Elmina

Town in Central Region, Ghana

For other uses, see Elmina (disambiguation).

Town in Central Region, Ghana

Elmina

Edina (Fanti)

Town

Top picture: Skyline of Elmina, Bottom left picture: Elmina Castle Bottom right picture: Coast of Elmina on the Gulf of Guinea

Etymology: Elmina ("The mine")[1]

Elmina

Location of Elmina in Central Region, South Ghana

Show map of Ghana

Elmina

Elmina (Africa)

Show map of Africa

Coordinates: 5°05′N 1°21′W﻿ / ﻿5.083°N 1.350°W﻿ / 5.083; -1.350
Country|  Ghana
Region| Central Region
District| Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal District
Government

[2]

• Municipal chief| Hon. Solomon Ebo Appiah
Elevation

| 10 m (30 ft)
Population

(2013)[3][4]: 32

• Total

| 33,576
• Religions

* Christianity
* Islam
* traditional African religions

Time zone| GMT
• Summer (DST)| GMT
Postal district|

Area code| 033
Climate| Aw
Website| keeama.gov.gh

Elmina (Fante: Edina) is a town and the capital of the Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem District on the south coast of Ghana in the Central Region.[4]: 1 It is situated on a bay on the Atlantic Ocean, 12.2 km (7.6 mi) west of Cape Coast.[5] Elmina was the first European settlement in West Africa and it has a population of 33,576 people, as of 2013.[6][3] The current Municipality chief of Elmina is Solomon Ebo Appiah.[2]

When the Portuguese, after first coming in contact with the Gold Coast, struck an agreement with the King of Elmina to build the São Jorge da Mina Castle in the 1470s, the settlement grew to become an important centre of commerce and trade in the region.[7] Nowadays, Elmina shows strong influences from Europe in its culture and people.[6]

## Etymology

[edit]

Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese, the town was originally called Anomansah ("perpetual" or "inexhaustible drink") from its position on the peninsula between the Benya lagoon and the sea.[8] It eventually was named after the Elmina Castle, which is also called "São Jorge da Mina". The word "Elmina" simply means "the mine".[1]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Elmina

### Early settlement

[edit]

Based on oral traditions, the town was founded by Kwaa Amankwaa, a hunter who was in search of food. After discovering a stream and settling there, he exchanged the word "M'enya", which means "I have found it" or "I have got it". The exact origins of Elmina, however, are conflicted.[9] He and his people founded the village of Anomansa or Anomee near the Benya Lagoon, which later became Edina. It was part of the Eguafo kingdom until the late 16th century.[10]

### Colonization era

[edit]

Historical affiliations

* Eguafo (foundation-c. 1570)
* Portuguese Gold Coast (c. 1570-1637)
* Dutch Gold Coast (1637-1872)
* Gold Coast (1872-1957)
* Ghana (1957-present)

In 1478, during the War of the Castilian Succession, a Castilian armada of 35 caravels and a Portuguese fleet fought a large naval battle near Elmina for the control of the Guinea trade (gold, slaves, ivory and melegueta pepper), the Battle of Guinea. The war ended with a Portuguese naval victory, followed by the official recognition by the Catholic Monarchs of Portuguese sovereignty over most of the West African territories in dispute embodied in the Treaty of Alcáçovas, 1479.[11][12] This was the first colonial war among European powers. Many more would come.

The town grew around São Jorge da Mina Castle, built by the Portuguese Diogo de Azambuja in 1482. It was Portugal's West African headquarters for trade and exploitation of African wealth. The original Portuguese interest was gold, with 8,000 ounces shipped to Lisbon from 1487 to 1489, 22,500 ounces from 1494 to 1496, and 26,000 ounces by the start of the sixteenth century.[7] Later, the port's trade included slaves. By 1479, the Portuguese were importing slaves from as far away as Benin, who accounted for 10 percent of the trade in Elmina, and were used to clear land for tillage. Ten to twelve thousand came through Elmina from 1500 to 1535 alone.[7]: 23–24

With Portuguese support, Edina and some neighboring villages achieved independence from Eguafo (and Fetu, which also claimed the area) by around 1570.[10] The town was governed by local elders (known as braffoes) and the governor of the Castle.[13]

Dutch troops on the shore who have landed are shown battling with natives to take the local fort

Elmina is also home to Fort Coenraadsburg on St. Jago Hill, built by the Portuguese in 1555 under the name Forte de Santiago; it was used for commerce. In 1637, it was conquered and renamed by the Dutch, after they captured Elmina's main castle. Today, Elmina's main economic industry is fishing, salt production and tourism. Elmina Castle is very close to Cape Coast Castle, another historic fortress notable for its role in the transatlantic slave trade.[14]

#### 17th Century to present

[edit]

The location of Elmina made it a significant site for re-provisioning ships headed south towards the Cape of Good Hope on their way to India. After years of Portuguese commerce on the Elmina Coast, the Dutch learned of the profitable activity taking place through Barent Eriksz of Medemblik, one of the earliest traders and Guinea navigators. Ericksz learned about trading on the Elmina coast while he was a prisoner on Principe and subsequently became a major resource to the Dutch in terms of providing geographical and trading information.[15] The Dutch West India Company captured Elmina in 1637; in subsequent centuries it was mostly used as a hub for the slave trade. The British attacked the city in 1782, but it remained in Dutch hands until 1872, when the Dutch Gold Coast was sold to the British. The king of Ashanti, claiming to be suzerain, objected to the transfer, and initiated the third Anglo-Ashanti war of 1873–1874.[16]

## Economy

[edit]

Beginning in 2003, Elmina, along with foreign investors, began The Elmina Strategy 2015, a massive project to improve many aspects of the town, consisting of water drainage and waste management helping to improve the health of the citizens, repairing the fishing industry and harbour of within Elmina, tourism and economic development, improved health services, and improved educational services.[17]

### Tourism

[edit]

Further information: Tourism in Ghana

Elmina Castle

Fort São Jago da Mina

Tourism in the town is regulated by the Central Region Development Commission (CEDECOM), where the principle centre of tourism is the Elmina Castle. The site, along with Fort Coenraadsburg, attracts around 100,000 tourists annually, half of whom is foreign.[4]: 4 Due to the lack of sufficient infrastructure, the development of this sector is hindered.[18]

### Fishing

[edit]

Elmina is home to the Elmina Fishing Harbour, the third largest fish landing site in Ghana, beaten by the Tema and Sekondi harbours.[19] In August 2020, a $93 million rehabilitation project began, improving the harbour's infrastructure to help with increasing demand. It was completed in May 2020.[20]

Although fishing activities are largely artisanal, the town account for 15% of Ghana's total fish output. About 75% of the population's livelihood is reliant on fishing or related activities.[19]

## Demographics

[edit]

Most of the population is religious, coming in at around 91.7% with the biggest religion being Christianity (85.3%). Of this, 28.4% are Pentecostal/Charismatic, 20.9% are other Christians, 18.2% are Catholics and 17.8% are Protestant. Christianity is followed by Islam, traditional African religions, and other religions.[4]: 32

## Administration

[edit]

Further information: Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem (Ghana parliament constituency)

Although the town itself doesn't have a mayor, the municipal does have a mayor–council form of government. The mayor (executive chief) is appointed by the president of Ghana and approved by the town council, the Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal Assembly.[21] The current municipal chief of Elmina is Hon. Solomon Ebo Appiah.[2]

## Geography

[edit]

### Municipality area

[edit]

Panoramic view of Elmina Town. In harbour some fishing boats may be seen. The view is from Elmina Castle (St. George's Castle). The castle on St. Jago Hill is Fort São Jago da Mina (Fort Conraadsburg).

Elmina is located about 12.2 km (7.6 mi) from Cape Coast.[5] The town is located in the Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal of the Western Region, which covers a land area of 452.5 km2 (174.7 sq mi). The municipality borders the Gulf of Guinea to the south, the Cape Coast Metropolitan towards the east, the Twifo/Hemang/Lower Denkyira District to the north and the Mpohor district and the Wassa East District towards the west and northwest.[4]: 1

### Climate

[edit]

Like most of Ghana, Elmina has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with consistently hot weather year-round. Typically for the far south of the country, there are two rainy seasons, a main one from April to June and a lesser one from September to November and two dry seasons, a typical West African dry season from December to February due to the harmattan wind, and a less typical dry season from mid-July to mid-September with less hot temperatures and abundant fog due to the northward extension of the Benguela Current.[22]

Climate data for Elmina

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 30.8
(87.4)  | 31.4
(88.5)  | 31.8
(89.2)  | 31.5
(88.7)  | 30.6
(87.1)  | 28.7
(83.7)  | 27.4
(81.3)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 29.5
(85.1)  | 30.8
(87.4)  | 30.9
(87.6)  | 29.9
(85.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 23.8
(74.8)  | 23.8
(74.8)  | 23.7
(74.7)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 22.3
(72.1)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 22.9
(73.2)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 22.8
(73.0)  | 23.0
(73.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 25
(1.0)  | 36
(1.4)  | 84
(3.3)  | 103
(4.1)  | 203
(8.0)  | 325
(12.8)  | 102
(4.0)  | 42
(1.7)  | 55
(2.2)  | 116
(4.6)  | 84
(3.3)  | 30
(1.2)  | 1,205
(47.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org[23]

## Culture

[edit]

Elmina is home to the annual Bakatue Festival, a celebration of the sea and the local fishing culture, held on the first Tuesday of July each year. Bakatue translated means "the opening of the lagoon" or the "draining of the Lagoon". It is celebrated to commemorate the founding of the town, Elmina by the Europeans. It is also celebrated to invoke the deity, Nana Benya's continuous protection of the state and its people.[24]

The Edina Bronya Festival is an annual harvest festival celebrated by the chiefs and peoples of Elmina in the Central Region of Ghana. The festival is a novel Christmas during the Portuguese and the Dutch era of the colonial period. It is the origin the word “Bronya” in Ghanaian vocabulary. It is usually celebrated in the first Thursday of January every year.

## Sister cities

[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa § Ghana

The following is a list of sister cities of Elmina, designated by Sister Cities International:

* Gouda, Netherlands (2006)[25]
* Macon, United States (2001)[26]

## Notable people

[edit]

* Solomon Kojo Antwi, footballer[27]
* Jacobus Capitein, writer, first individual of African descent to be ordained as a minister in an established Protestant church[28]
* George Emil Eminsang, merchant, politician[29]
* Frederik Willem Fennekol, politician[30]
* Adjua Gyapiaba, herbalist, diviner[31]
* Frans Last, jurist, served as the attorney general (Dutch: procureur-generaal) at the Supreme Court of the Dutch East Indies[32]
* Cynthia Mamle Morrison, politician, minister designate for Gender, Children and Social Protection[33]
* Willem Essuman Pietersen, politician[34]
* Henry van Hien, nationalist leader[35]
* Hendrik Vroom, merchant[36]

## See also

[edit]

* Elmina Castle
* List of former European colonies
* List of cities in Ghana

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Walker, N.; Jones J. (eds) (1998). "1". Africans in America: America's Journey Through Slavery. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Retrieved 5 September 2024.
2. ^ a b c Nartey, L. (1 June 2022). "It won't make economic sense to import raw sugar to be refined at Komenda Sugar Factory – Vanni-Amoah". 3News. para. 1. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
3. ^ a b "World Gazetteer online". World-gazetteer.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
4. ^ a b c d e 2010 population & housing census (Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal) (PDF) (Report). Ghana Statistical Service. 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
5. ^ a b Straight line distances from: Daft Logic; "Google Maps Distance Calculator". Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
6. ^ a b Adjaye 2018, p. 1.
7. ^ a b c Wilks, I. (1997). Bakewell, Peter (ed.). Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 4–5\. JSTOR 182036.
8. ^ Ampene, K. "National Commission On Culture". ghanaculture.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
9. ^ Adjaye 2018, pp. 6, 7.
10. ^ a b Konadu 2010, p. 59.
11. ^ Malyn 2004, pp. 39, 40.
12. ^ Diffie & Winius 1977, p. 152.
13. ^ Konadu 2010, p. 60.
14. ^ Hadeler, N. (1904). Geschichte der holländischen Colonien auf der Goldküste, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Handels (in German). Vol. 19\. University of California. LCCN 05030403.
15. ^ Marees, Pieter. Description and Historical Account of the Gold Kingdom of Guinea. London: The Oxford University Press, 1602. 206–22. Print.
16. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Elmina". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 297.
17. ^ "Building on the past to create a better future". Elminaheritage.com. 14 October 2004. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
18. ^ Koutra, C. (2009). "Corporate Social Responsibility: An Application in Tourism Development in Ghana". Journal of Global Management Research. Bournemouth University: 4, 5, 7. ISSN 1488-4569. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
19. ^ a b Aheto, D.; Asare, N.; Quaynor, B.; et al. (2012). "Profitability of Small-Scale Fisheries in Elmina, Ghana". Sustainability. 4 (11): 2, 3. doi:10.3390/su4112785.
20. ^ Arkoh, I. (27 May 2023). "President Akufo-Addo commissions €84m Elmina Fishing Harbour". Ghana News Agency. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
21. ^ A Guide to District Assemblies in Ghana (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Ghana. 2010. pp. 37, 38. ISBN 978-9988572136. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
22. ^ Trewartha, Glenn Thomas (1961). The Earth's problem climates. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 108\. ISBN 9780299022709. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
23. ^ "Climate Elmina". Climate-Data.org. 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
24. ^ "Visit Ghana - Edina Bakatue Festival". Visit Ghana. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
25. ^ van Ewijk, E. (2008). Decentralized cooperation between Dutch municipalities and municipalities in migrant countries: Main developments and main theoretical debates illustrated by several case studies (PDF) (Report). University of Amsterdam. p. 24\. hdl:11245/1.301098. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
26. ^ "Ghana: Investors Tour Elmina". Accra Daily Mail. 7 June 2001. Retrieved 5 September 2024 - via AllAfrica.
27. ^ Allen, T. (21 January 2020). "Big dreams by long distance". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
28. ^ Keough, Leyla J. (2005). Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates Jr, Henry Louis (eds.). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 738\. ISBN 978-0-1951-7055-9. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
29. ^ Isaac S. Ephson (1971). Gallery of Gold Coast Celebrities, 1632–1958. Ilen Publications. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
30. ^ Everts, N. (1996). "Cherchez la Femme: Gender-Related Issues in Eighteenth-Century Elmina". Itinerario. 20 (1): 53. doi:10.1017/S0165115300021525. S2CID 161114872.
31. ^ Ten Hove, O. (1996). "Creools-Surinaamse familienamen: De samenstelling van de Creools-Surinaamse bevolking in de negentiende eeuw". OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse Taalkunde, Letterkunde en Geschiedenis. 15 (2): 168. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
32. ^ Rambonnet, F. (1 October 1839). "Acte van erkenning, aktenummer 3468". kampennotarieel.nl. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
33. ^ "Morrison, Cynthia Mamle". Ghana MPS. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
34. ^ Jenkins, Ray G. (1985). Gold Coast Historians and their Pursuit of the Gold Coast Pasts: 1882-1917. Birmingham: University of Birmingham. p. 585.
35. ^ Doortmont 2004, pp. 424, 448.
36. ^ Doortmont 2004, p. 429.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Adjaye, J. (2018). Elmina, 'the Little Europe'. Sub-Saharan Publishers. ISBN 9789988550967.
* Diffie, B.; Winius, G. (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580. Vol. 1\. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816608504.
* Doortmont, Michel (2004). The pen-pictures of modern Africans and African celebrities by Charles Francis Hutchison: a collective biography of elite society in the Gold Coast Colony. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004140974.
* Konadu, Kwasi (2010). The Akan Diaspora in the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390643.001.0001. ISBN 9780195390643. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
* Malyn, N. (2004). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400-1668. Routledge. ISBN 9780415239806.

## Further reading

[edit]

* DeCorse, Christopher R. (2001). An archaeology of Elmina. Africans and Europeans on the Gold Coast, 1400–1900. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-971-8.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website
* Summary of Elmina at Aluka
* Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Elmina". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

5°05′N 1°21′W﻿ / ﻿5.083°N 1.350°W﻿ / 5.083; -1.350

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