Elizabeth of York

Queen of England from 1486 to 1503

For her aunt, see Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk. For Princess Elizabeth of York, see Elizabeth II. For Elizabeth, Duchess of York, see Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.

Elizabeth of York

Portrait of Elizabeth, attributed to Meynnart Wewyck

Queen consort of England
Tenure| 18 January 1486 – 11 February 1503
Coronation| 25 November 1487

Born| 11 February 1466
Westminster Palace, Middlesex, England
Died| 11 February 1503(1503-02-11) (aged 37)
Tower of London, London, England
Burial| 24 February 1503

Westminster Abbey

Spouse|

Henry VII of England

(m. 1486)​

Issue
more...|

* Arthur, Prince of Wales
* Margaret, Queen of Scots
* Henry VIII, King of England
* Elizabeth of England
* Mary, Queen of France
* Edmund, Duke of Somerset

House| York
Father| Edward IV of England
Mother| Elizabeth Woodville
Signature|

Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death in 1503.[1] She was the daughter of King Edward IV and his wife, Elizabeth Woodville, and her marriage to Henry VII followed his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the civil war known as the Wars of the Roses.

Elizabeth's younger brothers, the "Princes in the Tower", mysteriously disappeared from the Tower of London shortly after their uncle Richard III seized the throne in 1483. Although the 1484 Act of Parliament Titulus Regius declared the marriage of her parents as invalid, Elizabeth and her sisters returned to court under Richard III, after spending ten months in sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. It was rumoured that Richard was plotting to marry Elizabeth. The final victory of the Lancastrian faction in the Wars of the Roses may have seemed a further disaster for the Yorkist princess. However, Henry Tudor knew the importance of Yorkist support for his invasion and promised to marry Elizabeth before he arrived in England. This may well have contributed to the haemorrhaging of Yorkist support for Richard,[2] and her future husband had Titulus Regius repealed when he took the throne.

Elizabeth seems to have played little part in politics, after coming to the throne. Her marriage appears to have been a successful and happy one,[3] although her eldest son, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died aged 15 in 1502, and three other children died young. Her second and only surviving son became king of England as Henry VIII, while her daughters Margaret and Mary became the queens of Scotland and France respectively.

## Ancestry and early life

[edit]

### Birth

[edit]

Elizabeth of York was born at the Palace of Westminster as the eldest child of King Edward IV and his wife, Elizabeth Woodville.[4] Her christening was celebrated at Westminster Abbey, sponsored by her grandmothers, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Duchess of Bedford, and Cecily Neville, Duchess of York.

Elizabeth with her sisters. She is the first from the left.

In 1469, aged three, she was briefly betrothed to George Neville, who was created the Duke of Bedford in anticipation of the marriage. His father, John, later supported George's uncle, the Earl of Warwick, in a rebellion against Edward IV, and the betrothal was called off.[5] In 1475, Louis XI agreed to the marriage of nine-year-old Elizabeth of to his son Charles, the Dauphin of France. In 1482, however, Louis XI reneged on his promise.[6] She was named a Lady of the Garter in 1477, at the age of eleven, along with her mother and her paternal aunt Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk.

### Sister of King Edward V

[edit]

On 9 April 1483, Elizabeth's father died unexpectedly. Her brother Edward, still a child, ascended the throne as Edward V, and her uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was appointed regent and protector of his young nephew.[7] Gloucester took steps to isolate his nephews from their Woodville relations, including their own mother.

Gloucester acted quickly to intercept Edward V while the latter was travelling from Ludlow, where he had been living as Prince of Wales, to London to be crowned king. Edward V was placed in the royal residence of the Tower of London, ostensibly for his protection, while his uncle Anthony Woodville and half-brother Richard Grey, who had both been escorting him, were arrested and sent to Pontefract Castle.[8] Elizabeth Woodville fled with her younger son Richard and her daughters, taking sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. Gloucester asked Thomas Bourchier, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to take Richard with him, so that the boy could reside in the Tower and keep his brother Edward company. Elizabeth Woodville, under duress, eventually agreed.[9]

Two months later, on 22 June 1483, Edward IV's marriage was declared invalid. It was claimed that Edward IV had, at the time of his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, already been married to Lady Eleanor Butler. Parliament issued a bill, Titulus Regius ("Royal Title"), in support of this position.[9] This measure legally bastardized the children of Edward IV, made them ineligible for the succession, and declared Gloucester the rightful king, with the right of succession reverting to the children of George, Duke of Clarence, another late brother of Gloucester, who had been attainted in 1478. Elizabeth's uncle Anthony Woodville and her half-brother Richard Grey were executed on Gloucester's orders on 25 June.[8] Gloucester was crowned king as Richard III on 6 July 1483, and Edward and Richard disappeared soon afterwards. Rumours began to spread that they had been murdered, and these appear to have been increasingly widely credited, even though some undoubtedly emanated from overseas.[10]

### Niece of King Richard III

[edit]

According to Polydore Vergil,[11] Elizabeth's mother made an alliance with Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry Tudor, later King Henry VII, who presented himself as the closest claimant to the throne among the Lancastrian party. Although Henry Tudor was descended from King Edward III,[12] his claim to the throne was weak, owing to Letters Patent of King Henry IV in 1407, which barred accession to the throne to any heirs of the legitimised offspring of Henry's great-great-grandparents, John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford. Whether these Letters Patent had force of law is disputed. Furthermore, there were legitimate Lancastrian lines into the Royal Houses of Portugal and Castile. Whatever the merits of Henry's claim, according to Vergil, his mother and Elizabeth Woodville agreed he should move to claim the throne and, once he had taken it, marry Elizabeth of York to boost his feeble claim. In December 1483, in the cathedral of Rennes, Henry Tudor swore an oath promising to marry her and began planning an invasion.[13]

In March 1484, Elizabeth Woodville and her daughters were persuaded, according to the Crowland Chronicle, to withdraw from sanctuary under "frequent intercessions and dire threats".[14] Richard III additionally swore a public oath, promising that they would "not suffer any manner hurt" nor would he "imprison [them] within the Tower of London or other prison".[14] It was rumoured that Richard III intended to marry Elizabeth of York because his wife, Anne Neville, was dying and they had no surviving children. The Crowland Chronicle claimed that Richard III was forced to deny this unsavoury rumour.[15] Soon after Anne Neville's death, Richard III sent Elizabeth away from court to the Sheriff Hutton Castle and opened negotiations with King John II of Portugal to marry his sister, Joan, Princess of Portugal, and to have Elizabeth marry their cousin, the future King Manuel I of Portugal.[16]

Henry Tudor and his army landed in Wales on 7 August 1485 and marched inland. On 22 August, Henry Tudor and Richard III fought the Battle of Bosworth Field. Richard III had the larger army, but was betrayed by one of his most powerful nobles, William Stanley, and became the last English king to die in battle. Henry Tudor took the crown by right of conquest as Henry VII.[17]

## Queen of England

[edit]

Henry VII and Elizabeth with their children Copy in oils of the 1536–37 Hans Holbein Whitehall mural, commissioned by Charles II, 1667. Left to right: Henry VIII, Henry VII, Elizabeth of York, Jane Seymour.

### Marriage to Henry VII

[edit]

Though initially slow to keep his promise,[18] Henry VII acknowledged the necessity of marrying Elizabeth of York to ensure the stability of his rule and weaken the claims of other surviving members of the House of York. It seems Henry wished to be seen as ruling in his own right, having claimed the throne by right of conquest and not by his marriage to the de facto heiress of the House of York. He had no intention of sharing power.[19]

Henry VII had the Act of Titulus Regius repealed, thereby legitimising anew the children of Edward IV, and acknowledging Edward V as his predecessor.[20] Though Richard III was regarded as a usurper, his reign was not ignored. Henry and Elizabeth required a papal dispensation to wed because of Canon Law frowning upon affinity: Henry and Elizabeth were descended from, respectively, John of Gaunt and his younger brother Edmund in the 4th degree, an issue that had caused much dispute and bloodshed as to which claim was superior.[21] Two applications were sent, the first more locally, and the second one was slow in reaching Rome and slow to return with the response of the Pope. Ultimately, however, the marriage was approved by papal bull of Pope Innocent VIII dated March 1486 (two months after the wedding) stating that the Pope and his advisors "Approveth confirmyth and stablishyth the matrimonye and coniuncion made betwene our sou[er]ayn lord King Henre the seuenth of the house of Lancastre of that one party And the noble Princesse Elyzabeth of the house of Yorke."[22]

Arms of Elizabeth as queen consort of England

Because the journey to Rome and back took many months, and because Henry as king wanted to be certain that nobody could claim that his wedding to Elizabeth was unlawful or sinful, the more local application was obeyed first—it was sent to the papal legate for England and Scotland, which returned in January 1486.[23] Cardinal Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated at the wedding of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York on 18 January 1486.[20] Their first son, Arthur, was born on 20 September 1486, eight months after their marriage. Elizabeth of York was crowned queen on 25 November 1487. She gave birth to several more children, but only four survived infancy: Arthur, Margaret, Henry and Mary.

### Relationship with Henry Tudor

[edit]

Despite their marriage being a political arrangement, records indicate both partners appear to have slowly fallen in love with each other.[24] Thomas Penn, in his biography of Henry VII writes that "[t]hough founded on pragmatism, Henry and Elizabeth's marriage had nevertheless blossomed throughout the uncertainty and upheaval of the previous eighteen years. This was a marriage of 'faithful love', of mutual attraction, affection and respect, from which the king seems to have drawn great strength."[25]

In order to maintain stability and peace after ending a civil war that had lasted 32 years, the new Tudor dynasty needed to put an end to the quarrelling Yorkist and Lancastrian families. Elizabeth's sisters, Cecily and Anne of York, and her cousin, Margaret Pole, were married to Lancastrian men who were loyal to Henry. Similar strategies had been used before by Richard III of England, though in that case the Titulus Regius had marred the status of Elizabeth and all of her sisters as illegitimate, and Richard had no intention of making it difficult for the two sides of the conflict to return to factionalism when two were married into one – his actions showed he was more interested in loyalty and eliminating rival claims by wedding them off to the inconsequential. Richard did this directly to Elizabeth's sister, Cecily, by wedding her to Richard Scrope. Elizabeth, therefore, had a motive to see to the successful welfare of her female relatives, but by no means could she foresee whether it would guarantee peace at last.[26]

Further complicating things is that the public image of Henry Tudor, handed down through time only accords with the last years of his reign. Where, when, and how he spent his money is traceable by surviving documents, some written by the king himself and many more having his signature "Henry R" to indicate his oversight of entries, both his personal and the realm's finances, documented in careful detail.[27] Elizabeth was a very pious woman and one of her life passions was charity, one of the three theological virtues of the Catholic Church. She gave away money and alms in very large quantities, to the point she indebted herself on many occasions.[citation needed] She also gave generously to monks and religious orders.[28]

Elizabeth received a grand coronation where she was carried on a royal barge down the Thames. Henry VII was as much a builder as his son and granddaughter and Elizabeth had a hand in designing the new Greenwich Palace. The rebuilding at Greenwich commenced in 1498. In 1502, the master mason Robert Vertue was paid for working to a plan described as the "new platt of Greenwich which was devised by the Queen".[29] The Palace was well appointed for large scale entertaining.[30] Records are very clear that Christmas was a raucous and special time for the royal family on the whole, evidenced by many surviving documents depicting a particularly lively court having a marvelous time, with copious amounts of imported wine, great amounts of money spent upon roasted meats, and entertainers. Henry also frequently bought gifts for Elizabeth and their children.[31] The account books, kept by Henry, demonstrate that he spent a great deal of gold on expensive cloth for himself, his wife and his children.[32]

Elizabeth of York did not exercise much political influence as queen due to her strong-minded mother-in-law Lady Margaret Beaufort. Elizabeth was reported to be gentle, kind and generous to her relations, servants and benefactors. One report does state that Henry VII chose to appoint Elizabeth's choice for a vacant bishopric over his mother's choice, showing Henry's affection for, and willingness to listen to, Elizabeth.[33] She seems to have had a love of books, patronising the English printer William Caxton.[34] Elizabeth of York, seemingly a patron of the English votive style, commissioned an antiphon in devotion to Mary and St Elizabeth from Robert Fayrfax, paying him twenty shillings for his work in 1502.[35] Elizabeth of York also enjoyed dancing and gambling; the last of these was a pastime she shared with her husband. She also kept greyhounds.[36]

As queen, Elizabeth made arrangements for the education of her younger children, including the future Henry VIII.[37] She also accompanied her husband on his diplomatic visit to Calais in 1500 to meet with Philip I of Castile. She corresponded with Queen Isabella I of Castile before their children's marriage.[38]

On 14 November 1501, Elizabeth of York's 15-year-old son Arthur married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. The pair were sent to Ludlow Castle, the traditional residence of the Prince of Wales. Arthur died in April 1502. The news of Arthur's death caused Henry VII to break down in grief, as much in fear for his dynasty as in mourning for his son. Elizabeth comforted him, telling him that he was the only child of his mother but had survived to become king, that God had left him with a son and two daughters, and that they were both young enough to have more children. When she returned to her own chambers, however, Elizabeth herself broke down with grief. Her attendants sent for Henry who, in turn, comforted her.[39]

## Death and aftermath

[edit]

Elizabeth's painted wood funeral effigy (without clothes), 1503, Westminster Abbey

In 1502, Elizabeth of York became pregnant once more and spent her confinement period in the Tower of London. Her embroiderer Robynet made her a new rich bed with curtains decorated with clouds and roses.[40] On 2 February 1503, she gave birth to a daughter, Katherine, who died a few days later.[1][41] Succumbing to a postpartum infection, Elizabeth of York died on 11 February, her 37th birthday. Her family seems to have been devastated by her death and mourned her deeply. According to one biographer, the death of Elizabeth "broke the heart" of her husband and "shattered him". Another account says that Henry Tudor "privily departed to a solitary place and would no man should resort unto him".[42] Within a little over two years, King Henry VII had lost his eldest son, his wife, his baby daughter, and found himself having to honour the Treaty of Perpetual Peace by sending his eldest daughter, Margaret, to Scotland.

Tomb effigies of Elizabeth of York and Henry VII by Pietro Torrigiano, Westminster Abbey.

In 2012, the Vaux Passional, an illuminated manuscript that was once the property of Henry VII, was rediscovered in the National Library of Wales.[43] It depicts the aftermath of Elizabeth's death vividly. Henry VII is shown receiving the book containing the manuscript in mourning robes with a doleful expression on his face. In the background, behind their father, are the late queen's daughters, Mary and Margaret, in black veils. The red head of 11-year-old Prince Henry is shown weeping into the sheets of his mother's empty bed.[43][44]

Henry VII entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain—Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (daughter of Ferdinand I of Naples), Joanna, Queen of Castile (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella), and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered [45]—but he died a widower in 1509.[46] On each anniversary of her death, he decreed that a requiem mass be sung, the bells be tolled, and 100 candles be lit in her honour.[47] Henry also continued to employ her minstrels each New Year.[48]

Henry VII's reputation for miserliness became worse after Elizabeth's death.[49] He was buried with Elizabeth of York under their effigies in his Westminster Abbey chapel.[50] Her tomb was opened in the 19th century and the wood casing of her lead coffin was found to have been removed to create space for the interment of her great-great-grandson James VI and I.[51]

## Issue

[edit]

* Arthur, Prince of Wales (20 September 1486 – 2 April 1502)
* Margaret, Queen of Scotland (28 November 1489 – 18 October 1541)
* Henry VIII, King of England (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547)
* Elizabeth (2 July 1492 – 14 September 1495), buried in St Edward's Chapel, Westminster Abbey[52]
* Mary, Queen of France (18 March 1496 – 25 June 1533)
* Edmund, Duke of Somerset (21 February 1499 – 19 June 1500), buried in Westminster Abbey without a monument[52]
* Katherine (2 February 1503 – 10[1] or 18[41] February 1503[53]), buried in Westminster Abbey[52]

## Appearance and legacy

[edit]

Presentation miniature from the Vaux Passional

The symbol of the Tudor dynasty is the Tudor rose, which became a royal symbol for England upon Elizabeth's marriage to Henry VII in 1486. Her White Rose of York is most commonly proper to her husband's Red Rose of Lancaster and today, uncrowned, is still the floral emblem of England.

Henry VIII owned a version of her portrait, displayed with a silk curtain, described in his inventory as a "table with the Picture of Quene Elizabeth with a Curten of yellowe & white sarceonet paned togethers". Her portrait may have been painted by Meynnart Wewyck.[54] Pietro Torrigiano made bronze effigies of Elizabeth and Henry VII for their monument at Westminster Abbey.[55]

Elizabeth of York was renowned as a great beauty for her time, with regular features, tall in stature, and a fair complexion, inheriting many traits from her father and her mother Elizabeth Woodville, who was considered at one point the most beautiful woman in the British Isles.[15] She inherited her father's height, most women of her generation being considerably smaller than five feet six inches (168 cm).[56]

## Depiction in media

[edit]

### Film

[edit]

* Richard III (1995), played by Kate Steavenson-Payne[57]

### Television

[edit]

* The Shadow of the Tower (1972), played by Norma West
* The White Queen (2013), played by Freya Mavor[58]
* The White Princess (2017), played by Jodie Comer[59]
* The Spanish Princess (2019), played by Alexandra Moen[60]

## Ancestry and family tree

[edit]

### Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Elizabeth of York[61]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York|

|  |  |
| 9\. Anne de Mortimer

| 2\. Edward IV of England|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland

| 5\. Cecily Neville|

|  |  |
| 11\. Joan Beaufort

| 1\. Elizabeth of York|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Richard Wydeville

| 6\. Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers|

|  |  |
| 13\. Joan Bedlisgate

| 3\. Elizabeth Woodville|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Peter I, Count of Saint-Pol

| 7\. Jacquetta of Luxembourg|

|  |  |
| 15\. Margaret of Baux

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### Family tree

[edit]

Elizabeth's father, uncle, brother, husband, and son were all Kings of England and two daughters were queens consort of other countries.

Family tree of Elizabeth of York

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| | | | |
| | | | | | | | Edward IV
1442–1483
King of England| | Richard III
1452–1485
King of England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | Henry VII[62]
1457–1509
King of England| | Elizabeth of York[62]
Queen consort of England
1466–1503| | Edward V
1470–1483
King of England

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
James IV
1473–1513
King of Scotland| | Margaret Tudor
1489–1541
Queen consort of Scotland| | Henry VIII
1491–1547
King of England| | Mary Tudor
1496–1533
Queen consort of France and Naples| | Louis XII
1462–1516
King of France and Naples

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Dalton, Hannah (2016). A/AS Level History for AQA The Tudors: England, 1485–1603 (Student Book ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 7\. ISBN 978-1-3165-0432-1.
2. ^ Carson, Annette. Richard III. The Maligned King.
3. ^ Penn 2012, p. 97–100; Chrimes 1972, p. 302.
4. ^ Licence 2014, p. 38.
5. ^ Okerlund 2009, p. 5.
6. ^ Okerlund 2009, pp. 13–19.
7. ^ "Richard III – King – Biography.com". Biography.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
8. ^ a b "Pontefract Castle – 15th Century". Pontefract & Sandal Castles. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
9. ^ a b Okerlund 2009, pp. 21–32.
10. ^ "BBC – History – Historic Figures: The Princes in the Tower". BBC. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
11. ^ Vergil, Polydore (1950). Hay, Denis (ed.). The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil A.D. 1485–1537. Translated by Hay, Denis. London.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
12. ^ Genealogical Tables in Morgan 1988, p. 709
13. ^ Chrimes 1972, pp. 65.
14. ^ a b Okerlund, Arlene (2011). Elizabeth of York (Transferred to digital printing ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 33–34\. ISBN 978-0-230-12048-8.
15. ^ a b Skidmore, Chris (20 January 2015). The rise of the Tudors: The family That Changed English History (first ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 199–200\. ISBN 978-1-2500-6144-7. OCLC 881437225.
16. ^ Williams, Barrie (March 1983). "The Portuguese Connection and the Significance of the 'Holy Princess'". The Ricardian. 6 (90).
17. ^ "Henry VII". tudorhistory.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
18. ^ Williamson, Audrey. The Mysteries of the Princes.
19. ^ Blackstone, William (1765). Commentaries on the Laws of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014.
20. ^ a b Chrimes 1972, p. 66.
21. ^ Sprey, Ilicia J.; Morgan, Kenneth O. (2001). "The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain". Sixteenth Century Journal. 32 (3): 867. doi:10.2307/2671570. ISSN 0361-0160. JSTOR 2671570.; "Why Lancaster DID have a better claim than York – at least according to Edward III – Royal History Geeks". 12 March 2017. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
22. ^ "Text of Papal Bull on the Marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York". tudorhistory.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
23. ^ Okerlund 2009, p. 48.
24. ^ Okerlund 2009, pp. 99–118, 185–186, 203–204; Williams 1977, p. 143.
25. ^ Penn 2012, pp. 97.
26. ^ Society, Henry Tudor (23 April 2017). "Henry VII and the House of York". Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
27. ^ "Domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII". 27 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
28. ^ Ridgway, Claire (11 February 2016). "Elizabeth of York by Sarah Bryson". The Tudor Society. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
29. ^ Simon Thurley, Royal Palaces of Tudor England (Yale, 1993), pp. 34–36.
30. ^ Okerlund 2009, pp. 178–179.
31. ^ Okerlund 2009, pp. 136–140.
32. ^ Knapton, Sarah (1 June 2016). "'Miserly' Henry VII was actually a shopaholic who spent £3 million on clothes". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
33. ^ Okerlund 2009, p. 136; Penn 2012.
34. ^ Okerlund 2009, pp. 140–142.
35. ^ Nicholas Harris Nicholas, Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York (London, 1830), p. 2.
36. ^ Routh, Charles Richard Nairne; Holmes, Peter (1990). Who's Who in Tudor England. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 0-8568-3093-3. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
37. ^ Penn 2012, pp. 101–102.
38. ^ Okerlund 2009, pp. 146–148.
39. ^ Chrimes 1972, pp. 302–304; Okerlund 2009, pp. 203–211; Penn 2012, p. 114; Strickland, Agnes; Strickland, Elizabeth (1852). Lives of the Queens of England.
40. ^ Nicolas, Nicholas Harris (1830). Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York. London: William Pickering. pp. 55, 82–83.
41. ^ a b Okerlund 2009, p. 3.
42. ^ Penn 2012, pp. 95–97, 114; Chrimes 1972, pp. 304
43. ^ a b "Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru – National Library of Wales: The Vaux Passional". 8 December 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
44. ^ Cunningham, Sean (2016). Prince Arthur : the Tudor king who never was. Internet Archive. Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing. p. 225\. ISBN 978-1-4456-4766-1.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
45. ^ Bergenroth, G A. "Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Supplement To Volumes 1 and 2, Queen Katherine; Intended Marriage of King Henry VII To Queen Juana". British History Online. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
46. ^ Chrimes 1972, pp. 287–292; Licence 2014, p. 226
47. ^ Tatton-Brown, T. W. T.; Mortimer, Richard, eds. (2003). Westminster Abbey: the Lady Chapel of Henry VII. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. p. 175\. ISBN 978-1-84383-037-5.
48. ^ Okerlund 2009, p. 210.
49. ^ Okerlund 2009, p. 220.
50. ^ Chrimes 1972, pp. 305.
51. ^ Stanley, Arthur (1886). Westminster Abbey. London: John Murray. p. 499.
52. ^ a b c "Elizabeth daughter of Henry VII". Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
53. ^ Or "c.18th February, 1503" according to Weir, Alison (1996). Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (Revised ed.). London: Random House. p. 150\. ISBN 0-7126-7448-9.
54. ^ Maria Hayward, The 1542 Inventory of Whitehall Palace, 2 (Illuminata Publishers, 2004), p. 91 no. 706.
55. ^ Michael Wyatt, The Italian Encounter with Tudor England: A Cultural Politics of Translation (Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 47.
56. ^ Medievalists.net (12 December 2015). "Elizabeth of York, Queen of England". Medievalists.net. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
57. ^ "Kate Steavenson-Payne Archived 24 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine". TV Guide. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
58. ^ "The White Queen, a new ten-part drama for BBC One Archived 14 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine". BBC. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2013
59. ^ Jaafar, Ali (15 April 2016). "Doctor Foster Star Jodie Comer Lands Lead Role In Starz Sequel The White Princess Archived 13 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
60. ^ "The Spanish Princess Is Worth Watching for the Hats Alone Archived 24 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine." Vulture. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
61. ^ Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1973). Burke's Guide to the Royal Family. London: Burke's Peerage. pp. 202–204\. ISBN 0-2206-6222-3.; Allström, Carl M. (1902). Dictionary of Royal Lineage. Chicago: Almberg. pp. 140–142, 155–156.
62. ^ a b "The Tudors (1485–1603) and the Stuarts (1603–1714)" (PDF). The official website of the British Monarchy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010.

### Works cited

[edit]

* Chrimes, Stanley Bertram (1972). Henry VII. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-5200-2266-1. OCLC 567203.
* Licence, Amy (2014). Elizabeth of York: Forgotten Tudor Queen. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-3314-5. OCLC 885312679.
* Morgan, Kenneth O. (1988). The Oxford History of Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-1928-5202-7.
* Okerlund, Arlene (2009). Elizabeth of York (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-2301-0065-7. OCLC 650310349.
* Penn, Thomas (2012). Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England (1st Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-9156-9. OCLC 741542832.
* Williams, Neville (1977). "Henry VII". In Fraser, Antonia (ed.). The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England. Futura. ISBN 0-8600-7449-8.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Okerlund, Arlene (2011). Elizabeth of York (Transferred to digital printing ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-12048-8.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elizabeth of York.

* Gairdner, James (1889). "Elizabeth (1465-1503)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 17\. pp. 200–203.
* Portraits of Elizabeth of York at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Elizabeth of York

House of York

Cadet branch of the  House of Plantagenet

Born: 11 February 1466  Died: 11 February 1503

English royalty
Vacant

Title last held by

Anne Neville |  Queen consort of England
Lady of Ireland
18 January 1486 – 11 February 1503  | Vacant

Title next held by

Catherine of Aragon

* v
* t
* e

English, Scottish and British royal consorts

| Royal consorts in England until 1603| Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603

|

* Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
* Æthelflæd of Damerham
* Ælfgifu
* Ælfthryth
* Ælfgifu of York
* Sigrid the Haughty/Świętosława
* Ealdgyth
* Emma of Normandy
* Edith of Wessex
* Edith of Mercia
* Matilda of Flanders
* Matilda of Scotland
* Adeliza of Louvain
* Matilda of Boulogne
* Geoffrey Plantagenet
* Eleanor of Aquitaine
* Margaret of France
* Berengaria of Navarre
* Isabella of Angoulême
* Blanche of Castile
* Eleanor of Provence
* Eleanor of Castile
* Margaret of France
* Isabella of France
* Philippa of Hainault
* Anne of Bohemia
* Isabella of Valois
* Joan of Navarre
* Catherine of Valois
* Margaret of Anjou
* Elizabeth Woodville
* Anne Neville
* Elizabeth of York
* Catherine of Aragon
* Anne Boleyn
* Jane Seymour
* Anne of Cleves
* Catherine Howard
* Catherine Parr
* Guildford Dudley

* Gruoch
* Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
* Margaret of Wessex
* Ethelreda of Northumbria
* Sybilla of Normandy
* Maud of Northumbria
* Ermengarde de Beaumont
* Joan of England
* Marie de Coucy
* Margaret of England
* Yolande de Dreux
* Elizabeth de Burgh
* Joan of the Tower
* Margaret Drummond
* Euphemia de Ross
* Anabella Drummond
* Joan Beaufort
* Mary of Guelders
* Margaret of Denmark
* Margaret Tudor
* Madeleine of Valois
* Mary of Guise
* Francis II of France
* Henry Stuart
* James Hepburn
* Anne of Denmark

* Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603

* Anne of Denmark
* Henrietta Maria of France
* Catherine of Braganza
* Mary of Modena
* George of Denmark and Norway

* British royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707

* George of Denmark and Norway
* Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
* Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
* Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
* Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Alexandra of Denmark
* Mary of Teck
* Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
* Philip of Greece and Denmark
* Camilla Shand

Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in italics

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Israel

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

*[m.]: married
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template