Elections in Russia

Politics of Russia

Law

* Constitution
* Russian Criminal Code
* Tax Code
* Mental Health Law

Presidency

President
Vladimir Putin (list)

* * *

* Presidential Administration
* Security Council
* State Council

Executive

Prime Minister
Mikhail Mishustin (list)

* * *

* Government
* Deputy Prime Minister
* Apparatus
* Cabinet (57th)

Legislature

Federal Assembly

* * *

* Federation Council
* Members
* Chairwoman: Valentina Matviyenko

* * *

* State Duma
* Members (8th convocation)
* Chairman: Vyacheslav Volodin

Judiciary

* Constitutional Court
* Supreme Court
* Prosecutor General
* Legal system
* Law enforcement

Elections

* Central Election Commission

* * *

* Presidential elections
* Legislative elections
* Gubernatorial elections
* Regional elections
* Local elections

* * *

* Electoral geography
* Political parties

Federalism

* Federal subjects
* Heads of federal subjects
* Regional parliaments
* Local government

Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Minister: Sergey Lavrov

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Russia

* * *

* Nationality law
* Passports
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy (history)

* * *

* Russia and the United Nations

United Nations Security Council

* * *

* Union State
* EAEU
* CIS
* SCO
* BRICS
* APEC
* EAS
* G20

* * *

* United States
* Finland
* China
* India
* Ukraine
* EU
* NATO
* Arctic policy

Related topics

* Administrative divisions
* Armed forces
* Censorship
* Civic Chamber
* Accounts Chamber
* Human rights
* Political abuse of psychiatry

* Russia portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

On the federal level, Russia elects a president as head of state and a parliament, one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly. The president is elected for, at most, two consecutive six-year terms by the people (raised from four years from December 2008).[1] The Federal Assembly (Federalnoe Sobranie) has two chambers. The State Duma (Gosudarstvennaja Duma) has 450 members, elected for five-year terms (also four years up to December 2008). The Federation Council (Sovet Federatsii) is not directly elected; each of the 89 federal subjects of Russia sends 2 delegates to the Federal Council, for a total of 208 (178 (delegates from regions) + 30 (Russian representatives), members.[2]

Since 1990, there have been seven elections for the presidency and seven for parliament. In the seven presidential elections, only once, in 1996, has a second round been needed. There have been three presidents, with Boris Yeltsin elected in 1991 and 1996, Vladimir Putin in 2000, 2004, 2012, 2018 and 2024, Dmitry Medvedev in 2008. The Communist candidate (of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union or the Communist Party of the Russian Federation) has finished second in every case: Nikolai Ryzhkov in 1991, Gennady Zyuganov in 1996, 2000 and 2008 and 2011, Nikolay Kharitonov in 2004 and Pavel Grudinin in 2018. Only in 1996 has there been a third candidate who gained more than 10% of the votes in the first round, Alexander Lebed.

In the parliamentary elections, the Communist Party was the largest party in the 1995 and 1999 elections, with 35% and 24% of the votes respectively. The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia has ranged from 5 to 15% of the votes, and Yabloko won 10% of the votes in 1995 and around 5% in the other three elections. The only other parties that have achieved more than 10% of the votes have been Democratic Choice of Russia with 16% in 1993, Our Home – Russia with 12% in 1995, and, in 1999, Unity with 23%, Fatherland – All Russia with 13% and People's Deputies Faction with 15%. United Russia, an alliance of Unity and Fatherland – All Russia, became the biggest party with 38% in 2003.

Elections in Russia have been criticized as unfair elections under Putin's rule. Political opponents have charges dug up and are jailed and repressed, independent media is intimidated and suppressed, and the elections have been claimed as fraudulent.[3][4][5][6][7] The Economist Democracy Index characterized Russia as authoritarian in 2022.[8] Russia was ranked 22nd least electoral democratic country in Asia according to V-Dem Democracy indices in 2023 with a score of 0.209 out of 1.[9][10]

## Latest elections

[edit]

### 2024 Russian presidential election

[edit]

Main article: 2024 Russian presidential election

The United States criticized voting during 2024 Russian presidential election in Russian-occupied areas of Ukraine and would "never recognize the legitimacy or outcome of these sham elections held in sovereign Ukraine." The UN Security Council condemned the election held in occupied territories of Ukraine and the UN deputy secretary-general Rosemary DiCarlo stated that “holding elections in another UN member state’s territory without its consent is in manifest disregard for the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity” and were “invalid”.[11] Ukraine's ambassador to the United Nations Sergiy Kyslytsya released a joint statement on behalf of Ukraine, the European Union, US and 56 other countries condemning the holding of these elections in occupied parts of Ukraine.[12]

The Ukrainian foreign ministry called "to refrain from referring to this farce as 'elections' in the language of democratic states."[13] European Council president Charles Michel congratulated Putin for winning the election before the election officially concluded, adding that there was "No opposition. No freedom. No choice.”[14]

### 2021 Russian legislative election

[edit]

Main article: 2021 Russian legislative election

In the 2021 State Duma elections, the Putin appointed government headed by Mikhail Mishustin prevented OSCE observers from taking part in Russian elections. Citing COVID-19 restrictions, officials severely restricted their capacity and access.[15][16][17]

Party| Party-list| Constituency| Total
seats| +/–
Votes| %| Seats| Votes| %| Seats
| United Russia| 28,064,200| 50.88| 126| 25,201,048| 47.46| 198| 324| –19
| Communist Party| 10,660,669| 19.33| 48| 8,984,506| 16.92| 9| 57| +15
| Liberal Democratic Party| 4,252,252| 7.71| 19| 3,234,113| 6.09| 2| 21| –18
| A Just Russia — For Truth| 4,201,744| 7.62| 19| 4,882,518| 9.19| 8| 27| +4
| New People| 2,997,744| 5.43| 13| 2,684,082| 5.05| 0| 13| New
| Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice| 1,381,915| 2.51| 0| 1,969,986| 3.71| 0| 0| 0
| Yabloko| 753,268| 1.37| 0| 1,091,837| 2.06| 0| 0| 0
| Communists of Russia| 715,621| 1.30| 0| 1,639,774| 3.09| 0| 0| 0
| Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"| 512,418| 0.93| 0| 541,289| 1.02| 0| 0| 0
| Rodina| 450,449| 0.82| 0| 829,303| 1.56| 1| 1| 0
| Russian Party of Freedom and Justice| 431,530| 0.78| 0| 372,867| 0.70| 0| 0| New
| Green Alternative| 357,870| 0.65| 0| 120,137| 0.23| 0| 0| New
| Party of Growth| 291,465| 0.53| 0| 515,020| 0.97| 1| 1| +1
| Civic Platform| 86,964| 0.16| 0| 386,663| 0.73| 1| 1| 0
| Independents| | 646,950| 1.22| 5| 5| +4
Total| 55,158,109| 100.00| 225| 53,100,093| 100.00| 225| 450| 0
Valid votes| 55,158,109| 97.92| | 53,100,093| 96.52| |
Invalid/blank votes| 1,171,581| 2.08| | 1,913,578| 3.48| |
Total votes| 56,329,690| 100.00| | 55,013,671| 100.00| |
Registered voters/turnout| 109,204,662| 51.58| | 108,231,085| 50.83| |

## Previous elections

[edit]

### 2016 Russian legislative election

[edit]

Main article: 2016 Russian legislative election

In 2015, the OSCE called on the Russian government to respect and support the work of independent election observers. This followed a number of incidents where citizen observers were beaten or harassed during regional elections.[18] There were also accusations of widespread voter nudging to increase attendance in unpopular or controversial votes by offering financial bonuses for everyone attending, such as free food, toys, etc.[19]

Party| Party-list| Constituency| Total
seats| +/–
Votes| %| Seats| Votes| %| Seats
| United Russia| 28,527,828| 55.23| 140| 25,162,770| 50.12| 203| 343| +105
| Communist Party| 7,019,752| 13.59| 35| 6,492,145| 12.93| 7| 42| −50
| Liberal Democratic Party| 6,917,063| 13.39| 34| 5,064,794| 10.09| 5| 39| −17
| A Just Russia| 3,275,053| 6.34| 16| 5,017,645| 10.00| 7| 23| −41
| Communists of Russia| 1,192,595| 2.31| 0| 1,847,824| 3.68| 0| 0| New
| Yabloko| 1,051,335| 2.04| 0| 1,323,793| 2.64| 0| 0| 0
| Russian Party of Pensioners for Justice| 910,848| 1.76| 0| | 0| New
| Rodina| 792,226| 1.53| 0| 1,241,642| 2.47| 1| 1| New
| Party of Growth| 679,030| 1.31| 0| 1,171,259| 2.33| 0| 0| 0
| The Greens| 399,429| 0.77| 0| 770,076| 1.53| 0| 0| New
| People's Freedom Party| 384,675| 0.74| 0| 530,862| 1.06| 0| 0| New
| Patriots of Russia| 310,015| 0.60| 0| 704,197| 1.40| 0| 0| 0
| Civic Platform| 115,433| 0.22| 0| 364,100| 0.73| 1| 1| New
| Civilian Power| 73,971| 0.14| 0| 79,922| 0.16| 0| 0| New
| Independents| | 429,051| 0.85| 1| 1| +1
Total| 51,649,253| 100.00| 225| 50,200,080| 100.00| 225| 450| 0
Valid votes| 51,649,253| 98.13| | 50,200,080| 96.60| |
Invalid/blank votes| 982,596| 1.87| | 1,767,725| 3.40| |
Total votes| 52,631,849| 100.00| | 51,967,805| 100.00| |
Registered voters/turnout| 110,061,200| 47.82| | 109,636,794| 47.40| |

### 2011 Russian legislative election

[edit]

Main article: 2011 Russian legislative election

The 2011 Russian legislative elections were considered to be rigged in favor of the ruling party by a number of journalists and opposition representatives.[20] However public opinion-polls prior to the election suggested that the ruling party could count on the support of 45–55 percent of voters, which may suggest that there were no mass falsifications, despite isolated cases of fraud.[21] Nationwide exit polls were very close to the final results.[22]

Party| Votes| %| Seats| +/–
| United Russia| 32,379,135| 50.10| 238| –77
| Communist Party| 12,599,507| 19.50| 92| +35
| A Just Russia| 8,695,522| 13.46| 64| +26
| Liberal Democratic Party| 7,664,570| 11.86| 56| +16
| Yabloko| 2,252,403| 3.49| 0| 0
| Patriots of Russia| 639,119| 0.99| 0| 0
| Right Cause| 392,806| 0.61| 0| 0
Total| 64,623,062| 100.00| 450| 0
Valid votes| 64,623,062| 98.43|
Invalid/blank votes| 1,033,464| 1.57|
Total votes| 65,656,526| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 109,237,780| 60.10|

### 2007 legislative elections

[edit]

Main article: 2007 Russian legislative election

Since 1999, when Vladimir Putin became President of Russia there has been increasing international criticism of the conduct of Russian elections.[23] European institutions who observed the December 2007 legislative elections concluded that these were not fair elections. Göran Lennmarker, president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), said that the elections "failed to meet many of the commitments and standards that we have. It was not a fair election."[24] Luc Van den Brande, who headed a delegation from the Council of Europe, referred to the "overwhelming influence of the president's office and the president on the campaign" and said there was "abuse of administrative resources" designed to influence the outcome. He also said there were "flaws in the secrecy of the vote." "Effectively, we can't say these were fair elections," he said at a news conference.[25]

In February 2008, the human rights organisation Amnesty International said that the presidential election on 2 March would not be a genuine election: "There is no real opposition ahead of the election. There is no real electoral campaign battle," Friederike Behr, Amnesty's Russia researcher, was quoted as saying[citation needed]. In a report on the elections, Amnesty said laws restricting non-government organizations, police breaking up demonstrations, and harassment from critics were all part of "a systematic destruction of civil liberties in Russia."[26] Another human rights organisation, Freedom House, said that the victory of Putin's party in the 2007 elections "was achieved under patently unfair and non-competitive conditions calling into doubt the result’s legitimacy."[27]

The Russian government has acted to prevent international observers monitoring Russian elections. In 2007 the OSCE was prevented from monitoring the legislative elections held in December.[28] In February 2008 the European Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights announced that it would not send observers to monitor the presidential election on 2 March, citing what it called "severe restrictions" imposed on its work by the Russian government. "We made every effort in good faith to deploy our mission, even under the conditions imposed by the Russian authorities", said Christian Strohal, the organization's director. "The Russian Federation has created limitations that are not conducive to undertaking election observation".[29] The OSCE has also withdrawn its attempts to monitor the elections.

### 2003 Russian legislative election

[edit]

Main article: 2003 Russian legislative election

Party| Party-list| Constituency| Total
seats| +/–
Votes| %| Seats| Votes| %| Seats
| United Russia| 22,776,294| 38.16| 120| 14,123,625| 23.95| 103| 223| New
| Communist Party| 7,647,820| 12.81| 40| 6,577,598| 11.15| 12| 52| −61
| Liberal Democratic Party| 6,944,322| 11.64| 36| 1,860,905| 3.16| 0| 36| +19
| National Patriotic Union "Rodina"| 5,470,429| 9.17| 29| 1,719,147| 2.92| 8| 37| New
| Yabloko| 2,610,087| 4.37| 0| 1,580,629| 2.68| 4| 4| −16
| Union of Right Forces| 2,408,535| 4.04| 0| 1,764,290| 2.99| 3| 3| −26
| Agrarian Party| 2,205,850| 3.70| 0| 1,104,974| 1.87| 2| 2| New
| Russian Pensioners' Party–Party of Social Justice| 1,874,973| 3.14| 0| 342,891| 0.58| 0| 0| −1
| Party of Russia's Rebirth–Russian Party of Life| 1,140,413| 1.91| 0| 1,584,904| 2.69| 3| 3| New
| People's Party| 714,705| 1.20| 0| 2,677,889| 4.54| 17| 17| New
| Conceptual Party "Unity"| 710,721| 1.19| 0| 9,334| 0.02| 0| 0| New
| New Course — Automobile Russia| 509,302| 0.85| 0| 222,090| 0.38| 1| 1| New
| For a Holy Russia| 298,826| 0.50| 0| 59,986| 0.10| 0| 0| New
| Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"| 253,985| 0.43| 0| 69,585| 0.12| 0| 0| 0
| Development of Enterprise| 212,827| 0.36| 0| 237,527| 0.40| 1| 1| New
| Great Russia – Eurasian Union| 170,796| 0.29| 0| 464,602| 0.79| 1| 1| New
| Genuine Patriots of Russia| 149,151| 0.25| 0| 2,564| 0.00| 0| 0| New
| Party of Peace and Unity| 148,954| 0.25| 0| 10,664| 0.02| 0| 0| 0
| United Russian Party Rus'| 147,441| 0.25| 0| 570,453| 0.97| 0| 0| New
| Democratic Party| 136,295| 0.23| 0| 94,810| 0.16| 0| 0| New
| Russian Constitutional Democratic Party| 113,190| 0.19| 0| | 0| New
| Union of People for Education and Science| 107,448| 0.18| 0| 16,111| 0.03| 0| 0| New
| People's Republican Party| 80,420| 0.13| 0| 2,995| 0.01| 0| 0| New
| Other| | 288,866| 0.49| 0| 0| −156
| Independents| | 15,843,626| 26.86| 67| 67| −38
Against all| 2,851,958| 4.78| 0| 7,744,998| 13.13| 0| 0| −8
Vacant seats| | | 3| 3| +2
Total| 59,684,742| 100.00| 225| 58,975,063| 100.00| 225| 450| 0
Valid votes| 59,684,742| 98.44| | 58,975,063| 97.93| |
Invalid/blank votes| 948,435| 1.56| | 1,247,491| 2.07| |
Total votes| 60,633,177| 100.00| | 60,222,554| 100.00| |
Registered voters/turnout| 108,906,250| 55.67| | 108,906,250| 55.30| |

### 1999 Russian legislative election

[edit]

Main article: 1999 Russian legislative election

### 1995 Russian legislative election

[edit]

Main article: 1995 Russian legislative election

### 1993 Russian legislative election

[edit]

Main article: 1993 Russian legislative election

Party| Party-list| Constituency| Total
seats
Votes| %| Seats| Votes| %| Seats
| Liberal Democratic Party of Russia| 12,318,562| 22.92| 59| 1,604,785| 3.04| 5| 64
| Choice of Russia| 8,339,345| 15.51| 37| 3,608,497| 6.84| 25| 62
| Communist Party of the Russian Federation| 6,666,402| 12.40| 32| 1,848,888| 3.50| 10| 42
| Women of Russia| 4,369,918| 8.13| 22| 309,378| 0.59| 2| 24
| Agrarian Party of Russia| 4,292,518| 7.99| 22| 2,879,410| 5.46| 16| 38
| Yavlinsky–Boldyrev–Lukin| 4,223,219| 7.86| 20| 1,854,447| 3.52| 7| 27
| Party of Russian Unity and Accord| 3,620,035| 6.73| 19| 1,433,158| 2.72| 3| 22
| Democratic Party of Russia| 2,969,533| 5.52| 14| 1,142,830| 2.17| 1| 15
| Russian Democratic Reform Movement| 2,191,505| 4.08| 0| 1,038,068| 1.97| 4| 4
| Civic Union| 1,038,193| 1.93| 0| 1,591,476| 3.02| 7| 7
| Future of Russia–New Names| 672,283| 1.25| 0| 411,426| 0.78| 1| 1
| Constructive-Ecological Movement "Kedr"| 406,789| 0.76| 0| 301,266| 0.57| 0| 0
| Dignity and Charity| 375,431| 0.70| 0| 445,168| 0.84| 3| 3
| Independents| | 26,171,737| 49.61| 135| 135
Against all| 2,267,963| 4.22| –| 8,117,106| 15.39| –| –
Vacant| | | 6| 6
Total| 53,751,696| 100.00| 225| 52,757,640| 100.00| 225| 450
Valid votes| 53,751,696| 93.19| | | | |
Invalid/blank votes| 3,928,002| 6.81| | | | |
Total votes| 57,679,698| 100.00| | | | |
Registered voters/turnout| 106,170,835| 54.33| | 106,170,835| –| |

## Federal elections

[edit]

### Presidential

[edit]

See also: Russian presidential elections and Category:Presidential elections in Russia

The President is elected in a two-round system every six years, with a limit of two consecutive terms.[30] Prior to 2012, the term of office was four years. If no candidate wins by an absolute majority in the first round, a second election round is held between two candidates with the most votes.[30] The last presidential election was in 2024 and the next is expected in 2030.[31]

Presidency in the Russian Federation is subject to the articles 80-93 of the Russian Constitution, the information provided in these articles is explanatory to the system of elections in Russia, and the main points to be highlighted are the following:

* The president is elected on basis of universal, equal, and direct suffrage through secret ballots.
* The president is to be elected for a term of six years
* Any citizen of the Russian Federation with 35 or more years of age and that has had a permanent residence for at least 25 years in Russia can run for the presidency in Russia.
* The same person may not be elected President of the Russian Federation for more than two terms running.[32]
* Not have foreign citizenship or residence permit in a foreign country, neither at the time of the election nor at any time before.

### Parliament

[edit]

See also: Federal Assembly (Russia), State Duma, and Political parties in Russia

Legislative elections take place in Russia's 89 subjects of federation ranging from oblasts, republics, autonomous territories, and autonomous okrugs.[33]

The elections for the State Duma of Russia are held every five years, and the dispute is for the 450 seats of the Parliament according to a mixed-member majoritarian representation. Half of the seats are allocated through a proportional representation party list voting, with a threshold of 5%. The other half is appointed through majority voting, where one deputy is elected for one constituency. Regional assemblies with their respective deputies are formed through this system. The legislative body of Russia (the Federation Council and the State Duma) are subject to the articles 94-109 of the constitution, and these explain important points about the elections for the parliament in Russia, these are:

* The State Duma (lower house) is elected for a term of 5 years.
* Any citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least 21 years old can be a candidate.
* The president is to call the elections for the State Duma, in accordance with the Constitution.
* The Council of the Federation includes two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation: one from the legislative and one from the executive body of state authority.[34]

Ballot to the 2011 State Duma election with list of Political parties.

In May 2012 President Medvedev signed a new legislation exempting political parties from the need to collect signatures to run in parliamentary elections.[citation needed]

## Regional elections

[edit]

Regional elections in Russia are held annually, with most scheduled on the Single Voting Day (Russian: Единый день голосования, romanized: Yedinyy den' golosovaniya), which typically falls on the second Sunday of September. This day serves as a standardized date for holding elections across the country and was formally established by federal law in 2012. However, the exact date can vary each year, as it is officially designated by a presidential decree.[35]

Regional elections generally include both gubernatorial and regional parliamentary races. In certain cases — such as early resignations, dissolutions, or the formation of new administrative units — elections may be held outside the Single Voting Day framework, in accordance with Russian electoral law.

### Governors

[edit]

Further information: List of heads of federal subjects of Russia and Category:Gubernatorial elections in Russia

Gubernatorial elections are held yearly and are to be called upon by the president. These happen in September, by default, on the second Sunday of the month, but the timing is not always exact. Campaigning starts 28 days prior to the election.[36][37]

### Regional parliaments

[edit]

Further information: Regional parliaments of Russia and Category:Regional legislative elections in Russia

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2013)

|

## Local self-government elections

[edit]

See also: Municipal divisions of Russia and Category:Local elections in Russia

The two main systems of local government include Mayor–council government in which voters cast their ballot for the mayor who represents the executive branch, and another ballot for the city council. The other system is Council–manager government with a city manager, who is nominated by and accountable to the City Duma.

### Local mayoral elections

[edit]

Elections for mayors in Russia are held in a small number of cities. In 2018, 12% of all cities and municipalities elected their mayors, as opposed to 65% in 2006; i.e. in the span of 12 years mayoral elections were halved.[38] Out of the subjects' capitals, only 9 of 83[clarification needed] and (as of 2023) six 'major cities' have direct mayoral elections.[39] In those cities, elections for mayors are direct and based on universal suffrage. The executions of mayoral elections are dependent upon higher administrative authorities, and, for instance, can be cancelled by governors.[40][41]

Further information: Category:Mayoral elections in Russia

### Local legislative elections

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2013)

|

## Evolution of Russia's electoral law

[edit]

1993 (Constitution of 1993) – Article 97: Elections in Russia are direct, subject to universal suffrage, and free and fair

1995 – Amendment Article 97: Parties are now required to gather at least 200000 signatures and to sign for candidature no later than 6 months before the elections.[42]

1998 – Constitutional Court Judgement 26-P: 5% threshold is upheld by the Russian constitutional court

2002 – Law number 175: Mixed election of the state Duma is implemented with 50% of seats elected by a majority system for single-seat district votes (one deputy-one seat), and the other 50% through a proportional representation party list voting scheme.[43]

2003 – Mixed system is abolished for a fully proportional representation system, with a 7% threshold.

2013 – Putin requires a return to the old mixed system, making elections for parliament being subject to Law number 175 once again.[44]

## Criticism

[edit]

### Presidential influence

[edit]

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, three successive administrations (Boris Yeltsin, Vladimir Putin, and Dmitry Medvedev) have played a significant role in forming a Russia's party system that has been characterized by the domination of a ruling party which is financed and staffed by choice of the current presidential administration, and which in return provides support to it to serve its interests.[45]

One study from Reuter et al. referred to criticism of mayoral and local self-government election in Russia. Findings being indicated that mayor candidates opposing the present ruling party, United Russia, had their elections cancelled more easily than those that could promote support for the ruling party.[41]

### Unfair elections and censorship

[edit]

Russia is in a period of autocratization starting around 2020 according to V-Dem Institute Democracy Report due to further censorship in Russia.[46]

Electoral fraud and unfair elections were claimed by a study from Enikolopov et al., where observers were strategically placed at polling stations to see the effect of their presence on United Russia's vote shares. Findings reveal that with observers, United Russia experienced an 11% loss in share of votes for the poll chosen.[47]

## See also

[edit]

* Elections in the Soviet Union
* Freedom of assembly in Russia
* List of banned political parties#Russia
* Russian opposition
* Red Belt (Russia)
* Russian Republic
* 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election
* Term limits in Russia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "The This is no longer the case with Putins recent extension of a 3rd term. Constitution of the Russian Federation". Garant Service. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
2. ^ "The Constitution of the Russian Federation". Garant Service. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
3. ^ Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010). Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49148-8.
4. ^ Geddes, Barbara; Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica (2018). How Dictatorships Work: Power, Personalization, and Collapse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-11582-8.
5. ^ Gill, Graeme (2016). Building an Authoritarian Polity: Russia in Post-Soviet Times (hardback ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-13008-1.
6. ^ Reuter, Ora John (2017). The Origins of Dominant Parties: Building Authoritarian Institutions in Post-Soviet Russia (E-book ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316761649. ISBN 978-1-316-76164-9.
7. ^ Frye, Timothy (2021). Weak Strongman: The Limits of Power in Putin's Russia. Princeton University Press. p. [page needed]. ISBN 978-0-691-21246-3.
8. ^ "Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2023. p. 3.
9. ^ V-Dem Institute (2023). "The V-Dem Dataset". Retrieved 14 October 2023.
10. ^ Democracy Report 2023, Table 3, V-Dem Institute, 2023
11. ^ Russia's intention to hold presidential elections in occupied Ukrainian areas unacceptable, says USG DiCarlo
12. ^ "Over 50 countries condemn Russia's illegal election in occupied Ukrainian territories". The Kyiv Independent. 15 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
13. ^ "Russia Begins Voting as Ukraine Steps Up Border Attacks". The Moscow Times. 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
14. ^ "Russians are voting in an election that holds little suspense after Putin crushed dissent". Associated Press. 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
15. ^ Scollon, Michael (15 September 2021). "Elections In A Vacuum: Russians Prepare For Duma Vote With Dearth Of Independent Information". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
16. ^ "No OSCE observers for Russian parliamentary elections following major limitations". Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
17. ^ "U.S. OSCE Mission Decries 'Repressive' Conditions For Russian Duma Vote". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
18. ^ "Intimidation of observers at odds with OSCE commitments to ensure transparent elections, ODIHR Director says". OSCE. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
19. ^ "Moscow to Hand Out $145M in 'Prizes' to Voters for Putin's Constitutional Reforms". The Moscow Times. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
20. ^ Schwirtz, Michael; David M. Herszenhorn (5 December 2011). "Voters Watch Polls in Russia, and Fraud Is What They See". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
21. ^ Migranyan, Migranik (9 December 2011). "What the Recent Russian Elections Really Mean". National Interest. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
22. ^ "Russia's Putin and party suffer election blow". Reuters. 4 December 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
23. ^ "As the Kremlin Tightens the Screws, It Invites Popular Revolt". World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017.
24. ^ (in English) "Monitors denounce Russia election". BBC News. BBC. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
25. ^ International Observers Say Russia's Parliamentary Election Not Fair, Fox News, 3 December 2007
26. ^ "No opposition or debate in Russia election: Amnesty". Canada.com. 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
27. ^ "Russian Elections Lack Legitimacy; Meaningful Political Competition Absent". Freedomhouse.org. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
28. ^ Election Observers Unwelcome, Spiegel Online, 16 November 2007
29. ^ European Group Cancels Mission to Observe Russian Election, Citing Restrictions , New York Times, 8 February 2008
30. ^ a b Gueorguieva, Vassia; Simon, Rita James (2009). Voting and Elections the World Over. Global Perspectives on Social Issues Series. Lexington Books. p. 79\. ISBN 978-0-7391-3090-2.
31. ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (5 March 2012). "Observers Detail Flaws in Russian Election". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
32. ^ "Chapter 4. The President of the Russian Federation".
33. ^ "Chapter 3. The Federal Structure".
34. ^ "Chapter 5. The Federal Assembly". The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
35. ^ "Единый день голосования в России". РИА Новости (in Russian). 8 September 2024. Archived from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2025.
36. ^ Moraski, Bryon J.; Reisinger, William M. (2007). "Eroding Democracy: Federal Intervention in Russia's Gubernatorial Elections". Democratization. 14 (4): 603–621\. doi:10.1080/13510340701398303. S2CID 143961839.
37. ^ "Procedure for gubernatorial elections in Russia". РИА Новости. 23 September 2018.
38. ^ "What it cost to build the Power Vertical". 29 December 2020.
39. ^ "Democracy is not worthy: why direct elections of mayors are canceled in Russian cities". 8 February 2023.
40. ^ "Russia". 29 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
41. ^ a b "Local Elections in Authoritarian Regimes: An Elite-Based Theory With Evidence From Russian Mayoral Elections". Comparative Political Studies. 49 (5): 662–697\. doi:10.1177/0010414015626439. S2CID 155532176 - via Sage Journals.
42. ^ "The Electoral System of the Russian Federation" (PDF).
43. ^ "Russian Election Laws".
44. ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (2 January 2013). "Putin Orders Change in Election Rules". The New York Times.
45. ^ "The Electoral System of the Russian Federation" (PDF).
46. ^ "Democracy Report 2025, 25 Years of Autocratization – Democracy Trumped?" (PDF). Retrieved 14 March 2025.
47. ^ Enikolopov, Ruben; Korovkin, Vasily; Petrova, Maria; Sonin, Konstantin; Zakharov, Alexei (8 January 2013). "Field experiment estimate of electoral fraud in Russian parliamentary elections" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (2): 448–452\. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110..448E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206770110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3545790. PMID 23267093.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elections in Russia.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Elections in Russia.

* OSCE reports on elections in Russia
* Geo-electoral structure of Russia (N.Grishin)

* v
* t
* e

Elections and referendums in Russia

Presidential elections|

* 1991
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2018
* 2024
* 2030

Legislative elections|

* 1906
* 1907 (Jan)
* 1907 (Oct)
* 1912
* 1917
* 1921
* 1938
* 1947
* 1951
* 1955
* 1959
* 1963
* 1967
* 1971
* 1975
* 1980
* 1985
* 1990
* 1993
* 1995
* 1999
* 2003
* 2007
* 2011
* 2016
* 2021
* 2026

Gubernatorial elections|

* 1991–92
* 1993
* 1994
* 1995
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999
* 2000
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004–05
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025

Regional elections|

* 1993
* 1994
* 1995
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999
* 2000
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025

Referendums|

* 1991
* 1993 (Apr)
* 1993 (Dec)
* 2020

* See also: By-elections to the State Duma

* v
* t
* e

Elections in Moscow

Mayoral elections|

* 1991
* 1996
* 1999
* 2003
* 2013
* 2018
* 2023
* 2028

Legislative elections|

* 1990
* 1993
* 1997
* 2001
* 2005
* 2009
* 2014
* 2019
* 2024

Local self-government|

* 2012
* 2017
* 2022
* 2027

* v
* t
* e

Opinion polling for elections and referendums in Russia

Presidential elections|

* 1991
* 1996
* 2000
* 2004
* 2008
* 2012
* 2018
* 2024

Parliamentary elections|

* 1993
* 1995
* 1999
* 2003
* 2007
* 2011
* 2016
* 2021
* 2026

Referendums|

* 2020

* v
* t
* e

Elections in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Elections in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales
* Vatican City

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

Other entities|

* European Union

* v
* t
* e

Russia articles

History|

| Timeline|

* Proto-Indo-Europeans
* Scythians
* Sarmatians
* Early Slavs
* East Slavs
* Kievan Rus'
* Mongol invasion
* Appanage Russia
* Novgorod
* Vladimir
* Moscow
* Expansion (1500–1800)
* Tsardom of Russia
* Army
* Russian Empire
* February Revolution
* Russian Republic
* October Revolution
* Civil war
* Russian state
* Russian SFSR
* Establishment of Soviet power
* Soviet Union
* Great Patriotic War
* Eastern Bloc
* Dissolution
* Russian Federation
* Military
* First Chechen War
* Second Chechen War
* Russo-Ukrainian War

|

By topic|

* Economy
* Journalism
* Internet
* Judicial system of the Russian Empire
* LGBT
* Military
* Chechen–Russian conflict
* Postal
* Historical cities

Bibliographies|

* History of the Early Slavs and Rus'
* Russian history (1223–1613)
* Russian history (1613–1917)
* Russo-Japanese War
* Russia during World War I
* Russian Revolution and Civil War
* Stalinism and the Soviet Union
* Soviet Union during World War II
* Post Stalinist Soviet Union
* Russian history (1991–present)

Navigation|

* Outline of Russia
* Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Geography|

* Animal welfare and rights
* Borders
* Cities and towns
* Climate
* Earthquakes
* Environment
* Environmental issues
* Extreme points
* European Russia
* Central Russian Upland
* Northwest Russia
* Meshchera Lowlands
* Oka–Don Lowland
* Smolensk Upland
* Fjords
* Geology
* Glaciers
* Great Russian Regions
* Highest points
* Islands
* Lakes
* Caspian Sea
* Mountains
* Caucasus
* Urals
* Volcanoes
* North Asia
* Siberia
* West Siberian Plain
* Russian Far East
* North Caucasus
* Rivers
* Protected areas
* Wildlife
* Far North

Politics|

* Anarchism
* Capital punishment
* Citizenship
* Civil Service
* Classified information
* Conscription
* Constitution
* Criminal code
* Elections
* Far-right politics
* Federal budget
* Foreign relations
* Foreign relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Freedom of assembly
* Impeachment
* Government (Apparatus)
* Judiciary
* Law
* Law enforcement
* Police
* Prisons
* Department security
* Political abuse of psychiatry
* Political divisions
* Propaganda
* Liberalism
* Conservatism
* Imperialism
* Irredentism
* Nationalism
* Martial law
* Monarchism
* Media freedom
* Neo-Nazism
* Military
* Territorial defense
* Intelligence agencies
* Opposition
* Political parties
* President of Russia
* Prime Minister of Russia
* Commonwealth of Independent States
* Collective Security Treaty Organization
* State Council
* State of emergency
* Civil defense
* Search and rescue
* Urban planning
* Mass surveillance
* Separatism
* Term limits
* Terrorism
* Union State

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Aircraft industry
* Banking
* Droughts and famines
* Car industry
* Central Bank
* Defence industry
* Economic regions
* Energy
* Fishing industry
* Forestry
* Financial districts
* Gambling
* Homelessness
* Mining
* Petroleum industry
* Postal codes
* Russian oligarchs
* Ruble (currency)
* Science and technology
* Academy of Sciences
* Shipbuilding
* Social security system
* Space industry
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Telephone numbers
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transport
* Federal highways
* Waste
* Water supply and sanitation

Society|

* Abortion
* Alcohol
* Anti-American sentiment
* Cannabis
* Censorship
* Corruption
* Crime
* Deafness
* Demographics
* Aging
* Domestic violence
* Doping
* Education
* Ethnic groups
* Feminism
* Forced public apologies
* Funerals
* Gun control
* Health
* Healthcare
* HIV/AIDS
* Mental health
* Human rights
* LGBTQ
* Immigration
* Illegal
* Labour
* Languages
* Life expectancy
* Open access
* Orphans
* Polygamy
* Prostitution
* Racism
* Religion
* Irreligion
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Hinduism
* Islam
* Judaism
* Sikhism
* Scouting
* Slavery
* Social entrepreneurship
* Sociology
* Smoking
* Suicide
* Wedding
* Witch trials
* Women
* in army

Culture|

* Architecture
* Armorial
* Army culture
* Honorary weapons
* Arts
* Ballet
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Wine
* Fashion
* Fairy tales
* Fashion
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Traditions and superstitions
* Forms of addressing
* Graffiti
* Heraldry
* Internet
* Inventions
* Literature
* Martial arts
* Mass media
* Music
* Names of Russia
* Russian given name
* Nobility
* National symbols
* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Imperial coat of arms
* Flag
* Russian tsars regalia
* Opera
* Panel buildings
* Personification
* Bear
* Winter
* Playing cards
* Philosophy
* Political jokes
* Public holidays
* Russian language
* Tea culture
* Television
* Seven Wonders
* Sports
* Unified Sports Classification System
* Yoga
* World Heritage sites

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template