Endocrine disease

Disorders of the endocrine system

Medical condition

Endocrine glands

Major endocrine glands. (Male left, female right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testes
Specialty| Endocrinology

Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology.

## Types of disease

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Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:[1]

1. Endocrine gland hypofunction/hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
2. Endocrine gland hyperfunction/hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
3. Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands

Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.[2]

## List of diseases

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### Glucose homeostasis disorders

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* Diabetes
* Type 1 Diabetes
* Type 2 Diabetes
* Gestational Diabetes
* Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young
* Diabetic myopathy[3][4]
* Hypoglycemia[citation needed]
* Idiopathic hypoglycemia
* Insulinoma
* Glucagonoma

### Thyroid disorders

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* Goitre
* Hyperthyroidism
* Graves-Basedow disease
* Toxic multinodular goitre
* Thyrotoxic myopathy
* Hypothyroidism
* Hypothyroid myopathies[5]
* Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome
* Hoffmann syndrome
* Myasthenic syndrome
* Atrophic form
* Thyroiditis
* Hashimoto's thyroiditis
* Thyroid cancer
* Thyroid hormone resistance

### Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease

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* Parathyroid gland disorders
* Hyperparathyroidism
* Primary hyperparathyroidism
* Secondary hyperparathyroidism
* Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
* Hyperparathyroid myopathy[6]
* Hypoparathyroidism
* Pseudohypoparathyroidism
* Hypoparathyroid myopathy[6]
* Osteoporosis
* Osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)
* Rickets
* Osteomalacia

### Pituitary gland disorders

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#### Posterior pituitary

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* Diabetes insipidus
* Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

#### Anterior pituitary

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* Hypopituitarism (or Panhypopituitarism)
* Pituitary tumors
* Pituitary adenomas
* Prolactinoma (or Hyperprolactinemia)
* Acromegaly, gigantism, dwarfism
* Cushing's disease

### Adrenal gland disorders

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* Addison's disease
* Adrenal crisis
* Adrenal insufficiency
* Adrenal tumour
* Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
* Hypercortisolism (Cushing's disease)
* Steroid myopathy[6]
* Hypoaldosteronism
* Hyperaldosteronism

### Sex hormone disorders

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* Disorders of sex development or intersex disorders
* Hermaphroditism
* Gonadal dysgenesis
* Androgen insensitivity syndromes
* Hypogonadism (Gonadotropin deficiency)
* Inherited (genetic and chromosomal) disorders
* Kallmann syndrome
* Klinefelter syndrome
* Turner syndrome
* Acquired disorders
* Ovarian failure (also known as Premature Menopause)
* Testicular failure
* Testosterone deficiency myopathy[6]
* Disorders of Puberty
* Delayed puberty
* Precocious puberty
* Menstrual function or fertility disorders
* Amenorrhea
* Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

### Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia types.

* Multiple endocrine neoplasia
* MEN type 1
* MEN type 2a
* MEN type 2b
* Carcinoid syndrome

### See also separate organs

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* Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes
* Incidentaloma \- an unexpected finding on diagnostic imaging, often of endocrine glands

## Endocrine emergencies

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In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy.[7]

Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization).[8][9] It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.[10][11][12]

## See also

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* List of MeSH codes (C19)
* List of ICD-9 codes 240-279: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders
* Diabetes self-management

## References

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1. ^ "Endocrine Disorders". webmd.
2. ^ "Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland". endocrineweb.
3. ^ D'Souza, Donna M.; Al-Sajee, Dhuha; Hawke, Thomas J. (2013-12-20). "Diabetic myopathy: impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cells". Frontiers in Physiology. 4: 379. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00379. ISSN 1664-042X. PMC 3868943. PMID 24391596.
4. ^ Sharma, Vikas; Borah, Papori; Basumatary, Lakshya J.; Das, Marami; Goswami, Munindra; Kayal, Ashok K. (July 2014). "Myopathies of endocrine disorders: A prospective clinical and biochemical study". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 17 (3): 298–302\. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.138505. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 4162016. PMID 25221399.
5. ^ Fariduddin, Maria M.; Bansal, Nidhi (2023), "Hypothyroid Myopathy", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30137798, retrieved 2023-08-25
6. ^ a b c d Rodolico, Carmelo; Bonanno, Carmen; Pugliese, Alessia; Nicocia, Giulia; Benvenga, Salvatore; Toscano, Antonio (September 2020). "Endocrine myopathies: clinical and histopathological features of the major forms". Acta Myologica: Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies. 39 (3): 130–135\. doi:10.36185/2532-1900-017. ISSN 2532-1900. PMC 7711326. PMID 33305169.
7. ^ Savage, M W; P Mah; A Weetman; J Newell-Price (1 September 2004). "Endocrine emergencies". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 80 (947): 506–515\. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474. PMC 1743094. PMID 15356351.
8. ^ Brouwers, FM; Eisenhofer, G; Lenders, JW; Pacak, K (December 2006). "Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 35 (4): 699–724, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014. PMID 17127142.
9. ^ Tahim, AS; Saunders, J; Sinha, P (2010). "A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis". Case Reports in Medicine. 2010: 1–4\. doi:10.1155/2010/596185. PMC 3014839. PMID 21209735.
10. ^ Newell, KA; Prinz, RA; Pickleman, J; Braithwaite, S; Brooks, M; Karson, TH; Glisson, S (August 1988). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency". Archives of Surgery. 123 (8): 956–9\. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007. PMID 2899426.
11. ^ Scholten, A.; Cisco, R. M.; Vriens, M. R.; Cohen, J. K.; Mitmaker, E. J.; Liu, C.; Tyrrell, J. B.; Shen, W. T.; Duh, Q.-Y. (2 January 2013). "Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 581–591\. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3020. PMID 23284003.
12. ^ Phitayakorn, R; McHenry, CR (June 2008). "Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 206 (3): 1106–15\. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010. PMID 18501807.

## External links

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Classification|

* ICD-10: E00-E35
* ICD-9-CM: 240-259
* MeSH: D004700
* SNOMED CT: 127345001

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* Endocrine+system+diseases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
* MedlinePlus Overview endocrinediseases

* v
* t
* e

Disease of the pancreas and glucose metabolism

Diabetes|

* Types
* type 1
* type 2
* gestational
* MODY 1 2 3 4 5 6
* Complications
* See Template:Diabetes

Abnormal blood glucose levels|

* Hyperglycemia
* Oxyhyperglycemia
* Hypoglycemia
* Whipple's triad

Insulin disorders|

* Insulin resistance
* Hyperinsulinism
* Congenital hyperinsulinism
* Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome

Other pancreatic disorders and conditions|

* Pancreatic beta cell function
* Insulinoma
* Insulitis

* v
* t
* e

Hypothalamic disease

Gonadotropin|

* Kallmann syndrome
* Adiposogenital dystrophy

CRH|

* Tertiary adrenal insufficiency

Vasopressin|

* Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

General|

* Hypothalamic hamartoma

* v
* t
* e

Pituitary disease

Hyperpituitarism|

| Anterior|

* Acromegaly
* Hyperprolactinaemia
* Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion

|

Posterior|

* SIADH

General|

* Nelson's syndrome
* Hypophysitis

Hypopituitarism|

| Anterior|

* Kallmann syndrome
* Growth hormone deficiency
* Isolated growth hormone deficiency
* Hypoprolactinemia
* ACTH deficiency/Secondary adrenal insufficiency
* GnRH insensitivity
* FSH insensitivity
* LH/hCG insensitivity

|

Posterior|

Central diabetes insipidus

General|

* Empty sella syndrome
* Pituitary apoplexy
* Sheehan's syndrome
* Lymphocytic hypophysitis
* Pituitary adenoma

* v
* t
* e

Thyroid disease

Hypothyroidism|

* Iodine deficiency
* Cretinism
* Congenital hypothyroidism
* Myxedema
* Myxedema coma
* Euthyroid sick syndrome
* Van Wyk-Grumbach syndrome
* Signs and symptoms
* Queen Anne's sign
* Woltman sign
* Myoedema
* Thyroid dyshormonogenesis
* Pickardt syndrome
* Hypothyroid myopathy
* KDSS
* Hoffmann syndrome
* LEMS
* Atrophic type

Hyperthyroidism|

* Hyperthyroxinemia
* Thyroid hormone resistance
* Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia
* Hashitoxicosis
* Thyrotoxicosis factitia
* Thyroid storm
* Amiodarone induced thyrotoxicosis
* Hyperthyroid myopathy

| Graves' disease|

* Signs and symptoms
* Abadie's sign of exophthalmic goiter
* Boston's sign
* Dalrymple's sign
* Stellwag's sign
* lid lag
* Griffith's sign
* Möbius sign
* Pretibial myxedema
* Graves' ophthalmopathy

|

Thyroiditis|

* Acute infectious
* Subacute
* De Quervain's
* Subacute lymphocytic
* Palpation
* Autoimmune/chronic
* Hashimoto's
* Postpartum
* Riedel's

Enlargement|

* Goitre
* Endemic goitre
* Toxic nodular goiter
* Toxic multinodular goiter
* Thyroid nodule
* Colloid nodule

* v
* t
* e

Parathyroid disease

Hypoparathyroidism|

* Pseudohypoparathyroidism
* Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism|

* Primary
* Secondary
* Tertiary
* Osteitis fibrosa cystica

Other|

* Parathyroiditis

* v
* t
* e

Adrenal gland disorder

Hyperfunction|

| Aldosterone|

* Hyperaldosteronism
* Primary aldosteronism
* Conn syndrome
* Bartter syndrome
* Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism
* AME
* Liddle's syndrome
* 17α CAH
* Pseudohypoaldosteronism

|

Cortisol|

* Cushing's syndrome
* Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome
* Steroid-induced osteoporosis

Sex hormones|

* 21α CAH
* 11β CAH

Hypofunction|

| Aldosterone|

* Hypoaldosteronism
* 21α CAH
* 11β CAH

|

Cortisol|

* CAH
* Lipoid
* 3β
* 11β
* 17α
* 21α

Sex hormones|

* 17α CAH
* Inborn errors of steroid metabolism

Adrenal insufficiency|

* Adrenal crisis
* Adrenalitis
* Xanthogranulomatous
* Addison's disease
* Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome

* v
* t
* e

Gonadal disorder

Ovarian|

* Polycystic ovary syndrome
* Premature ovarian failure
* Hyperthecosis

Testicular|

| Enzymatic|

* 5α-reductase 2 deficiency
* 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
* Aromatase excess syndrome

|

Androgen receptor|

* Androgen insensitivity syndrome
* Mild androgen insensitivity syndrome
* Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
* Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
* Familial male-limited precocious puberty

Other|

* Sertoli cell-only syndrome

General|

* Hypogonadism
* Delayed puberty
* Hypergonadism
* Precocious puberty
* Hypoandrogenism
* Hypoestrogenism
* Hyperandrogenism
* Hyperestrogenism
* Postorgasmic illness syndrome
* Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency
* Cytochrome b5 deficiency
* Androgen-dependent condition
* Aromatase deficiency
* Estrogen insensitivity syndrome
* Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
* Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
* Fertile eunuch syndrome
* Estrogen-dependent condition
* Premature thelarche
* Gonadotropin insensitivity
* Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism

* v
* t
* e

Growth and height disorder due to endocrine malfunction

* Dwarfism
* Primordial dwarfism
* Laron syndrome
* Psychosocial
* Ateliosis
* Gigantism

* v
* t
* e

Disorders involving multiple endocrine glands

* Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
* APS1
* APS2
* Carcinoid syndrome
* Multiple endocrine neoplasia
* 1
* 2A
* 2B
* Progeria
* Werner syndrome
* Acrogeria
* Metageria
* Woodhouse–Sakati syndrome

* v
* t
* e

Major Disease groups

* Infection
* Parasitic disease

* Benign tumor
* Cancer

* Endocrine disease
* Malnutrition
* Metabolic disorder
* Immune disorder

* Hematologic disease

* Mental disorder

* Neurological disorder
* Eye disease
* Ear disease

* Cardiovascular disease
* Lymphatic disease

* Respiratory disease

* Maxillofacial disorder
* Gastrointestinal disease

* Urologic disease
* Female genital disease
* Breast disease
* Male genital disease

* Complications of pregnancy
* Obstetric labor complication
* Postpartum disorder

* Skin disease

* Musculoskeletal disorder
* Soft tissue disorder
* Connective tissue disease
* Bone disease
* Chondropathy

* Congenital disorder
* Fetal disease

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