczyński, acting President of Poland.

At the presidential election in 2010, Donald Tusk decided not to present his candidature, considered easily winning over PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński. At PO primary elections, Bronisław Komorowski defeated the Oxford-educated Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski. At the polls, Komorowski defeated Jarosław Kaczyński, ensuring a PO dominance on all Polish political landscape.[2]

In November 2010, local elections granted about 31 percent of the votes and PiS at 23 percent, an increase for the former and a drop for the latter compared to the 2006 elections. PO succeeded in winning four consecutive elections a record in post-communist Poland.[2]

#### 2011 parliamentary election

[edit]

Main article: 2011 Polish parliamentary election

The parliamentary election to both the Sejm and the Senate was held on 9 October 2011. The previous election, in 2007, resulted in a Civic Platform–Polish People's Party (PSL) government. All seats of both houses were up for re-election.

Civic Platform (PO), led by Prime Minister Donald Tusk, was aiming for re-election: a feat that hadn't been achieved since Poland became a democracy. The PSL was previously the smaller partner to the Civic Platform in the governing coalition, and had said that it wished to continue this relationship after the election.[3]

#### 2015 parliamentary election

[edit]

Main article: 2015 Polish parliamentary election

The parliamentary election to both the Sejm and the Senate was held in October 2015. The previous election, in 2011, resulted in a Civic Platform–Polish People's Party (PSL) government. All seats of both houses are up for re-election.

The process of election for the Sejm is through party-list proportional representation via the D'Hondt method in multi-seat constituencies,[4] with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions (requirements waived for national minorities). The following coalition has been signed already: Law and Justice (PiS) between United Poland (SP) and Polska Razem (PR).

#### 2019 European elections

[edit]

Main article: 2019 European Parliament election in Poland

Party or alliance| Votes| %| Seats| +/–

|
|
|
|

| United Right| | Law and Justice| 4,775,790| 34.99| 21| +6
| Solidary Poland| 289,536| 2.12| 1| +1
| Agreement| 287,671| 2.11| 1| +1
| Independents and others| 839,783| 6.15| 4| +1
Total| 6,192,780| 45.38| 27| +8
| European Coalition| | Civic Platform| 2,904,440| 21.28| 12| −3
| Democratic Left Alliance| 812,584| 5.95| 5| +1
| Polish People's Party| 617,772| 4.53| 3| −1
| Independents and others| 915,139| 6.71| 2| –2
Total| 5,249,935| 38.47| 22| −6
| Spring| 826,975| 6.06| 3| New
| Confederation| 621,188| 4.55| 0| 0
| Kukiz'15| 503,564| 3.69| 0| New
| Left Together| 168,745| 1.24| 0| –1
| Poland Fair Play| 74,013| 0.54| 0| New
| PolEXIT-Coalition| 7,900| 0.06| 0| –4
| Unity of Nation| 2,211| 0.02| 0| New
Total| 13,647,311| 100.00| 52| +1
Valid votes| 13,647,311| 99.17|
Invalid/blank votes| 113,663| 0.83|
Total votes| 13,760,974| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 30,118,852| 45.69|
Source: PKW

#### 2019 parliamentary election

[edit]

Main article: 2019 Polish parliamentary election

The 2019 Polish parliamentary elections were held on 13 October 2019. All 460 members of the Sejm and 100 senators of the Senate were elected. The ruling Law and Justice (PiS) retained its majority in the Sejm, but lost its majority in the Senate to the opposition. With 43.6% of the popular vote, Law and Justice received the highest vote share by any party since Poland returned to democracy in 1989. The turnout was the highest for a parliamentary election since the first free elections after the fall of communism in 1989.[5] For the first time after 1989, the ruling party controls one house (Sejm) and opposition controls the second (Senate).

Electoral Committee (Sejm)  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/-

|
|
|
|

| Law and Justice (PiS)  | 8,051,935  | 43.59  | 235  | -5
| Civic Coalition (KO)  | 5,060,355  | 27.40  | 134  | -32
| The Left (SLD)  | 2,319,946  | 12.56  | 49  | +49
| Polish Coalition (PSL)  | 1,578,523  | 8.55  | 30  | -28
| Confederation (KWiN)  | 1,256,953  | 6.81  | 11  | +7
| German Minority (MN)  | 32,094  | 0.17  | 1  | ±0
| Nonpartisan local government activists (BS)  | 144,569  | 0.78  | 0  | ±0
| Effective (Skuteczni)  | 18,918  | 0.10  | 0  | -1
| Action of Disappointed Retirees and Pensioners (AZER)  | 5,448  | 0.03  | 0  | ±0
| Right Wing of the Republic (PR)  | 1,765  | 0.01  | 0  | -1
Valid votes  | 18,470,710  | 98.89  |
Blank and invalid votes  | 207,747  | 1.11
Total | 18,678,457 | 100 | 460 | ±0
Abstentions  | 11,575,099  | 38.26  |
Registered voters / Turnout  | 30,253,556  | 61.74
(Source: National Electoral Commission)
Electoral committee (Senate)  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/-

|
|
|
|

| Law and Justice (PiS)  | 8,110,193  | 44.56  | 48  | –13
| Civic Coalition (KO)  | 6,490,306  | 35.66  | 43  | +9
| Polish Coalition (PSL)  | 1,041,909  | 5.72  | 3  | +2
| The Left | 415,745  | 2.28  | 2  | +2
| Nonpartisan local government activists (BS)  | 331,385  | 1.82  | 0  | ±0
| Confederation (KWiN)  | 144,124  | 0.79  | 0  | ±0
| Independents  | 187,014  | 1.03  | 4  | ±0
| Others  | 1,511,672  | 8.31  | 0  | ±0
Valid votes  | 18,201,348  | 97.45  |
Blank and invalid votes  | 476,582  | 2.55
Total | 18,677,930 | 100 | 100 | ±0
Abstentions  | 11,575,626  | 38.26  |
Registered voters / Turnout  | 30,253,556  | 61.74
(Source: National Electoral Commission)

#### 2020 presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 2020 Polish presidential election

The 2020 Polish presidential elections first round was held on 28 June 2020 and was completed with a second round of voting on 12 July 2020.

Candidate  | Party  | First round  | Second round

|
|
|

Votes  | %  | Votes  | %
| Andrzej Duda | Independent (PiS) | 8,450,513 | 43.50 | 10,440,648 | 51.03
| Rafał Trzaskowski | Civic Platform | 5,917,340 | 30.46 | 10,018,263 | 48.97
| Szymon Hołownia | Independent | 2,693,397 | 13.87 |
| Krzysztof Bosak | Confederation (RN) | 1,317,380 | 6.78
| Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz | Polish People's Party | 459,365 | 2.36
| Robert Biedroń | Spring | 432,129 | 2.22
| Stanisław Żółtek | Congress of the New Right | 45,419 | 0.23
| Marek Jakubiak | Federation for the Republic | 33,652 | 0.17
| Paweł Tanajno | Independent | 27,909 | 0.14
| Waldemar Witkowski | Labour Union | 27,290 | 0.14
| Mirosław Piotrowski | Real Europe Movement | 21,065 | 0.11
Invalid/blank votes | 58,301 | – | 177,724 | –
Total | 19,483,760 | 100 | 20,636,635 | 100
Registered voters/turnout | 30,204,792 | 64.51 | 30,268,460 | 68.18
Source: Results, Turnout (first round); Results, Turnout (second round)

#### 2023 parliamentary election

[edit]

Main article: 2023 Polish parliamentary election

The 2023 Polish parliamentary election was held on October 15. Although PiS won the most seats, they lost their majority. A coalition of the Civic Coalition (KO), the Left, and the Third Way took power with KO leader Donald Tusk taking over as prime minister.

Results by party

Results by coalition

Party or alliance| Votes| %| Seats| +/–
| United Right| | Law and Justice| 6,286,250| 29.11| 157| −30
| Sovereign Poland| 465,024| 2.15| 18| +8
| The Republicans| 99,373| 0.46| 4| +3
| Kukiz'15[a]| 74,959| 0.35| 2| New
| Independents| 715,248| 3.31| 13| −8
Total| 7,640,854| 35.39| 194| −41
| Civic Coalition| | Civic Platform| 4,992,932| 23.12| 122| +20
| Modern| 375,776| 1.74| 6| −2
| Polish Initiative| 252,021| 1.17| 3| +1
| The Greens| 67,392| 0.31| 3| 0
| AGROunia| 53,571| 0.25| 1| New
| Good Movement| 8,254| 0.04| 0| New
| Independents[b]| 879,645| 4.07| 22| +3
Total| 6,629,402| 30.70| 157| +23
| Third Way| | Poland 2050[c]| 1,561,542| 7.23| 33| New
| Polish People's Party[d]| 1,189,629| 5.51| 28| +9
| Centre for Poland| 70,117| 0.32| 3| +3
| Union of European Democrats| 21,056| 0.10| 0| −1
| Independents and others| 268,326| 1.24| 1| −9
Total| 3,110,670| 14.41| 65| +35
| The Left| | New Left| 1,199,503| 5.55| 19| −19
| Left Together| 453,730| 2.10| 7| +1
| Independents and others| 205,785| 0.95| 0| −5
Total| 1,859,018| 8.61| 26| −23
| Confederation| | New Hope| 551,901| 2.56| 6| +1
| Confederation[e]| 341,188| 1.58| 7| +7
| National Movement| 199,149| 0.92| 0| −5
| Confederation of the Polish Crown| 182,573| 0.85| 2| +1
| Independents and others| 268,985| 1.25| 3| +3
Total| 1,547,364| 7.17| 18| +7
| Nonpartisan Local Government Activists| 401,054| 1.86| 0| 0
| There is One Poland| 351,099| 1.63| 0| New
| German Minority| 25,778| 0.12| 0| −1
| Prosperity and Peace Movement| 24,850| 0.12| 0| New
| Normal Country| 4,606| 0.02| 0| New
| Anti-party| 1,156| 0.01| 0| New
| Repair Poland Movement| 823| 0.00| 0| New
Total| 21,593,295| 100.00| 460| 0
Valid votes| 21,596,674| 98.31|
Invalid/blank votes| 370,217| 1.69|
Total votes| 21,966,891| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 29,532,595| 74.38|
Source: National Electoral Commission,[6][7]

1. ^ Kukiz'15 previously ran under Polish Coalition as independents. The result does not include Paweł Kukiz who is not a party member, but got elected with 43,292 votes.
2. ^ Two of the elected independents are also members of Yes! For Poland.
3. ^ Includes 233,917 votes and 2 seats for supported independents.
4. ^ Includes 23,051 votes and 1 seat for supported independents.
5. ^ Confederation was registered as a party to circumvent the 8% electoral threshold for electoral coalitions. Five of its elected members are part of National Movement, one of New Hope and one of Confederation of the Polish Crown.

#### 2024 Polish local elections

[edit]

Main article: 2024 Polish local elections

#### 2025 Polish presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 2025 Polish presidential election

## See also

[edit]

* Electoral districts of Poland

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Kancelaria. "Poznaj Sejm" [Learn about Polish Parliament]. Sejm Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
2. ^ a b Warsaw Business Journal Archived 20 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^ "PSL want to continue coalition in next year's general election". TheNews.pl. Polskie Radio. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
4. ^ Álvarez-Rivera, Manuel. "Election Resources on the Internet: Elections to the Polish Sejm, Part I". Retrieved 24 May 2017.
5. ^ "Poland celebrates record voter turnout since 1989 elections". TVN24. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
6. ^ https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/sejm/wynik/pl
7. ^ https://wybory.gov.pl/sejmsenat2023/en/dane_w_arkuszach

## References

[edit]

* Andrzej Rzepliński. "Niewolne wybory parlamentarne. Doświadczenie polskie 1947–1989" [Unfree parliamentary elections. The Polish Experience 1947–1989] (PDF). Instytut Profilaktyki Społecznej i Resocjalizacji, IPSiR. Warsaw University.
* Groth, A.J. (December 1965). "Polish Elections 1919–1928". Slavic Review. 24 (4). The American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies: 653–665\. doi:10.2307/2492896. JSTOR 2492896. S2CID 163223573.

## External links

[edit]

* Adam Carr's Election Archive
* Parties and elections
* Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza – National Electoral Commission (in Polish)
* Warsaw Consolidates the Countries of Eastern and Central Europe
* Jan Rokita: The Triumph of the Politician – Intellectual
* Kaczynski Brothers: Movie Stars That Turned Politicians
* Elections 2005: Brief Information About the Participants
* The Elections to the Polish Parliament (Sejm) 1919 – 1947 (results)

* v
* t
* e

Elections and referendums in Poland

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* See also: Elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
* By-elections

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