Empire of Vietnam

Short-lived puppet state of Imperial Japan in 1945

Empire of Vietnam

Đế quốc Việt Nam (Vietnamese)[a]
越南帝國 (Classical Chinese[b] and Japanese[c])

1945

Left:
Civil Flag (Before June 12)
Right:
State flag (June 12–August 30, 1945)

Motto: Dân vi quý
民為貴
"The people are the most precious"
Anthem: Đăng đàn cung
"The Emperor Mounts His Throne"

Việt Nam minh châu trời Đông
"Viet Nam, the Pearl in the Eastern Sky"
Imperial seal
Hoàng Đế chi bảo
皇帝之寶

The Empire of Vietnam under Japanese administration

Red: Vietnam (1945)
Pink: under direct control of Empire of Japan.

Status| Puppet state of Imperial Japan
Capital| Thuận Hóa
Common languages| Vietnamese, Japanese
Religion

| Shinto
Folk religion
Taoism
Confucianism
Buddhism
Caodaism
Hòa Hảo
Catholicism
Hinduism
Islam
Demonym(s)| Vietnamese
Government| Absolute monarchy under Japanese occupation
Emperor|

• 1945

| Bảo Đại
Chief of Cabinet[d]|

• 1945

| Trần Trọng Kim
Historical era| World War II

• Japanese coup

| 9 March 1945

• Proclamation of Independence

| 11 March 1945

• Cabinet formed

| 17 April 1945

• August Revolution

| 16 August 1945

• Disestablished

| 25 August 1945
Currency| Vietnamese văn, French Indochinese piastre, Japanese military currency

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Annam (French protectorate)

|

| Tonkin (French protectorate)
| French Indochina
| Democratic Republic of Vietnam |

|

French Indochina |
Chinese occupation of northern Vietnam, 1945–1946 |
Today part of| Vietnam

1. ^ Documents show the name as Việt-nam Đế-quốc, while in Modern Vietnamese, it would be Đế quốc Việt Nam
2. ^ Some documents from 1945 feature the name in both Literary Chinese and Vietnamese.
3. ^ Nowadays generally ベトナム帝国 (Betonamu Teikoku) in Japanese.
4. ^ Head of Government Cabinet

Part of a series on the

History of Vietnam

Prehistoric

|  Paleolithic|

|

Sơn Vi culture|  20,000 BC–12,000 BC
Mesolithic|
Hoabinhian|  12,000 BC–10,000 BC
Neolithic|
Bắc Sơn culture|  10,000 BC–8,000 BC
Quỳnh Văn culture|  8,000 BC–6,000 BC
Đa Bút culture|  4,000 BC–3,000 BC
Bronze and Iron Ages|
Phùng Nguyên culture|  2,000 BC–1,500 BC
Đồng Đậu culture|  1,500 BC–1,000 BC
Gò Mun culture|  1,000–800 BC
Dong Son culture|  (1,000 BC–100 AD)
Sa Huỳnh culture|  (1,000 BC–200 AD)
Óc Eo culture|  (1–630 AD)

Ancient

|  Hồng Bàng dynasty|  2879 BC–258 BC

|

Thục dynasty|  257 BC–179 BC
Triệu dynasty|  204 BC–111 BC

Dominated

|  1st Chinese domination|  111 BC–40 AD

|

Trung sisters' rebellion|  40–43
2nd Chinese domination|  43–544
Early Lý dynasty| 544–602
3rd Chinese domination| 602–938

Dynastic

|  Ngô dynasty|  939–965

|

Anarchy of the 12 Warlords|  965–968
Đinh dynasty|  968–980
Early Lê dynasty|  980–1009
Later Lý dynasty|  1009–1225
Trần dynasty|  1225–1400
Hồ dynasty|  1400–1407
4th Chinese domination|  1407–1428
Later Lê dynasty|  1428–1527
Mạc dynasty|  1527–1592
Later Lê Restoration|  1533–1789
Tây Sơn dynasty|  1778–1802
Nguyễn dynasty|  1802–1945

Colonial

|  French Cochinchina|  1862–1949

|

French Annam|  1883–1949
French Tonkin|  1883–1949
French Indochina|  1887–1954
Empire of Vietnam|  1945

Republic

|  North Vietnam
|  1945–1976

|

Republic of South Vietnam|  1975–1976

* * *

South Vietnam
|  1955–1975
State of Vietnam|  1949–1955

* * *

Socialist Republic of Vietnam|  1976–now

Non-Vietnamese history

|  Funan|  68–627

|

Champa|  192–1832
Cát Tiên archaeological site|  300–800
Chenla|  550–781
Nanzhao|  738–902
Khmer Empire|  802–1431
Dali Kingdom|  937–1253
Nung-Zhuang kingdom|  1042–1052
Ngưu Hống|  1061–1432
Jarai kingdoms|  1100–1904
Sip Song Chau Tai|  1600–1954
Principality of Hà Tiên| 1707–1832

By topic

* Agriculture
* Dynasties
* Economy
* Historical capitals
* Immigration
* Military
* Monarchs
* Names
* Naval
* Women
* Indochina Wars

Vietnam portal

* v
* t
* e

The Empire of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam; Literary Chinese and Contemporary Japanese: 越南帝國[a]; Modern Japanese: ベトナム帝国, Betonamu Teikoku) was a short-lived puppet state of Imperial Japan[1] between March 11 and August 25, 1945. It was a member of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. It was ruled by the Nguyễn dynasty and created when Emperor Bảo Đại declared independence for Vietnam (Tonkin and Annam) from French protection. At the end of its existence, on 14 August 1945, the empire also successfully reclaimed Cochinchina as part of Vietnam.[2]

## History

[edit]

Main article: Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina

Announcement of the independence of the Empire of Vietnam, reported on Sài Gòn newspaper.

On March 10, 1945, a senior Japanese diplomat named Yokoyama Masayuki entered the royal palace to tell Bảo Đại that Tokyo expected him to head a government dedicated to 'maintaining social order.' Yokoyama also told him that Japan "was prepared to acknowledge an Annamite declaration of independence within the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Undoubtedly much relieved, Bảo Đại instructed Phạm Quỳnh, his minister of the interior (and de facto premier), to draft a proclamation in French and show it to Yokoyama, who found it proper except for a clause expressing gratitude to the Japanese armed forces. That passage deleted, Phạm Quỳnh scheduled a meeting of the full cabinet for the next morning, 11 March, where he read out the text solemnly in the presence of the monarch. The 'government of Vietnam' abrogated the 1884 protectorate treaty signed with the French, proclaimed its independence, and affirmed its determination to collaboration with Japan."[3]

### Decline

[edit]

Kim's historic achievement was immediately overshadowed by external pressure and domestic infighting. On July 26, the leaders of the Allies issued a declaration demanding the unconditional surrender of Japan. Japan was on the defensive and quickly losing ground, and its aim was no longer to win the war, but simply to find an honorable ceasefire. On the Vietnamese front, the possibility of future punishment by the Allied forces for collaboration with the Japanese discouraged many possible supporters of Kim. His ministers and public servant corps began to dwindle in number. The Imperial Commissioner of the North (Tonkin), Phan Kế Toại, accompanied by his son and other Viet Minh sympathisers and secret communists such as Nguyễn Mạnh Hà and Hoàng Minh Giám, submitted his resignation. Nguyễn Xuân Chữ, a leader of the Vietnamese Patriotic Party (Viet Nam Ái quốc Đảng) and one of the five members of Cường Để's National Reconstruction Committee, refused the offer of replacing Toại. Returning to Thuận Hóa, Kim arrived to find increasing conflict among his ministers. Chương wanted credit for arranging the integration of the three ceded cities and southern Vietnam to Kim's government and was regarded as having Prime Ministerial designs himself. The government meetings of August 5 and 6 were headlined by personal disputes and the resignation of the ministers of interior, economy, and supplies. Hồ Tá Khanh, the economic minister, went further and demanded the resignation of the government. Khanh proposed that the communist Viet Minh be given a chance to govern because of its strength. The government resigned on August 7. Bảo Đại asked Kim to form a new government, but the end of the war made this impossible.[4]

On 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki took place; on August 8, 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria, and Japan's resistance to the Allies was quickly ended. Japan decided to give Kim and Vietnamese nationalists the full independence and territorial unification that they had sought for decades. Kim was urged many times to come to Saigon to officially accept control of Nam Bộ. Multiple factors prevented Kim from leaving the capital. From August 8 onward, Phạm Khắc Hòe, Bảo Đại's office director, was instructed by Tôn Quang Phiệt (the future chairman of the Viet Minh's Revolutionary Committee in Huế) to persuade the Emperor to abdicate voluntarily.[5]

In order to carry out his mission, Hòe persistently disrupted Kim's activities, particularly by citing Kim's failure to call the most influential figures to Thuận Hóa to form a new government. Meanwhile, Interior Minister Nam, cited the communist uprisings in Thanh Hóa and Quảng Ngãi in central Vietnam to discourage Kim from traveling to Saigon. The acceptance of the handover of the South (Cochinchina) was thus temporarily placed at the feet of the Council of the South.[6]

On August 14, Bảo Đại appointed Nguyễn Văn Sâm, former president of the Journalists' Syndicate, to the post of Imperial Commissioner of the South. Sâm left Thuận Hóa for Saigon. However, he was delayed en route as the Viet Minh had taken advantage of the military power vacuum caused by the Japanese surrender to launch a general insurrection with the aim of seizing control of the country.[6]

### Viet Minh takeover

[edit]

Trotskyist League demonstration in Saigon, 21 August 1945.

In August, Vietnam went through a period regarded as one of its most eventful phases, amidst the backdrop of rapid change in global politics. On the one hand, the Allies began to put into effect their postwar plans for Vietnam, which included the disarmament of Japanese troops and the division of Vietnam into spheres of influence. The Japanese military and civilian personnel in Vietnam were hamstrung by the unconditional surrender of their government and the possibility of Allied retribution. With respect to the Vietnamese, the Japanese were split psychologically and ideologically. Some Japanese favoured the Viet Minh, releasing Communist political prisoners, arming the Viet Minh front, and even volunteering their services. Others, including senior military officers, wanted to use their forces to support Kim's government and to crush the communists. Amid the political confusion and power vacuum engulfing the country, a race to power by diverse Vietnamese political groups took place.[6]

On the eve of Japan's surrender, Kim and his supporters tried to take control of the situation. On August 12, Kim's outgoing government was retained as "Provisional Government" to oversee the day-to-day running of the country. Kim asked Bảo Đại to issue an imperial order on August 14 repealing the treaties of Saigon of 1862 and 1874, thus removing the last French claims to sovereign rights over Vietnam. Messengers were sent from the central capital to northern and southern Vietnam to reunify diverse groups under the central government in Thuận Hóa, but they were apprehended en route by the Viet Minh.[6]

Even though Bảo Đại's messengers were cut off, non-communist leaders in northern and southern Vietnam attempted to challenge the Viet Minh. In Bắc Bộ, Nguyễn Xuân Chữ obtained Kim's approval to form the Committee for National Salvation, and he was appointed by Kim as chairman of the Political Directorate of Bắc Bộ. In Nam Bộ, on August 17, it was announced that all non-Viet Minh factions, including Trotskyists and the southern religious sects of Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo, had joined forces to create the Mặt trận Quốc gia Thống nhất (National Unified Front).[7] Trần Quang Vinh, the Cao Đài leader, and Huỳnh Phú Sổ, the founder of the Hòa Hảo, also issued a communique proclaiming an alliance. On August 19 in Saigon, the Vanguard Youth organised their second official oath-taking ceremony, vowing to defend Vietnamese independence at all costs. The next day, Hồ Vân Nga assumed the interim office of Imperial Commissioner and appointed Kha Vạn Cân, the Vanguard Youth leader, commander of Saigon and Chợ Lớn. Nguyễn Văn Sâm's arrival in Saigon on August 22 provided the National Unified Front with the official declaration of national independence and territorial reunification.[8]

Nevertheless, the Viet Minh prevailed in the power struggle with their August Revolution. On August 17, Viet Minh cadres in Hanoi took control of a mass demonstration organised by the General Association of Civil Servants. The rally was originally aimed at celebrating independence and territorial reunification and supporting Kim's government. Two days later, Nguyễn Xuân Chữ was forced to hand over authority to the Viet Minh. Combined with the official cease-fire of the Japanese army on August 21, this threw Kim's government into disarray and it collapsed. On August 23, the Viet Minh seized power in Huế. Two days later on August 25, Bảo Đại officially abdicated, and Nguyễn Văn Sâm handed over power to the Viet Minh in Saigon. The Empire of Vietnam had fallen along with Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.[9]

## Policies

[edit]

Trần Trọng Kim as new prime minister of the Empire of Vietnam. Photograph by Domei.

### Constitutional issues

[edit]

Kim and his ministers spent a substantial amount of time on constitutional matters at their first meeting in Huế on 4 May 1945. One of their first resolutions was to alter the national name to Việt Nam. This was seen as a significant and urgent task. It implied territorial unity; "Việt Nam" had been Emperor Gia Long's choice for the name of the country since he unified the modern territory of Việt Nam in 1802. Furthermore, this was the first time that Vietnamese nationalists in the northern, central and southern regions of the country officially recognized this name. In March, activists in the North always mentioned Đại Việt (Great Việt), the name used before the 15th century by the Lê dynasty and its predecessors, while those in the South used Vietnam, and the central leaders used An Nam (Peaceful South) or Đại Nam (Great South, which was used by the Nguyễn Lords, precursor of Nguyễn dynasty).[10]

Kim also renamed the three regions of the country—the northern (former Tonkin or Bắc Kỳ) became Bắc Bộ, the central region (former Annam or Trung Kỳ) became Trung Bộ, and the southern areas (former Cochinchina or Nam Kỳ) became Nam Bộ. Kim did this even though at the time the Japanese had only given him direct authority over the northern and central regions of Vietnam. When France had finished its conquest of Vietnam in 1885, only southern Vietnam was made a direct colony under the name of Cochinchina. The northern and central regions were designated as protectorates as Tonkin and Annam. When the Empire of Vietnam was proclaimed, the Japanese retained direct control of Cochinchina, in the same way as their French predecessors.[10]

Thuận Hóa, the pre-colonial name for Huế, was restored. Kim's officials worked to find a French substitute for the word "Annamite", which was used to denote Vietnamese people and their characteristics as described in French literature and official use. "Annamite" was considered derogatory, and it was replaced with "Vietnamien" (Vietnamese). Apart from Thuận Hóa, these terms have been internationally accepted since Kim ordered the changes. Given that the French colonial authorities emphatically distinguished the three regions of "Tonkin", "Annam", and "Cochinchina" as separate entities, implying a lack of national culture or political integration, Kim's first acts were seen as symbolic and the end of generations of frustration among Vietnamese intelligentsia and revolutionaries.[10]

On 12 June 1945, Kim selected a new national flag—a yellow, rectangular banner with four horizontal red stripes modeled after the quẻ Ly (☲, one of bagua) in the Book of Changes—and a new national anthem, the old hymn Đăng đàn cung (The King Mounts His Throne). This decision ended three months of speculation concerning a new flag for Vietnam.[10]

### Educational reform

[edit]

Kim's government strongly emphasised educational reform, focusing on the development of technical training, particularly the use of Vietnamese alphabet (chữ Quốc Ngữ) as the primary language of instruction. After less than two months in power, Kim organized the first primary examinations in Vietnamese, the language he intended to use in the advanced tests. Education minister Hoàng Xuân Hãn strove to Vietnamese public secondary education. His reforms took more than four months to achieve their results, and have been regarded as a stepping stone for the successor Viet Minh government's launch of compulsory mass education. In July, when the Japanese decided to grant Vietnam full independence and territorial unification, Kim's government was about to begin a new round of reform, by naming a committee to create a new national education system.[11]

### Judicial reform

[edit]

The Justice minister Trịnh Đình Thảo launched an attempt at judicial reform. In May 1945, he created the Committee for the Reform and Unification of Laws in Huế, which he headed. His ministry reevaluated the sentences of political prisoners, releasing a number of anti-French activists and restoring the civil rights of others. This led to the release of a number of Communist cadres who returned to their former cells, and actively participated in the destruction of Kim's government.[11]

### Encouragement of mass political participation

[edit]

Commemoration of the Yên Bái Uprising in a weekly newspaper, Hanoi June 1945.

One of the most notable changes implemented by Kim's government was the encouragement of mass political participation. In memorial ceremonies, Kim honoured all national heroes, ranging from the legendary national founders, the Hùng kings to slain anti-French revolutionaries such as Nguyễn Thái Học, the leader of the Vietnamese Nationalist Party (Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng) who was executed with twelve comrades in 1930 in the aftermath of the Yên Bái mutiny.[11]

A committee was organised to select a list of national heroes for induction into the Temple of Martyrs (Nghĩa Liệt Tử). City streets were renamed. In Huế, Jules Ferry was replaced on the signboards of a main thoroughfare by Lê Lợi, the founder of the Lê dynasty who expelled the Chinese in 1427. General Trần Hưng Đạo, who twice repelled Mongol invasions in the 13th century, replaced Paul Bert. On August 1, the new mayor of Hanoi, Trần Văn Lai, ordered the demolition of French built statues in the city parks in his campaign to Wipe Out Humiliating Remnants. Similar campaigns were enacted in southern Vietnam in late August. Meanwhile, the freedom of the press was instituted, resulting in the publication of the pieces of anti-French movements and critical essays on French collaborators. Heavy criticism was even extended to Nguyễn Hữu Độ, the great-grandfather of Bảo Đại who was notable in assisting the French conquest of Đại Nam in the 1880s.[11] Kim put particular emphasis on the mobilisation of youth. Youth Minister Phan Anh, attempted to centralise and heavily regulate all youth organizations, which had proliferated immediately after the Japanese coup. On May 25, an imperial order decreed an inclusive, hierarchical structure for youth organizations. At the apex was the National Youth Council, a consultative body, which advised the minister. Similar councils were to be organised down to the district level. Meanwhile, young people were asked to join the local squads or groups, from provincial to communal levels. They were given physical training and were charged with maintaining security in their communes. Each provincial town had a training centre, where month-long paramilitary courses were on offer.[11]

The government also established a national center for the Advanced Front Youth (Thanh niên tiền tuyến) in Huế. It was inaugurated on June 2, with the intention of being the centrepiece for future officer training. In late July, regional social youth centers were established in Hanoi, Huế, and Saigon. In Hanoi, the General Association of Students and Youth (Tổng hội Sinh viên và Thanh niên) was animated by the fervor of independence. The City University in Hanoi became a focal point of political agitation. By May and June, there was evidence that communist Cadres of the Viet Minh front, had infiltrated the university's youth and famine relief associations. In the face of the rising Viet Minh front, the Japanese attempted to contact its leaders, but their messengers were killed by the Viet Minh. The Kempeitai (Japanese MP and also secret police) retaliated, arresting hundreds of pro-communist Vietnamese youths in late June.[12]

### Territorial unification

[edit]

Trần Trọng Kim cabinet, May 1945.

The most notable achievement of Kim's Empire of Vietnam was the successful negotiation with Japan for the territorial unification of the nation. The French had subdivided Vietnam into three separate regions: Cochinchina (in 1862), and Annam and Tonkin (both in 1884). Cochinchina was placed under direct rule while the latter two were officially designated as protectorates. Immediately after terminating French rule, the Japanese authorities were not enthusiastic about the territorial unification of Vietnam. However, after the formation of Kim's cabinet in April, Japan quickly agreed to transfer what was then Tonkin and Annam to Kim's authority, although it retained control of the cities of Hanoi, Hải Phòng, and Đà Nẵng. Meanwhile, southern Vietnam remained under direct Japanese control, just as Cochinchina had been under French rule.[12]

Beginning in May 1945, Foreign Minister Trần Văn Chương negotiated with the Japanese in Hanoi for the transfer of the three cities to Vietnamese rule, but the Japanese stalled because Hanoi and Haiphong were seen as strategic points in their war effort. It was only in June and July that the Japanese allowed the process of national unification to take place. On June 16, Bảo Đại issued a decree proclaiming the impending reunification of Vietnam. On June 29, General Yuitsu Tsuchihashi signed a series of decrees transferring some of the duties of the government (including customs, information, youth, and sports) to the governments of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, effective July 1. Bảo Đại then issued imperial orders establishing four committees to work on a new regime: the National Consultative Committee (Hội đồng Tư vấn Quốc gia); a committee of fifteen to work on the creation of a constitution; a committee of fifteen to examine administrative reform, legislation, and finance; and a committee for educational reform. For the first time, leaders from southern regions were invited to join these committees.[12]

Other developments in southern Vietnam in early July were seen as preparatory Japanese steps towards granting territorial reunification to Vietnam. In early July, when southern Vietnam was abuzz with the spirit of independence and mass political participation due to the creation of the Vanguard Youth organizations in Saigon and other regional centres, Governor Minoda announced the organization of the Hội nghị Nam (Council of "the South", i.e. Cochinchina) to facilitate his governance. This council was charged with advising the Japanese based on questions submitted to it by the Japanese and for overseeing provincial affairs. Minoda underlined that its primary aim was to make the Vietnamese population believe that they had to collaborate with the Japanese, because "if the Japanese lose the war, the independence of Indochina would not become complete." At the inauguration of the Council of the South on July 21, Minoda implicitly referred to the unification of Vietnam. Trần Văn An was appointed as the president of the council, and Kha Vạn Cân, a leader of the Vanguard Youth, was appointed to be his deputy.[13]

On July 13, Kim arrived in Hanoi to negotiate directly with Governor-General Tsuchihashi. Tsuchihashi agreed to transfer control of Hanoi, Hải Phòng, and Đà Nẵng to Kim's government, taking effect on July 20. After protracted negotiation, Tsuchihashi agreed that the south (Cochinchina) would be united with the Empire of Vietnam and that Kim would attend the unification ceremonies on August 8 in Saigon.[4]

## Military

[edit]

After the creation of the puppet Empire of Vietnam, the Japanese began raising an army to help police the local population. The Vietnamese Imperial Army was officially established by the IJA 38th Army to maintain order in the new country. The Vietnamese Imperial Army was under the control of Japanese lieutenant general Yuitsu Tsuchihashi, who served as adviser to the Empire of Vietnam.[citation needed]

## See also

[edit]

* French Indochina in World War II
* Japanese invasion of French Indochina
* Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
* Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
* Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)
* Kingdom of Luang Prabang (1945)
* Democratic Republic of Vietnam
* Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)
* War in Vietnam (1945–1946)
* Chinese occupation of northern Vietnam, 1945–1946
* State of Vietnam

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Vietnamese: Việt Nam Đế quốc; Japanese: Etsunan Teikoku.

1. ^ Lebra, Joyce C. Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, p. 157, 158, 160
2. ^ "Cochinchina returned to Vietnamese rule". End of Empire. NIAS Press. 2015.
3. ^ Marr, David. 1945: The Quest for Power. p. 71.
4. ^ a b Chieu, p. 311.
5. ^ Chieu, pp. 311–312.
6. ^ a b c d Chieu, p. 312.
7. ^ Jessica M. Chapman Cauldron of Resistance: Ngô Đình Diệm, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam 2013 p. 28 "On August 17, a group of non–Viet Minh parties and organizations in the south, including the Trotskyites, the politico-religious organizations, Catholics, ..."
8. ^ Chieu, pp. 312–313.
9. ^ Chieu, p. 313.
10. ^ a b c d Chieu, pp. 303–304.
11. ^ a b c d e Chieu, p. 309.
12. ^ a b c Chieu, p. 310.
13. ^ Chieu, pp. 310–311.

## References

[edit]

* Vu Ngu Chieu (1986). "The Other Side of the 1945 Vietnamese Revolution: The Empire of Viet-Nam (March–August 1945)". The Journal of Asian Studies. 45 (2): 293–328\. doi:10.2307/2055845. JSTOR 2055845. S2CID 161998265.
* Furuta, Motoo (2017). "Some Issues Surrounding the Evaluation of the Trần Trọng Kim Cabinet". Vietnam-Indochina-Japan Relations during the Second World War. Waseda University Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies. pp. 124–129.
* Guillemot, François (2003). "Vietnamese Nationalist Revolutionaries and the Japanese Occupation: The Case of the Dai Viet Parties (1936–1946)". In Narangoa, Li; Cribb, Robert (eds.). Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 221–248\. ISBN 9780700714827.
* Guillemot, François (2019). "The Lessons of Yên Bái, or the "Fascist" Temptation: How the Đại Việt Parties Rethought Anticolonial Nationalist Revolutionary Action, 1932–1945". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 14 (3): 43–78\. doi:10.1525/vs.2019.14.3.43.

## External links

[edit]

Preceded by

Đại Nam

|  Empire of Vietnam
1945  | Succeeded by

Democratic Republic of Việt Nam
Republic of Cochinchina

|
|

* v
* t
* e

States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II

* Manchukuo
* East Hebei Autonomous Government
* North Shanxi Autonomous Government
* South Chahar Autonomous Government
* Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
* Shanghai Great Way Government
* Provisional Government of China
* Reformed Government of China
* Reorganized National Government of China
* Kingdom of Thailand
* State of Burma
* Provisional Government of Free India
* Republic of the Philippines
* French Indochina
* Empire of Vietnam
* Kingdom of Kampuchea
* Kingdom of Luang Prabang
* Occupied Dutch East Indies
* Occupied West Sumatra
* Occupied Malaya
* Occupied British Borneo

* Occupied Hong Kong
* Occupied Singapore
* Occupied Guam
* Occupied Nauru
* Occupied Gilbert Islands
* Occupied Solomon Islands
* Occupied New Guinea

* Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
* Greater East Asia Conference
* Pacific War

* v
* t
* e

Vietnamese independence movements

Events|

* Cochinchina campaign
* Siege of Saigon
* Tonkin campaign
* Cần Vương movement
* Pacification of Tonkin
* Bãi Sậy uprising
* Hanoi Poison Plot
* Yên Thế Insurrection
* World War I
* 1916 Cochinchina uprising
* Thái Nguyên uprising
* Bazin assassination
* Yên Bái mutiny
* Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets
* World War II
* 1940 Cochinchina uprising
* Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
* August Revolution
* Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
* First Indochina War
* Battle of Dien Bien Phu
* Geneva Conference

Organisations|

* Duy Tân Hội
* Tonkin Free School
* Đông Du
* Nguyễn dynasty
* Empire of Vietnam
* Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
* Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
* Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
* Communist Party of Vietnam
* Viet Minh
* State of Vietnam

Uprising leaders|

* Phạm Bành
* Nguyễn Quang Bích
* Võ Duy Dương
* Trương Định
* Phan Xích Long
* Nguyễn Xuân Ôn
* Phan Đình Phùng
* Tống Duy Tân
* Hoàng Hoa Thám
* Nguyễn Thiện Thuật
* Tôn Thất Thuyết
* Cầm Bá Thước
* Đinh Công Tráng
* Nguyễn Trung Trực

Revolutionaries|

* Lương Văn Can
* Trần Quý Cáp
* Phan Bội Châu
* Cường Để
* Phan Châu Trinh
* Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
* Ngô Đức Kế
* Nguyễn Thần Hiến
* Nguyễn Thượng Hiền
* Nguyễn Thái Học
* Ho Chi Minh
* Nguyễn An Ninh
* Nguyễn Quyền
* Nguyễn Thành
* Tạ Thu Thâu
* Phan Văn Trường
* Trần Cao Vân
* Vũ Hồng Khanh

Emperors|

* Tự Đức
* Hàm Nghi
* Thành Thái
* Duy Tân
* Bảo Đại

French rulers|

* Albert Sarraut
* Pierre Pasquier
* Jean Decoux
* French Indochina
* Governor-General
* French protectorate of Annam
* Administrator
* French protectorate of Tonkin
* Administrator
* French colony of Cochinchina
* Administrator

Collaborators|

* Hoàng Cao Khải
* Trần Bá Lộc
* Nguyễn Trọng Hợp
* Huỳnh Công Tấn
* Nguyễn Thân
* Lê Hoan

* Wars in Vietnam
* independence movement

* v
* t
* e

Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan

| Lists by Axis forces|

| German and
Italian collaborationists|

* Albanian collaborators
* Albanian Fascist Militia
* Balli Kombëtar
* Cham Albanian
* Armistice Army
* Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
* Belarusian Home Defence
* Blue Division
* Chetniks
* Croatian Armed Forces
* Finnish Defence Forces (until 1944)
* Golden Square
* Hiwi
* Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
* Latvian Auxiliary Police
* National Committee of Azerbaijan
* National Republican Army
* National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
* Romanian Armed Forces
* Royal Hungarian Army
* Royal Iraqi Army
* Russian collaborators
* Russian Liberation Army
* Russian People's Liberation Army
* Security Battalions
* Slovak Expeditionary Army Group
* Slovene Home Guard
* Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists
* Ukrainian Insurgent Army
* Waffen-SS foreign
* Austrian SS
* British Free Corps
* Germanic-SS
* Free Corps Denmark
* Wehrmacht foreign
* Afrika Korps
* Polish Wehrmacht Army
* Ostlegionen

|

Japanese collaborationists|

* Arakan Defense Army
* Armistice Army
* Black Columns
* Burma Independence Army
* Central Asian collaborators
* East Turkestan independence movement
* Chin Defense Army
* Collaborationist Chinese Army
* Defenders of the Homeland
* Gakutotai
* Gando Special Force
* Golden Square
* Heiho
* Indian National Army
* First Indian National Army
* Inner Mongolian Army
* Korean collaborators
* Lanka Sama Samaja Party
* Makapili
* Malayan Volunteer Army
* Manchukuo Imperial Army
* Royal Thai Armed Forces
* Russian collaborators
* Asano Brigade
* Russian Fascist Party
* Taiwanese collaborators
* Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
* Takasago Volunteers
* Vietnamese collaborators
* Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam
* Vanguard Youth

Lists by Axis countries|

* Albania
* German Albania
* Italian Albania
* Baltic states
* Estonia
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Burma
* Ceylon
* China
* East Turkestan
* Manchukuo
* Mongolia
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Finland (until 1944)
* France
* Greece
* Hungary
* India
* Indochina
* Cambodia
* Laos
* Vietnam
* Indonesia
* Iran (limited)
* Iraq
* Italy
* Korea
* Luxembourg
* Madagascar
* Malaya
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Philippines
* Romania
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Soviet Union
* Byelorussia
* Belarus
* Chechnya
* Ukraine
* Spain (limited)
* Thailand
* Taiwan

* v
* t
* e

Empires

Ancient
(colonies)|

* Akkadian
* Armenian
* Urartu
* Orontid
* Ancient
* Assyrian
* Middle Assyrian
* Neo-Assyrian
* Babylonian
* Old Babylonian
* Kassite
* Neo-Babylonian
* Chinese
* Qin
* Han
* Jin
* Dʿmt
* Egyptian
* Old Kingdom
* Middle Kingdom
* New Kingdom
* Goguryeo
* Harsha
* Hellenistic
* Macedonian
* Seleucid
* Ptolemaic
* Bactrian
* Indo-Greek
* Hittite
* Hunnic
* White
* Xiongnu
* Iranian
* Median
* Achaemenid
* Parthian
* Sasanian
* Kush
* Kushan
* Magadha
* Haryanka
* Shaishunaga
* Nanda
* Maurya
* Shunga
* Gupta
* Phoenician
* Carthaginian
* Roman
* Western
* Eastern
* Satavahana
* Neo-Sumerian
* Xianbei
* Rouran

Post-classical|

* Angevin
* Aragonese
* Armenian
* Bagratid
* Vaspurakan
* Artsakh
* Cilician
* Zakarid
* Ayyubid
* Aztec
* Benin
* Bornu
* Bruneian
* Bulgarian
* First
* Second
* Burmese
* First
* Calakmul
* Caliphate
* Rashidun
* Umayyad
* Abbasid
* Fatimid
* Chalukya
* Western
* Eastern
* Chinese
* Sui
* Tang
* Liao
* Song
* Jīn
* Yuan
* Chola
* Ethiopian
* Aksum
* Zagwe
* Solomonic
* Genoese
* Georgian
* Huetar
* Inca
* Kannauj
* Pala
* Gurjara-Pratihara
* Rashtrakuta
* Iranian
* Tahirid
* Saffarid
* Samanid
* Buyid
* Japanese
* Yamato
* Kamakura
* Muromachi
* Edo
* Kanem
* Khmer
* Latin
* Lithuanian
* Grand Duchy
* Commonwealth
* Majapahit
* Mali
* Mongol
* Yuan
* Golden Horde
* Chagatai Khanate
* Ilkhanate
* Berber
* Almoravid
* Almohad
* Norwegian
* North Sea
* Oyo
* Polish
* Kingdom
* Commonwealth
* Roman
* Byzantine
* Nicaea
* Thessalonica
* Trebizond
* Epirus
* Morea
* Romano-Germanic
* Carolingian
* Holy Roman
* Serbian
* Singhasari
* Songhai
* Srivijaya
* Tibetan
* Tikal
* Tiwanaku
* Toltec
* Turco-Persian
* Ghaznavid
* Great Seljuk
* Khwarezmian
* Timurid
* Turkic
* First
* Western
* Eastern
* Second
* Türgesh
* Uighur
* Kyrgyz
* Venetian
* Vietnamese
* Dinh
* Early Le
* Ly
* Tran
* Ho
* Later Tran
* Later Le
* Vijayanagara
* Wagadou
* Wari

Modern|

* Afghan
* Ashanti
* Austro-Hungarian
* Brazilian
* Burmese
* Second
* Third
* Central African
* Chinese
* Ming
* Qing
* China
* Manchukuo
* Contemporary
* Ethiopian
* Haitian
* First
* Second
* French
* First
* Second
* German
* German Empire
* Nazi Germany
* Indian
* Indo-Persian
* Mughal
* Sikh
* Iranian
* Safavid
* Afsharid
* Zand
* Qajar
* Pahlavi
* Japanese
* Korean
* Maratha
* Mexican
* First
* Second
* Mongol
* Oirat
* Khoshut
* Dzungar
* Kalmyk
* Bogd
* Moroccan
* Saadi
* 'Alawi
* Polish
* Russian
* Tsarist
* Imperial
* Contemporary
* Sokoto
* Somali
* Isaaq
* Swedish
* Tongan
* Vietnamese
* Mạc
* Revival Lê
* Tay Sơn
* Dainam
* Vietnam

| Colonial|

* American
* Austrian
* attempts
* Belgian
* British
* English
* Scottish
* Chinese
* Danish
* Dutch
* French
* German
* attempts
* Italian
* Venetian
* Genoese
* Maltese
* attempts
* Japanese
* Mongol
* Norwegian
* Omani
* Ottoman
* Polish–Lithuanian
* Couronian
* attempts
* Portuguese
* Russian
* Spanish
* Catalan-Aragonese
* Basque
* Swedish

|

Lists|

* Empires
* largest
* Ancient great powers
* Medieval great powers
* Modern great powers
* European colonialism
* African empires

Miscellaneous|

* Academic
* Anti-imperialism
* Cultural
* Ecological
* Green
* Media
* Liberal
* Linguistic
* Social
* Soviet
* Theories
* U.S.

* v
* t
* e

Nguyễn dynasty topics

Overview|

* Sovereign state (1802–1883)
* French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945)
* Empire of Vietnam (1945)

History|

| Sovereign Việt Nam
/ Đại Nam
(Nhà Nguyễn
thời độc lập,
茹阮𥱯獨立)|

* Nguyễn lords
* Đàng Trong
* Nam tiến
* Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam
* Citadel of Saigon
* Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century
* Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
* Văn Thân movement

|

French protectorate(s)
(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)|

* French conquest of Vietnam
* Cần Vương
* Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
* Hanoi Exhibition
* Đông Du
* Duy Tân Hội
* Hanoi Poison Plot
* History of Vietnam during World War I
* Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
* Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
* Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
* Le Travail movement
* Communist Party of Vietnam
* Phú Riềng Đỏ
* Việt Minh
* French Indochina in World War II

Japanese period|

* Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
* Vietnamese famine of 1945
* Abdication of Bảo Đại
* Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

Government|

| Emperors|

* Gia Long (1802–1820)
* Minh Mạng (1820–1841)
* Thiệu Trị (1841–1847)
* Tự Đức (1847–1883)
* Dục Đức (1883)
* Hiệp Hòa (1883)
* Kiến Phúc (1883–1884)
* Hàm Nghi (1884–1885)
* Đồng Khánh (1885–1889)
* Thành Thái (1889–1907)
* Duy Tân (1907–1916)
* Khải Định (1916–1925)
* Bảo Đại (1925–1945)

|

Ministries & agencies|

* Censorate
* Court of Judicial Review
* Court of Imperial Entertainments
* Court of the Imperial Stud
* Court of Imperial Sacrifices
* Office of the National Altars
* Hàn lâm viện
* House of People's Representatives of Annam
* Imperial Clan Court
* Imperial Household Department
* Quốc Tử Giám
* Lục bộ
* Ministry of Education
* Nội các
* Viện cơ mật

Symbols|

* Coat of arms
* Đăng đàn cung
* Flags
* Provincial flags
* Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)
* Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
* Vietnamese dragon

Provincial administration|

* Đề Đốc
* Tuần phủ
* Tổng Trấn

French administration|

* Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ
* Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ

Prominent mandarins|

* Bạch Xuân Nguyên
* Cao Xuân Dục
* Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
* Jean Marie Despiau
* Hoàng Cao Khải
* Hoàng Diệu
* Hoàng Kế Viêm
* Michael Hồ Đình Hy
* Lê Chất
* Ngô Đình Diệm
* Ngô Đình Khả
* Ngô Đình Khôi
* Nguyễn Trường Tộ
* Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
* Nguyễn Văn Tâm
* Nguyễn Văn Tồn
* Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
* Phan Văn Thúy
* Phạm Quỳnh
* Phạm Thận Duật
* Phan Đình Phùng
* Phan Thanh Giản
* Phan Thanh Liêm
* Nguyễn Tri Phương
* Thân Văn Nhiếp
* Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
* Thoại Ngọc Hầu
* Tôn Thất Đính
* Tôn Thất Thuyết
* Trần Trọng Kim
* Trần Cao Vân
* Đặng Huy Trứ
* Trương Định
* Trương Minh Giảng
* Trương Tấn Bửu
* Nguyễn Văn Tường
* Philippe Vannier

Military|

| Battles and wars|

* Tây Sơn wars
* French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
* Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
* Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
* Cambodian rebellion (1820)
* Ja Lidong rebellion
* Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion
* Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam
* Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
* Nduai Kabait rebellion
* Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion
* Katip Sumat's Jihad
* Ja Thak Wa uprising
* Lê Văn Khôi revolt
* Cambodian rebellion (1840)
* Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
* Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
* Cochinchina campaign
* Tonkin campaign
* Garnier Expedition
* Sino-French War
* Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
* Yên Thế Insurrection
* Pacification of Tonkin
* Thái Nguyên uprising
* Vue Pa Chay's revolt
* Yên Bái mutiny
* Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets
* August Revolution

|

Prominent military personnel|

* Hoàng Kế Viêm
* Lê Văn Duyệt
* Lê Văn Khôi
* Nguyễn Cư Trinh
* Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
* Nguyễn Văn Thành
* Nguyễn Văn Tồn
* Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
* Nguyễn Tri Phương
* Phan Văn Thúy
* Trương Minh Giảng

Special administrative regions|

* Champa
* Principality of Thuận Thành
* Principality of Hà Tiên
* Sip Song Chau Tai
* Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá
* Trấn Ninh
* Trấn Tây Thành

Palaces & mausoleums|

| Palaces|

* Imperial City of Huế
* Meridian Gate

|

Tombs|

* Thien Tho Mausoleum
* Khiêm Mausoleum
* An Mausoleum
* Ứng Mausoleum

Society & culture|

* Áo dài
* Đại Nam nhất thống chí
* Đại Nam thực lục
* Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí
* Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục
* Khăn vấn
* Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty

Education|

* Imperial Academy, Huế
* Imperial examination
* Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
* Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted
* Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin
* Tonkin Free School

Currency|

| Cash coins|

* Tự Đức Thông Bảo
* Tự Đức Bảo Sao
* Khải Định Thông Bảo
* Bảo Đại Thông Bảo

|

Currency units|

* Văn
* Mạch
* Quán
* Tiền

Colonial currencies|

* French Indochinese piastre

Laws|

* Hương ước

Treaties|

* Saigon (1862)
* Huế (1863)
* Saigon (1874)
* Huế (1883)
* Huế (1884)

Orders, decorations, and medals|

* Bai
* Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam
* Kim Khánh

Other topics|

* Domain of the Crown
* Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884
* Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth
* House of Nguyễn Phúc
* Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi
* Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking
* Thoại Hà Canal
* Vĩnh Tế Canal
* Tôn Thất
* Việt gian
* Vietnamese nationalism

*[2879 BC]: mythological
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template