Energy in the Middle East

Energy in the Middle East describes energy and electricity production, consumption, import, natural gas, ecological concerns and climate change in the Middle East.

## Primary energy use

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See also: Demographics of the Middle East

Primary energy in the Middle East 2008[1]

#  |  | TWh  | Capita  | Capita growth
2004-2008  | TWh/million
1 | Iran | 2,350 | 71.96 | 7.4% | 33
2 | Saudi Arabia | 1,879 | 24.65 | 2.9% | 76
3 | Turkey | 1,146 | 71.08 | -1.0% | 16
4 | Egypt | 822 | 81.53 | 12.2% | 10
5 | United Arab Emirates | 680 | 4.48 | 3.7% | 152
6 | Iraq | 395 | 28.22 | 11.2% | 14
7 | Kuwait | 306 | 2.73 | 11.0 % | 112
8 | Qatar | 281 | 1.28 | 64.1 % | 219
9 | Israel | 256 | 17.31 | 7.5% | 15
10 | Syria | 229 | 21,23 | 14.3 % | 11
11 | Oman | 191 | 2.79 | 10.3% | 69
12 | Bahrain | 107 | 0.77 | 6.9 % | 139
13 | Yemen | 87 | 23.05 | 13.4% | 4
14 | Jordan | 82 | 5.91 | 8.6% | 14
15 | Lebanon | 61 | 4.14 | 16.9 % | 15
16 | Cyprus | 30 | 0.80 | -3.6% | 38
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh. Prim. energy includes energy losses

## Energy export

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Energy export from the Middle East in 2010 [2]

#  |  | TWh  | %
1 | Saudi Arabia | 4,551 | 37.2%
2 | Qatar | 1,748 | 14.3%
3 | Iran | 1,574 | 12.9%
4 | Kuwait | 1,159 | 9.5%
5 | United Arab Emirates | 1,129 | 9.2%
6 | Iraq | 1,017 | 8.3%
7 | Oman | 617 | 5.0%
8 | Egypt | 164 | 1.3%
9 | Yemen | 139 | 1.1%
10 | Bahrain | 79 | 0.6%
11 | Syria | 51 | 0.4%
Total: Middle East | 12,228 | 100%

Total energy export from the Middle East in 2010 was 12,228 TWh. The three largest exporters were Saudi Arabia 37.2%, Qatar 14.3% and Iran 12.9%.[2]

## Oil

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In 2009 the largest share of oil production was in the Middle East (24 million barrels daily, or 31 percent of global production). According to Transparency International based on BP data regionally the largest share of proved oil reserves is in the Middle East (754 billion barrels, constituting 51 percent of global reserves including oil sands and 57 percent excluding them). According to BP of the world oil reserves were in Saudi Arabia 18%, Iran 9%, Iraq 8%, Kuwait 7% and UAE 7%.

In June 2015, Jim Hollis, CEO of NEOS, during “Oil and Gas: Governance and Integration” forum, stated that Lebanon’s potential offshore natural gas reserves are estimated at 25 trillion cubic feet, according to initial estimates carried out in the country's exclusive economic zone.

It was estimated in 2009 that the total proven oil reserves present within the MENA region amounted to 813.8 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BBOE).[3] The nations with the largest volumes of BBOE are Saudi Arabia which possesses 264.2 BBOE, Iran holding 138.4 BBOE, and Iraq with 101.5 BBOE.[3]

## Natural gas

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Countries within the MENA region currently hold about 40 percent of the world's natural gas reserves.[4] As of 2022, both Iran and Qatar hold the highest amount of proven natural gas reserves with 32.1 trillion cubic meters and 24.7 trillion cubic meters respectively.[5]

### Natural gas in Iran

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Iran's first ventures into natural gas began in the 1930's when the chairman of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, John Cadman, turned down the Iranian government's proposals to start natural gas extraction due to the time and resources he believed would be required.[6] In the early 1940's, American engineering company Morrison-Knudsen provided enough recommendations for a convincing plan to be formed and presented to the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, now renamed The British Petroleum Company, which would one day become B.P. p.l.c, commonly known as just B.P.[6]

Despite holding 15.8% of the world's total natural gas, Iran exports just 1% of the world's natural gas due to sanctions and global relations.[7] Although Iran does not export a significant amount of natural gas worldwide, Iran has used natural gas to support domestic industrialization since the 1960's.[8]

### Natural gas in Qatar

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Qatar, opposite Iran, is one of the largest exporters of liquefied natural gas in the entire world. Formerly holding the title of largest global exporter, Qatar plans to increase their natural gas production by 85%, or up to 142 million metric tons per annum by the year 2030. [9] Equipment and facilities are already in place as of 2025 to help propel Qatar past the United States and Australia in an effort to reclaim their status as the world's largest gas exporter.[10]

### Natural gas in Israel

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In 2019, Israel's EU Ambassador, Oded Eran, publicly discussed the possibility of an underwater natural gas pipeline in the Mediterranean sea between Israel and Turkey in Cyprus. However, the pipeline project has not yet reached a stage that will allow construction to begin.[6] Complications such as a construction cost estimated to be at 6.5 billion euros and the perceived possibility Russian interference in the natural gas market were cited as reasons for the delay.[6]

## Ecological concerns and climate change

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As of 2024, international researchers are studying the environmental damage done by oil and natural gas explorations and extractions, both of which heavily impact marine wildlife and fishing.[11]

As seafood has been a staple of Middle Eastern diet for many years, researchers are concerned that the methods in which natural gas is acquired has broad and far reaching effects on local marine biology. Studies note how the operations of oil rigs may disrupt the ecological cycles of marine wildlife. The direct present of the oil rig itself presents a challenge for marine animals who may be forced into relocating elsewhere. The powerful sonic vibrations of the drilling can kill fish and destroy marine habitats. Contaminated water from the drilling also is no longer viable for usage by any biological life.[12]

According to a study on nanoecotoxicology, there are three main routes that the oil extraction process affects marine wildlife. The first is noise emission, which has been shown to cause fish distress. The second is the dumping of contaminated water from the operations which has become unusable, and lastly, ordinary environmental pollution caused by the flames of the energy extraction process.[13]

### Carbon dioxide emission

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Several Middle Eastern countries are among the world's top carbon dioxide emitters per capita: World dirty top countries were in 2009 (tonnes/capita): 1) Gibraltar 152, 2) Virgin Islands, US 114, 3) Qatar 80, 4) Netherlands Antilles 51, 5) Bahrain 43\. 6) United Arab Emirates 40, 7) Trinidad and Tobago 39, Singapore 34 and Kuwait 32.[14] All emissions from building and cement production are local but some people may argue that some United Arab Emirates produced fuels and/or goods are consumed abroad.[15] One of the biggest sources of emissions in the Middle East is air conditioning, a virtual necessity in the region's often torrid climate. Per capita use of air conditioning in the Middle East is currently far lower than in the United States, but is expected to increase.[16]

### Transparency

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Researchers note that governments within the MENA region tend to have poorer regulation regarding environmental statistics transparency when compared to other global regions, though this varies by country.[17]

## Business

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Major energy companies in the Middle East include Saudi Aramco, QatarEnergy, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation KPC and National Iranian Oil Company NIOC.

## Arab region

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The Arab region which includes Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauretania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen, hold approximately 60% of the world's oil reserves, and 30% of the world's gas reserves. The Arab region is highly dependable on the energy sector because it is the basis of its recent development. The energy sector represents approximately 40% of the Arab region's GDP.[18] However, due to rapid increase in population, industrial and agricultural development, electricity consumption has increased dramatically in the region. In fact, the region's electricity consumption growth rate was registered at 7.9% per year in 2010 while the region's cumulative GDP growth rate at 3.9% during the same year.[19]

The Arab region is facing a huge influx of energy demand coming from rapidly growing energy intensive urban industrial cities. A significant portion of the energy demand is due to water desalination plants. The interrelationship of exerting energy to produce water and vice versa is a concept known as Energy-Water-Nexus. These rapidly growing cities are experiencing world's fastest rates of energy consumption per capita, which also means enormous amount of water consumption as well. If this demand was not mitigated, it will drastically decrease the exported energy from the Arab region because most of it will have to be used within the region to meet its own demand. Consequently, economic instability will arise due to enormous lost in revenue.[20] [21]

## References

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1. ^ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Page: Country specific indicator numbers from page 48
2. ^ a b IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2012 Archived 2013-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, Country specific indicator numbers from page 48
3. ^ a b Aguilera, Roberto F. (March 2009). "Assessing oil resources in the Middle East and North Africa". OPEC Energy Review. 33 (1): 47–69\. Bibcode:2009OEnRv..33...47A. doi:10.1111/j.1753-0237.2009.00160.x. ISSN 1753-0229.
4. ^ Transparency International, International Secretariat (2011). Promoting revenue transparency: 2011 report on oil and gas companies. Berlin: Transparency International. pp. 113–115\. ISBN 978-3-935711-66-1.
5. ^ Puri-Mirza, Amna (22 March 2024). "Total proven reserves of natural gas in the Middle East in 2022, by country". Statista.com. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
6. ^ a b c d Gürzel Aka, Aylin G.; Engin Bozoglu, Aslıhan; Hashimov, Isbandiyar; Pulhan, Afet (2022-01-02). "The 'new great game' in the Eastern Mediterranean". Israel Affairs. 28 (1): 7. doi:10.1080/13537121.2022.2017133. ISSN 1353-7121.
7. ^ Bayomi, Norhan; Heinrich, Mike; Fernandez, John E. (December 2017). "Emission Saving Potentials from Transition to Natural Gas Usage: A view from Four Major Emitters". Energy Procedia. 142: 3152. Bibcode:2017EnPro.142.3147B. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.377. hdl:1721.1/128859.
8. ^ Movahedi-Lankarani, Ciruce (February 2022). "A Ghoul at the Gates: Natural Gas Energy and the Environment in Pahlavi Iran, 1960–1979". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 54 (1): 80–99\. doi:10.1017/S002074382100132X. ISSN 0020-7438.
9. ^ Boufarah, Christina; Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates; Godsil, Ally; Krane, Jim; Gil, Ana Martín (2024). Global Energy: Qatar's LNG Expansion (Report). James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University. doi:10.25613/zhcn-re19.
10. ^ Tusiani, Michael D. (2023-12-31). From Black Gold to Frozen Gas: How Qatar Became an Energy Superpower. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/tusi21086. ISBN 978-0-231-55862-4.
11. ^ Razzaghi, Somayeh; Fotros, Mohammad Hassan (2024-12-16). "Exploring the influence of gas extraction on fisheries' footprint in the Middle East: applying spatial econometrics". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 197 (1): 57. Bibcode:2024EMnAs.197...57R. doi:10.1007/s10661-024-13484-3. ISSN 1573-2959. PMID 39676082.
12. ^ Razzaghi, Somayeh; Fotros, Mohammad Hassan (2024-12-16). "Exploring the influence of gas extraction on fisheries' footprint in the Middle East: applying spatial econometrics". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 197 (1): 57. Bibcode:2024EMnAs.197...57R. doi:10.1007/s10661-024-13484-3. ISSN 1573-2959.
13. ^ Hjorth, Rune; Skjolding, Lars M.; Sørensen, Sara N.; Baun, Anders (2017-10-01). "Regulatory adequacy of aquatic ecotoxicity testing of nanomaterials". NanoImpact. 8: 28–37\. Bibcode:2017NanoI...8...28H. doi:10.1016/j.impact.2017.07.003. ISSN 2452-0748.
14. ^ World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest Guardian 31 January 2011
15. ^ Which nations are most responsible for climate change? Guardian 21 April 2011
16. ^ "Kigali climate change deal: Will the Middle East keep its cool?". Journal of Middle Eastern Politics and Policy. 25 October 2016. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017.
17. ^ Kilincarslan, Erhan; Elmagrhi, Mohamed H.; Li, Zezeng (2020-05-11). "Impact of governance structures on environmental disclosures in the Middle East and Africa". Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. 20 (4): 739–763\. doi:10.1108/CG-08-2019-0250. ISSN 1472-0701.
18. ^ Fattouh B, El Katiri L (2012) Energy and subsidies in the Arab world. UNDP Arab Human Development Report Research Paper Series, Regional Bureau for Arab States, New York
19. ^ RCREEE (2015) Arab Future Energy Index (AFEX). Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE), Cairo, Egypt
20. ^ Amer, Kamel, et al., editors. The Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in the Arab Region. 1st ed., ser. 2367-4008, Springer International Publishing, 2017.
21. ^ Badran, Adnan, et al., editors. Water, Energy, & Food Sustainability in the Middle East. 1st ed., ser. 978-3-319-48920-9, Springer International Publishing, 2017.

## See also

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