Energy in Japan

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2024)

|

Electricity pylons in Japan

Japan is a major consumer of energy, ranking fifth in the world by primary energy use. Fossil fuels accounted for 88% of Japan's primary energy in 2019.[1][2] Japan imports most of its energy due to scarce domestic resources. As of 2022, the country imports 97% of its oil and is the largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) importer globally.[3]

Japan is increasing its reliance on renewable energy to replace imported fossil fuels, and in 2019 renewable energy accounted for 7.8% of primary energy supply. Japan has committed to reaching net zero emissions by 2050, setting a target to reduce GHG emissions by 46% from 2013 levels by 2030.[4]

Japan initiated its first commercial nuclear power reactor in 1966, establishing nuclear energy as a strategic national priority from 1973 onwards. Following the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, this strategy underwent re-evaluation but was ultimately upheld. Prior to the accident, nuclear reactors contributed about 30% of Japan's electricity, with the country now aiming for nuclear energy to account for at least 20% of its electricity production by 2030.[5] The Fukushima accident also lead to a 16% reduction in total primary energy supply (TPES) from 2010 to 2019.

## Overview

[edit]

GDP versus energy consumption, 1968–2012 Development of carbon dioxide emissions Energy in Japan[6] Year  | Population
(million)  | Prim. energy
(TWh)  | Production
(TWh)  | Import
(TWh)  | Electricity
(TWh)  | CO2-emission
(Mt)

|
|
|
|
|
|

2004 | 127.7 | 6,201 | 1,125 | 5,126 | 1,031 | 1,215
2007 | 127.8 | 5,972 | 1,052 | 5,055 | 1,083 | 1,236
2008 | 127.7 | 5,767 | 1,031 | 4,872 | 1,031 | 1,151
2009 | 127.3 | 5,489 | 1,091 | 4,471 | 997 | 1,093
2010 | 127.4 | 5,778 | 1,126 | 4,759 | 1,070 | 1,143
2012 | 127.8 | 5,367 | 601 | 4,897 | 1,003 | 1,186
2012R | 127.6 | 5,260 | 329 | 5,062 | 989 | 1,223
2013 | 127.3 | 5,288 | 325 | 5,082 | 998 | 1,235
2020 | 125.8 | 4,642 | 1004.8 | - | 969 | 1,024
Change 2004–10 | -0.2% | -6.8% | 0.0% | -7.2% | 3.7% | -5.9%
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power[7]

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

## History

[edit]

In the post-war period, Japan's energy policy underwent significant transformation as it grappled with limited domestic energy resources. Initially, Japan relied heavily on coal, which accounted for over 80% of its energy needs in the 1950s, fueling its rapid industrialization and supporting its economic recovery. Coal was integral to powering factories, railways, and other critical infrastructure. However, by the late 1950s and early 1960s, Japan shifted towards oil due to its cost-effectiveness, higher energy density, and the challenges posed by domestic coal supply disruptions. By the 1970s, oil dominated Japan's energy mix, accounting for over 70% of its energy requirements, driven by rapid urbanization and the expansion of the transportation and manufacturing sectors. The 1973 oil crisis marked a turning point, exposing Japan’s vulnerability to external supply shocks and triggering efforts to diversify its energy sources. This period saw the emergence of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a viable alternative, valued for its lower environmental impact, flexibility, and increasing global availability. Japan signed its first LNG import agreement in 1967, and by the 1990s, partnerships with countries in the Middle East, particularly Qatar, solidified LNG as a cornerstone of its energy policy. These energy shifts—from coal to oil to LNG—reflect Japan’s strategic adaptation to global energy dynamics, ensuring a stable supply while fostering deeper economic and political ties with resource-rich regions like the Gulf.[8]

Japan's rapid industrial growth since the end of World War II doubled the nation's energy consumption every five years into the 1990s. During the 1960–72 period of accelerated growth, energy consumption grew much faster than GNP, doubling Japan's consumption of world energy. By 1976, with only 3% of the world's population, Japan was consuming 6% of global energy supplies.

Compared with other nations, electricity in Japan is relatively expensive,[9] and, since the loss of nuclear power after the earthquake and tsunami disaster at Fukushima, the cost of electricity has risen significantly.[10]

## Energy sources

[edit]

A self-service Eneos gas station in Ebina, Kanagawa

In 1950, coal supplied half of Japan's energy needs, hydroelectricity one-third, and oil the rest. By 2001, the contribution of oil had increased to 50.2% of the total, with rises also in the use of nuclear power and natural gas. Japan now depends heavily on imported fossil fuels to meet its energy demand.[11]

Japan—primary energy use[12] Fuel | 1950 | 1988 | 2001[12] | 2017[13]

|
|
|
|

Oil | 17% | 57.3% | 50.2% | 40.6%
Natural gas | – | 10.1% | 13.6% | 24.6%
Coal | 50% | 18.1% | 16.8% | 24.3%
Nuclear | – | 9.0% | 14.4% | 10.4%
Hydro | 33% | 4.6% | 4.0%
Other | – | 1.3% | 1.0%

### Oil

[edit]

In the wake of the two oil crises of the 1970s (1973 and 1979), Japan made efforts to diversify energy resources in order to increase energy security. Japan's domestic oil consumption dropped slightly, from around 5.1 million barrels (810,000 m3) of oil per day in the late 1980s to 4.9 million barrels (780,000 m3) per day in 1990. While the country's use of oil declined, its use of nuclear power and natural gas rose substantially. Several Japanese industries, for example electric power companies and steelmakers, switched from petroleum to coal, most of which is imported. Japan's proved oil reserves total an estimated 44 million barrels.[14]

The state stockpile equals about 92 days of consumption and the privately held stockpiles equal another 77 days of consumption for a total of 169 days or 579 million barrels (92,100,000 m3).[15][16] The Japanese SPR is run by the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation.[17] Japan was the fifth-largest oil consumer and fourth-largest crude oil importer in the world in 2019.[18]

Oil demand has been waning in Japan, especially leading up to and since the Tohoku earthquake in 2011. While oil consumption was over 5 million barrels per day (bpd) for decades, this had declined to 3.22 million bpd by 2017.[19] As of 2016, India,[20] Saudi Arabia[21] and Texas[22] have overtaken Japan in oil consumption. A further decline to 3.03 mln bpd or just under 176 million kiloliters (preliminary) was posted in 2018.[23] Crude consumption further declined during first half of 2020 to 303/141 = 2.15 million bpd, but that figure probably doesn't include refined products that are directly increasingly imported rather than converted.

In 2022, Japan's crude oil imports rose to 2.5 million barrels per day (b/d), an increase from 2.3 million b/d in 2021, despite a decade-long trend of declining imports, which are now almost 0.9 million b/d less than the 2013 levels. The Middle East remained the predominant source, accounting for 93% of imports. Concurrently, Japan's crude oil acquisitions from Russia declined to 1% of the total, a decrease from 4% in the preceding year, in the aftermath of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[3]

### Natural gas

[edit]

Japan ranked as the world's largest importer of liquefied natural gas (LNG).[18]

Because domestic natural gas production is minimal, rising demand is met by greater imports. Japan's main LNG suppliers in 2016 were Australia (27%), Malaysia (18%), Qatar (15%), Russia (9%), and Indonesia (8%).[24] In 1987, suppliers were Indonesia (51.3%), Malaysia (20.4%), Brunei (17.8%), United Arab Emirates (7.3%), and the United States (3.2%). In 2017, Japan consumed 4.7 quadrillion Btu (1377 TWh) of imported methane.[13]

Natural Gas Consumption in Japan from 2012 to 2022 (ft/Day)[25] 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

11.900  | 12.000  | 12.100  | 11.500  | 11.200  | 11.300  | 11.200  | 10.500  | 10.000  | 10.000  | 9.700

The new Japanese LNG strategy published in May 2016 envisages the creation of a liquid market and an international LNG hub in Japan. This promises to radically change the traditional JCC (crude oil) based pricing system in Japan, but also potentially in the Pacific Basin as a whole. But the path to hub creation and hub pricing in the early 2020s envisaged by the Strategy will not be straightforward.[26]

In 2022, Japan's LNG imports decreased to 3.3 Tcf from 3.6 Tcf in 2021, yet it remained the world's leading LNG importer, surpassing China. Australia's contribution to Japan's imports increased from 36% to 42%, affirming its status as Japan's primary LNG supplier. Conversely, Qatar's share fell from 13% to 4%. Despite Japan's commitment to reducing energy dependence on Russia, in line with the G7's price cap on Russian crude oil, its LNG imports from Russia remained steady, supported by an exemption for the Sakhalin-2 project.[3]

Japan has set a policy goal to reduce the share of LNG in its power generation from 34% in 2022 to 20% by 2030. As the largest single source of power in 2022, accounting for 34%, LNG consumption has seen a decline since 2019, influenced by the reactivation of nuclear plants, slow economic growth, high international LNG prices, and enhanced energy efficiency. Japan holds the largest LNG storage capacity in the world, estimated at 425.1 billion cubic feet, which plays a critical role in managing seasonal demand fluctuations and potential supply disruptions. Furthermore, from 2009 to 2023, the levels of LNG inventory in Japan varied between 32% and 66% of its storage capacity.[27]

Japan's engagement with Middle Eastern nations, particularly Qatar, has played a crucial role in shaping its liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports and energy security. Following the adoption of LNG in the 1960s, Japan's shift towards cleaner and cost-effective energy sources has led to long-term partnerships with Gulf states. Qatar, home to the world’s largest non-associated gas field, became a dominant LNG supplier to Japan in 1997, with agreements prioritizing reliability, cost optimization, and integrated supply systems. These ties have not only contributed to Japan’s energy stability but also strengthened bilateral trade and technological cooperation, reflecting a broader interdependence between Japan and the Gulf region.[28]

### Coal

[edit]

As of 2019, a third of the electricity in Japan was generated from coal and is the third-largest importer of coal behind China and India in 2019.[18] Government targets aimed to reduce that proportion to a quarter through closure of older, less efficient coal power plants.[29] In 2017, Japan consumed 4.738 quadrillion Btu (1,388 TWh) of imported coal.[13] In July 2020, the minister of Industry, Hiroshi Kajiyama, announced that around 100 coal plants would be shut down by 2030.[30] In 2023 Japan said it would not start building any more new unabated (without carbon capture and storage) coal plants.[31] Japan plans to phase out unabated coal by 2035.[32]

Coal Consumption in Japan from 2014 to 2022 (Mst)[33] 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

215,079  | 212,558  | 212,493  | 214,393  | 208,504  | 206,517  | 203,062  | 201,875  | 206,881

ThIn 2022, Japan's coal imports remained at 202 million short tons. Russian imports significantly decreased from 22 million to 13 million short tons, offset by increases from Indonesia, Canada, and Australia. Bituminous coal made up 89% of steam coal imports, slightly down from the previous year. The main sources—Australia, Indonesia, Russia, and the United States—contributed 94% of the total, a 3% decrease from 2021.[3]

The contribution of coal-fired power generation decreased from 30.2% in 2016 to 26.5% in 2021, but then saw an increase to 27.8% in 2022.[34]

Japan has set a policy goal to reduce the share of coal in electricity generation from 31% in 2022 to 19% by 2030. As part of this initiative, there are plans to close or suspend about 90% of inefficient coal-fired power plants, which amounts to approximately 100 facilities, thereby reducing Japan’s total installed coal capacity by about 40%. Additionally, to further mitigate environmental impact, new coal-fired power plants are required to incorporate emission reduction measures, such as blending coal with 20% ammonia or 25% wood pellets to significantly lower CO2 emissions.[35]

### Nuclear power

[edit]

Main article: Nuclear power in Japan

The Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, a 3-unit BWR site typical of Japan's nuclear plants.

Following Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace speech, the United States helped Japan develop their nuclear power program. When Japan decided to embark on the nuclear power field, it imported technology from the United States and obtained uranium from Canada, France, South Africa, and Australia. The first nuclear reactor was commissioned in 1966, from then to 2010, 54 more nuclear reactors had opened, with total generation capacity of 48,847 MW.[36] The ratio of nuclear power generation to total electricity production increased from 2% in 1973 to around 30% in March 2011.[37] During the 1980s, Japan's nuclear power program was strongly opposed by environmental groups, particularly after the Three Mile Island accident in the United States. In the 2000s, Japan had a few of the modern Advanced Boiling Water Reactor, including some of the first new advanced Generation III reactors. At Rokkasho, Aomori a facility was built to enrich nuclear fuel, deal with nuclear waste, and recycle spent nuclear fuel.

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami damaged some nuclear reactors, and was the immediate cause of the Fukushima nuclear accident. This caused much uncertainty and fear about the release of radioactive material, as well as highlighting the ongoing concerns over seismic design standards (see Nuclear power in Japan §Seismicity).[38] On 5 May 2012, Japan shut down the last nuclear reactor, the first time there has been no nuclear power production since 1970.[39] On 16 June, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda ordered the restart of Ōi nuclear plant's reactors number 3 and 4, saying that people's livelihood needs to be protected.[40] Ōi nuclear plant's reactor No. 3 was restarted on 2 July,[41] and No. 4 began operation on 21 July.[42] However, in September 2013 the plant was shut down again in order to have extensive safety inspections performed.[43]

By late 2015, both of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant's reactors had reopened and restarted producing nuclear energy. Other nuclear plants, such as the Takahama Nuclear Power Plant, have received permission to reopen, and other nuclear reactors are beginning the process of restarting.[44]

In a draft of Japan’s seventh long-term energy plan (December 2024), the Japanese government expresses the aim that nuclear power should account for 20% of Japan’s energy supply by 2040, rising from 8.5% in 2023.[45]

The policy to increase the share of nuclear energy, which dates from 2015, reversed a decision by the previous Democratic Party.[37]

As of 1 January 2022, operating reactors are:

* Sendai Nuclear Power Plant on 11 August 2015 Unit 1 was restarted,[46] followed by Unit 2 on 1 November 2015.[47]
* Ōi Nuclear Power Plant's on 14 March 2018 Unit 3 was restarted, followed by Unit 4 on 9 May 2018.[48]
* Genkai Nuclear Power Plant on 23 March 2018 Unit 3 was restarted,[49] followed by Unit 4 in June 2018.[50]
* Takahama Nuclear Power Plant on 22 May 2017 Unit 4 was restarted,[51] followed by Unit 3 on 6 June 2017.[52]
* Mihama Nuclear Power Plant on 23 June 2021, Unit 3 was restarted.[53]
* Ikata Nuclear Power Plant on 2 December 2021 Unit 3 was restarted.[54]

### Renewables

[edit]

The Fourth Strategic Energy Plan set the renewable share goal to be 24% by 2030. In the next 15 years[timeframe?], Japan intends on investing $700 billion into renewable energy.[55] One initiative the Japanese government has implemented in order to boost the amount of renewable energy produced and purchased in Japan is the feed-in tariff scheme. The scheme encourages companies to invest in renewable energy by providing set prices for various types of renewable energy. The initiatives appear to be working, as renewable energy generation capacity now[when?] stands at 26.2 GW, compared to 20.9 GW in 2012.[56]

On 3 July 2018, Japan's government pledged to increase renewable energy sources, including wind and solar, from 15% to 22–24% by 2030. Nuclear power will provide 20% of the country's energy needs as an emissions-free energy source. This will help Japan meet climate change commitments.[57]

In October 2021 Japan's cabinet approved a new target of 36-38% of renewable share in power generation by 2030. The nuclear target of 20-22% remained unchanged.[58]

In 2022, renewables are estimated to make up 22.7% of Japan's overall electricity generation, including consumption at the site of generation, which is a slight rise from 22.4% in the previous year.[34]

#### Hydroelectricity

[edit]

Main article: Hydroelectricity in Japan

The country's main renewable energy source is hydroelectricity, with an installed capacity of about 27 GW and a production of 69.2 TWh of electricity in 2009.[59] As of September 2011, Japan had 1,198 small hydropower plants with a total capacity of 3,225 MW. The smaller plants accounted for 6.6 percent of Japan's total hydropower capacity. The remaining capacity was filled by large and medium hydropower stations, typically sited at large dams. Cost per kilowatt-hour for power from smaller plants was high at ¥15–100, hindering further development of the energy source.[60]

Hydropower capacity in Japan from 2014 to 2023 (MW)[61]: 6 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

49,597  | 50,035  | 50,058  | 50,015  | 50,037  | 50,033  | 50,033  | 50,009  | 50,015  | 50,033

#### Solar power

[edit]

Main article: Solar power in Japan

Japan was the world's second largest producer of solar power in the early 2000s, although solar was a very minor contribution to the total at that time. The country was overtaken by Germany in 2005, a year in which Japan had 38% of the world supply compared to Germany's 39%.[62][63] Since then, Japan had been slow to increase solar capacity compared to other countries until 2012.

Solar energy capacity in Japan from 2014 to 2023 (MW)[61]: 21 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

23,339  | 34,150  | 42,040  | 49,500  | 56,162  | 63,192  | 71,868  | 78,413  | 83,057  | 87,068

On 1 July 2012, after the nuclear disaster at Fukushima, new tariffs for renewable energy were introduced by the Japanese government. The tariffs, set at ¥42 per kWh over the next 20 years to solar power producers, were among the highest in the world.[64][65] With the incentives in place, Japan added 1,718 MW of solar power in 2012. By the end of the year, Japan's total solar capacity was 7.4 GW.[66] Japan has seen sustained growth of solar PV capacity after 2012, reaching a cumulative installed capacity of 34 GW by the end of 2015, generating 3.5% of the national electricity consumption in that year.

In 2022, electricity produced by solar photovoltaic (PV) systems amounted to 9.9% of the total annual electricity output, reflecting a growth of 0.6 percentage points from 9.3% in 2021.[34]

#### Wind power

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Wind power in Japan.[edit]

Turbines at the Nunobiki Plateau Wind Farm, one of the largest wind farms in Japan, with 33 turbines

In Japan's electricity sector, wind power generates a small proportion of the country's electricity. It has been estimated that Japan has the potential for 144 gigawatts (GW) for onshore wind and 608 GW of offshore wind capacity.[67] As of 2023, the country had a total installed capacity of 5.2 GW.

As of 2018, government targets for wind power deployment were relatively low when compared to other countries, at 1.7% of electricity production by 2030.[68]

In December 2020, the Japanese government announced plans to install up to 45 GW of offshore wind power by 2040.[69]

Wind energy capacity in Japan from 2014 to 2023 (MW)[61]: 14 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

2,753  | 2,809  | 3,205  | 3,483  | 3,498  | 3,952  | 4,120  | 4,262  | 4,372  | 5,232

In 2022, wind power contributed to 0.85% of electricity production, experiencing a slight decrease from 0.88% in the previous year.[34]

#### Geothermal energy

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Geothermal power in Japan.[edit]

Matsukawa geothermal power station, the first commercial geothermal power station in Japan

Japan has favorable sites for geothermal power because of its proximity to the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc. Japan's geothermal energy sector leverages the nation's volcanic activity, which positions it among countries with high potential for Renewable energy development[70] The Geography of Japan along the Pacific Ring of Fire, combined with its abundance of active volcanoes, creates ideal conditions for the development of geothermal power plants.

In 2007, Japan had 535.2 MW of installed electric generating capacity, about 5% of the world total.[71][72] Geothermal power plays a minor role in the energy sector in the country: in 2013 it supplied 2596 GWh of electricity, representing about 0.25% of the country's total electricity supply.[73]

Development of new geothermal power stations has slowed since the mid-1990s. Many potential sites are situated in government-protected areas and popular tourist destinations, including traditional hot springs or onsen.[72][74] Hot springs are a notable aspect of Japan's onsen culture and are often considered in discussions about energy policy and geothermal development due to their cultural and economic roles.[75][76] Local communities in these areas, which frequently depend on tourism revenue from onsen, have expressed reservations about the potential impact of geothermal projects on the landscape and the tourism industry.[77][78] The Sumikawa Geothermal Power Station, located within Towada-Hachimantai National Park, is one of Japan's eighteen geothermal power sites and one of seven in the northern Honshu region (Tohoku). Operating since 1995, the Sumikawa Geothermal Power Station generates 50,000 kW of electrical energy and hot water, supporting the city of Kazuno and surrounding areas, home to approximately 32,000 residents.[79]

Geothermal energy has been increasing in recent years due to the Japanese energy crisis following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent closure of most of the country's nuclear power stations. Businesses and the government are currently considering over 60 possible sites for new geothermal power development. Estimated total capacity potential of geothermal power at 23 GW, the third largest amount in the world after the United States and Indonesia.[74]

Japan ranks third in the world in terms of geothermal potential, with more than 100 volcanoes contributing to its energy prospects.[79] List of volcanoes in Japan.

Geothermal energy capacity in Japan from 2014 to 2023 (MW)[61]: 43 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

508  | 516  | 526  | 471  | 473  | 481  | 487  | 487  | 437  | 428

#### Waste and biomass energy

[edit]

As of September 2011, Japan had 190 generators attached to municipal waste units and 70 independent plants using biomass fuel to produce energy. In addition, 14 other generators were used to burn both coal and biomass fuel. In 2008, Japan produced 322 million tons of biomass fuel and converted 76% of it into energy.[80]

Solid biofuels and renewable waste capacity in Japan from 2014 to 2023 (MW)[61]: 33 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1,615  | 1,878  | 2,179  | 2,561  | 2,974  | 3,436  | 3,828  | 4,471  | 5,307  | 6,276

In 2022, the proportion of electricity generated from biomass power rose to 4.6%, an increase from 4.1% in the preceding year.[34]

#### Ocean energy

[edit]

In 2012, the government announced plans to build experimental tidal power and wave power plants in coastal areas. Construction on the projects, the locations for which have not been determined, would begin in 2013.[81]

## Electricity sector

[edit]

Main article: Electricity sector in Japan

Electricity production in Japan by source Map of Japan's electricity distribution network, showing incompatible systems between regions The Sakuma Frequency Converter Station

In 2014, Japan ranked fifth in the world by electricity production, after the United States, China, Russia, and India with 934 TWh produced during that year.[82] It is estimated that Japan's net electricity generation was at about 950 terawatthours (TWh) in 2019 and has declined overall by about 11% since 2010.[83] In 2019, Japan's net electricity generation decreased nearly 4% from the 2018 level as a result of warm winter weather and lower industrial output.[18][84][85]

In terms of per capita electricity consumption, the average person in Japan consumed 8,459 kWh in 2004 compared to 14,240 kWh for the average American. In that respect it ranked 18th among the countries of the world. Its per capita electricity consumption increased by 21.8% between 1990 and 2004.[86]

Japan had 282 GW of total installed electricity generating capacity in 2010, the third largest in the world behind the United States and China. However, after the damage by the 2011 earthquake, capacity is estimated to be around 243 GW in mid-2011.[11] It was one of the world's largest users of solar energy, in fourth place behind Germany, Italy, and China. With 53 active nuclear power generating reactor units in 2009, that year Japan ranked third in the world in that respect, after the United States (104 reactors) and France (59).[87] Almost one quarter (24.93%) of its electricity production was from nuclear plants, compared to 76.18% for France and 19.66% for the United States.[88] However, after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, all plants eventually shut down in May 2012 and Ōi Nuclear Power Plant was restarted and operational between June 2012 and September 2013. On 11 August 2015[89] and 1 November 2015, the two nuclear reactor of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant were restarted respectively.[90][91][92]

Electricity generation in 2021[93]

1. Oil (3.21%)
2. Natural gas (39.04%)
3. Biofuels and Waste (2.85%)
4. Coal (29.98%)
5. Wind (0.94%)
6. Hydro (8.28%)
7. Solar (9.28%)
8. Nuclear (6.41%)

Since the generation disruption caused by the Fukushima disaster, rapid steps have been made to liberalize the electricity market.[94][95] One way this was done in Japan is through the feed-in-tariff scheme. This was announced in 2012 as a direct consequence of the Fukushima disaster. The feed-in-tariff scheme encourages utility operators and companies to purchase and invest in renewable energy.[96] The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry set prices for various renewable energy sources to encourage the production and consumption of renewable energy. In April 2016 domestic and small business customers became able to select from over 250 supplier companies competitively selling electricity. Also wholesale electricity trading on the Japan Electric Power Exchange has been encouraged.[97][98]

Japan produced 1004.8 TWh of electricity in 2021, close to 4% of the electricity generated in the world and 8% of that in Asia-Pacific (3rd largest behind China and India). Japan consumed 17.03 EJ, 3% of the world's consumption and 7% of Asia-Pacific's consumption (3rd largest behind China and India).[99]

Nuclear energy's contribution to electricity generation has fluctuated, dropping to zero in 2014, then climbing to 6.5% by 2019. It fell to 4.3% in 2020, slightly rose to 5.9% in 2021, and then decreased once more to 4.8% in 2022.[34]

### National grid

[edit]

Unlike most other industrial countries, Japan doesn't have a single national grid but instead has separate eastern and western grids. The standard voltage at power outlets is 100 V, but the grids operate at different frequencies: 50 Hz in Eastern Japan and 60 Hz in Western Japan.[100] The grids are connected together by three frequency converter stations (Higashi-Shimizu, Shin Shinano and Sakuma), but these can only handle 1 GW in total.[101] A converter station also exists at Minami-Fukumitsu. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami resulted in 11 reactors being taken offline with a loss of 9.7GW.[101] The three converter stations did not have the capacity to transfer enough power from Japan's western power grid to significantly help the eastern grid.

The two grids were originally developed by separate companies. Tokyo Electric Light Co was established in 1883, which also established electric power in Japan. In 1885, demand had grown enough that TELCO bought generation equipment from AEG of Germany.[101] The same happened in the western parts of Japan with General Electric being the supplier to Osaka Electric Lamp.[101] GE's equipment used the US standard 60 Hz, while AEG's equipment used the European standard of 50 Hz.[101]

### Utilities

[edit]

In Japan, the electricity market is divided into 10 regulated companies:

* Chugoku Electric Power Company (CEPCO/ENERGIA)
* Chubu Electric Power (Chuden)
* Hokuriku Electric Power Company (Hokuden)
* Hokkaido Electric Power Company (HEPCO)
* Kyushu Electric Power (Kyuden)
* Kansai Electric Power Company (KEPCO)
* Okinawa Electric Power Company (Okiden)
* Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)
* Tohoku Electric Power (Tohokuden)
* Shikoku Electric Power Company (Yonden)

## Hydrogen energy

[edit]

In March 2016, METI set a target of 40,000 hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles on Japan's roads by 2020 and 160 fueling stations.[102]

## Carbon emissions

[edit]

Further information: Climate change in Japan § Greenhouse gas emissions

## See also

[edit]

* Japan portal
* Energy portal
* Renewable energy portal

* Electricity sector in Japan
* Energy Law (Japan)
* Geothermal power in Japan
* Hydroelectricity in Japan
* Japan Electric Association
* Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation
* List of countries by energy consumption per capita
* List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production
* Renewable energy by country
* Solar power in Japan
* Wind power in Japan
* World energy consumption

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Japan 2021 – Analysis". IEA. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
2. ^ "Japan 2021 Energy Policy Review" (PDF). International Energy Agency.
3. ^ a b c d "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
4. ^ "How Japan is accelerating efforts towards a carbon-neutral society". World Economic Forum. 16 January 2023.
5. ^ "Nuclear Power in Japan | Japanese Nuclear Energy - World Nuclear Association". world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
6. ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 Archived 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine \+ 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013 Archived 2 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 2012 Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Archived 27 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 2010 Archived 11 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 Archived 7 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15 https://www.iea.org/countries/japan
7. ^ Energy in Sweden 2010 Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto
8. ^ Steven Wright, "The LNG Sector in Japan’s Relations with the Middle East," in Japan and the Middle East: Foreign Policies and Interdependence, ed. Satoru Nakamura and Steven Wright, Palgrave Macmillan, 2023, pp. 243–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3459-9.
9. ^ Nagata, Kazuaki, "Utilities have monopoly on power", Japan Times, 6 September 2011, p. 3.
10. ^ Nakamoto, Michiyo (4 April 2012). "Tepco faces revolt over price rise". Financial Times. FT.com. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
11. ^ a b "Japan" (PDF). Country Analysis Briefs. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Retrieved 2 July 2012. [permanent dead link]
12. ^ a b Country Analysis Briefs – Japan Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, US Energy Information Administration, published January 2004, accessdate 10 May 2007
13. ^ a b c "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020.
14. ^ "Oil and gas reserves and production". 10 April 2014. doi:10.1787/9789264208292-graph7-en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
15. ^ "Energy Security in East Asia". Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. 13 August 2004.
16. ^ "Energy Security Initiative" (PDF). Asia Pacific Energy Research Center. 1 January 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2006.
17. ^ "Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation". JOGMEC. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
18. ^ a b c d "Country Analysis Executive Summary: Japan" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 13 November 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
19. ^ Editorial, Reuters. "UPDATE 1-Japan 2017 thermal coal imports hit record, LNG up for..." AF. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2018. `{{cite news}}`: `|first1=` has generic name (help)
20. ^ "India beats Japan in oil use, only next to US, China". The Economic Times. 9 June 2016.
21. ^ "Saudi Arabia Oil Consumption, 1965 – 2021 | CEIC Data".
22. ^ "Texas - SEDS - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov.
23. ^ "UPDATE 1-Japan's 2018 crude imports fall to 39-year low as population shrinks". CNBC. 23 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
24. ^ "Country Analysis Brief: Japan". US Energy Information Administration. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
25. ^ "Japan Natural Gas: Consumption, 1965 – 2024 | CEIC Data". www.ceicdata.com. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
26. ^ Stern, Jonathan (2016). "The new Japanese LNG strategy : a major step towards hub-based gas pricing in Asia". Oxford Energy Comment. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
27. ^ "Japan's energy policies aim to reduce use of fossil fuels in electricity generation - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
28. ^ Wright, Steven (2023). "The LNG Sector in Japan's Relations with the Middle East". In Nakamura, Satoru; Wright, Steven (eds.). Japan and the Middle East: Foreign Policies and Interdependence. Contemporary Gulf Studies. Palgrave Macmillan Singapore. pp. 243–267\. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-3459-9_9. ISBN 978-981-19-3459-9.
29. ^ Tabuchi, Hiroko (3 February 2020). "Japan Races to Build New Coal-Burning Power Plants, Despite the Climate Risks". The New York Times.
30. ^ Johnston, Eric (10 July 2020). "Japan's coal closure plan a historic milestone, but what's next?". The Japan Times. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
31. ^ "Japan Pledges to End Construction of New Unabated Coal Plants". Bloomberg.com. 1 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
32. ^ Mooney, Attracta; Bryan, Kenza (29 April 2024). "G7 countries agree to end use of coal power by 2035, says UK minister". www.ft.com. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
33. ^ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
34. ^ a b c d e f ISEP (26 April 2023). "2022 Share of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources in Japan (Preliminary) | Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies". Retrieved 24 February 2024.
35. ^ "Japan's energy policies aim to reduce use of fossil fuels in electricity generation - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
36. ^ "Nuclear Power Plants in Japan". The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
37. ^ a b "Nuclear Power in Japan". World Nuclear Association. 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
38. ^ Johnston, Eric, "Current nuclear debate to set nation's course for decades", Japan Times, 23 September 2011, p. 1.
39. ^ Batty, David (5 May 2012). "Japan shuts down last working nuclear reactor". The Guardian. London.
40. ^ "Ohi reactors cleared for restart". World-nuclear-news.org. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
41. ^ "Japan restarts first reactor since Fukushima – World news – Asia-Pacific". MSNBC. 7 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
42. ^ "Oi nuclear plant's No 4 reactor begins generating power". Zeenews.india.com. 21 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
43. ^ "Japan halts last nuclear reactor at Ohi". BBC. 15 September 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
44. ^ "Four nuclear reactors to reopen in Japan". Euronews. 24 December 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
45. ^ "Japan targets 40-50% power supply from renewables by 2040". Reuters. 17 December 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
46. ^ "Kyushu Electric Homepage:Press release".
47. ^ "Kyushu Electric restarts nuclear reactor". 9 December 2016.
48. ^ "No. 4 reactor at Oi nuclear plant restarted after nearly five years offline". The Japan Times Online. 10 May 2018. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
49. ^ ""OE Information related to Genkai Unit 3 restart"".
50. ^ ""Genkai unit 4 supplying power again"". www.world-nuclear-news.org.
51. ^ "Start of Power Generation at Takahama Unit No. 4" (PDF).
52. ^ "Japan's Fifth Re-Activated Reactor -- Takahama 3 -- Is Restarted".
53. ^ "Fukui nuclear unit becomes Japan's first to operate beyond 40-year limit". The japan times.
54. ^ "Japan restarts nuclear reactor after 2 years". Anadolu Agency.
55. ^ "4th Strategic Energy Plan" (PDF). Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry. April 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
56. ^ Takase, Kae (27 May 2014). "Renewable Energy Burst in Japan". Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
57. ^ "Japan aims for 24% renewable energy but keeps nuclear central". Phys.org. 3 July 2018. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
58. ^ "Japan aims for 36-38% of energy to come from renewables by 2030". Reuters. 22 October 2021.
59. ^ See Hydroelectricity#World hydroelectric capacity
60. ^ Johnston, Eric, "Small hydropower plants keep it local", Japan Times, 29 September 2011, p. 3.
61. ^ a b c d e IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency (2024). "RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2024" (PDF). www.irena.org. p. 33. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
62. ^ Japan lags behind Europe in solar power. The Daily Yomiuri, published 2007-05-10, accessed 14 May 2007.
63. ^ Johnston, Eric, "Despite headwinds, solar energy making progress, advocates say", Japan Times, 24 September 2011, p. 3.
64. ^ Watanabe, Chisaki, (Bloomberg), "Japan to become No. 2 solar market Archived 24 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, 4 July 2012, p. 7
65. ^ Johnston, Eric, "New feed-in tariff system a rush to get renewables in play", Japan Times, 29 May 2012, p. 3
66. ^ Harlan, Chico (19 June 2013). "After Fukushima, Japan beginning to see the light in solar energy". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
67. ^ Watanabe, Chisaki (27 February 2014). "GE Says Japan Has More Potential to Harness Wind Power". Bloomberg.
68. ^ "Japan behind on wind power | The Japan Times". The Japan Times. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
69. ^ "Japan plans to install up to 45 GW of offshore wind power by 2040". Reuters. 15 December 2020.
70. ^ Gutiérrez-Negrín, L. C. A. (2024). "Evolution of worldwide geothermal power 2020–2023". Geothermal Energy. 12 (1): 14–60\. Bibcode:2024GeoE...12...14G. doi:10.1186/s40517-024-00290-w.
71. ^ Bertani, Ruggero (September 2007), "Characteristics, Development and utilization of geothermal resources" (PDF), Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 2, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1–9, ISSN 0276-1084, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2010, retrieved 16 April 2009
72. ^ a b "Geothermal Energy. Japan: Resources and Technologies" (PDF). The Geothermal Research Society of Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
73. ^ "Japan: Electricity and Heat for 2013". www.iea.org. International Energy Agency (IEA). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
74. ^ a b Demetriou, Danielle (16 March 2014). "Japan's first new geothermal power plant in 15 years to open next month". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
75. ^ Shiozaki, I. (2019). "Geothermal Power Development in Japan". Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology. 60 (3): 120–124\. doi:10.5110/jjseg.60.120.
76. ^ Kubota, H.; Hondo, H.; Hienuki, S.; Kaieda, H. (2013). "Determining barriers to developing geothermal power generation in Japan: Societal acceptance by stakeholders involved in hot springs". Energy Policy. 61: 1079–1087\. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.031.
77. ^ "Japanese spa town in a lather over geothermal plans". The Guardian. 7 February 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
78. ^ "Japan's spa lovers fuel fire against geothermal giants". The Globe and Mail. 20 September 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
79. ^ a b Matschullat, J. (2015). "Sitting on an almost infinite energy source—Japan's geothermal and renewables' potential and reality". Environmental Earth Sciences. doi:10.1007/s12665-014-4018-z (inactive 20 March 2025). Retrieved 19 March 2025.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2025 (link)
80. ^ Johnston, Eric, "With backing, biomass can help meet energy needs", Japan Times, 30 September 2011, p. 3.
81. ^ Jiji Press, "Wave, wind power project planned", Japan Times, 20 March 2012, p. 7.
82. ^ "Electricity – Consumption". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
83. ^ Use., United States. United States. Energy Information Administration. Office of Energy Markets and End. International energy annual. Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, U.S. Dept. of Energy. OCLC 1098365668.
84. ^ "Falling output and retail sales signal Japan's economic strains". The Japan Times. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
85. ^ Sim, Walter (1 January 2020). "Snow shortage, warmer winter fuel climate change worries in Japan". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
86. ^ "Electricity Consumption Per Capita 2004 – Country Rankings". Allcountries.org. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
87. ^ "Nuclear Power Plants by Country 2009". Photius.com. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
88. ^ "Nuclear Share in Electricity Generation by Country 2008". Allcountries.org. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
89. ^ Startup of Sendai Nuclear Power Unit No.1 Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (11 August 2015)
90. ^ "Japan Restarts First Nuclear Power Plant since Fukushima". BBC News. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
91. ^ "Japan restarts first nuclear reactor since Fukushima disaster". The Guardian. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
92. ^ "Sendai No. 2 reactor in full-capacity operation". Japan News (The Yomiuri Shimbun). 1 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
93. ^ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
94. ^ "Japan electricity markets: structural changes and liberalization". Eurotechnology Japan. 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
95. ^ "What does liberalization of the electricity market mean?". Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. METI. 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
96. ^ "Feed-in Tariff Scheme in Japan" (PDF). Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry. 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
97. ^ Stephen Stapczynski, Emi Urabe (28 March 2016). "Japan's Power Market Opening Challenges Entrenched Players: Q&A". Bloomberg. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
98. ^ "Electricity market shake-up mainly benefiting Tokyo and Kansai". The Japan Times. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
99. ^ "Statistical Review of World Energy 2021" (PDF). Retrieved 4 April 2022.
100. ^ "Electricity in Japan". Japan-guide.com. 7 May 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
101. ^ a b c d e Williams, Martyn (18 March 2011). "A legacy from the 1800s leaves Tokyo facing blackouts". Computerworld. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
102. ^ Umair Irfan, "Japan Bets on a Hydrogen-Fueled Future", Scientific American, 3 May 2016

* This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division. – Japan

## External links

[edit]

* Agency for Natural Resources and Energy
* Japan's Energy White Paper 2017

* v
* t
* e

Japan articles

* Index
* Outline

History|

| Overviews|

* Lists
* Eras
* Clans
* Shoguns
* Wars
* Economic
* Education
* Foreign relations
* Military
* Naval
* Imperial Army
* Imperial Navy

|

Ancient|

* Paleolithic
* Jōmon period
* Yayoi period
* Kofun period
* Asuka period
* Taihō Code
* Asuka Kiyomihara Code
* Hakuhō period
* Taika Reform
* Monmu period
* Nara period
* Heian period

Post-Classical|

* Genpei War
* Kamakura period
* Kamakura shogunate
* Mongol invasions of Japan
* Genkō War
* Kenmu Restoration
* Muromachi period
* Ashikaga shogunate
* Nanboku-chō period
* Ōnin War
* Sengoku period
* Azuchi–Momoyama period
* Council of Five Elders
* Imjin War

Early Modern|

* Edo period
* Tokugawa shogunate
* Bakumatsu
* Empire of Japan
* Meiji era
* Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)
* Government
* Meiji oligarchy
* Meiji Restoration
* Abolition of the han system
* Boshin War
* Satsuma Rebellion
* Kazoku (noble)
* First Sino-Japanese War
* Russo-Japanese War

Late Modern|

* Taishō era
* Japan during World War I
* 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
* Shōwa era
* Japan during World War II
* Mukden Incident
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* Pacific War
* Occupation
* Postwar
* Economic miracle
* Heisei era
* Great Hanshin earthquake
* 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Contemporary|

* Reiwa era
* 2019 imperial transition
* COVID-19 pandemic

Geography|

* Addresses
* Archipelago
* Cities
* Districts
* Earthquakes
* Environment
* Extreme points
* Islands
* Lakes
* Prefectures
* Regions
* Rivers
* Towns
* Villages
* World Heritage Sites

Politics|

* Constitution
* Elections
* Emperor
* list
* Imperial House
* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* LGBTQ
* Judiciary
* Supreme Court
* Law
* Law enforcement
* National Diet
* House of Representatives
* House of Councillors
* List of members
* Political parties
* Self-Defense Forces
* Ground
* Maritime
* Air

Government|

* Cabinet
* list
* Fiscal policy
* Foreign policy
* Ministries
* Prime Minister
* list
* Deputy Prime Minister

Economy|

* Agriculture, forestry, fishing
* Central bank
* Labor
* Manufacturing
* Energy
* Science and technology
* Telecommunications
* Transport
* Yen

Society|

* Anti-monarchism
* Censorship
* Crime
* Demographics
* Education
* Etiquette
* Gambling
* Health
* Housing
* Homelessness
* Languages
* Japanese
* Life expectancy
* People
* Pornography
* Prostitution
* Religion
* Sex trafficking
* Sexual minorities
* Sexuality
* Smoking
* Women

Culture|

* Aesthetics
* Anime / Manga
* Architecture
* Art
* Bonsai
* Cinema
* Class S (genre)
* Cuisine (wine)
* Festivals
* Flag
* Folklore
* Games
* Gardens
* Geisha
* Genderless fashion
* Hikikomori
* Hanami
* Henohenomoheji
* Icons
* Ikebana
* Irezumi
* Kawaii
* LGBTQ culture
* Literature
* Martial arts
* Media
* Music
* Mythology
* Names
* National symbols
* No-pan kissa
* Onsen / Sentō
* Otokonoko
* Origami
* Popular culture
* Sport
* Shinto
* Tea ceremony
* Television
* Theatre
* Video games
* Zen

* Japan portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Economy of Japan

History|

* Economic history of Japan
* Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan
* Agriculture in the Empire of Japan
* Income Doubling Plan
* Japanese economic miracle
* Japanese asset price bubble
* Lost Decades
* Japan–South Korea trade dispute
* Zaibatsu
* Keiretsu

Policy|

* Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
* Industrial policy of Japan
* Trade policy of Japan
* Taxation

Currency|

* Bank of Japan
* Banknotes of the Japanese yen
* Japan Mint
* Japanese yen
* National Printing Bureau
* Tokugawa coinage
* Scrip of Edo period Japan

Banking and finance|

* Nikkei 225
* Osaka Exchange
* Tokyo Stock Exchange
* Capital flows in Japan
* Financial services in Japan
* Japanese financial system
* Japan Investment Corporation

Government agencies|

* Development Bank of Japan
* Fair Trade Commission
* Financial Services Agency
* Japan External Trade Organization
* Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
* Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
* Ministry of Finance
* National Tax Agency
* Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Labor market|

* Japanese labour law
* Japanese management culture
* Japanese work environment
* Labor market
* Labor unions
* Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
* Shūshin koyō
* Nenko System
* Salaryman

Energy|

* Energy in Japan
* Solar power in Japan
* List of Japanese natural gas companies
* List of power stations in Japan

Rankings|

* International rankings of Japan
* List of largest companies
* Prefectures by GDP
* Prefectures by GDP per capita

Industry|

* Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
* Automotive
* domestic market
* Construction
* Defense
* Electronics
* Manufacturing
* Mining
* Private enterprise
* Public corporations
* Transport
* Whaling

Associations|

* Japan Association of Corporate Executives
* Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
* Japan Business Federation

Other topics|

* Amakudari
* Economic relations of Japan
* Government-business relations in Japan
* List of exports of Japan
* National debt of Japan
* Nekonomics
* Nemawashi
* Research and development in Japan
* Science and technology in Japan
* Standard of living in Japan

* v
* t
* e

Energy in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Energy policy of Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Renewable energy by country and territory

Africa|

* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* Seychelles
* South Africa

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Vietnam

Europe|

| European Union|

* Austria
* Czech Republic
* Cyprus
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Spain
* Sweden

|

Other|

* Albania
* Armenia
* Belarus
* Iceland
* Kosovo
* Norway
* Russia
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Scotland

North America|

* Canada
* Costa Rica
* Honduras
* Mexico
* United States

Oceania|

* Australia
* Cook Islands
* French Polynesia
* New Zealand
* Tuvalu

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia

* Category
* Portal

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template