EleutherAI

Artificial intelligence research collective

EleutherAI

Type of business| Research co-operative
Founded| 3 July 2020; 3 years ago (2020-07-03)[1]
Industry| Artificial intelligence
Products| GPT-Neo, GPT-NeoX, GPT-J, Fairseq, The Pile
URL| eleuther.ai

EleutherAI (/əˈluːθər/[2]) is a grass-roots non-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research group. The group, considered an open-source version of OpenAI,[3] was formed in a Discord server in July 2020 to organize a replication of GPT-3. In early 2023, it formally incorporated as the EleutherAI Foundation, a non-profit research institute.[4]

## History[edit]

EleutherAI began as a Discord server on July 7, 2020 under the tentative name "LibreAI" before rebranding to "EleutherAI" later that month,[5] in reference to eleutheria, an ancient greek term for liberty.[3]

On December 30, 2020, EleutherAI released The Pile, a curated dataset of diverse text for training large language models.[6] While the paper referenced the existence of the GPT-Neo models, the models themselves were not released until March 21, 2021.[7] According to a retrospective written several months later, the authors did not anticipate that "people would care so much about our 'small models.'"[1] On June 9, 2021, EleutherAI followed this up with GPT-J-6B, a six billion parameter language model that was again the largest open-source GPT-3-like model in the world.[8] These language models were released under the Apache 2.0 free software license and are considered to have "fueled an entirely new wave of startups".[4]

While EleutherAI initially turned down funding offers, preferring to use Google's TPU Research Cloud Program to source their compute,[9] by early 2021 they had accepted funding from CoreWeave (a small cloud computing company) and SpellML (a cloud infrastructure company) in the form of access to powerful GPU clusters that are necessary for large scale machine learning research. On Feb 10, 2022 they released GPT-NeoX-20B, a model similar to their prior work but scaled up thanks to the resources CoreWeave provided.[10]

In 2022, many EleutherAI members participated in the BigScience Research Workshop, working on projects including multitask finetuning,[11][12] training BLOOM,[13] and designing evaluation libraries.[14] Engineers at EleutherAI, Stability AI, and NVIDIA joined forces with biologists lead by Columbia University and Harvard University[15] to train OpenFold, an open-source replication of DeepMind's AlphaFold2.[16]

In early 2023, EleutherAI incorporated as a non-profit research institute run by Stella Biderman, Curtis Huebner, and Shivanshu Purohit.[4][17] This announcement came with the statement that EleutherAI's shift of focus away from training larger language models was part of a deliberate push towards doing work in interpretability, alignment, and scientific research.[17] While EleutherAI is still committed to promoting access to AI technologies, they feel that "there is substantially more interest in training and releasing LLMs than there once was," enabling them to focus on other projects.[18]

## Research[edit]

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According to their website, EleutherAI is a "decentralized grassroots collective of volunteer researchers, engineers, and developers focused on AI alignment, scaling, and open-source AI research".[19] While they do not sell any of their technologies as products, they publish the results of their research in academic venues, write blog posts detailing their ideas and methodologies, and provide trained models for anyone to use for free.[citation needed]

### The Pile[edit]

Main article: The Pile (dataset)

The Pile is an 886 GB dataset designed for training large language models. It was originally developed to train EleutherAI's GPT-Neo models but has become widely used to train other models, including Microsoft's Megatron-Turing Natural Language Generation,[20][21] Meta AI's Open Pre-trained Transformers,[22] LLaMA,[23] and Galactica,[24] Stanford University's BioMedLM 2.7B,[25] the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence's Chinese-Transformer-XL,[26] and Yandex's YaLM 100B.[27] Compared to other datasets, the Pile's main distinguishing features are that it is a curated selection of data chosen by researchers at EleutherAI to contain information they thought language models should learn and that it is the only such dataset that is thoroughly documented by the researchers who developed it.[28]

### GPT models[edit]

EleutherAI's most prominent research relates to its work to train open-source large language models inspired by OpenAI's GPT-3.[29] EleutherAI's "GPT-Neo" model series has released 125 million, 1.3 billion, 2.7 billion, 6 billion, and 20 billion parameter models.

* GPT-Neo (125M, 1.3B, 2.7B):[30] released in March 2021, it was the largest open-source GPT-3-style language model in the world at the time of release.

* GPT-J (6B):[31] released in March 2021, it was the largest open-source GPT-3-style language model in the world at the time of release.[32]

* GPT-NeoX (20B):[33] released in February 2022, it was the largest open-source language model in the world at the time of release.

* Pythia (13B):[34] While prior models focused on scaling larger to close the gap with closed-sourced models like GPT-3, the Pythia model suite goes in another direction. The Pythia suite was designed to facilitate scientific research on the capabilities of and learning processes in large language models.[35] Featuring 154 partially trained model checkpoints, fully public training data, and the ability to reproduce the exact training order, Pythia enables research on verifiable training,[36] social biases,[37] memorization, [38] and more.[39]

While the overwhelming majority of large language models are[when?] trained in either English or Chinese,[citation needed] EleutherAI also trains language models in other languages, such as the Korean-language Polyglot-Ko.[40]

### VQGAN-CLIP[edit]

An artificial intelligence art created with CLIP-Guided Diffusion, a text-to-image model created by Katherine Crowson of EleutherAI[41][42]

Following the release of DALL-E by OpenAI in January 2021, EleutherAI started working on text-to-image synthesis models. When OpenAI didn't release DALL-E publicly, EleutherAI's Katherine Crowson and digital artist Ryan Murdock developed a technique for using CLIP (another model developed by OpenAI) to convert regular image generation models into text-to-image synthesis ones.[43][44][45][46] Building on ideas dating back to Google's DeepDream,[47] they found their first major success combining CLIP with another publicly available model called VQGAN and the resulting model is called VQGAN-CLIP.[48] Crowson released the technology by tweeting notebooks demonstrating the technique that people could run for free without any special equipment.[49][50][51] This work was credited by Stability AI CEO Emad Mostaque as motivating the founding of Stability AI.[52]

## Public reception[edit]

### Praise[edit]

EleutherAI's work to democratize GPT-3 won the UNESCO Netexplo Global Innovation Award in 2021,[53] InfoWorld's Best of Open Source Software Award in 2021[54] and 2022,[55] was nominated for VentureBeat's AI Innovation Award in 2021.[56]

Gary Marcus, a cognitive scientist and noted critic of deep learning companies such as OpenAI and DeepMind,[57] has repeatedly[58][59] praised EleutherAI's dedication to open-source and transparent research.

Maximilian Gahntz, a senior policy researcher at the Mozilla Foundation, applauded EleutherAI's efforts to give more researchers the ability to audit and assess AI technology. "If models are open and if data sets are open, that'll enable much more of the critical research that's pointed out many of the flaws and harms associated with generative AI and that's often far too difficult to conduct."[60]

### Criticism[edit]

Technology journalist Kyle Wiggers has raised concerns about whether EleutherAI is as independent as it claims, or "whether the involvement of commercially motivated ventures like Stability AI and Hugging Face — both of which are backed by substantial venture capital — might influence EleutherAI's research."[61]

## References[edit]

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4. ^ a b c Wiggers, Kyle (2 March 2023). "Stability AI, Hugging Face and Canva back new AI research nonprofit". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
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40. ^ ""한국어기반 AI소스 공개합니다 마음껏 쓰세요"". 매일경제. 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
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* v
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Differentiable computing

General|

* Differentiable programming
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* Tensor calculus
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* Inductive bias

Concepts|

* Gradient descent
* SGD
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* Overfitting
* Hallucination
* Adversary
* Attention
* Convolution
* Loss functions
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Applications|

* Machine learning
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Hardware|

* IPU
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Software libraries|

* TensorFlow
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Implementations|

| Audio–visual|

* AlexNet
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* Human image synthesis
* HWR
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* Speech synthesis
* Speech recognition
* Facial recognition
* AlphaFold
* DALL-E
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|

Verbal|

* Word2vec
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* BERT
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* Project Debater
* IBM Watson
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* Granite
* GPT-1
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* GPT-4
* ChatGPT
* GPT-J
* Chinchilla AI
* PaLM
* BLOOM
* LLaMA
* PanGu-Σ

Decisional|

* AlphaGo
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People|

* Yoshua Bengio
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Organizations|

* Anthropic
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Architectures|

* Neural Turing machine
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