English Americans

Americans of English birth or descent

Not to be confused with American English, Anglo-Americans, or British Americans.

Ethnic group

English Americans

Total population
Alone (one ancestry)
25,536,410 (2020 census)[1]
7.70% of the total US population

Alone or in combination
46,550,968 (2020 census)[1]
14.04% of the total US population
Regions with significant populations
Found Nationwide with significant populations in the South and New England
California| 3,754,933[1]
Texas| 3,520,547[1]
Florida| 2,540,795[1]
Ohio| 2,037,771[1]
North Carolina| 1,869,609[1]
New York| 1,641,789[1]
Pennsylvania| 1,641,137[1]
Michigan| 1,637,351[1]
Georgia| 1,594,956[1]
Tennessee| 1,430,466[1]
Languages
English
Religion
Traditionally Christianity[2]
Related ethnic groups
Other English diaspora, American ancestry, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, Old Stock Americans, other British Americans, White Americans, European Americans, Irish Americans, Scottish Americans, Welsh Americans, Cornish Americans, Scotch-Irish Americans, Dutch Americans, German Americans, French Americans, Scandinavian Americans[3]
Part of a series on

English people
Culture
Music
Language
Cuisine
Dance
Religion
People
Diaspora

* United States
* Canada
* Australia
* Argentina
* Chile
* Paraguay
* Nicaragua
* New Zealand

* v
* t
* e

English Americans (also known as Anglo-Americans) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England. According to the 2020 United States census, English Americans are the largest group in the United States with 46.6 million Americans self-identifying as having some English origins (many combined with another heritage) representing (19.8%) of the White American population. This includes 25,536,410 (12.5% of whites) identified as predominantly or "English alone".[4]

## Overview

[edit]

Despite their status as the largest self-identified ancestral-origin group in the United States,[5] demographers still regard the number of English Americans as an undercount.[6] As most English Americans are the descendants of settlers who first arrived during the colonial period which began over 400 years ago, many Americans are either unaware of this heritage or choose to elect a more recent known ancestral group[7] even if English is their primary ancestry.[8]

The term is distinct from British Americans, which includes not only English Americans but also others from the United Kingdom such as Scottish, Scotch-Irish (descendants of Ulster Scots from Ulster and Northern Ireland), Welsh, Cornish, Manx Americans and Channel Islanders.[9] In 1980, 49.6 million Americans claimed English ancestry. At 26.34%, this was the largest group amongst the 188 million people who reported at least one ancestry. The population was 226 million which would have made the English ancestry group 22% of the total.[10]

Scotch-Irish Americans are for the most part descendants of Lowland Scots and Northern English (specifically County Durham, Cumberland, Northumberland and Yorkshire) settlers who migrated to Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century. Additionally, African Americans tend to have a significant degree of English and Lowland Scots ancestry tracing back to the Colonial period, typically ranging between 17 and 29%.[11] English immigrants in the 19th century, as with other groups, sought economic prosperity. They began migrating in large numbers, without state support, in the 1840s and continued into the 1890s.[12]

English American elites, known as "WASPs" (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants), have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of American history. The majority of presidents of the United States, as well as the majority of sitting U.S. congressmen and congresswomen, were born into families of English ancestry. The majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States were also of English ancestry. Ivy League universities such as Harvard University, Yale University, and Princeton University were established by and have been mostly composed of WASPs.[13]

Historically, many different ethnic groups assimilated into the Anglo-American population during and after the British colonial period, specifically Germans, Irishmen, Swedes, French Huguenots, Native Americans, Africans, Dutchmen, and Finns. This intermarriage resulted in the creation of a uniquely Anglo-American frontier identity, specifically in the Upland South.[14]

In states such as Texas, New Mexico, Louisiana, and California; former colonies of Spain and France, Anglo-American settlers developed a cohesive identity centered around their Protestantism, English language, and British colonial heritage.[15][16][17] Despite the overwhelming majority of Anglo settlers being native-born white American Protestants of colonial immigrant ancestry, there were also English, French-Canadian, Irish, German, Jewish, Melungeon and even Catholic settlers as well.[18][19] Many Anglos married into the families of Spanish, French, and Mexican elites.[20]

An early expression of Anglo-American nationalism occurred during the Texas Revolution, when revolutionaries created flags which included the British Union Jack, George Washington, and elements of the American flag.[21][22][23] The term Anglo-American can be ambiguous and used in several different ways. While it is primarily intended to refer to people of English ancestry, it (along with terms like Anglo, Anglic, Anglophone, and Anglophonic) is also used to denote all people of British or Northwestern European ancestry.[24] Most broadly it is used to include all people of Northwestern European ethnic origin who currently speak English as a mother tongue and their descendants are in the New World, thus including a large assimilated group of mostly protestant Europeans.[25][26]

## Sense of identity

[edit]

England  United States. Shows the first permanent English settlement of Jamestown in 1607.

Americans of English heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply "American" due to the many historic cultural ties between England and the U.S. and their influence on the country's population. Relative to ethnic groups of other European origins, this may be due to the early establishment of English settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.[27]

Since 1776, English Americans have been less likely to proclaim their heritage, unlike other British Americans, Latino Americans, African Americans, Italian Americans, Irish Americans, Native Americans or other ethnic groups. This is a reason why numbers vary drastically between self-identification and estimates. A leading specialist, Charlotte Erickson, found them to be ethnically "invisible," dismissing the occasional St. George Societies as ephemeral elite clubs that were not in touch with a larger ethnic community.[28] In Canada, by contrast, the English organized far more ethnic activism, as the English competed sharply with the well-organized French and Irish elements.[29] In the United States, the Scottish immigrants were much better organized than the English in the 19th century, as were their descendants in the late 20th century.[30]

## Number of English Americans

[edit]

English origins response

Year  | Single ancestry
/ alone  | Totals / %
1980[31][32] | 23,748,772  | 49,598,035  | 21.9
1990[33] | \-  | 32,651,788  | 13.1
2000[34] | \-  | 24,515,138  | 8.71
2010[35] | \-  | 27,403,063  | 9.02
2020[36] | 25,536,410  | 46,550,968  | 14.0

The original 17th century settlers were overwhelmingly English. From the time of the first permanent English presence in the New World until the 1900s, these migrants and their descendants outnumbered all others firmly establishing the English cultural pattern as predominant for the American version.[37]

### 1700–1775

[edit]

According to studies and estimates, the ethnic populations in the British American Colonies from 1700 onwards were: (*Georgia not included)

Ethnic composition of the American Colonies[38][39][40]

1700 / %  | 1755 / %  | 1775 / %
English / Welsh | 80.0 | English / Welsh | 52.0 | English | 48.7
African | 11.0  | African | 20.0  | African | 20.0
Dutch | 4.0  | German | 7.0  | Scots-Irish | 7.8
Scottish | 3.0  | Scots-Irish | 7.0  | German | 6.9
Other European | 2.0  | Irish | 5.0  | Scottish | 6.6
—  | — | Scottish | 4.0  | Dutch | 2.7
—  | — | Dutch | 3.0  | French | 1.4
—  | — | Other European | 2.0  | Swedish | 0.6
— | — | — | — | Other | 5.3
Colonies* | 100.0 |  Thirteen Colonies | 100.0  |  United Colonies | 100.0
Colonial English origin 1776[41]

Colonies  | % of population
New England | 70.5
Middle | 40.6
Southern | 37.4

## Data

[edit]

### National origins: 1790–1900

[edit]

The White Population of the United States in 1920, apportioned according to the National Origins Formula prescribed by §11(c) of the Immigration Act of 1924. About 43.5% of White Americans were deemed to be of colonial stock descended from the population enumerated in 1790, more than 3/4 of whom from Great Britain.[42]

European Americans in 1790, by nationality, according to the preliminary Century of Population Growth estimate in 1909 (top half) and revised American Council of Learned Societies study estimates accepted by the Census Bureau in 1929 (bottom half).[43][44]

The ancestries of the population in 1790 (the first national population census) has been estimated by various sources, first in 1909, then again in 1932, 1980 and 1984 by sampling distinctive surnames in the census and assigning them a country of origin. There is debate over the accuracy between the studies with individual scholars and the Federal Government using different techniques and conclusion for the ethnic composition.[45][46]

A study published in 1909 titled A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900 by the Government Census Bureau estimated the English were 83.5%, 6.7% Scottish, 1.6% Irish, 2.0% Dutch, 0.5% French, 5.6% German and 0.1% all others of the white population for the 12 enumerated states.[47] "Hebrews" (Jews) were less than one-tenth of 1 percent. When the Scotch and Irish are added, British origins would be more than 90% of the European ancestry.[48][49][50]

The same 1909 data for each state (of the total European population only) of English ancestry were Connecticut 96.2%, Rhode Island 96.0%, Vermont 95.4%, Massachusetts 95.0%, New Hampshire 94.1%, Maine 93.1%, Virginia 85.0%, Maryland 84.0%, North Carolina 83.1%, South Carolina 82.4%, New York 78.2% and Pennsylvania 59.0%.[51] CPG estimated that, of all European Americans in the Continental United States as of 1790, 82.1% were English, followed by 7.0% Scotch, 5.6% German, 2.5% Dutch, 1.9% Irish, and 0.6% French.[43]

#### English American population estimates (1790)

[edit]

The 1909 Century of Population Growth report came under intense scrutiny in the 1920s; its methodology was subject to criticism over fundamental flaws that cast doubt on the accuracy of its conclusions. The catalyst for controversy had been passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, which imposed numerical quotas on each country of Europe limiting the number of immigrants to be admitted out of a finite total annual pool. The size of each national quota was determined by the National Origins Formula, in part computed by estimating the origins of the colonial stock population descended from White Americans enumerated in the 1790 Census.[52]

The undercount of other colonial stocks like German Americans and Irish Americans would thus have contemporary policy consequences. When CPG was produced in 1909, the concept of independent Ireland did not even exist. CPG made no attempt to further classify its estimated 1.9% Irish population to distinguish Celtic Irish Catholics of Gaelic Ireland, who in 1922 formed the independent Irish Free State, from the Scotch-Irish descendants of Ulster Scots and Anglo-Irish of the Plantation of Ulster, which became Northern Ireland and remained part of the United Kingdom. In 1927, proposed immigration quotas based on CPG figures were rejected by the President's Committee chaired by the Secretaries of State, Commerce, and Labor, with the President reporting to Congress "the statistical and historical information available raises grave doubts as to the whole value of these computations as the basis for the purposes intended."[44] Among the criticisms of A Century of Population Growth:

* CPG failed to account for Anglicization of names, assuming any surname that could be English was actually English
* CPG failed to consider first names even when obviously foreign, assuming anyone with a surname that could be English was actually English
* CPG started by classifying all names as Scotch, Irish, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, or other. All remaining names which could not be classed with one of the 6 other listed nationalities, nor identified by the Census clerk as too exotic to be English, were assumed to be English
* CPG classification was an unscientific process by Census clerks with no training in history, genealogy, or linguistics, nor were scholars in those fields consulted
* CPG estimates were produced by a linear process with no checks on potential errors nor opportunity for peer review or scholarly revision once an individual clerk had assigned a name to a nationality

At the time of the first census in 1790, English was the majority ancestry in all U.S. states, ranging from a high of 96.2% in Connecticut to a low of 58.0% in New Jersey.

Ancestries of Each U.S. State in 1790 \- A Century of Population Growth[53] State  | English %  | Scotch %  | Irish %  | Dutch %  | French %  | German %  | Other %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Maine | 93.1  | 4.3  | 1.4  | 0.3  | 0.1  | 0.5  | 0.3
New Hampshire | 94.1  | 4.7  | 1.0  | 0.1  | 0.1  | 0.0  | 0.0
Vermont | 95.4  | 3.0  | 0.7  | 0.5  | 0.2  | 0.0  | 0.2
Massachusetts | 95.0  | 3.6  | 1.0  | 0.1  | 0.2  | 0.0  | 0.1
Rhode Island | 96.0  | 3.1  | 0.7  | 0.0  | 0.1  | 0.1  | 0.0
Connecticut | 96.2  | 2.8  | 0.7  | 0.1  | 0.2  | 0.0  | 0.0
New York | 78.2  | 3.2  | 0.8  | 16.1  | 0.8  | 0.4  | 0.5
New Jersey | 58.0  | 7.7  | 7.1  | 12.7  | 2.1  | 9.2  | 3.2
Delaware | 86.3  | 7.5  | 3.9  | 1.0  | 0.5  | 0.4  | 0.4
Pennsylvania | 59.0  | 11.7  | 2.0  | 0.6  | 0.6  | 26.1  | 0.0
Maryland | 84.0  | 6.5  | 2.4  | 0.1  | 0.7  | 5.9  | 0.4
Virginia | 85.0  | 7.1  | 2.0  | 0.2  | 0.6  | 4.9  | 0.2
Kentucky | 83.1  | 11.2  | 2.3  | 0.2  | 0.3  | 2.8  | 0.1
Tennessee | 83.1  | 11.2  | 2.3  | 0.2  | 0.3  | 2.8  | 0.1
North Carolina | 83.1  | 11.2  | 2.3  | 0.2  | 0.3  | 2.8  | 0.1
South Carolina | 82.4  | 11.7  | 2.6  | 0.1  | 1.3  | 1.7  | 0.2
Georgia | 83.1  | 11.2  | 2.3  | 0.2  | 0.3  | 2.8  | 0.1

Concluding that CPG "had not been accepted by scholars as better than a first approximation of the truth", the Census Bureau commissioned a study to produce new scientific estimates of the colonial American population, in collaboration with the American Council of Learned Societies, in time to be adopted as basis for legal immigration quotas in 1929, and later published in the journal of the American Historical Association, reproduced in the table below. Note: as in the original CPG report, the "English" category encompassed England and Wales, grouping together all names classified as either "Anglican" (from England) or "Cambrian" (from Wales).[44]

Estimated English American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census.[44]

State or Territory |  English[a]

|

#  | %
Connecticut | 155,598 | 67.00%
Delaware | 27,786 | 60.00%
Georgia | 30,357 | 57.40%
Kentucky & Tenn. | 53,874 | 57.90%
Maine | 57,664 | 60.00%
Maryland | 134,579 | 64.50%
Massachusetts | 306,013 | 82.00%
New Hampshire | 86,078 | 61.00%
New Jersey | 79,878 | 47.00%
New York | 163,470 | 52.00%
North Carolina | 190,860 | 66.00%
Pennsylvania | 149,451 | 35.30%
Rhode Island | 45,916 | 71.00%
South Carolina | 84,387 | 60.20%
Vermont | 64,655 | 76.00%
Virginia | 302,850 | 68.50%
1790 Census Area | 1,933,416 | 60.94%
Northwest Territory | 3,130 | 29.81%
French America | 2,240 | 11.20%
Spanish America | 610 | 2.54%
United States | 1,939,396 | 60.10%

Another source by Thomas L. Purvis in 1984[54] estimated that people of English ancestry made up about 47.5% of the total population or 60.9% of the European American or white population (his figures can also be found, and as divided by region, in Colin Bonwick, The American Revolution, 1991 p. 2540-839-1346-2).[54][55] The study which gives similar results can be found in The American Revolution, Colin Bonwick in percentages for 1790: 47.9 English, 3.5 Welsh, 8.5 Scotch Irish (Ulster), 4.3 Scottish, 4.7 Irish (South), 7.2 German, 2.7 Dutch, 1.7 French, 0.2 Swedish, 19.3 Black, 103.4 British. The difference between the two estimates are found by comparing the ratios of the groups (adding and subtracting) to accommodate and adding the Welsh.[56]

The category 'Irish' in the Bonwick study represents immigrants from Ireland outside the province of Ulster, the overwhelming majority of whom were Protestant and not ethnically Irish, though from Ireland. They were not Irish Catholics. By the time the American War for Independence started in 1776, Catholics were 1.6%, or 40,000 persons of the 2.5 million population of the 13 colonies.[57][58] Some 80.7% of the total United States population was of European origin.[59]

Using the first model above, in 1900, an estimated 28,375,000 or 37.8% of the population of the United States was wholly or partly of English ancestry from colonial roots. The estimate was based on the Census Bureaus Estimate that approximately thirty five million white Americans were descended from colonial forebears.[60]

### Census

[edit]

#### 1980

[edit]

In 1980, 23,748,772 Americans claimed only English ancestry and another 25,849,263 claimed English along with another ethnic ancestry.[61] 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population chose to identify as "American" (counted under "not specified") as also seen in censuses that followed.[62] Below shows the persons who reported at least one specific ancestry are as follows.[63][64]

Response | Number | Percent | Northeast | North
Central | South | West

|
|
|
|
|
|

Single ancestry | 23,748,772 | 47.9 | 2,984,931 | 4,438,223 | 12,382,681 | 3,942,937
Multiple ancestry | 25,849,263 | 52.1 | 5,190,045 | 7,099,961 | 7,235,689 | 6,323,568
Totals | 49,598,035 | 8,174,976 | 11,538,184 | 19,618,370 | 10,266,505

#### 1990

[edit]

In 1990, the national level response rate for the question was high with 90.4% of the total United States population choosing at least one specific ancestry and 9.6% ignored the question completely. Of those who chose English, 66.9% of people chose it as their first response. Totals for the English showed a considerable decrease from the previous census.[65] Responses for "American" slightly decreased both numerically and as a percentage from 5.9% to 5.2% in 1990 with most being from the South.[66]

Response | Number | %

|
|

First ancestry | 21,834,160 | 66.9
Second ancestry | 10,817,628 | 33.1
Totals | 32,651,788

#### 2000

[edit]

In the 2000 census, 24.5 million or 8.7% of Americans reported English ancestry, a decline of some eight million people. At the national level, the response rate for the ancestry question fell to 80.1% of the total U.S. population, while 19.9% were unclassified or ignored the question completely. It was the fourth largest ancestral group.[67] Some Cornish Americans may not identify as English American or British American, even though Cornwall had been part of England since long before their ancestors arrived in North America. Responses were:[68]

Response | Population | Change
1990–2000

|
|

First ancestry  | 16,623,938  | -24.9%
Second ancestry  | 7,885,754
Total | 24,509,692

#### 2010 ACS

[edit]

In 2010, the official census did not include a question on origins or ancestry. However, the American Community Survey enumerated Americans reporting English ancestry at 27.4 million, 9.0% of the U.S. population; in 2015, 24.8 million, 7.8% of the population. A decade thereafter, in 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau recorded 25.2 million Americans reporting full or partial English ancestry, about 7.7% of the U.S. population.[69][70][35]

#### 2020

[edit]

Results for the 2020 United States census showed that English Americans were the largest group in the United States where 25,536,410 (12.5%) identified as "English alone" with a further 21 million choosing English combined with another ethnic origin. The total is 46,550,968 Americans self-identifying as being of English origin representing (19.8%) of the White American alone or in any combination population.[71]

Census response | Population

|

Origin alone  | 25,536,410
Origin combined with another  | 21,014,558
Total | 46,550,968

## Geographical distribution

[edit]

### 1980

[edit]

Percentages by county in the 1980 census.

In the 1980 United States census,[72] English ancestry was reported to be at around 49.6 million. This number had dramatically declined by the previously mentioned 2000 census, where 24.5 million people reported English ancestry.

One main reason for this is because once the American ancestry category was introduced for self-reporting ancestry, many people who previously reported having English origins reported as having "American" ancestry instead.

### 2000

[edit]

English Americans are found in large numbers throughout the United States, particularly in the Northeast, South and West.[citation needed]

### Cities

[edit]

The following are the top 20 highest percentages of people of English ancestry, in U.S. communities (total list of the 101 communities, see source):[73]

Top 20 highest cities with over 500 Population: English Ancestry (In Progress)  Rank  | City  | State  | Percent

|
|
|

1  | Hildale | Utah  | 66.9
2  | Colorado City | Arizona  | 52.7
3  | Milbridge | Maine  | 41.1
4  | Panguitch | Utah  | 40
5  | Beaver | Utah  | 39.8
6  | Enterprise | Utah  | 39.4
7  | East Machias | Maine  | 39.1
8  | Marriott-Slaterville | Utah  | 38.2
9  | Wellsvile | Utah  | 37.9
10  | Morgan | Utah  | 37.2
11  | Harrington | Maine  | 36.9
12  | Farmington | Utah  | 36.9
13  | Highland | Utah  | 36.7
14  | Nephi | Utah  | 36.4
15  | Fruit Heights | Utah  | 35.9
16  | Addison | Maine  | 35.6
17  | Farr West | Utah  | 35.4
18  | Hooper | Utah  | 35.0
19  | Lewiston | Utah  | 35.0
20  | Plain City | Utah  | 34.7

* Maps showing percentages of Americans who declared English ancestry in the 2000 Census
* Percentages by county in the 2000 census. Dark blue and purple colours indicate a higher percentage.

* Population by state in the 2000 census

* Percentages by U.S. State in the 2000 census

### 2020 census by state

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2023)

|

Estimated English American population by state.[74][69] State | Number | Percentage

|
|

Alabama | 385,088 | 7.87%
Alaska | 58,856 | 7.99%
Arizona | 608,928 | 8.49%
Arkansas | 247,382 | 8.21%
California | 2,140,130 | 5.44%
Colorado | 592,137 | 10.42%
Connecticut | 299,636 | 8.39%
Delaware | 90,771 | 9.38%
District of Columbia | 39,375 | 5.61%
Florida | 1,477,490 | 6.96%
Georgia | 818,610 | 7.78%
Hawaii | 57,496 | 4.05%
Idaho | 299,782 | 17.09%
Illinois | 725,577 | 5.71%
Indiana | 583,348 | 8.71%
Iowa | 256,125 | 8.13%
Kansas | 298,306 | 10.24%
Kentucky | 491,660 | 11.02%
Louisiana | 254,550 | 5.46%
Maine | 254,612 | 18.99%
Maryland | 439,760 | 7.28%
Massachusetts | 641,698 | 9.34%
Michigan | 882,533 | 8.85%
Minnesota | 315,718 | 5.64%
Mississippi | 218,528 | 7.33%
Missouri | 556,965 | 9.09%
Montana | 123,227 | 11.61%
Nebraska | 154,029 | 8.01%
Nevada | 220,689 | 7.28%
New Hampshire | 229,053 | 16.90%
New Jersey | 429,774 | 4.84%
New Mexico | 138,500 | 6.60%
New York | 988,345 | 5.06%
North Carolina | 1,014,096 | 9.76%
North Dakota | 32,784 | 4.31%
Ohio | 1,006,003 | 8.62%
Oklahoma | 317,835 | 8.05%
Oregon | 478,043 | 11.45%
Pennsylvania | 926,879 | 7.24%
Rhode Island | 111,805 | 10.57%
South Carolina | 460,300 | 9.04%
South Dakota | 54,222 | 6.17%
Tennessee | 637,071 | 9.41%
Texas | 1,772,914 | 6.19%
Utah | 760,362 | 24.13%
Vermont | 105,935 | 16.97%
Virginia | 833,300 | 9.79%
Washington | 772,527 | 10.28%
West Virginia | 200,009 | 11.07%
Wisconsin | 336,875 | 5.80%
Wyoming | 73,981 | 12.73%
United States | 25,213,619 | 7.72%

## History

[edit]

### Early settlement and colonization

[edit]

See also: English overseas possessions

Statue of John Smith for the first English settlement in Historic Jamestowne, Virginia.

English settlement in America began with Jamestown in the Virginia Colony in 1607. With the permission of James I, three ships (the Susan Constant, The Discovery, and The God Speed) sailed from England and landed at Cape Henry in April, under the captainship of Christopher Newport,[12] who had been hired by the London Company to lead expeditions to what is now America.[75]

The first self-governing document of Plymouth Colony. English Pilgrims signing the Mayflower Compact in 1620.

The second successful colony was Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620 by people who later became known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing religious persecution in the East Midlands in England, they first went to Holland, but feared losing their English identity.[76] Because of this, they chose to relocate to the New World, with their voyage being financed by English investors. In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the Mayflower, eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November.[77] Of the passengers on the Mayflower, 41 men signed the "Mayflower Compact" aboard ship on November 11, 1620, while anchored in Provincetown Harbor. Signers included Carver, Alden, Standish, Howland, Bradford, Allerton, and Fuller.[78][79] This story has become a central theme in the United States cultural identity.

A number of English colonies were established under a system of proprietary governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements.[80] England also took control over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including the New Amsterdam settlement), renaming it the Province of New York in 1664.[81] With New Netherland, the English came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered from Sweden earlier. This became part of Pennsylvania.[82] Many planters, slave traders and slave owners who owned black slaves were of English ancestry.[83][84]

### English immigration after 1776

[edit]

Cultural similarities and a common language allowed English immigrants to integrate rapidly and gave rise to a unique Anglo-American culture. An estimated 3.5 million English immigrated to the U.S. after 1776.[85] English settlers provided a steady and substantial influx throughout the 19th century.[86]

English immigration to the United States  Period  | Arrivals  | Period  | Arrivals

|
|
|

1820–1830 | 15,837 | 1901–1910 | 388,017
1831–1840 | 7,611 | 1911–1920 | 249,944
1841–1850 | 32,092 | 1921–1930 | 157,420
1851–1860 | 247,125 | 1931–1940 | 21,756
1861–1870 | 222,277 | 1941–1950 | 112,252
1871–1880 | 437,706 | 1951–1960 | 156,171
1881–1890 | 644,680 | 1961–1970 | 174,452
1891–1900 | 216,726 | 1971–1980 | –
Total (1820–1970): 3,084,066[87][88][89]

A number of English settlers moved to the United States from Australia in the 1850s (then a British political territory), when the California Gold Rush boomed; these included the so-called "Sydney Ducks" (see Australian Americans).[90] In prior eras there were English-centered cultural events such as Morris dance events and Saint George's Day. There had been conflicts between English immigrant groups and Irish immigrant groups. A magazine article from The Republic in 1852 had criticized English immigrants for remaining loyal to the British Crown.[91]

During the last years of the 1860s, annual English immigration grew to over 60,000 and continued to rise to over 75,000 per year in 1872, before experiencing a decline. The final and most sustained wave of immigration began in 1879 and lasted until the depression of 1893. During this period English annual immigration averaged more than 82,000, with peaks in 1882 and 1888 and did not drop significantly until the financial panic of 1893.[92] The building of America's transcontinental railroads, the settlement of the great plains, and industrialization attracted skilled and professional emigrants from England.[90]

English-born in the United States  Year  | Population  | % of foreign-born

|
|

1850 | 278,675 | 12.4
1860 | 431,692 | –
1870 | 550,924 | 10.0
1880 | 662,676 | –
1890 | 908,141 | 9.8
1900 | 840,513 | –
1910 | 877,719 | 6.5
1920 | 813,853 | –
1930 | 809,563 | 5.7
1940 | – | –
1950 | – | –
1960 | 528,205 | 5.4
1970 | 458,114 | 4.8
1980 | 442,499 | –
1990 | 405,588 | –
2000 | 423,609 | –
2010 | 356,489 | 0.9
Source:[92][93][94]

Also, cheaper steamship fares enabled unskilled urban workers to come to America, and unskilled and semiskilled laborers, miners, and building trades workers made up the majority of these new English immigrants. While most settled in America, a number of skilled craftsmen remained itinerant, returning to England after a season or two of work. Groups came to practice their religion freely.[95]

The depression of 1893 sharply decreased English emigration to the United States, and it stayed low for much of the twentieth century. This decline reversed itself in the decade of World War II when over 100,000 English (18 percent of all European immigrants) came from England. In this group was a large contingent of war brides who came between 1945 and 1948. In these years four women emigrated from England for every man.[92] In the 1950s, English immigration increased to over 150,000 and rose to 170,000 in the 1960s.[96] While differences developed, it is not surprising that English immigrants had little difficulty in assimilating to American life. The American resentment against the policies of the British government[97] was rarely transferred to English settlers who came to America in the first decades of the nineteenth century.

Throughout American history, English immigrants and their descendants have been prominent in every level of government and in every aspect of American life. Known informally as "WASPS" (see White Anglo-Saxon Protestants), their dominance has slipped since 1945, but remains high in many fields. Eight out of the first ten American presidents (and an even higher proportion of out of the 45[b] persons to serve as president), as well as the majority of sitting congressmen and congresswomen, are descended from English ancestors. The descendants of English expatriates are so numerous and so well integrated in American life that it is impossible to identify all of them. While they are the third-largest ethnic nationality self-reported in the 1990 census, they retain such a pervasive representation at every level of national and state government that, on any list of American senators, Supreme Court judges, governors, or legislators, they would constitute a plurality if not an outright majority.[98][99]

In 2011, Lucy Tobin of The Guardian wrote that, as of that year, it was not common to see English cultural heritage expression nor events in the United States.[91]

### Political influence

[edit]

As early colonists of the United States, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made and enforced laws,[100] often because many had been involved in government back in England.[101] In the original Thirteen Colonies, most laws contained elements found in the English common law system.[102] The majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States were of English extraction. A minority were of high social status and can be classified as White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP). Many of the prewar WASP elite were Loyalists who left the new nation.[103]

While WASPs have been major players in every major American political party, an exceptionally strong association has existed between WASPs and the Republican Party, before the 1980s. A few top Democrats qualified, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt. Northeastern Republican leaders such as Leverett Saltonstall of Massachusetts, Prescott Bush of Connecticut and especially Nelson Rockefeller of New York exemplified the pro-business liberal Republicanism of their social stratum, espousing internationalist views on foreign policy, supporting social programs, and holding liberal views on issues like racial integration. A famous confrontation was the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts where John F. Kennedy, a Catholic of Irish descent, defeated WASP Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. However the challenge by Barry Goldwater in 1964 to the Eastern Republican establishment helped undermine the WASP dominance.[104] Goldwater himself had solid WASP credentials through his mother, of a prominent old Yankee family, but was instead mistakenly seen as part of the Jewish community (which he had never associated with). By the 1980s, the liberal Rockefeller Republican wing of the party was marginalized, overwhelmed by the dominance of the Southern and Western conservative Republicans.[105]

Asking "Is the WASP leader a dying breed?" journalist Nina Strochlic in 2012 pointed to eleven WASP top politicians—typically scions of upper class English families. She ended with Republicans George H. W. Bush elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush elected in 2000 and 2004, and John McCain, who was nominated but defeated in 2008.[106]

## Language

[edit]

Main article: American English

Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Public Usage Microdata Area (PUMA) of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

English is the most commonly spoken language in the U.S., where it is estimated that two thirds of all native speakers of English live.[107] The American English dialect developed from English colonization. It serves as the de facto official language, the language in which government business is carried out. According to the 1990 census, 94% of the U.S. population speak only English.[108]

Adding those who speak English "well" or "very well" brings this figure to 96%.[108] Only 0.8% speak no English at all as compared with 3.6% in 1890. American English differs from British English in a number of ways, the most striking being in terms of pronunciation (for example, American English retains the pronunciation of the letter "R" after vowels, unlike standard British English, though it still can be heard in several regional dialects in England) and spelling (one example is the "u" in words such as color, favor (US) vs colour, favour (UK)). Less obvious differences are present in grammar and vocabulary. The differences are rarely a barrier to effective communication between American English and British English speakers, but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings, usually surrounding slang or dialect differences.[citation needed]

Conversely, some lexical items often thought to be Americanisms actually have their origin in England, either falling out of use there or being restricted to specific dialects in England. Such items include all out ("entirely"), cattail ("bullrush"), crib ("child's bed"), daddy long legs ("cranefly"), homecoming ("return"), rumpus ("tumult"), which are recorded in Northern and Midland English dialects as late as the 19th century.[109]

Some states, like California, have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language, but in practice, this only means that official government documents must at least be in English, and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English. For example, the standard California Class C driver's license examination is available in 32 different languages.[110]

### Expression

[edit]

"In for a penny, in for a pound" is an expression to mean, ("if you're going to take a risk at all, you might as well make it a big risk"), is used in the United States which dates back to the colonial period, when cash in the colonies was denominated in Pounds, shillings and Pence.[111]

## Cultural contributions

[edit]

American cultural icons, apple pie, baseball, and the American flag.

Much of American culture shows influences from English culture.

### Cuisine

[edit]

Main article: Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies

* Apple pie – New England was the first region to experience large-scale English colonization in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by East Anglian Calvinists, better known as the Puritans. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as apple pie and the oven-roasted Thanksgiving turkey.[112] "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.
* Roast beef – In the middle of the 17th century a second wave of English immigrants began arriving in North America, settling mainly in the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia and Maryland, expanding upon the Jamestown settlement. Their roast beef was often served with Yorkshire puddings and horseradish sauce.[113]

### Celebrations

[edit]

The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth Colony by English Pilgrims in October 1621.

* Thanksgiving was celebrated by English settlers to give thanks to God for helping the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony survive the brutal winter. This feast lasted three days, as accounted by attendee Edward Winslow.[114][115][116]

### Law

[edit]

The American legal system also has its roots in English law.[117] English law prior to the American Revolution is still part of the law of the United States, and provides the basis for many American legal traditions and policies. After the revolution, English law was again adopted by the now independent American States.[118]

### Education

[edit]

The first American schools opened in the 17th century in New England. Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is both the first public school and oldest existing school in the United States.[119] The first free taxpayer-supported public school in North America, the Mather School, was opened in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1639.[120][121]

New England had a long emphasis on literacy in order that individuals could read the Bible. Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636, and named after an early benefactor. Most of the funding came from the colony, but the college began to build an endowment from its early years.[122] Harvard at first focused on training young men for the ministry, but many alumni went into law, medicine, government or business. The college was a leader in bringing Newtonian science to the colonies.[123]

A school of higher education for both Native American young men and the sons of the colonists was one of the earliest goals of the leaders of the Colony of Virginia. The College of William & Mary was founded on February 8, 1693, under a royal charter (legally, letters patent) to "make, found and establish a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and other good arts and sciences...to be supported and maintained, in all time coming."[124] Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the college is the second oldest college in the United States. It hired the first law professor and trained many of the lawyers, politicians, and leading planters.[125] Students headed for the ministry were given free tuition.

Yale College was founded by Puritans in 1701, and in 1716 was relocated to New Haven, Connecticut. The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard, and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers. However president Thomas Clap (1740–1766) strengthened the curriculum in the natural sciences and made Yale a stronghold of revivalist New Light theology.[126]

The Colonial Colleges are nine institutions of higher education that were chartered in the Thirteen Colonies before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the American Revolutionary War.[127] These nine have long been considered together, notably since the survey of their origins in the 1907 The Cambridge History of English and American Literature.[128] Seven of the nine colonial colleges became seven of the eight Ivy League universities: Harvard, Columbia, Princeton, Yale, University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth, and Brown.

### Music

[edit]

* National anthem – The Star-Spangled Banner takes its melody from the 18th-century English song "The Anacreontic Song" written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a men's social club in London. The lyrics were written by Francis Scott Key of English descent. This became a well-known and recognized patriotic song throughout the United States, which was officially designated as the U.S. national anthem in 1931.[129][130][131]
* Hail to the Chief – is the song to announce the arrival or presence of the President of the United States. English songwriter James Sanderson (c. 1769 – c. 1841), composed the music and was first performed in 1812 in New York.[132]

Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom.

* The Liberty Song – written by John Dickinson of English descent in 1768 to the music of Englishman William Boyce's "Heart of Oak", is perhaps the first patriotic song written in America. The song contains the line "by uniting we stand, by dividing we fall", the first recorded use of the sentiment.
* America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee) – whose melody was indirectly derived from the British national anthem,[133] also served as a de facto anthem before the adoption of "The Star-Spangled Banner."[134]

* Amazing Grace – written by English poet and clergyman John Newton became such an icon in American culture that it has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns, placing it in danger of becoming a cliché.[135]
* Yankee Doodle – is written and accredited to Englishman Richard Shuckburgh an army doctor. The tune comes from the English nursery rhyme Lucy Locket.[136]

English ballads, jigs, and hornpipes had a large influence on American folk music, eventually contributing to the formation of such genres as old time, country, bluegrass, and to a lesser extent, blues as well.

### Sports

[edit]

Henry Chadwick's early contributions to the development of the game is often called the "Father of Baseball".[137]

Main article: Origins of baseball

* Baseball was invented in England.[138] English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.[139][140] This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball.[141]
* American football traces its roots to early versions of rugby football, played in England and first developed in American universities in the mid-19th century.[142]

## Most common family last names

[edit]

In 2010, the top ten family names in the United States, seven have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, the other three being of Spanish and/or Basque origin.[143] Many African Americans have their origins in slavery (i.e. slave name) and ancestrally came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master. Due to anti-German xenophobia during the first and second world wars, some German families anglicized their names.[144] For example, changing "Schmidt" to "Smith," causing an increase of English names.

Name | Number | Country of Origin | England (2001)[145][146]

|
|
|

Smith | 2,442,977 | England,[147] Scotland,[148] Ireland[149] | Smith
Johnson | 1,932,812 | England, Scotland (Can also be an anglicization of the Dutch Jansen or Scandinavian Johansen, Johansson, Jonsson, etc.)[150][151] |
Williams | 1,625,252 | England, Wales[152] | Taylor
Brown | 1,437,026 | England, Ireland, Scotland[153] | Brown
Jones | 1,425,470 | England, Wales[154] | Williams
García | 1,166,120 | Spain, especially the Basque Country[155] | Wilson
Miller | 1,161,437 | England, Ireland, or Scotland (Miller can be the anglicized version of Mueller/Müller – a surname from Germany)[156] | Johnson
Davis | 1,116,357 | England, Wales[157] | Davies
Rodríguez | 1,094,924 | Spain[158] | Robinson, Roderick
Martinez | 1,060,159 | Spain | Wright

## English place names in the United States

[edit]

Main article: Locations in the United States with an English name

Georgia was named after George II of Great Britain, who signed the charter creating the colony of Georgia on April 21, 1732.

In 1664, the English renamed "New York" after the Duke of York.[159]

This is a brief partial list of places in the United States named after places in England as a result of the many English settlers and explorers; in addition, some places were named after the English royal family. These include the region of New England and some of the following:

### Alabama

[edit]

* Birmingham for Birmingham, West Midlands
* Bradford, Alabama, for Bradford, West Yorkshire.[160]
* Brighton for Brighton, West Sussex.
* Langdale, named for the Lang textile manufacturing family from Oldham, Greater Manchester[161]
* Leeds, for Leeds, West Yorkshire orkshire.[162]
* Sheffield, Alabama for Sheffield, South Yorkshire.[163]
* Woodstock, for Woodstock, Oxfordshire[164]
* York, for York, North Yorkshire[164]

### California

[edit]

* Jesmond Dene, named after Jesmond Dene in Newcastle upon Tyne.[165]
* Keswick, for Keswick, Cumberland[163]
* Westminster after Westminster in London
* Exeter after Exeter, Devon
* Windsor after Windsor, Berkshire

### Connecticut

[edit]

* Avon after Avon, England
* Colchester after Colchester, England
* Cornwall after Cornwall, England
* Danbury after Danbury, Essex, England
* Enfield after Enfield, London, England
* Greenwich after Greenwich, England
* Guilford after Guildford, England
* Kent after Kent, England
* Litchfield after Lichfield, England
* New London after London, England
* Norwich after Norwich, England
* Stamford after Stamford, Lincolnshire, England
* Stratford named after Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, owing to the English town's prestige as the birthplace of playwright William Shakespeare (1564–1616).[166]
* Windsor after Windsor, Berkshire, in England

### Delaware

[edit]

* Dover after Dover, England[167]
* Wilmington named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, who was prime minister in the reign of George II of Great Britain.[168]

### Florida

[edit]

* Windermere, named for Windermere, Westmorland,[169] the largest lake of the Lake District and England.

### Georgia

[edit]

* Georgia was named after King George II.[170]
* Acton, for Acton, London.[171]
* Camden County, for English jurist Sir Charles Pratt, Earl of Camden (1714–1794).
* Chatsworth, for Chatsworth, Derbyshire[172]
* Cumberland Island, named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland (1721–1765).
* Dungeness, on Cumberland Island, named for Dungeness in Kent, where the Duke of Cumberland held a county seat.[173]
* Effingham County, for Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham (1746–1791) an English nobleman.
* Epworth, for Epworth, Lincolnshire.
* Eton, for Eton College, Berkshire
* Fairburn, for Fairburn, West Riding of Yorkshire.[174]
* Liverpool, for Liverpool, Lancashire.[175]
* Malvern, for Malvern, Worcestershire.[176]
* Hardwick, for Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke (1690–1764), Lord High Chancellor of England.[177]
* Harris County, named for the English lawyer Charles Harris (1772–1827).[177]
* Manchester, Georgia, for Manchester, Lancashire[176]
* Midway River, possibly for River Medway, Kent.[176]
* Oglethorpe, after James Oglethorpe (1696–1785), an English Member of Parliament.
* Oxford, for Oxford University, Oxfordshire.[178]
* Saint George's Parish (now Burke County), for Saint George, the Patron Saint of England.[179]
* Tweed, after the River Tweed in southeastern Scotland and Northumberland in northern England.[180]
* Wilmington Island, for Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington (1673–1743).[181]
* Winchester, for Winchester, Hampshire.[181]
* Windsor, for Windsor, Berkshire.[181]
* Wooster, for George Wooster, the Englishman who established the first post office here in the 1870s.[181]
* York, Georgia, named for York, the county town of Yorkshire in northern England.[182]

### Illinois

[edit]

* Albion, named for Albion, a poetic name for England derived from an ancient name for Britain.[183]
* Brereton, possibly for Brereton, Staffordshire.[183]
* Burton, for Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire.[183]
* Chesterfield, probably for Chesterfield, Derbyshire.[183]
* Lincolnshire, named for Lincolnshire, a county in England.[183]
* Stratford, probably for Stratford-upon-Avon, in honour of the English town being the birthplace of William Shakespeare (1564–1616).[183]

### Indiana

[edit]

* Avon, named for Avon, an English river name.[184]
* Darlington, named for Darlington, County Durham, for its links to Quakerism.[185]

### Kentucky

[edit]

The English county name "Cumberland" is commonly replicated in Appalachia, such as at Cumberland River (pictured). The Duke of Cumberland appealed to northern English settlers for his victory at Culloden (1746)[109]

* Cumberland River in Kentucky and northern Tennessee (with Cumberland Gap, Mountains and Plateau), named in the 1750s for the northern English county of Cumberland, if not the Duke of Cumberland.[186]
* Epworth, for Epworth, Lincolnshire.
* London, for London[187]
* Manchester, Kentucky, for Manchester, Lancashire.[187]
* Kingston, possibly for Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire.[187]
* Middlesboro, founded as "Middlesborough", for the town now known as Middlesbrough, North Riding of Yorkshire.[187]
* Newstead, for Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire.[187]
* Stanford, for Stamford, Lincolnshire.[187]
* Richardsville, named for English-born wagonmaker Thomas Richards (1812–1896).[187]
* Wendover, for Wendover, Buckinghamshire
* Williba, for Willoughby, Lincolnshire[187]

### Maine

[edit]

* Berwick, named for Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland.[163]
* Kittery, for Kittery Court, Kingswear, Devon.
* Leeds, for Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire.[188]
* Newcastle, for Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768).[189]
* Winthrop, for Suffolk-born John Winthrop (1588–1649), the 2nd colonial Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

### Maryland

[edit]

* Maryland named so for Queen Henrietta Maria (Queen Mary).[190]
* Anne Arundel County, named for Lady Ann Arundell (1615–1649), the daughter of Wiltshire noble Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour.
* Barton, named for Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, the hometown of the father of an early settler.
* Brinklow, for Brinklow, Warwickshire[191]
* Chevy Chase, named for "The Battle of Chevy Chase", a 15th-century English ballad about a hunt led by the Earl of Northumberland.
* Cumberland, for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland (1721–1765).
* Darlington, for Darlington, County Durham[191]
* Manchester, named for Manchester, England.
* Pomfret, named for Pontefract, West Riding of Yorkshire.[163]

### Massachusetts

[edit]

* Andover, for Andover, Hampshire[109]
* Attleboro, for Attleborough, Norfolk.[163]
* Beverly, after Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire.[109]
* Billerica, for Billericay, Essex[109]
* Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire[192]
* Boxford, for Boxford, Suffolk[109]
* Braintree after Braintree, Essex
* Cambridge, for Cambridge, Cambridgeshire.[109]
* Chelmsford, for Chelmsford, Essex[163]
* Framingham, for Framlingham, Suffolk[109]
* Gloucester after Gloucester, Gloucestershire
* Groton, for Groton, Suffolk
* Hadley, for Hadleigh, Suffolk.[109]
* Haverhill, for Haverhill, Suffolk[163]
* Hingham, for Hingham, Norfolk[163]
* Holland, for Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland (1705–1774)
* Ipswich, for Ipswich, Suffolk
* Kragsyde, for Cragside, Northumberland
* Lancaster, for Lancaster, Lancashire, the hometown of an early settler.
* Leominster after Leominster, Herefordshire
* Lynn, for King's Lynn, Norfolk
* Malden, for Maldon, Essex
* Manchester-by-the-Sea, for Manchester, Lancashire[163]
* Marlborough after Marlborough, Wiltshire
* Northampton after Northampton, Northamptonshire
* Newton, for Newton, Norfolk[109]
* Plymouth, for Plymouth, Devon, the port from which the first Pilgrim settlers departed in 1620[163]
* Rowley, for Rowley, East Riding of Yorkshire
* Shrewsbury, named after George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury
* Southampton after Southampton, Hampshire[193]
* Springfield after Springfield, Essex
* Sunderland, after Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland (1675–1722)
* Topsfield, for Toppesfield, Essex
* Woburn, for Woburn, Bedfordshire
* Worcester, after Worcester, Worcestershire, England
* Wrentham, for Wrentham, Suffolk[163]

### Michigan

[edit]

* Birmingham, Oakland County after Birmingham, West Midlands.[194]
* Sherwood, for Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire

### Missouri

[edit]

* Leeds (area of Kansas City), for Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire.[195]
* Sheffield (area of Kansas City), for Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire.[195]

### New Hampshire

[edit]

* New Hampshire state (after Hampshire[196])
* Cheshire County, for Cheshire.
* Croydon, named for Croydon, Surrey.[197]
* Dover, for Dover, Kent
* Hillsborough County, after Wills Hill, 1st Earl of Hillsborough (1718–1793).
* Manchester after Manchester, England[198]
* Strafford County, for William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford (1626–1695).

### New Jersey

[edit]

* Amwell, for Amwell, Hertfordshire.[199]
* Andover, for Andover, Hampshire[199]
* Asbury Park, named for Staffordshire-born bishop Francis Asbury (1745-1816)
* Avon-by-the-Sea, New Jersey for Avon, England
* Beverly, for Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire[199]
* Burlington County with Burlington for Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire[199]
* Camden named by local Jacob Cooper after Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden.[200]
* Chesterfield, for Chesterfield, Derbyshire.[199]
* Cumberland County named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland (1721–1765).
* Deal, for Deal, Kent[199]
* Deptford, for the port Deptford, Kent.[163]
* Dover, for Dover, Kent[199]
* Essex County, for the county English county Essex.[199]
* Gloucester County and Gloucester City after the city of Gloucester / county of Gloucestershire in England.[201]
* Kenilworth, for Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire[199]
* Leeds Point, for Daniel Leeds,[199] 17th century local surveyor born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire.
* Mansfield, for Mansfield, Nottinghamshire.[199]
* Margate City, for Margate, Kent[199]
* New Durham, for Durham, County Durham.[199]
* Newark for Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire.[199]
* Penns Grove, Penns Neck and Pennsville, for English Quaker William Penn (1644–1718).[199]
* Shrewsbury, for Shrewsbury, Shropshire.[199]
* Somerset County with Somerville, for the English county Somerset.[199]
* Stafford, New Jersey, named for the English county of Staffordshire, of which Stafford is the county town.[199]
* Woolwich, for Woolwich, London.[199]

### New York

[edit]

* Cornwall (originally "New Cornwall") after the county of Cornwall in southwest England
* Liverpool Village after Liverpool England.
* New York City (after the Duke of York[202])
* New York (State) (also after the Duke of York)
* Scarsdale, after Scarsdale in northern Derbyshire, England.[163]
* Suffolk County after Suffolk, England

### North Carolina

[edit]

* The province, named Carolina (The Carolinas-North and South) to honor King Charles I of England, was divided into SC and NC in 1729, although the actual date is the subject of debate.[203]
* Bertie County, for the English politicians Henry (1675-1735) and James Bertie (1674-1735)[163]
* Bladen County, named for Yorkshire-born politician Martin Bladen (1680–1746).
* Charlotte, North Carolina named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
* Cumberland, named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland (1721-1765).[163]
* Craven County, named after Yorkshire-born nobleman William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697).
* Durants Neck (now New Hope, Perquimans County), named for Worcestershire-born pioneer George Durant (1632-1692).[163]
* Hyde County, for the Cheshire-born 1st Governor of North Carolina Edward Hyde (1667–1712).
* Macclesfield, for Macclesfield, Cheshire.[204]
* New London, for London, England[163]
* Onslow County, after Middlesex-born Arthur Onslow (1691–1768), Speaker of the House of Commons.
* Raleigh after Sir Walter Raleigh, one of the first English explorers of the Carolinas.[205]
* Wickham Precinct (now Hyde County), from Temple Wycombe, Buckinghamshire
* Wilkes County, with Wilkesboro, named for London-born politician John Wilkes (1725-1797).[163]

### Ohio

[edit]

* Kendal, Ohio after Kendal, Westmorland.[206]
* Liverpool, Medina County Ohio and East Liverpool, Ohio, after Liverpool, England.[163]

### Pennsylvania

[edit]

Pennsylvania and the Delaware Valley were settled from the century by Quakers from the North Midlands and Pennines of England, with many Pennsylvania place names reflecting this settlement.

Quaker architecture in the state mirrors that in England.[109]

* Bedford and Bedford County after Bedford, England
* Berks County after Berkshire (pronounced "Barkshire"), England
* Bristol and Bristol Township after Bristol, England[207]
* Bucks County after Buckinghamshire, England
* Carlisle, after Carlisle, England[163] which, like the northern English city, is in a county called Cumberland.
* Chester County and Chester after Chester, England
* Darby derived from Derby (pronounced "Darby"), the county town of Derbyshire (pronounced "Darbyshire")[163]
* Durham, for Durham, County Durham
* Edgmont, for Edgmond, Shropshire.[208]
* Horsham after Horsham (pronounced "Hor-sham"), England
* Lancaster County and Lancaster after the city of Lancaster in the county of Lancashire in England, the native home of John Wright, one of the early settlers.[209]
* Liverpool, for Liverpool, Lancashire.
* Malvern, for the Malvern Hills in England.[163]
* Marple, after Marple in the Cheshire Pennines.
* New Castle after Newcastle upon Tyne, England
* Northampton County after Northamptonshire, England
* Pendle Hill, named for Pendle Hill, Lancashire.[210]
* Reading, Berks County after Reading (pronounced "Redding"), Berkshire (pronounced "Barkshire"), England
* Rydal, for Rydal, Westmorland
* Sheffield, for Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire[163]
* Swarthmore, named for Swarthmoor, Lancashire.[163]
* Trafford for Trafford, Lancashire.
* Warminster after the small town of Warminster in the county of Wiltshire, at the western extremity of Salisbury Plain, England.[211]
* Warrington after Warrington, England[212]
* Warwick after Warwick, England[213]
* Westmoreland County, for Westmorland, a county in northwest England.[163]
* York, Pennsylvania, named for York, the county town of the English county of Yorkshire, the ancestral home county of many Quaker settlers in the region.

### South Carolina

[edit]

* Charleston, South Carolina, named after Charles II of England
* Chesterfield County, for English politician Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694-1773).[163]
* Colleton County, for Sir John Colleton, 1st Baronet (1608-1666), an early English proprietor in the Carolinas.[163]
* Edgecombe County, for English politician Richard Edgecumbe, 1st Baron Edgecumbe (1680-1758).[163]
* Georgetown, for George I of Great Britain (1660-1727).[163]
* Kershaw County, for the prominent Kershaw family[163] from which Joseph B. Kershaw (1822-1894) came, originally from Sowerby, West Riding of Yorkshire.

### Tennessee

[edit]

* Acton, for Acton, London.[214]
* Amherst, for the Kent-born general Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst (1717–1779).
* Cambridge, for Cambridge University, Cambridgeshire[214]
* Carlisle, if not for the Pennsylvania city, then named for Carlisle, Cumberland.[214]
* Cumberland City, for the county Cumberland in northwest England.[214]
* Dover, for the White Cliffs of Dover, Kent.[214]
* Harrogate, named after Harrogate, West Riding of Yorkshire.[214]
* Kingsport, named for English-born James King (born 1752), who established a mill in the area in 1773.[214]
* Manchester, after Manchester, Lancashire, England, for hopes that it, like the English Manchester, would become a similarly prosperous industrial city.[215]
* Pall Mall, for Pall Mall, London[214]
* Rugby, after Rugby School, Rugby, Warwickshire.[214]
* Westmoreland, named after Westmorland, a county in northwest England.[214]

### Texas

[edit]

* Bronte, named for English novelist Charlotte Brontë (1816–1855).[205]
* Cheapside, after Cheapside, a London street.[205]
* Derby, after Derby, England.[205]
* Liverpool, after Liverpool, a port city traditionally in Lancashire, England.[205]
* Newcastle, after Newcastle upon Tyne, northeast England.

### Vermont

[edit]

* Barnet, for Barnet, Middlesex[163]
* St. Albans, named after St Albans in Hertfordshire, England.

### Virginia

[edit]

* The name Virginia was first applied by Queen Elizabeth I (the "Virgin Queen") and Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584.[216]
* Bath County, named for Bath, Somerset.[217]
* Charles City, named for Charles I of England (1600–1649)
* Chesterfield County, for Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773).
* Crewe, for Crewe, Cheshire.[218]
* Exmore, for Exmoor, Devon.
* Farnham, for Farnham, Surrey.[163]
* Gloucester County, named for Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester (1640–1660).
* Hampstead, for Hampstead, London[163]
* Isle of Wight County, for Isle of Wight, English Channel.[163]
* James River, for James I of England (1566–1625)[163]
* Keswick, Albermarle County, for Keswick, Cumberland.
* Leedstown, formerly Leeds, for Leeds, Yorkshire.[219]
* Malvern Hill, named for the Malvern Hills, southwestern England.[163]
* Norfolk after the county of Norfolk, England
* Northampton, from Northamptonshire, a county in the English South Midlands.[163]
* Northumberland County, Virginia, after Northumberland, a county in northeast England.[220]
* Portsmouth after Portsmouth, England[221]
* Richmond named by William Byrd II after Richmond, London where he spent part of his childhood.
* Stafford County with Stafford, from Staffordshire, of which Stafford is the county town.
* Suffolk after the county of Suffolk, England
* Sunderland Creek (now Lagrange Creek), for Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland (1620–1643), if not for Sunderland, County Durham.
* Surry County, for Surrey, a county in southeast England.
* Westmoreland County, Virginia, after Westmorland, a county in northwest England.[220]
* Yorkshire, Virginia for the county Yorkshire in northern England.

### West Virginia

[edit]

* Arden, Berkeley County, named for Arden in Warwickshire.
* Carlisle, named for Carlisle, Cumberland, the ancestral home of an early settler.[222]
* Chester, possibly for Chester, the county town of Cheshire.[222]
* England Run, a river in Braxton County and tributary of the Little Kanawha, named after England itself.[222]
* English, named for the nationality of many coal miners in the area.[222]
* Evenwood, named for Evenwood, County Durham, the birthplace of the parents of T.W. Raine, an early inhabitant.[222]
* Hallidon, named after Halidon Hill, the site of a 1333 battle in Northumberland, near the Anglo-Scottish border.[222]
* Kendalia, named for the original landowner, Mr. Kendall who was also born at Kendal, Westmorland, England.[222]
* Liverpool, named for Liverpool, Lancashire.[222]
* Romney, named for Romney, one of the Cinque Ports.[222]
* Saint Albans, probably for St Albans, Hertfordshire.[222]
* Scarbro, named for Scarborough in the North Riding of Yorkshire, owing to the prevalence of "Scarbrough" as a local surname.[222]
* Selbyville, named in 1870 for Lord Thomas Selby, a member of the English gentry.[222]
* Skelton, for Skelton, North Riding of Yorkshire (near York).[222]

### Wisconsin

[edit]

* Chilton, Wisconsin, from Chillington Hall, Staffordshire, the English ancestral home of an early settler.[163]
* Ripon, Wisconsin, after Ripon, North Yorkshire, the English ancestral home city of one of its earliest settlers, John S. Horner.[223]

## Notable people

[edit]

George Washington

John Adams

Thomas Jefferson

|
|

Abraham Lincoln

Harry S. Truman

Richard Nixon

George W. Bush

Barack Obama

Joe Biden

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Americans of English descent.

Lists of Americans

By U.S. state
By ethnicity

* Afghan
* African Americans
* African-American Jews
* Alabama Creoles
* Albanian
* Algerian
* Amish
* Anglo-Americans
* Angolan
* Antiguan and Barbudan
* Arab
* Argentine
* Armenian
* Asian
* Assyrian
* Australian
* Austrian
* Azerbaijani

* Bahamian
* Baloch
* Bangladeshi
* Barbadian
* Basque
* Belarusian
* Belgian
* Belizean
* Beninese
* Berber
* Bermudian
* Bissau-Guinean
* Bolivian
* Bosniak
* Bosnian
* Brazilian
* British
* Bulgarian
* Burmese

* Caucasian peoples
* Chechen
* Circassian
* Georgian
* Californio
* Cambodian
* Cameroonian
* Canadian
* Canarian
* Isleños
* Louisiana Isleños
* Cape Verdean
* Catalan
* Caribbean
* Garifuna
* Indo-Caribbean
* Central Asian
* Afghan
* Kazakh
* Tajikistani
* Uzbek
* Chamorros
* Chilean
* Chinese
* Fuzhou
* Hakka
* Hoklo
* Hongkonger
* Colombian
* Congolese
* Coptic
* Cornish
* Cossack
* Costa Rican
* Croatian
* Cuban
* Cypriot
* Czech

* Danish
* Dominican Americans (Dominica)
* Dominican Americans (Dominican Republic)
* Dutch
* Dutch West Indian

* Ecuadorian
* Egyptian
* English
* Equatoguinean
* Eritrean
* Estonian

* Faroese
* Fijian
* Indo-Fijian
* Filipino
* Finnish
* French
* French-Canadian
* French Polynesian
* Frisian
* Fula

* Gabonese
* Galician
* Gambian
* German
* Ghanaian
* Greek
* Greenlandic
* Grenadian
* Guatemalan
* Guinean
* Guyanese

* Habesha peoples
* Ethiopian
* Eritrean
* Haitian
* Hmong
* Honduran
* Hongkongese
* Hungarian

* Icelandic
* Igbo
* Indian
* Bengali
* Gujarati
* Indo-Caribbean
* Indo-Fijian
* Malayali
* Punjabi
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Indonesian
* Iranian
* Iraqi
* Irish
* Irish Travellers
* Israeli
* Italian
* Iu Mien
* Ivorian

* Jamaican
* Japanese
* Jews
* African-American Jews
* Guamanian Jews
* Puerto Rican Jews
* Syrian Jews
* Jordanian

* Kalmyk
* Karen
* Kashubian
* Kazakh
* Kenyan
* Kittian and Nevisian
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Kuwaiti

* Laotian
* Latino
* Latvian
* Lebanese
* Liberian
* Libyan
* Liechtensteiner
* Lithuanian
* Louisiana Cajun
* Louisiana Creole
* Luxembourg

* Macedonian
* Malawian
* Maldivian
* Malian
* Maltese
* Malaysian
* Manx
* Māori
* Marshallese
* Mauritanian
* Métis
* Mexican
* Melungeon
* Micronesian
* Moldovan
* Mongolian
* Montenegrin
* Moroccan

* Native American
* Native Hawaiian
* Nepalese
* New Zealand
* Nicaraguan
* Nigerian
* Igbo
* Yoruba
* Nuevomexicano
* Norwegian

* Old Stock

* Pakistani
* Baloch
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Palauan
* Palestinian
* Panamanian
* Paraguayan
* Peruvian
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Puerto Rican

* Romani
* Bashalde
* Romanian
* Russian
* Russian Mennonites
* Rusyn

* Saint Lucian
* Salvadoran
* Sammarinese
* Samoan
* Saudi
* Scotch-Irish
* Scottish
* Senegalese
* Serbian
* Sicilian
* Sierra Leonean
* Singaporean
* Slovak
* Slovene
* Somali
* Sorbian
* South African
* South Asian
* Bangladeshi
* Bhutanese
* Indian
* Indo-Caribbean
* Indo-Fijian
* Nepalese
* Pakistani
* Sri Lankan
* South Sudanese
* Spanish
* Hispanos
* Sri Lankan
* Sudanese
* Surinamese
* Swedish
* Swiss
* Syrian

* Taiwan
* Tajik
* Tanzanian
* Tejanos
* Thai
* Tibetan
* Togolese
* Tongan
* Trinidadian and Tobagonian
* Tunisian
* Turkish

* Ugandan
* Ukrainian
* Uruguayan
* Uzbek
* Uyghur

* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese
* Vincentian
* Virgin Islander

* Welsh

* Yemeni
* Yoruba
* Yugoslav

* Zimbabwean

* Category

* v
* t
* e

### Presidents of English descent

[edit]

Most of the presidents of the United States have had English ancestry.[224] The extent of English heritage varies. Earlier presidents were predominantly of colonial English Yankee origin. Later presidents' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe, including England. The presidents who have lacked recent English ancestry are Martin Van Buren, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Donald Trump.[225]

### 18th century

[edit]

George Washington,[226][227] John Adams.[228]

### 19th century

[edit]

Thomas Jefferson, James Madison[229] John Quincy Adams,[228] Andrew Jackson,[230][231] William Henry Harrison,[232] John Tyler,[233] Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore,[234] Franklin Pierce,[235] Abraham Lincoln,[236][237] Andrew Johnson,[238] Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes,[239] James A. Garfield,[240] Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley.

### 20th century

[edit]

Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft,[241][242] Warren G. Harding,[243] Calvin Coolidge,[244] Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman,[245][246] Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter,[247] Ronald Reagan,[248] George H. W. Bush,[249][250] Bill Clinton.

### 21st century

[edit]

George W. Bush,[251] Barack Obama,[252][253] Joe Biden.[254]

## See also

[edit]

* England portal
* United States portal

* American ethnicity
* Ancestral background of presidents of the United States
* Americans or American people
* Anglo America
* Anglo-American relations
* Anglo-Celtic Australian
* Boston Brahmin
* British American
* Demographic history of the United States
* English (ethnic group)
* English Australians
* English Canadians
* English New Zealanders
* English diaspora
* England
* European Americans
* Immigration to the United States
* Maps of American ancestries
* Non-Hispanic whites
* Old Stock Americans
* Scotch-Irish American
* Scottish American
* Welsh American
* White Americans
* White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
* White Southerners
* Yankee
* English people in Paraguay
* English Chileans
* English Argentines
* English settlement in Nicaragua

## References

[edit]

1. ^ includes Welsh
2. ^ As of 2025[update]. While there have been 47 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president. Two presidents have served non-consecutive terms: and thus, conventionally, Grover Cleveland is numbered as both the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, and Donald Trump is numbered as both the 45th and 47th U.S. president.

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Races and Ethnicities USA 2020". United States census. September 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
2. ^ Cortés, Carlos E. (August 15, 2013). Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 780\. ISBN 978-1-4522-7626-7.
3. ^ "Over Half of White Population Reported Being English, German or Irish".
4. ^ "Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census". United States census. September 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
5. ^ "English Most Common Race or Ethnicity in 2020 Census". United States census. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
6. ^ Pulera, Dominic (October 20, 2004). Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. A&C Black. ISBN 9780826416438. Retrieved August 21, 2017 - via Google Books.
7. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
8. ^ Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.
9. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
10. ^ "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 2" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
11. ^ Bryc, Katarzyna; et al. (2015). "The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States". American Journal of Human Genetics. 96 (1): 37–53\. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. PMC 4289685. PMID 25529636. Retrieved June 29, 2023 - via National Center for Biotechnology Information.
12. ^ a b "English Emigration". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
13. ^ Useem, Michael (1984). The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S. and U.K. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-1950-4033-3. pp. 179-180,.
14. ^ Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G. (2003). The Upland South: The Making of an American Folk Region and Landscape. Center for American Places. pp. 9–15\. ISBN 978-1-930066-08-3.
15. ^ "Texas 1821-1836 < Anglo-American colonization in Texas - Kjetil Ersdal < 1801-1900 < Essays < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond". www.let.rug.nl. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
16. ^ Association, Texas State Historical. "Anglo-American Colonization in Mexican Texas (1821-1835)". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
17. ^ "The Anglo-Americans Settle in Louisiana". The Great River Road Museum. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
18. ^ "Texas Jewish History". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
19. ^ "Melungeon Texans". www.texasescapes.com. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
20. ^ "Digital History". www.digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from the original on August 17, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
21. ^ "Historic Flags of the Texas State Library and Archives - Austin National Flag | Texas State Library". www.tsl.texas.gov. Archived from the original on March 8, 2025. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
22. ^ Association, Texas State Historical. "The History of Texas Flags: From Six Flags Over Texas to the Lone Star Flag". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
23. ^ "Flags of the Texas Revolution | Texas Historical Commission". thc.texas.gov. December 2, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2025.
24. ^ Oxford English Dictionary: "Anglo" North American A white English-speaking person of British or northern European origin, in particular (in the US) as distinct from a Hispanic American or (in Canada) as distinct from a French-speaker.
25. ^ Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.:1994--Merriam-Webster See original definition (definition #1) of Anglo in English: It is defined as a synonym for Anglo-American\--Page 86
26. ^ "Anglo – Definitions from Dictionary.com; American Heritage Dictionary". Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008. "Usage Note: In contemporary American usage, Anglo is used primarily in direct contrast to Hispanic or Latino. In this context it is not limited to persons of English or even British descent, but can be generally applied to any non-Hispanic white person, making mother tongue (in this case English) the primary factor. Thus in parts of the United States such as the Southwest United States with large Hispanic populations, an American of Polish, Irish, or German heritage might be termed an Anglo just as readily as a person of English descent. However, in parts of the country where the Hispanic community is smaller or nonexistent, or in areas where ethnic distinctions among European groups remain strong, Anglo has little currency as a catch-all term for non-Hispanic whites. Anglo is also used in non-Hispanic contexts. In Canada, where its usage dates at least to 1800, the distinction is between persons of English and French descent. And in American historical contexts Anglo is apt to be used more strictly to refer to persons of English heritage, as in this passage describing the politics of nation-building in pre-Revolutionary America: "The 'unity' of the American people derived ... from the ability and willingness of an Anglo elite to stamp its image on other peoples coming to this country" (Benjamin Schwarz)."
27. ^ Lieberson, Stanley; Waters, Mary C. (1988). From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 9780871545435.
28. ^ Charlotte Erickson, Invisible immigrants: the adaptation of English and Scottish immigrants in nineteenth-century America (1990)
29. ^ Tanja Bueltmann, and Don MacRaild, "Globalizing St George: English associations in the Anglo-world to the 1930s" Journal of Global History (2012) 7#1 pp. 79–105
30. ^ Rowland Berthoff, "Under the Kilt: Variations on the Scottish-American Ground" Journal of American Ethnic History (1982) 1#2 pp. 5–34 online
31. ^ "Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for United States: 1980" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
32. ^ 1990 Detailed Ancestry Groups for States. Ethnic and Hispanic Branch, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1993. p. 20. Retrieved February 19, 2024. "1990 & 1980 census comparisons table"
33. ^ 1990 Detailed Ancestry Groups for States. Ethnic and Hispanic Branch, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1993. p. 20. Retrieved February 19, 2024. "1990 & 1980 census comparisons table"
34. ^ "Ancestry: 2000". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
35. ^ a b "Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
36. ^ "Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census". United States census. September 21, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
37. ^ Powell, John (2009). Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. Infobase. ISBN 9781438110127. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
38. ^ Boyer, Paul S.; Clark, Clifford E.; Halttunen, Karen; Kett, Joseph F.; Salisbury, Neal (January 1, 2010). The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781111786090. Retrieved August 21, 2017 - via Google Books.
39. ^ "Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775". Dalhousielodge.org. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
40. ^ "U.S. Federal Census :: United States Federal Census :: US Federal Census". 1930census.com. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
41. ^ Parrillo, Vincent N. (November 30, 2015). Diversity in America. Routledge. ISBN 9781317261063. Retrieved August 21, 2017 - via Google Books.
42. ^ U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (April 20, 1950). Investigation of the Immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 768–925\. Senate Report № 81-1515. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
43. ^ a b Rossiter, W. S. (1909). "Chapter XI. Nationality as Indicated by Names of Heads of Families Reported at the First Census". A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth Census of the United States: 1790–1900 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census. pp. 116–124\. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
44. ^ a b c d American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States (1932). Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 1086749050.
45. ^ "People of Western European origin" (PDF). CSun.edu. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
46. ^ Lieberson, Stanley; Waters, Mary C. (September 20, 1988). From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 9780871545435. Retrieved August 21, 2017 - via Google Books.
47. ^ "A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900" (PDF). census.gov. 1909. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
48. ^ "A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900" (PDF). census.gov. 1909. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
49. ^ Rossiter, W. S. (1909). "A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900" (PDF). Retrieved April 4, 2020.
50. ^ Council, American Rearned (1969). Surnames in the United States Census of 1790: An Analysis of National Origins of the Population. Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 9780806300047. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
51. ^ "A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900 (pp. 111–117)" (PDF). census.gov. 1909. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
52. ^ United States (1909). A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth, 1790-1900. Washington: Govt. Printing Office.
53. ^ "A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth Census of the United States: 1790–1900" (PDF). census.gov. 1909. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
54. ^ a b Purvis, Thomas L. (1984). "The European Ancestry of the United States Population, 1790: A Symposium". The William and Mary Quarterly. 41 (1): 85–101\. doi:10.2307/1919209. JSTOR 1919209.
55. ^ Szucs, Loretto Dennis; Luebking, Sandra Hargreaves (2006). The Source. Ancestry Publishing. p. 361. ISBN 9781593312770. Retrieved March 17, 2015. "English US census 1790."
56. ^ 1991, ISBN 0-8139-1346-2
57. ^ Richard Middleton, Colonial America (2003), 95–100, 145, 158, 159, 349n
58. ^ Maynard, 126-126
59. ^ "Table 1. United States – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990" (PDF). Webcitation.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
60. ^ Orth, Samuel Peter (August 21, 2017). Our Foreigners: A Chronicle of Americans in the Making. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 9781465601483. Retrieved August 21, 2017 - via Google Books.
61. ^ "Census.gov Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for the United States: 1980" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
62. ^ Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 (Supplementary Report PC80-S1-10) Issued: April 1983
63. ^ Single ancestry response by Region, Division and State – 1980 census
64. ^ Multiple ancestry response by Region, Division and State – 1980 census
65. ^ "1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. September 18, 1992. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
66. ^ "1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. September 18, 1992. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
67. ^ Ancestry: 2000 – Census 2000 Brief
68. ^ First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question – by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000
69. ^ a b "Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
70. ^ "Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
71. ^ "Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census". United States census. September 21, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
72. ^ "Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions and States: 1980" (PDF). United States Census. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
73. ^ "Top 101 cities with the most residents of English ancestry (population 500+)". Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
74. ^ "Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, All States". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
75. ^ "Newport, Christopher". Infoplease.com. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
76. ^ "Bassetlaw Museum". Bassetlawmuseum.org.uk. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
77. ^ "Pilgrims – Learn English". Learnenglish.org.uk. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
78. ^ Bradford, William (1898). "Book 2, Anno 1620" (PDF). In Hildebrandt, Ted (ed.). Bradford's History "Of Plimoth Plantation". Boston: Wright & Potter. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
79. ^ William Bradford, Edward Winslow (printer G. Mourt [George Morton], Relation or Iournall of the beginning and proceedings of the English Plantation setled at Plimoth in New England, Early English Books Online, p.4
80. ^ Herbert L. Osgood, "The Proprietary Province as a Form of Colonial Government, II." American Historical Review 3.1 (1897): 31–55 online.
81. ^ "Digital History". Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
82. ^ "New Sweden". U-s-history.com. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
83. ^ Galenson, David W. (July 18, 2002). Traders, Planters and Slaves: Market Behavior in Early English America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89414-2.
84. ^ "Which Europeans Trafficked in Slaves?". Archived from the original on May 23, 2010.
85. ^ "Synonyms Thesaurus with Antonyms & Definitions - Synonym.com". Trivia-library.com. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
86. ^ Free, Melissa (2018). "Settler Colonialism". Victorian Literature and Culture. 46 (3–4): 876–882\. doi:10.1017/S1060150318001080. ISSN 1060-1503.3–4&rft.pages=876-882&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/S1060150318001080&rft.issn=1060-1503&rft.aulast=Free&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/victorian-literature-and-culture/article/settler-colonialism/3BDA9AA967E171B915F4C96FA04077B7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:English+Americans" class="Z3988">
87. ^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States". U.S. Government Printing Office. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017 - via Google Books.
88. ^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States". U.S. Government Printing Office. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017 - via Google Books.
89. ^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States". U.S. Government Printing Office. August 21, 1968. Retrieved August 21, 2017 - via Google Books.
90. ^ a b Sherman L. Ricards, and George M. Blackburn, "The Sydney Ducks: A Demographic Analysis".  Pacific Historical Review (1973) . 42#1 pp: 20–31.
91. ^ a b Tobin, Lucy (June 13, 2011). "O'bama? It could never happen in England". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
92. ^ a b c Ward, David (1980). "Immigration: Settlement Patterns and Spatial Distribution". In Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar (eds.). Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Harvard University Press. pp. 496–508\. ISBN 0674375122. OCLC 1038430174.
93. ^ "1850–2000" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
94. ^ Patten, Eileen (February 21, 2012). "Statistical Portrait of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States, 2010". Pewhispanic.org. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
95. ^ Berthoff, British Immigrants, p. 154.
96. ^ "English Americans – History, Contemporary england, Immigration, settlement, and employment, Acculturation and Assimilation". Everyculture.com. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
97. ^ Billington, Ray Allen (April 14, 2016). The Historian's Contribution to Anglo-American Misunderstanding: Report of a Committee on National Bias in Anglo-American History Text Books. Routledge. ISBN 9781317271772 - via Google Books.
98. ^ Michael J. White, and Sharon Sassler, "Judging not only by color: Ethnicity, nativity, and neighborhood attainment." Social science quarterly (2000): 997–1013.
99. ^ Howard G. Schneiderman, "Thoughts Out of Season: E. Digby Baltzell and the Protestant Establishment." in Judgment and Sensibility (Routledge, 2018) pp. 1–24.
100. ^ "GI Roundtable Series". Historians.org. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
101. ^ History of Colonial America. Archived from the original on November 2, 2009.
102. ^ Dan Priel, "Conceptions of authority and the Anglo-American common law divide."  American Journal of Comparative Law 65.3 (2017): 609–657.
103. ^ Richard D. Brown, "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A collective view." William and Mary Quarterly (1976) 33#3: 465–480, especially pp 466, 478–79. online
104. ^ Gregory L. Schneider, ed. (2003). Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader. NYU Press. pp. 289–. ISBN 9780814797990.
105. ^ Nicol C. Rae, The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present (1989)
106. ^ Nina Strochlic, "George Washington to George W. Bush: 11 WASPs Who Have Led America," Daily Beast Aug. 16, 2012
107. ^ "National Virtual Translation Center". Nvtc.gov. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
108. ^ a b Summary Tables on Language Use and English Ability: 2000 (PHC-T-20). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
109. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed (Oxford University Press, 1989)
110. ^ Wes Venteicher, "California DMV reverses decision to eliminate most foreign language options for driver tests" Sacramento Bee May 7, 2021. online
111. ^ "Money in the American Colonies | Economic History Services". Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
112. ^ Fischer, pp. 74, 114, 134–39.
113. ^ Mary Randolph, The Virginia house-wife (Univ of South Carolina Press, 1984) p. xxxv, 41–44.
114. ^ Winslow, Edward (1622), Mourt's Relation (PDF), p. 133, archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2015, retrieved November 20, 2013, "many of the Indians coming amongst us, and amongst the rest their greatest king Massasoyt, with some ninetie men, whom for three dayes we entertained and feasted"
115. ^ "Primary Sources for 'The First Thanksgiving' at Plymouth" (PDF). Pilgrim Hall Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2009. "The 53 Pilgrims at the First Thanksgiving"
116. ^ William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation 1620–1647, 85.
117. ^ "Features – Sources of United States of America Legal Information in Languages Other than English –". LLRX. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
118. ^ "COMMON LAW V. CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS". Usinfo.state.gov. Archived from the original on November 14, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
119. ^ "History of Boston Latin School—oldest public school in America". BLS Web Site. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
120. ^ "History". Mather Elementary School. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
121. ^ "The Mather School is marking 375 years of public education; NYPD's Bratton, an alumnus, to speak at assembly | Dorchester Reporter". www.dotnews.com. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
122. ^ Report of the president of Harvard College and reports of departments. Harvard University. 1902. pp. 2–.
123. ^ Frederick E. Brasch, "The Newtonian Epoch in the American Colonies." Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society Vol. 49. (1939).
124. ^ "Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collections". Swem.wm.edu. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2008.
125. ^ Craig Evan Klafter, "St. George Tucker: The First Modern American Law Professor." Journal of The Historical Society 6.1 (2006): 133–150.
126. ^ Louis Leonard Tucker, Puritan Protagonist President Thomas Clap of Yale College (1962).
127. ^ Stoeckel, Althea (1976). "Presidents, professors, and politics: the colonial colleges and the American revolution". Conspectus of History. 1 (3): 45.
128. ^ "XXIII. Education. § 13. Colonial Colleges.". The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. June 14, 2022.
129. ^ "John Stafford Smith: Composer of the Star Spangled Banner". Archived from the original on July 11, 2007.
130. ^ "Fort McHenry – National Anthem". July 21, 2007. Archived from the original on July 21, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
131. ^ Lesley Nelson. "Star Spangled Banner". Contemplator.com. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
132. ^ Heintze, James R. (January 9, 2007). The Fourth of July Encyclopedia. McFarland. ISBN 9780786477166. Retrieved August 21, 2017 - via Google Books.
133. ^ "My country 'tis of thee [Song Collection]". The Library of Congress. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
134. ^ Snyder, Lois Leo (1990). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Paragon House. p. 13. ISBN 1-55778-167-2.
135. ^ "Amazing Grace". NPR.org. December 29, 2002. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
136. ^ Lomax, John A.; Lomax, Alan (January 1994). American Ballads and Folk Songs. Courier Corporation. p. 521\. ISBN 9780486282763.
137. ^ "The Englishman dubbed the father of baseball". BBC News. July 6, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
138. ^ "Why isn't baseball more popular in the UK?". BBC News. July 26, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
139. ^ "BBC NEWS – UK – England – Baseball 'origin' uncovered". news.bbc.co.uk. September 17, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
140. ^ "BBC – South Today – Features – Baseball history". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
141. ^ Telegraph staff and agencies (September 11, 2008). "Major League Baseball told: Your sport is British, not American". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
142. ^ Pope, S. W.; Pope, Steven W. (1997). The New American Sport History. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252065675. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
143. ^ "Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
144. ^ Hawgood, John (1970). The Tragedy of German-America. New York: Arno Press.
145. ^ "Ucl.ac.uk/paediatric-epidemiology Most common surnames in Britain" (PDF). Ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
146. ^ Kimberly Powell. "English Surnames: Meanings and Origins". About.com Parenting. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
147. ^ Kimberly Powell. "Smith – Surname Meaning, Origin and Genealogy". About.com Parenting. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
148. ^ "Scottish Surnames". Fife.50megs.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
149. ^ "A History of Irish Surnames: Is Yours Here?" An example of this was the common Irish surname Mac Gabhann, which meant "son of a smith". Some Mac Gabhanns, living in County Cavan, had their name translated to Smith and it remained that way.

Smith is the fifth most common surname in Ireland.

150. ^ Kimberly Powell. "Johnson (Surname) – Origin and Genealogy". About.com Parenting. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
151. ^ "Is Your Last Name Johnson? Learn What it Means and Where it Came From!". Thoughtco.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
152. ^ Kimberly Powell. "Williams – Meaning and Origin of This Surname". About.com Parenting. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
153. ^ Kimberly Powell. "BROWN – Surname Meaning, Origin and Genealogy". About.com Parenting. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
154. ^ Kimberly Powell. "JONES – Surname Meaning – Origin for the Surname Jones Genealogy". About.com Parenting. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
155. ^ Kimberly Powell. "Origin for the Surname Garcia – Genealogy". About.com Parenting. Archived from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
156. ^ "The Geography of European Surnames". Geocurrents.info. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
157. ^ Kimberly Powell. "Origin for the Surname "Davis" – Genealogy". About.com Parenting. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
158. ^ Kimberly Powell. "Rodriguez Name Meaning and Origin". About.com Parenting. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
159. ^ Homberger, Eric (2005). The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History. Owl Books. p. 34\. ISBN 0-8050-7842-8.
160. ^ Foscue, Virginia (1989). Place Names in Alabama. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0410-X.
161. ^ Clark, Wayne (February 25, 2023). "What's in a name? City of Valley". Valley Times News. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
162. ^ "Leeds". Shelby County, Alabama – Official Website. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
163. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off.
164. ^ a b Berry, Chad (2003). "The stories behind West Alabama's town names". Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
165. ^ ""Jesmond Dene"". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
166. ^ The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly. Connecticut Magazine Company. 1903. p. 334.
167. ^ "Dover throughout the World". The Dover Historian. April 24, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
168. ^ Demosthenous, Panayiota (March 31, 2024). "TWINNING IS WINNING: A look at Watford's twinned cities". My Local News. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
169. ^ "Town of Windermere". Orange County Government - Florida. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
170. ^ "The State of Maryland". Netstate.com. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
171. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - A (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
172. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - C (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
173. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - D (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
174. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - F (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
175. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - L (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
176. ^ a b c Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - M (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
177. ^ a b Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - H (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
178. ^ "Oxford Historic District, Newton County, Georgia". National Register of Historic Places. August 27, 2012.
179. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - S (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
180. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - T (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
181. ^ a b c d Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - W (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
182. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins - X,Y,Z (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
183. ^ a b c d e f Callary, Edward (2010). Place Names of Illinois. Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252090707.
184. ^ Dept. of English and Journalism (1970–72). Indiana names, v.1-3. Indiana State University. p. 15.
185. ^ Dept. of English and Journalism (1970–72). Indiana names, v.1-3. Indiana State University. p. 15.
186. ^ The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1. Kentucky State Historical Society. 1903.
187. ^ a b c d e f g h Rennick, Robert. Kentucky Place Names, University Press of Kentucky (Lexington), 1987, [1]. Accessed 26 August 2013.
188. ^ Yates, Edgar A.P. (June 13, 1928). "Some Maine town names". The Lewiston Daily Sun. p. 4. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
189. ^ Varney, George J. (1886), Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Newcastle, Boston: Russell
190. ^ "The State of Maryland". netstate.com.
191. ^ a b Kenny, Hamill (1984). The Placenames of Maryland : their origin and meaning. Baltimore, Md.: Maryland Historical Society. p. 47, 75. ISBN 0-938420-28-3.
192. ^ "A Tale of Two Bostons – iBoston". Iboston.org. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
193. ^ "ePodunk". Epodunk.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
194. ^ "How Did Michigan Cities Get Their Names?". October 16, 2018.
195. ^ a b "Jackson County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived)". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
196. ^ "The State of New Hampshire - An Introduction to the Granite State from NETSTATE.COM". Netstate.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
197. ^ New Hampshire Town Names and Whence They Came ISBN 978-0-872-33009-2 p. 9
198. ^ "New Hampshire". boulter.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
199. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed August 28, 2015.
200. ^ Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed December 1, 2017.
201. ^ Kane, Joseph Nathan; and Aiken, Charles Curry. The American Counties: Origins of County Names, Dates of Creation, and Population Data, 1950–2000, p. 112. Scarecrow Press, 2005. ISBN 0810850362. Accessed January 21, 2013.
202. ^ "New York State Information – Symbols, Capital, Constitution, Flags, Maps, Songs". 50states.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
203. ^ "The Split – One Colony Becomes Two". Carolana.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
204. ^ Town of Macclesfield. "The History of Macclesfiel" (PDF). Retrieved June 10, 2025.
205. ^ a b c d e Tarpley, Fred (July 5, 2010). 1001 Texas Place Names. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292786936.
206. ^ "Town of Kendal". Spring Hill Historic Home. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
207. ^ Espenshade, A. Howry (1925). Pennsylvania Place Names. Harrisburg, PA: The Evangelical Press. p. 37.
208. ^ "Township History - Edgmont, PA". Township of Edgmont, Pennsylvania. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
209. ^ "PHMC Doc Heritage: Lancaster County Petition". August 7, 2006. Archived from the original on August 7, 2006. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
210. ^ Pendle Hill Beginnings Archived 2009-01-01 at the Wayback Machine
211. ^ "WARMINSTER TOWNSHIP HISTORY". Township of Warminster. March 5, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
212. ^ "WARRINGTON TOWNSHIP HISTORY". Township of Warrington. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
213. ^ "WARWICK TOWNSHIP HISTORY". Township of Warwick. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
214. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Miller, Larry (2001). Tennessee Place Names. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33984-7. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
215. ^ "Coffee County, TNGenWeb". October 16, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
216. ^ In 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh sent Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to lead an exploration of what is now the North Carolina coast, and they returned with word of a regional "king" named "Wingina." This was modified later that year by Raleigh and the Queen to "Virginia", perhaps in part noting her status as the "Virgin Queen." Stewart, George (1945). Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: Random House. p. 22.
217. ^ Salmon, Emily J.; Campbell, Edward D.C., eds. (1994). The Hornbook of Virginia History : A Ready-Reference Guide to the Old Dominion's People, Places, and Past (4th ed.). Richmond: Library of Virginia. p. 161\. ISBN 0884901777.
218. ^ Blackburn, Jonathan (July 24, 2022). "The American railway town named after Crewe". Cheshire Live. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
219. ^ Meade, William (1891). Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia, Volume 2. Virginia: J. B. Lippincott Company.
220. ^ a b "Virginia County Names – A History". September 21, 2013.
221. ^ "City of Portsmouth History". City of Portsmouth. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
222. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kenny, Hamill (1945). West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press. pp. 156, 169, 231, 234, 349, 379, 548, 557, 565, 588.
223. ^ Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 118.
224. ^ "Genealogy and Ancestry of Barack Obama and the Other U.S. Presidents".
225. ^ Powell, Kimberly. "Ancestry of Donald Trump". Genealogy.about.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
226. ^ "AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: George Washington". July 10, 2010. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
227. ^ Irvin Haas (1992). Historic Homes of the American Presidents. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-26751-2.
228. ^ a b Henry Adams born 1583 Barton St David, Somerset, England Archived March 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
229. ^ "The Fourth President • 1809–1817: James Madison". Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
230. ^ "The Presidents, Andrew Jackson". American Heritage.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
231. ^ Jackson, Elmer Martin (1985). Keeping the lamp of remembrance lighted: a genealogical narrative with pictures and charts about the Jacksons and their allied families. Maryland: Hagerstown Bookbinding and Printing Co. p. 9.
232. ^ "The Ninth President • 1841–1841: illiam Henry Harrison". Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
233. ^ "AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: John Tyler". January 2, 2010. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
234. ^ "AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: Millard Fillmore". May 11, 2010. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
235. ^ "The Fourteenth President • 1853–1857: Franklin Pierce". Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
236. ^ Lea, James Henry; Hutchinson, John Robert (1909). The Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln. Houghton Mifflin. p. 160. Retrieved August 21, 2017 - via Internet Archive. "swanton morley lincoln norfolk."
237. ^ "Ancestors of Abraham Lincoln". Genbox.com. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
238. ^ "AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: Andrew Johnson". May 11, 2010. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
239. ^ "The Nineteenth President • 1877–1881: Rutherford Birchard Hayes". Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
240. ^ "The Twentieth President • 1881–1881: James Abram Garfield". Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
241. ^ Marck, John T. "William H. Taft". aboutfamouspeople.com. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
242. ^ "The Presidents, William Taft". American Heritage.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
243. ^ "Warren Gamaliel Harding". thinkquest.com. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
244. ^ "The Thirtieth President • 1923–1929: Calvin Coolidge". Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
245. ^ Marck, John T. "Harry S. Truman". aboutfamouspeople.com. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
246. ^ "The Presidents, Harry S Truman". American Heritage.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
247. ^ "Jimmy Carter Library". Jimmycarterlibrary.org. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
248. ^ "The Presidents, Ronald Reagan". American Heritage.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2006. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
249. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (January 27, 2005). "Scion of traitors and warlords: why Bush is coy about his Irish links". London: Guardian. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
250. ^ "American Presidents with Irish Ancestors". Directory of Irish Genealogy. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
251. ^ "BBC News – UK POLITICS – George W Bush, Essex boy". News.bbc.co.uk. November 7, 2000. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
252. ^ "The Forty-Fourth President • 2009–present: Barack Hussein Obama". Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
253. ^ "Ancestry of Barack Obama". William Addams Reitwiesner. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
254. ^ "'Joe Biden will be the first US president to have Sussex ancestry'". November 13, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Berthoff, Rowland. British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790–1950 (1953). online
* Bridenbaugh, Carl. Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (1976). online
* Bueltman, Tanja; Gleeson, David T.; MacRaild, Donald M. (Summer 2014). "Invisible Diaspora? English Ethnicity in the United States before 1920" (PDF). Journal of American Ethnic History. 33 (4). University of Illinois Press: 5–30\. doi:10.5406/jamerethnhist.33.4.0005. JSTOR 10.5406/jamerethnhist.33.4.0005.
* Erickson, Charlotte. Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America (1972).
* Furer, Howard B., ed. The British in America: 1578–1970 (1972). online; chronology and documents
* Hanft, Sheldon. "English Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 73–86. Online
* Richards, Eric. Britannia's children: emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600 (A&C Black, 2004) online.
* Shepperson, Wilbur S. British emigration to North America; projects and opinions in the early Victorian period (1957) online
* Tennenhouse, Leonard. The Importance of Feeling English: American Literature and the British Diaspora, 1750–1850 (2007). online
* Van Vugt, William E. "British (English, Scottish, Scots Irish, and Welsh) and British Americans, 1870–1940'." in Elliott Barkan, ed., Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration (2013): 4:237+.
* Van Vugt, William E. British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900 (2006).
* Van Vugt, William E. Britain to America: mid-nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States (University of Illinois Press, 1999).

* v
* t
* e

British diaspora

* Cornish diaspora
* English diaspora
* Scottish diaspora
* Welsh diaspora

Africa|

* British diaspora in Africa

Asia|

| East|

* China
* Hong Kong
* Japan

|

South|

* Bangladesh
* India
* English
* Scottish
* Pakistan

Southeast|

* Myanmar

Europe|

* France
* Germany
* English
* Scottish
* Italy
* Portugal
* Spain
* Sweden [sv]
* Russia
* English
* Scottish
* Irish
* Turkey

Middle East|

* United Arab Emirates
* Turkey

North America|

* Canada
* Anglo-Indian
* Anglo-Métis
* Cornish
* English
* Scotch-Irish
* Scottish
* Quebec
* Welsh
* Jamaica
* Scottish
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* English
* United States
* Cornish
* English
* Manx
* Old Stock Americans
* Scottish
* Scotch-Irish
* Welsh
* White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

Oceania|

* Australia
* Cornish
* English
* Scottish
* Welsh
* New Zealand
* English
* Scottish
* Welsh

South America|

* Argentina
* English
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Brazil
* English
* Scottish
* Chile
* English
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Paraguay
* English
* Peru
* Uruguay

* v
* t
* e

European Americans

Central Europe|

* Austrian
* Czech
* German
* Sorbian
* Mennonite
* Amish
* German Texan
* Pennsylvania Dutch
* German Mennonites from Russia
* Hungarian
* Hungarian Ohioans
* Liechtensteiner
* Polish
* Kashubian
* Slovak
* Swiss

Eastern Europe|

* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Belarusian
* Georgian
* Russian
* Chechen
* Circassian
* Cossack
* Kalmyk
* Ukrainian
* Rusyn

Northern Europe|

* Danish
* Estonian
* Faroese
* Finnish
* Greenlandic
* Icelandic
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Norwegian
* Norwegian Dakotan
* Norwegian Minnesotan
* Sámi
* Swedish

Southeast Europe|

* Albanian
* Bosnian
* Bulgarian
* Cypriot
* Croatian
* Greek
* Kosovan
* Macedonian
* Montenegrin
* Romanian
* Moldovan
* Slovene
* Serbian
* Alaskan Serbs
* Turkish
* Yugoslav

Southern Europe|

* Italian
* Before 1880
* Sicilian
* Sammarinese
* Maltese
* Portuguese
* Spanish
* Asturian
* Basque
* Canarian
* Catalan
* Galician

Western Europe|

* Belgian
* British
* Cornish
* English
* Manx
* Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Dutch
* Frisian
* French
* Breton
* Corsican
* Acadian
* Cajun
* Canadian
* Huguenot
* Irish
* Irish Traveller
* Luxembourgian

Other Europeans|

* White Americans
* Non-Hispanic whites
* White Hispanic and Latino
* Melungeon
* Métis
* Louisiana Creole
* Cajun
* Isleños
* French Canadian
* Acadian
* Cajun

By region|

* Appalachia
* California
* San Francisco
* Hawaii
* White Southerners
* Arkansas
* Louisiana
* Maryland

* v
* t
* e

Demographics of the United States

Demographic history

Socioeconomic status

* Affluence
* Gender inequality
* Educational attainment
* Emigration
* Home-ownership
* Household income
* Housing segregation
* Immigration
* Income inequality
* Language
* LGBT
* Middle classes
* Personal income
* Poverty
* Racial inequality
* Race and health
* Racial achievement gap
* Racial wage gap
* Social class
* Standard of living
* Unemployment by state
* Wealth
* Ethnocultural politics

Religions

* Baha'is
* Buddhists
* Christians
* Catholics
* Coptics
* Mormons
* Protestants
* Hindus
* Jains
* Jews
* Muslims
* Ahmadiyyas
* Five Percenters
* Moorish Scientists
* Nation of Islam
* Value Creators
* Native American
* Neopagans
* Non-religious
* Rastafaris
* Scientologists
* Sikhs
* Zoroastrians

* v
* t
* e

Ancestry and ethnicity in the United States

General/miscellaneous ethno-racial classifications

| General groups|

* African Americans
* Asian Americans
* Native Americans
* Alaska Natives
* Pacific Islanders
* Native Hawaiians
* White/European Americans
* Non-Hispanic Whites
* Appalachians

|

Hispanic/Latino|

* Asian Latino
* Punjabi Mexicans
* Black Latino
* Blaxican
* Mestizo
* Puerto Ricans
* Stateside Puerto Ricans
* White Latino

Multiracial|

* Afro-Asian
* Amerasian
* Black Indians
* Blaxican
* Cajuns
* Creoles
* Hapa
* Melungeon
* Mestizo
* Mulatto
* Punjabi Mexicans

Aboriginal/Indigenous/Native Americans

| Alaskan|

* Aleutians
* Alutiiq
* Athabaskans
* Gwich'in
* Haida
* Iñupiat
* Tsimshian
* Tlingit
* Yupik

|

Californian|

* Cahuilla
* Chemehuevi
* Chumash
* Cupeño
* Diegueño
* Esselen
* Juaneño
* Kitanemuk
* Luiseño
* Miwok
* Patwin
* Pomo
* Salinan
* Serrano
* Suisunes
* Ohlone
* Awaswas
* Chalon
* Chochenyo
* Karkin
* Tamyen
* Tataviam
* Tongva
* Wappo
* Wintun
* Yokuts

Iroquois|

* Cayuga
* Mohawk
* Oneida
* Onondaga
* Seneca
* Tuscarora

Miscellaneous|

* Abenaki
* Apache
* Blackfeet
* Cherokee
* Cheyenne
* Chickasaw
* Choctaw
* Colville
* Comanche
* Cree
* Crow
* Houma
* Kiowa
* Lenape
* Menominee
* Mohave
* Muscogee
* Navajo
* Ojibwe
* Osage
* Odawa
* Paiute
* Pawnee
* Pima
* Potawatomi
* Puebloans
* Zia
* Zuni
* Quechan
* Salish
* Seminole
* Shawnee
* Shoshone
* Sioux
* Tohono Oʼodham
* Ute
* Yakama
* Yaqui

The Americas (by region and country)

| Caribbean|

* Anglo-Caribbean
* Antiguan
* Bahamian
* Barbadian
* Bermudian
* Dominican (Commonwealth)
* Grenadian
* Jamaican
* Kittian
* St. Lucian
* Trinidadian
* Vincentian
* Virgin Islanders
* Dutch Caribbean
* Indo-Caribbean
* Latin Caribbean
* Cuban
* Dominican (Republic)
* Haitian
* Puerto Ricans

|

North America|

* Belizean
* Canadian
* French Canadian
* Greenlandic
* Latin North/Central American
* Costa Rican
* Guatemalan
* Honduran
* Garifuna
* Mexican
* Indigenous Mexican
* Nicaraguan
* Panamanian
* Salvadoran

South America|

* Guyanese
* Latin South American
* Argentine
* Bolivian
* Brazilian
* Chilean
* Colombian
* Ecuadorian
* Paraguayan
* Peruvian
* Uruguayan
* Venezuelan
* Surinamese

Sub-Saharan Africa

| General/misc.|

* Black African diaspora
* African Americans
* Afro-Caribbeans
* Afro-Latinos
* Recent African immigrants

|

Central Africa|

* Cameroonian
* Congolese
* Equatoguinean
* Gabonese

East Africa|

* Eritrean
* Ethiopian
* Kenyan
* Somali
* South Sudanese
* Tanzanian
* Ugandan

Southern Africa|

* Angolan
* Malawian
* South African
* Afrikaners
* Zimbabwean

West Africa|

* Beninese
* Cape Verdean
* Fula
* Gambian
* Ghanaian
* Guinean
* Guinea-Bissauan
* Ivorian
* Liberian
* Malian
* Mauritanian
* Nigerian
* Igbo
* Yoruba
* Senegalese
* Sierra Leonean
* Togolese

Asia

| General/misc.|

* Asian Americans
* Asian Latinos

|

Central Asia|

* Afghan
* Pashtun
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Tajik
* Turkmen
* Uzbek

East Asia|

* Chinese
* Fuzhounese
* Hakka
* Hoklo
* Hong Kong
* Taiwanese
* Tibetan
* Uyghur
* Japanese
* Ryukyuan
* Korean
* Mongolian

South Asia|

* Bangladeshi
* Bengali
* Bhutanese
* Indian
* Bengali
* Gujarati
* Malayali
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Indo-Caribbean
* Maldivian
* Nepalese
* Pakistani
* Balochi
* Pashtun
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Sri Lankan
* Tamil

Southeast Asia|

* Burmese
* Karen
* Cambodian
* Filipino
* Hmong–Mien
* Hmong
* Iu Mien
* Indonesian
* Laotian
* Malaysian
* Singaporean
* Thai
* Vietnamese

Europe

| General/misc.|

* White/European Americans
* Non-Hispanic Whites
* White Hispanic/Latino
* Jewish
* Romani
* Bashalde

|

British Isles|

* British
* Cornish
* English
* Manx
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Irish
* Scotch-Irish

Central Europe|

* Austrian
* Czech
* German
* Frisian
* Sorbian
* Polish
* Kashubian
* Rusyn
* Silesian
* Slovak
* Swiss

Eastern Europe|

* Baltic
* Estonian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Belarusian
* Moldovan
* Russian
* Chechen
* Circassian
* Cossack
* Kalmyk
* Ukrainian
* Cossack

Northern Europe|

* Danish
* Faroese
* Greenlandic
* Finnish
* Icelandic
* Norwegian
* Sami
* Swedish

Southern Europe|

* Iberian
* Portuguese
* Spanish
* Asturian
* Basque
* Canarian
* Catalan
* Galician
* Italian
* Sicilian
* Maltese
* Sammarinese

Southeast Europe|

* Albanian
* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Bulgarian
* Cypriot
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hungarian
* Romanian
* Turkish
* Yugoslav
* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Macedonian
* Montenegrin
* Serbian
* Slovenian

Western Europe|

* Belgian
* Flemish
* Dutch
* Afrikaners
* French
* Basque
* Breton
* Corsican
* French Canadian
* Liechtensteiner
* Luxembourger

Middle East and North Africa

| Multinational|

* Arab
* Assyrian
* Berber
* Circassian
* Jewish
* Kurdish

|

North Africa|

* Algerian
* Egyptian
* Coptic
* Libyan
* Moroccan
* Sudanese
* Tunisian

West Asia|

* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Bahraini
* Cypriot
* Emirati
* Georgian
* Iranian
* Balochi
* Iraqi
* Israeli
* Jordanian
* Kuwaiti
* Lebanese
* Omani
* Palestinian
* Qatari
* Saudi
* Syrian
* Syrian-Jewish
* Turkish
* Yemeni

Oceania (Pacific Islands)

| Australasia|

* Australian
* New Zealander
* Maori

|

Melanesia|

* Fijian
* Papuan

Micronesia|

* Chamorro
* Marshallese
* Micronesian (Federation)
* Palauan

Polynesia|

* French Polynesian
* Hawaiian
* Maori
* Samoan
* Tongan

Related subjects

* People of the United States / Americans
* American ancestry
* Native American ancestry
* Maps of American ancestries
* 2010 census
* Race and ethnicity in the census
* Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
* Racism

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[c.]: circa