Energy industry

Industries involved in the production and sale of energy

The energy industry refers to all of the industries involved in the production and sale of energy, including fuel extraction, manufacturing, refining and distribution. Modern society consumes large amounts of fuel, and the energy industry is a crucial part of the infrastructure and maintenance of society in almost all countries.

In particular, the energy industry comprises:

* the fossil fuel industries, which include petroleum industries (oil companies, petroleum refiners, fuel transport and end-user sales at gas stations), coal industries (extraction and processing), and the natural gas industries (natural gas extraction, and coal gas manufacture, as well as distribution and sales);
* the electrical power industry, including electricity generation, electric power distribution, and sales;
* the nuclear power industry;
* the renewable energy industry, comprising alternative energy and sustainable energy companies, including those involved in hydroelectric power, wind power, and solar power generation, and the manufacture, distribution and sale of alternative fuels; and,
* traditional energy industry based on the collection and distribution of firewood, the use of which, for cooking and heating, is particularly common in poorer countries.

The increased dependence during the 20th century on carbon-emitting energy sources, such as fossil fuels, and carbon-emitting renewables, such as biomass, means that the energy industry has frequently contributed to pollution and environmental impacts on the economy. Until recently, fossil fuels were the primary source of energy generation in most parts of the world and are a significant contributor to global warming and pollution. Many economies are investing in renewable and sustainable energy to limit global warming and reduce air pollution.

Energy consumption in kilograms of oil equivalent (kgoe) per person per year per country (2001 data). Darker tones indicate larger consumption, while dark grey areas are missing from the dataset. Red hue indicates increasing consumption, green hue indicates decreasing consumption, in the time between 1990 and 2001.

## History

[edit]

The use of energy has been a key in the development of human societies by helping it to control and adapt to the environment. Managing the use of energy is inevitable in any functional society. In the industrialized world the development of energy resources has become essential for agriculture, transportation, waste collection, information technology, communications that have become prerequisites of a developed society. The increasing use of energy since the Industrial Revolution has also brought with it a number of serious problems, some of which, such as global warming, present potentially grave risks to the world.[1]

In some industries, the word energy is used as a synonym for energy resources, which refer to substances like fuels, petroleum products, and electricity in general. This is because a significant portion of the energy contained in these resources can easily be extracted to serve a useful purpose. After a useful process has taken place, the total energy is conserved. Still, the resource itself is not conserved since a process usually transforms the energy into unusable forms (such as unnecessary or excess heat).

Ever since humanity discovered various energy resources available in nature, it has been inventing devices, known as machines, that make life more comfortable by using energy resources. Thus, although primitive man knew the utility of fire to cook food, the invention of devices like gas burners and microwave ovens led to additional ways of how energy can be used. The trend is the same in any other field of social activity, be it the construction of social infrastructure, manufacturing of fabrics for covering, porting, printing, decorating, for example, textiles, air conditioning, communication of information, or for moving people and goods (automobiles).

## Economics

[edit]

Main article: Energy economics

Production and consumption of energy resources is very important to the global economy. All economic activity requires energy resources, whether to manufacture goods, provide transportation, run computers and other machines.

Widespread demand for energy may encourage competing energy utilities and the formation of retail energy markets. Note the presence of the "Energy Marketing and Customer Service" (EMACS) sub-sector.[2]

The energy sector accounts for 4.6% of outstanding leveraged loans, compared with 3.1% a decade ago, while energy bonds make up 15.7% of the $1.3 trillion junk bond market, up from 4.3% over the same period.[3]

## Management

[edit]

Main article: Energy demand management

Since the cost of energy has become a significant factor in the performance of societies' economies, the management of energy resources has become crucial. Energy management involves using the available energy resources more effectively, that is, with minimum incremental costs. Simple management techniques can often save energy expenditures without incorporating fresh technology.[4] Energy management is most often the practice of using energy more efficiently by eliminating energy wastage or balancing justifiable energy demand with appropriate energy supply. The process couples energy awareness with energy conservation.

## Classifications

[edit]

### Government

[edit]

The United Nations developed the International Standard Industrial Classification, which is a list of economic and social classifications.[5] There is no distinct classification for an energy industry, because the classification system is based on activities, products, and expenditures according to purpose.[6]

Countries in North America use the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The NAICS sectors No. 21 and No. 22 (mining and utilities) might roughly define the energy industry in North America. This classification is used by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

### Financial market

[edit]

The Global Industry Classification Standard used by Morgan Stanley define the energy industry as comprising companies primarily working with oil, gas, coal and consumable fuels, excluding companies working with certain industrial gases.[7] Add also to expand this section: Dow Jones Industrial Average[8]

## Environmental impact

[edit]

Main article: Environmental impact of the energy industry

Government encouragement in the form of subsidies and tax incentives for energy-conservation efforts has increasingly fostered the view of conservation as a major function of the energy industry: saving an amount of energy provides economic benefits almost identical to generating that same amount of energy. This is compounded by the fact that the economics of delivering energy tend to be priced for capacity as opposed to average usage. One of the purposes of a smart grid infrastructure is to smooth out demand so that capacity and demand curves align more closely. Some parts of the energy industry generate considerable pollution, including toxic and greenhouse gases from fuel combustion, nuclear waste from the generation of nuclear power, and oil spillages as a result of petroleum extraction. Government regulations to internalize these externalities form an increasing part of doing business, and the trading of carbon credits and pollution credits on the free market may also result in energy-saving and pollution-control measures becoming even more important to energy providers.

Consumption of energy resources, (e.g. turning on a light) requires resources and has an effect on the environment. Many electric power plants burn coal, oil or natural gas to generate electricity for energy needs. While burning these fossil fuels produces a readily available and instantaneous supply of electricity, it also generates air pollutants including carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide and trioxide (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas, known to be responsible, along with methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases, for the rapid increase in global warming since the Industrial Revolution. In the 20th century, global temperature records are significantly higher than temperature records from thousands of years ago, taken from ice cores in Arctic regions. Burning fossil fuels for electricity generation also releases trace metals such as beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, mercury, nickel, and silver into the environment, which also act as pollutants.

The large-scale use of renewable energy technologies would "greatly mitigate or eliminate a wide range of environmental and human health impacts of energy use".[9][10] Renewable energy technologies include biofuels, solar heating and cooling, hydroelectric power, solar power, and wind power. Energy conservation and the efficient use of energy would also help.

In addition it is argued that there is also the potential to develop a more efficient energy sector. This can be done by:[11]

* Fuel switching in the power sector from coal to natural gas;
* Power plant optimisation and other measures to improve the efficiency of existing CCGT power plants;
* Combined heat and power (CHP), from micro-scale residential to large-scale industrial;
* Waste heat recovery

Best available technology (BAT) offers supply-side efficiency levels far higher than global averages. The relative benefits of gas compared to coal are influenced by the development of increasingly efficient energy production methods. According to an impact assessment carried out for the European Commission, the levels of energy efficiency of coal-fired plants built have now increased to 46–49% efficiency rates, as compared to coals plants built before the 1990s (32–40%).[12] However, at the same time gas can reach 58–59% efficiency levels with the best available technology.[12] Meanwhile, combined heat and power can offer efficiency rates of 80–90%.[12]

## Politics

[edit]

Since energy now plays an essential role in industrial societies, the ownership and control of energy resources plays an increasing role in politics. At the national level, governments seek to influence the sharing (distribution) of energy resources among various sections of the society through pricing mechanisms; or even who owns resources within their borders. They may also seek to influence the use of energy by individuals and business in an attempt to tackle environmental issues.

The most recent international political controversy regarding energy resources is in the context of the Iraq Wars. Some political analysts maintain that the hidden reason for both 1991 and 2003 wars can be traced to strategic control of international energy resources.[13] Others counter this analysis with the numbers related to its economics. According to the latter group of analysts, U.S. has spent about $336 billion in Iraq[14] as compared with a background current value of $25 billion per year budget for the entire U.S. oil import dependence[15]

### Policy

[edit]

Main article: Energy policy

Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address issues of energy development, including energy production, distribution and consumption. The attributes of energy policy may include legislation, international treaties, incentives to investment, guidelines for energy conservation, taxation and other public policy techniques.

### Security

[edit]

Main article: Energy security

Energy security is the intersection of national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption. Access to cheap energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies. However, the uneven distribution of energy supplies among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities. Threats to energy security include the political instability of several energy producing countries, the manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over energy sources, attacks on supply infrastructure, as well as accidents, natural disasters, the funding to foreign dictators, rising terrorism, and dominant countries reliance to the foreign oil supply.[16] The limited supplies, uneven distribution, and rising costs of fossil fuels, such as oil and gas, create a need to change to more sustainable energy sources in the foreseeable future. With as much dependence that the U.S. currently has for oil and with the peaking limits of oil production; economies and societies will begin to feel the decline in the resource that we have become dependent upon. Energy security has become one of the leading issues in the world today as oil and other resources have become as vital to the world's people. But with oil production rates decreasing and oil production peak nearing, the world has come to protect what resources we have left. With new advancements in renewable resources, less pressure has been put on companies that produce the world's oil; these resources are geothermal, solar power, wind power, and hydroelectric. Although these are not all the current and possible options for the world to turn to as the oil depletes, the most critical issue is protecting these vital resources from future threats. These new resources will become more valuable as the price of exporting and importing oil will increase due to increased demand.

## Development

[edit]

Main article: Energy development

Producing energy to sustain human needs is an essential social activity, and a great deal of effort goes into the activity. While most of such effort is limited towards increasing the production of electricity and oil, newer ways of producing usable energy resources from the available energy resources are being explored. One such effort is to explore means of producing hydrogen fuel from water. Though hydrogen use is environmentally friendly, its production requires energy and existing technologies to make it, are not very efficient. Research is underway to explore enzymatic decomposition of biomass.[17]

Other forms of conventional energy resources are also being used in new ways. Coal gasification and liquefaction are recent technologies that are becoming attractive after the realization that oil reserves, at present consumption rates, may be rather short lived. See alternative fuels.

Energy is the subject of significant research activities globally. For example, the UK Energy Research Centre is the focal point for UK energy research while the European Union has many technology programmes as well as a platform for engaging social science and humanities within energy research.[18]

## Transportation

[edit]

All societies require materials and food to be transported over distances, generally against some force of friction. Since application of force over distance requires the presence of a source of usable energy, such sources are of great worth in society.

While energy resources are an essential ingredient for all modes of transportation in society, the transportation of energy resources is becoming equally important. Energy resources are frequently located far from the place where they are consumed. Therefore, their transportation is always in question. Some energy resources like liquid or gaseous fuels are transported using tankers or pipelines, while electricity transportation invariably requires a network of grid cables. The transportation of energy, whether by tanker, pipeline, or transmission line, poses challenges for scientists and engineers, policy makers, and economists to make it more risk-free and efficient.

## Crisis

[edit]

Main article: Energy crisis

Oil prices from 1861 to 2007

Economic and political instability can lead to an energy crisis. Notable oil crises are the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 oil crisis. The advent of peak oil, the point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, will likely precipitate another energy crisis.

## Mergers and acquisitions

[edit]

Between 1985 and 2018 there had been around 69,932 deals in the energy sector. This cumulates to an overall value of US$9,578bn. The most active year was 2010 with about 3.761 deals. In terms of value 2007 was the strongest year (US$684bn), which was followed by a steep decline until 2009 (−55.8%).[19]

Here is a list of the top 10 deals in history in the energy sector:

Date Announced  | Acquiror Name  | Acquiror Mid Industry  | Acquiror Nation  | Target Name  | Target Mid Industry  | Target Nation  | Value of Transaction ($mil)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

12/01/1998  | Exxon Corp  | Oil & Gas  | United States  | Mobil Corp  | Oil & Gas  | United States  | 78,945.79
10/28/2004  | Royal Dutch Petroleum Co  | Oil & Gas  | Netherlands  | Shell Transport & Trading Co  | Oil & Gas  | United Kingdom  | 74,558.58
04/08/2015  | Royal Dutch Shell PLC  | Petrochemicals  | Netherlands  | BG Group PLC  | Oil & Gas  | United Kingdom  | 69,445.02
02/25/2006  | Gaz de France SA  | Oil & Gas  | France  | Suez SA  | Power  | France  | 60,856.45
07/05/1999  | Total Fina SA  | Oil & Gas  | France  | Elf Aquitaine  | Oil & Gas  | France  | 50,070.05
08/11/1998  | British Petroleum Co PLC  | Oil & Gas  | United Kingdom  | Amoco Corp  | Oil & Gas  | United States  | 48,174.09
09/01/2010  | Petrobras  | Oil & Gas  | Brazil  | Brazil-Oil & Gas Blocks  | Oil & Gas  | Brazil  | 42,877.03
10/16/2000  | Chevron Corp  | Petrochemicals  | United States  | Texaco Inc  | Petrochemicals  | United States  | 42,872.30
06/20/2000  | Vivendi SA  | Water and Waste Management  | France  | Seagram Co Ltd  | Motion Pictures / Audio Visual  | Canada  | 40,428.19
12/14/2009  | Exxon Mobil Corp  | Petrochemicals  | United States  | XTO Energy Inc  | Oil & Gas  | United States  | 40,298.14

## See also

[edit]

* Energy portal

* Climate lawsuit
* Energy accounting
* Energy quality
* Energy system – the interpretation of the energy sector in system terms
* Energy transformation
* Economics of climate change
* Hydrogen economy
* List of books about the energy industry
* List of countries by energy consumption per capita
* List of energy resources
* List of largest energy companies
* Renewable energy
* Stranded asset
* World energy consumption
* Worldwide energy supply

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "If the energy sector is to tackle climate change, it must also think about water – Analysis". IEA. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
2. ^ Allen, J (1998). "Emacs ushers in customer-, marketing-driven industry". Electrical World. 212 (3): 41–43\. ISSN 0013-4457. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2010. "The Energy Marketing and Customer Service (EMACS) conference/exhibition focuses exclusively on the selling of energy in competitive retail markets."
3. ^ Alloway, Tracy (26 November 2014). "Oil price fall starts to weigh on banks". ft.com. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
4. ^ Energy Management :: MEPoL Archived 25 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
5. ^ United Nations economic and social classifications Archived 24 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 6 April 2007.
6. ^ United Nations Available Classifications Archived 10 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 6 April 2007.
7. ^ MSCI-Barra GICS Tables Archived 10 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 6 April 2007.
8. ^ "Industry Classification Benchmark for Dow Jones Indexes (United States) and FTSE Indexes (United Kingdom)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
9. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A. (2010). "Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials" (PDF). Energy policy.[permanent dead link]
10. ^ Kuli Aye. "Energie vergelijken switchen Energieleverancier top 10". Energie vergelijken (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
11. ^ European Movement for Efficient Energy 2011\. Energy efficient solutions for the conservation of energy. Retrieved: 11 October 2011 18:52
12. ^ a b c European Commission 2011\. Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy efficiency and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC Archived 17 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. p. 106 Retrieved 11 October 2011 19:01
13. ^ "The Peakist » Oil and Empire – the backstory to the invasion of Iraq". Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2011. Oil and Empire – the backstory to the invasion of Iraq
14. ^ The War in Iraq Costs Archived 12 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine, A running total of the U.S. taxpayer cost to date of the Iraq War. The number is based on Congressional appropriations.
15. ^ Gibson Consulting Archived 12 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine US OIL DEMAND, 2004.
16. ^ "Power plays: Energy and Australia's security". Aspi.org.au. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
17. ^ "Virginia Tech Deans' Task Force on Energy Security and Sustainability". Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
18. ^ "H2020 SHAPE-Energy". Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
19. ^ "M&A by Industries – Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)". Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA). Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2018.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Armstrong, Robert C., Catherine Wolfram, Robert Gross, Nathan S. Lewis, and M.V. Ramana et al. The Frontiers of Energy, Nature Energy, Vol 1, 11 January 2016.
* Bradley, Robert (2004). Energy: The Master Resource. Kendall Hunt. p. 252\. ISBN 978-0757511691.
* Fouquet, Roger, and Peter J.G. Pearson. "Seven Centuries of Energy Services: The Price and Use of Light in the United Kingdom (1300-2000)". Energy Journal 27.1 (2006).
* Gales, Ben, et al. "North versus South: Energy transition and energy intensity in Europe over 200 years". European Review of Economic History 11.2 (2007): 219–253.
* Nye, David E. Consuming power: A social history of American energies (MIT Press, 1999)
* Pratt, Joseph A. Exxon: Transforming Energy, 1973–2005 (2013) 600pp
* Smil, Vaclav (1994). Energy in World History. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-1902-5.
* Stern, David I. "The role of energy in economic growth". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1219.1 (2011): 26–51.
* Warr, Benjamin, et al. "Energy use and economic development: A comparative analysis of useful work supply in Austria, Japan, the United Kingdom and the US during 100 years of economic growth". Ecological Economics 69.10 (2010): 1904–1917.
* Yergin, Daniel (2011). The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World. Penguin. p. 816\. ISBN 978-1594202834.

* v
* t
* e

Energy

* History
* Index
* Outline

Fundamental
concepts|

* Conservation of energy
* Energetics
* Energy
* Units
* Energy condition
* Energy level
* Energy system
* Energy transformation
* Energy transition
* Mass
* Negative mass
* Mass–energy equivalence
* Power
* Thermodynamics
* Enthalpy
* Entropic force
* Entropy
* Exergy
* Free entropy
* Heat capacity
* Heat transfer
* Irreversible process
* Isolated system
* Laws of thermodynamics
* Negentropy
* Quantum thermodynamics
* Thermal equilibrium
* Thermal reservoir
* Thermodynamic equilibrium
* Thermodynamic free energy
* Thermodynamic potential
* Thermodynamic state
* Thermodynamic system
* Thermodynamic temperature
* Volume (thermodynamics)
* Work

Types|

* Binding
* Nuclear
* Chemical
* Dark
* Elastic
* Electric potential energy
* Electrical
* Gravitational
* Binding
* Interatomic potential
* Internal
* Ionization
* Kinetic
* Magnetic
* Mechanical
* Negative
* Phantom
* Potential
* Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
* Quantum fluctuation
* Quantum potential
* Quintessence
* Radiant
* Rest
* Sound
* Surface
* Thermal
* Vacuum
* Zero-point

Energy carriers|

* Battery
* Capacitor
* Electricity
* Enthalpy
* Fuel
* Fossil
* Oil
* Heat
* Latent heat
* Hydrogen
* Hydrogen fuel
* Mechanical wave
* Radiation
* Sound wave
* Work

Primary energy|

* Bioenergy
* Fossil fuel
* Coal
* Natural gas
* Petroleum
* Geothermal
* Gravitational
* Hydropower
* Marine
* Nuclear fuel
* Natural uranium
* Radiant
* Solar
* Wind

Energy system
components|

* Biomass
* Electric power
* Electricity delivery
* Energy engineering
* Fossil fuel power station
* Cogeneration
* Integrated gasification combined cycle
* Geothermal power
* Hydropower
* Hydroelectricity
* Tidal power
* Wave farm
* Nuclear power
* Nuclear power plant
* Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
* Oil refinery
* Solar power
* Concentrated solar power
* Photovoltaic system
* Solar thermal energy
* Solar furnace
* Solar power tower
* Wind power
* Airborne wind energy
* Wind farm

Use and
supply|

* Efficient energy use
* Agriculture
* Computing
* Transport
* Energy conservation
* Energy consumption
* Energy policy
* Energy development
* Energy security
* Energy storage
* Renewable energy
* Sustainable energy
* World energy supply and consumption
* Africa
* Asia
* Australia
* Canada
* Europe
* Mexico
* South America
* United States

Misc.|

* Energy in work
* Carbon footprint
* Energy democracy
* Energy recovery
* Energy recycling
* Jevons paradox
* Waste-to-energy
* Waste-to-energy plant

* Category
* Commons
* Portal
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Major industries by economic sector

Primary sector or ′Natural sector′ (raw materials)

| Biotic|

| Agriculture|

* Arable farming
* Cereals
* Legumes
* Vegetables
* Fiber crops
* Oilseeds
* Sugar
* Tobacco
* Permanent crops
* Apples et al.
* Berries
* Citrus
* Stone fruits
* Tropical fruit
* Viticulture
* Cocoa
* Coffee
* Tea
* Nuts
* Olives
* Medicinal plants
* Spices
* Horticulture
* Flowers
* Seeds
* Animal husbandry
* Beef cattle
* Dairy farming
* Fur farming
* Horses
* Other livestock
* Pig
* Wool
* Poultry
* Beekeeping
* Cochineal
* Shellac
* Silk
* Hunting
* Fur trapping

|

Forestry|

* Silviculture
* Bamboo
* Logging
* Firewood
* Rattan
* Tree tapping
* Frankincense
* Gum arabic
* Gutta-percha
* Maple syrup
* Mastic
* Natural rubber
* Palm sugar, syrup, & wine
* Pine resin
* Wild mushrooms
* Fungiculture
* Truffles

Aquatic|

* Fishing
* Anchovies
* Herring
* Sardines
* Cod
* Haddock
* Pollock
* Mackerel
* Shark
* Swordfish
* Tuna
* Crabs
* Lobsters
* Sea urchins
* Squid
* Whaling
* Aquaculture
* Carp
* Catfish
* Tilapia
* Abalone
* Mussels
* Oysters
* Pearls
* Microalgae
* Seaweed
* Both
* Clams
* Sea cucumbers
* Scallops
* Salmon
* Shrimp

Geological|

* Fossil fuels
* Coal
* Peat
* Natural gas
* Oil shale
* Petroleum
* Tar sands
* Mining of ores
* Aluminum
* Copper
* Iron
* Gold
* Silver
* Palladium
* Platinum
* Lithium
* Rare-earth metals
* Uranium
* Other minerals
* Gemstones
* Phosphorus
* Potash
* Salt
* Sulfur
* Quarrying
* Gravel
* Sand
* Chalk
* Clay
* Gypsum
* Limestone
* Dimension stone
* Granite
* Marble

Secondary sector or ′Industrial sector′ (goods manufacturing)

| Manufacturing|

| Light industry|

* Food
* Animal feed
* Baking
* Canning
* Dairy products
* Flour
* Meat
* Prepared
* Preserved
* Sweets
* Vegetable oils
* Beverages
* Beer
* Bottled water
* Liquor
* Soft drinks
* Wine
* Textiles
* Carding
* Dyeing
* Prints
* Spinning
* Weaving
* Carpets
* Lace
* Linens
* Rope
* Clothing
* Accessories
* Dressmaking
* Furs
* Hatmaking
* Sewing
* Shoemaking
* Tailoring
* Printing
* Bookbinding
* Embossing
* Engraving
* Secure
* Typesetting
* Media reproduction
* Cassette tapes
* Phonographs
* Optical discs
* Metal fabrication
* Boilermaking
* Builders' & household hardware
* Cutlery
* Gunsmithing
* Locksmithing
* Machining
* Other smithing
* Powder metallurgy
* Prefabrication
* Surface finishing
* Other fabrication
* 3D printing
* Blow molding
* Drawing
* Extrusion
* Glassblowing
* Injection moulding
* Pottery
* Sintering
* Stonemasonry
* Woodworking
* Furniture
* Other goods
* Baggage
* Bicycles
* Jewellery
* Medical supplies
* Musical instruments
* Office supplies
* Outdoors & sports equipment
* Personal protective equipment
* Toys

|

Electrical
& optical|

* Electronics
* Components
* Circuit boards
* Semiconductors
* Computers
* Computer systems
* Parts & peripherals
* Blank storage media
* Communications equipment
* Mobile phones
* Network infrastructure
* Consumer electronics
* Televisions
* Video game consoles
* Instrumentation
* Clocks and watches
* GPS devices
* Scientific instruments
* Medical imaging systems
* Optical instruments
* Cameras
* Gun & spotting scopes
* Laser construction
* Lens grinding
* Microscopes
* Telescopes
* Electrical equipment
* Batteries
* Electrical & fiber optic cables
* Electric lighting
* Electric motors
* Home appliances
* Transformers

Chemicals|

* Coal & oil refining
* Bitumen
* Coke
* Diesel fuel
* Fuel oil
* Gasoline
* Jet fuel
* Kerosene
* Mineral oil
* Paraffin wax
* Petrochemicals
* Petroleum jelly
* Propane
* Synthetic oil
* Tar
* Commodity chemicals
* Fertilizers
* Industrial gases
* Pigments
* Pure elements
* Speciality chemicals
* Adhesives
* Agrochemicals
* Aroma compounds
* Cleaning products
* Cosmetics
* Explosives
* Fireworks
* Paints & inks
* Perfumes
* Soap
* Toiletries
* Fine chemicals
* Pharmaceuticals
* Antibiotics
* Blood products
* Chemical & hormonal contraceptives
* Generic drugs
* Illegal drugs
* Supplements
* Vaccines

Materials|

* Leather
* Liming & deliming
* Tanning
* Currying & oiling
* Wood
* Drying
* Sawmilling
* Engineered
* Lumber
* Composite
* Paper
* Sizing
* Cardboard
* Pulp
* Tissue
* Rubber
* Tires
* Vulcanized rubber
* Plastics
* Commodity
* Engineered
* Specialty
* Pellets
* Synthetic fibers
* Thermoplastics & thermosets
* Glass
* Borosilicate
* Fused quartz
* Soda-lime
* Float glass
* Glass fiber
* Glass wool & fiberglass
* Safety glass
* Ceramics
* Brick
* Earthenware
* Porcelain
* Refractory
* Tile
* Cement
* Mortar
* Plaster
* Ready-mix concrete
* Other mineral
* Abrasives
* Carbon fibers & advanced materials
* Mineral wool
* Synthetic gems
* Metal refining
* Iron
* Aluminum
* Copper
* Alloys
* Steel
* Formed metal
* Rolled
* Forged
* Cast metal

Heavy industry|

* Machinery
* Conveyors
* Heavy
* Hydraulic
* Machine tools
* Power & wind turbines
* Automobiles
* Other heavy vehicles
* Aerospace & space
* Rail vehicles
* Ships & offshore platforms
* Weapons

Utilities|

* Power
* Electric
* Gas distribution
* Renewable
* Water
* Sewage
* Waste management
* Collection
* Dumping
* Hazardous
* Recycling
* Remediation
* Telecom networks
* Cable TV
* Internet
* Mobile
* Satellite
* Telephone

Construction|

* Buildings
* Commercial
* Industrial
* Residential
* Civil engineering
* Bridges
* Railways
* Roads
* Tunnels
* Canals
* Dams
* Dredging
* Harbors
* Specialty trades
* Cabinetry
* Demolition
* Electrical wiring
* Elevators
* HVAC
* Painting and decorating
* Plumbing
* Site preparation

Tertiary sector or ′Service sector′ (services)

| Sales|

* Retail
* Car dealership
* Consumer goods
* General store
* Grocery store
* Department store
* Mail order
* Online shopping
* Specialty store
* Wholesale
* Auction
* Brokerage
* Distribution

|

Transport
& Storage|

* Cargo
* Air cargo
* Intermodal
* Mail
* Moving company
* Rail
* Trucking
* Passenger transport
* Airlines
* Car rentals
* Passenger rail
* Ridesharing
* Taxis
* Warehousing
* Self storage

Hospitality|

* Foodservice
* Drink service
* Cafés
* Catering
* Fast food
* Food delivery
* Restaurants
* Teahouses
* Hotels

Asset management|

* Financial services
* Banking
* Credit
* Financial advice
* Holding company
* Money transfer
* Payment cards
* Risk management
* Securities
* Insurance
* Health
* Life
* Pension funding
* Property
* Reinsurance
* Real estate
* Brokerage
* Property management

Professional|

* Accounting
* Assurance
* Audit
* Bookkeeping
* Tax advice
* Architecture & engineering
* Inspection
* Surveying
* Physical, product, & system testing
* Design
* Fashion
* Interior
* Product
* Legal services
* Management
* Consulting
* Public relations
* Marketing
* Advertising
* Creative
* Language
* Research and development
* Basic research

Healthcare|

* Medicine
* Dentist offices
* Hospitals
* Nursing
* Residential care
* Veterinary medicine

Entertainment
& leisure|

* Audio-visual
* Film
* Music
* Video games
* Broadcasting
* News
* Radio
* Television
* Sport
* Travel
* Business travel
* Cruise lines
* Tourism
* Gambling
* Online
* Venues
* Arcades
* Amusement parks
* Fairgrounds
* Nightclubs
* Tabletop games

Publishing
& Mass media|

* Written
* Books
* Periodicals
* Software
* Internet
* Hosting
* Social networks
* Streaming
* Websites

Education|

* Primary
* Secondary
* Tertiary
* Vocational school
* University
* Testing
* Tutoring

Other|

* Administrative
* Customer service
* Leasing
* Renting
* Staffing
* Private investigation & security
* Maintenance
* Janitors
* Landscaping
* Repairs
* Personal services
* Beauty
* Dry cleaning
* Funeral
* Maid service
* Pet care
* Sex
* Poverty

Related

| Classification
standards|

* Production-based
* ANZSIC
* ISIC
* NACE
* NAICS
* SIC
* UKSIC
* Market-based
* GICS
* ICB
* TRBC
* Other
* Aftermarket
* Generic
* OEM

|

Inputs
& outputs|

* Externalities
* Community
* Crime
* Culture
* Pollution
* Well-being
* Funding
* Goods
* Commodities
* Final
* Intermediate
* Raw material
* Innovation
* Primary inputs
* Labor
* Natural resources
* Physical capital
* Services
* Technology

Organization|

* Centralization
* Cartel
* Conglomerate
* Horizontal integration
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Monopoly
* Monopsony
* Vertical integration
* Decentralization
* Enforced breakup
* Freelancing
* Homesteading
* Outsourcing
* Putting-out system
* Spinning-off
* Temporary work
* Ownership
* Cooperative
* Joint-stock company
* Nationalization
* Nonprofit organization
* Partnership
* Privatization
* Sole proprietorship
* State-owned enterprise

* Category
* Commons
* Outline

* v
* t
* e

Natural resources

Air|

| Pollution / quality|

* Ambient standards (US)
* Index
* Indoor
* Law
* Clean Air Act (US)
* Ozone depletion

|

Emissions|

* Airshed
* Trading
* Deforestation (REDD)

Energy|

* Bio
* Law
* Resources
* Fossil fuels (gas, peak coal, peak gas, peak oil)
* Geothermal
* Hydro
* Nuclear
* Solar
* sunlight
* shade
* Wind

Land|

* Agricultural
* arable
* peak farmland
* Degradation
* Field
* Landscape
* cityscape
* seascape
* soundscape
* viewshed
* Law
* property
* Management
* habitat conservation
* Minerals
* gemstone
* industrial
* ore
* metal
* mining
* law
* sand
* peak
* copper
* phosphorus
* rights
* Soil
* conservation
* fertility
* health
* resilience
* Use
* planning
* reserve

Life|

* Biodiversity
* Bioprospecting
* biopiracy
* Biosphere
* Bushfood
* Bushmeat
* Fisheries
* climate change
* law
* management
* Forests
* genetic resources
* law
* management
* non-timber products
* Game
* law
* Marine conservation
* Meadow
* Pasture
* Plants
* FAO Plant Treaty
* food
* genetic resources
* gene banks
* herbal medicines
* UPOV Convention
* wood
* Rangeland
* Seed bank
* Wildlife
* conservation
* management

Water|

| Types / location|

* Aquifer
* storage and recovery
* Drinking
* Fresh
* Groundwater
* pollution
* recharge
* remediation
* Hydrosphere
* Ice
* bergs
* glacial
* polar
* Irrigation
* huerta
* Marine
* Rain
* harvesting
* Stormwater
* Surface water
* Sewage
* reclaimed water
* Watershed

|

Aspects|

* Desalination
* Floods
* Law
* Leaching
* Sanitation
* improved
* Scarcity
* Security
* Supply
* Efficiency
* Conflict
* Conservation
* Peak water
* Pollution
* Privatization
* Quality
* Right
* Resources
* improved
* policy

Related|

* Commons
* enclosure
* global
* land
* tragedy of
* Economics
* ecological
* land
* Ecosystem services
* Exploitation
* overexploitation
* Earth Overshoot Day
* Management
* adaptive
* Natural capital
* accounting
* good
* Natural heritage
* Nature reserve
* remnant natural area
* Systems ecology
* Urban ecology
* Wilderness

Resource|

* Common-pool
* Conflict (perpetuation)
* Curse
* Depletion
* Extraction
* Nationalism
* Renewable / Non-renewable

Politics|

* Oil war
* Petroleum politics
* Petrostate
* Petro-Islam
* Resource war

* Category

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* NARA
* Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
* Yale LUX

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