English translations of Homer

Translators and scholars have translated the main works attributed to Homer, the Iliad and Odyssey, from the Homeric Greek into English, since the 16th and 17th centuries. Translations are ordered chronologically by date of first publication, with first lines provided to illustrate the style of the translation.

Not all translators translated both the Iliad and Odyssey; in addition to the complete translations listed here, numerous partial translations, ranging from several lines to complete books, have appeared in a variety of publications.

The "original" text cited below is that of "the Oxford Homer".[1]

## Iliad

[edit]

### Reference text

[edit]

Poet  | Provenance  | Proemic verse

|
|

Homer | c. 8th century BC
Greek rhapsode |

Aeolis

> Ancient Greek:
>  μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος
>  οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί᾽ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε᾽ ἔθηκε,
>  πολλὰς δ᾽ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν
>  ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν
>  οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ᾽ ἐτελείετο βουλή,
>  ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε
>  Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς.
>  —

>  τίς τ᾽ ἄρ σφωε θεῶν ἔριδι ξυνέηκε μάχεσθαι;
>  Λητοῦς καὶ Διὸς υἱός: ὃ γὰρ βασιλῆϊ χολωθεὶς
>  νοῦσον ἀνὰ στρατὸν ὄρσε κακήν, ὀλέκοντο δὲ λαοί,
>  οὕνεκα τὸν Χρύσην ἠτίμασεν ἀρητῆρα
>  Ἀτρεΐδης: ὃ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν
>  λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα φέρων τ᾽ ἀπερείσι᾽ ἄποινα,
>  στέμματ᾽ ἔχων ἐν χερσὶν ἑκηβόλου Ἀπόλλωνος
>  χρυσέῳ ἀνὰ σκήπτρῳ, καὶ λίσσετο πάντας Ἀχαιούς,
>  Ἀτρεΐδα δὲ μάλιστα δύω, κοσμήτορε λαῶν:
>  Ἀτρεΐδαι τε καὶ ἄλλοι ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοί,
>  ὑμῖν μὲν θεοὶ δοῖεν Ὀλύμπια δώματ᾽ ἔχοντες
>  ἐκπέρσαι Πριάμοιο πόλιν, εὖ δ᾽ οἴκαδ᾽ ἱκέσθαι:
>  παῖδα δ᾽ ἐμοὶ λύσαιτε φίλην, τὰ δ᾽ ἄποινα δέχεσθαι,
>  ἁζόμενοι Διὸς υἱὸν ἑκηβόλον Ἀπόλλωνα.

> Romanization:

> mēnin aeide thea Pēlēiadeō Achilēos
>  oulomenēn, hē myri' Achaiois alge' ethēke,
>  pollas d' iphthimous psychas Aidi proiapsen
>  hērōōn, autous de helōria teuche kynessin
>  oiōnoisi te pasi, Dios d' eteleieto boulē,
>  ex hou dē ta prōta diastētēn erisante
>  Atreidēs te anax andrōn kai dios Achilleus.
>  —

>  tis t' ar sphōe theōn eridi xyneēke machesthai?
>  Lētous kai Dios huios: ho gar basilēi cholōtheis
>  nouson ana straton orse kakēn, olekonto de laoi,
>  houneka ton Chrysēn ētimasen arētēra
>  Atreidēs: ho gar ēlthe thoas epi nēas Achaiōn
>  lysomenos te thygatra pherōn t' apereisi' apoina,
>  stemmat' echōn en chersin hekēbolou Apollōnos
>  chryseō ana skēptrō, kai lisseto pantas Achaious,
>  Atreida de malista dyō, kosmētore laōn:
>  Atreidai te kai alloi euknēmides Achaioi,
>  hymin men theoi doien Olympia dōmat' echontes
>  ekpersai Priamoio polin, eu d' oikad' hikesthai:
>  paida d' emoi lysaite philēn, ta d' apoina dechesthai,
>  hazomenoi Dios huion hekēbolon Apollōna.

> [2]

### 16th and 17th centuries (1581–1700)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Hall, Arthur
of Grantham  | 1539-1605,
M. P., courtier, translator | 1581 | London, for Ralph Newberie |

> I Thee beseech, O Goddesse milde, the hatefull hate to plaine,
>  Whereby Achilles was so wroong, and grewe in suche disdaine,

| [3]
Rawlyns,
Roger |  | 1587 | London, Orwin |  | [4]
Colse,
Peter |  | 1596 | London, H. Jackson |  | [5]
Chapman,
George | 1559–1634,
dramatist, poet, classicist | 1611-15 | London, Rich. Field for Nathaniell Butter[6] |

> Achilles' banefull wrath resound, O Goddesse, that imposd
>  Infinite sorrowes on the Greekes, and many brave soules losd

| [7]
Grantham,
Thomas | c. 1610-1664
| 1659 | London, T. Lock  |

> Achilles son of Peleus Goddes sing,
>  His baneful wrath which to the Greeks did bring
>  Unnumbred greifs, brave souls to hel did send

| [8]
Ogilby,
John | 1600-1676,
cartographer, publisher, translator | 1660 | London, Roycroft  |

> Achilles Peleus Son's destructive Rage,
>  Great Goddess, sing, which did the Greeks engage

| [9]
Hobbes,
Thomas | 1588-1679,
acclaimed philosopher, etc. | 1676 | London, W. Crook  |

> O Goddess sing what woe the discontent
>  Of Thetis' son brought to the Greeks; what souls
>  Of heroes down to Erebus it sent,

| [10]
Dryden,
John | 1631-1700,
dramatist,
Poet Laureate | 1700 | London, J. Tonson  |

> The Wrath of Peleus Son, O Muse, resound;
>  Whose dire Effects the Grecian Army found:

| [11]

### Early 18th century (1701–1750)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Ozell, John | d. 1743,
translator, accountant  | 1712  | London, Bernard Lintott  |  |
Broome, William | 1689-1745,
poet, translator
Oldisworth, William | 1680-1734[12]
Pope,
Alexander | 1688-1744,
poet | 1715 | London, Bernard Lintot  |

> Achilles' wrath, to Greece the direful spring
>  Of woes unnumber'd, heavenly goddess, sing!

| [13]
Tickell,
Thomas | 1685-1740,
poet | 1715 | London, Tickell  |

> Achilles' fatal wrath, whence discord rose,
>  That brought the sons of Greece unnumber'd woes,

| [14]
Fenton,
Elijah | 1683-1730,
poet, biographer, translator | 1717 | London, printed for Bernard Lintot |  |
Cooke,
T. |  | 1729 |  |  |
Fitz-Cotton,
H. |  | 1749 | Dublin, George Faulkner |  |
Ashwick,
Samuel |  | 1750 | London, printed for Brindley, Sheepey and Keith |  |

### Late 18th century (1751–1800)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Scott,
J. N. |  | 1755 | London, Osborne and Shipton |  |
Langley,
Samuel,  | 1720-
1791
Rector of Checkley[15] | 1767 | London, Dodsley |  |
Macpherson,
James | 1736-1796,
poet, compiler of Scots Gaelic poems, politician | 1773 | London, T. Becket  |

> The wrath of the son of Peleus,—O goddess of song, unfold! The deadly wrath of Achilles : To Greece the source of many woes!

| [16]
Cowper,
William | 1731-1800,
poet and hymnodist | 1791 | London, J. Johnson  |

> Achilles sing, O Goddess! Peleus' son;
>  His wrath pernicious, who ten thousand woes

| [17]
Tremenheere, William,  | 1757-
1838
Chaplain to the Royal Navy[18] | 1792 | London, Faulder? |  |
Geddes,
Alexander | 1737-1802,
Scots Roman Catholic theologian; scholar, poet | 1792 | London: printed for J. Debrett |  |
Bak,
Joshua
(T. Bridges?)  |  | 1797 | London |  |

### Early 19th century (1801–1850)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Williams, Peter?  |  |  |  |  |
Bulmer, William
[improper synthesis?] | 1757-1830,
printer | 1807 |  |

> The stern resentment of Achilles, son
>  Of Peleus, Muse record,—dire source of woe;

| [19]
Cowper,
William (3rd edition)  | 1731-1800,
poet and hymnodist | 1809 |  |

> Sing Muse the deadly wrath of Peleus' son
>  Achilles, source of many thousand woes

| [20]
Morrice,
Rev. James |  | 1809 |  |

> Sing, Muse, the fatal wrath of Peleus' son,
>  Which to the Greeks unnumb'red evils brought,

| [21]
Cary,
Henry | 1772-1844,
author, translator | 1821 | London, Munday and Slatter  |

> Sing, Goddess, the destructive wrath of Achilles, son of Peleus, which brought many disasters upon the Greeks,

| [22]
Sotheby,
William | 1757-1833,
poet, translator | 1831 | London, John Murray |  |
Anonymous

A Graduate Of The University

|  | 1847 | Dublin, Cumming and Ferguson |  Sing, Goddess, the fatal resentment of Achilles, the son of Peleus, which caused innumerable woes to the Achaeans, and prematurely despatched many brave souls of heroes to Orcus, and made themselves (i.e. their bodies) a prey to dogs and all birds, (for the counsel of Jove was being accomplished,) from the time that Atrides, king of men, and the noble Achilles, first contending, were disunited.  |
Munford,
William | 1775-1825,
American lawyer
[23] | 1846 | Boston, Little Brown |  |
Brandreth,
Thomas Shaw | 1788-1873,
mathematician, inventor, classicist | 1846 | London, W. Pickering  |

> Achillies wrath accurst, O Goddess, sing,
>  Which caused ten thousand sorrows to the Greeks,

| [24]

### Late middle 19th century (1851–1875)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Buckley,
Theodore Alois | 1825-1856,
translator | 1851 | London, H. G. Bohn |

> Sing, O goddess, the destructive wrath of Achilles, son of Peleus, which brought countless woes upon the Greeks,

| [25]
Hamilton,
Sidney G. |  | 1855-58  | Philadelphia  |  |
Clark, Thomas |
Newman,
Francis William | 1807-1893,
classics professor[26] | 1856 | London, Walton & Maberly  |

> Of Peleus' son, Achilles, sing, oh goddess, the resentment
>  Accursed, which with countless pangs Achaia's army wounded,

| [27]
Wright,
Ichabod Charles | 1795-1871,
translator, poet, accountant  | 1858-65 | Cambridge, Macmillan |  |
[28]
Giles, Rev. Dr. J. A.
[John Allen]  | 1808-1884,
headmaster, scholar, prolific author, clergyman[29] | 1861-82 |  |

> Sing, O goddess, the destructive wrath of Achilles son of Peleus, which caused ten thousand thousand griefs to the Achæans

| [30]
Dart, J. Henry | 1817-1887,
East India Company counsel[31] | 1862 | London, Longmans Green |

> Sing, divine Muse, sing the implacable wrath of Achilleus!
>  Heavy with death and with woe to the banded sons of Achaia!

| [32]
Barter, William G. T | 1808-1871,
barrister
[33][34] | 1864 | London, Longman, Brown, and Green  |

> The wrath of Peleus' son Achilles sing,
>  O goddess, wrath destructive, that did on

| [35]
Norgate, T. S.
[Thomas Starling, Jr.]  | 1807-1893,
clergyman[36] | 1864 | London, Williams and Norgate  |

> Goddess! O sing the wrath of Pêleus' son,
>  Achillès' wrath,—baneful,—that on the Achaians

| [37]
Derby,
14th Earl of
Smith-Stanley, Edward
14th Earl of derby  | 1799-1869,
Prime Minister | 1864 |  |

> Of Peleus' son, Achilles, sing, O Muse,
>  The vengeance, deep and deadly; whence to Greece

| [38]
Simcox,
Edwin W. |  | 1865 | London, Jackson, Walford and Hodder |  |
Worsley, Philip Stanhope | 1835-1866,
poet  | 1865  | Edinburgh and London, William Blackwood and Sons  |

> Wrath of Achilleus, son of Peleus, sing,
>  O heavenly Muse, which in its fatal sway

| [39]
Conington, John | 1825-1869,
classics professor
Blackie,
John Stuart | 1809-1895,
Scots professor of classics  | 1866 | Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas  |

> The baneful wrath, O goddess, sing, of Peleus' son, the source
>  Of sorrows dire, and countless woes to all the Grecian force;

| [40]
Calverley,
Charles Stuart | 1831-1884,
poet, wit  | 1866 |  |

> The wrath of Peleus' son, that evil wrath
>  Which on Achaia piled a myriad woes,

| [41]
Herschel,
Sir John | 1792-1871,
scientist  | 1866 | London & Cambridge, Macmillan  |

> Sing, celestial Muse! the destroying wrath of Achilles,
>  Peleus' son: which myriad mischiefs heaped on the Grecians,

| [42]
Omega |  | 1866 | London: Hatchard and Co. |

> Sing, Muse, Achilles' scathing wrath, which bore
>  A thousand sorrows to Achaia's shore—

| [43]
Cochrane,
James Inglis |  | 1867 | Edinburgh  |

> Sing, O heavenly goddess, the wrath of Peleides Achilles,
>  Ruinous wrath, whence numberless woes came down to Achaia,

| [44]
Merivale,
Charles,
Dean of Ely  | 1808-1893,
clergyman, historian  | 1868 | London, Strahan  |

> Peleïdes Achilles, his anger, Goddess, sing;
>  Fell anger, fated on the Greeks ten thousand woes to bring;

| [45]
Gilchrist,
James |  | 1869 |  |

> Sing, Goddess, the pernicious wrath of Achilles the son of Peleus, which caused innumerable woes to the Greeks,

| [30]
Bryant,
William Cullen | 1794-1878,
American poet, Evening Post editor  | 1870 | Boston, Houghton, Fields Osgood  |

> O goddess! sing the wrath of Peleus' son,
>  Achilles; sing the deadly wrath that brought

| [24]
Caldcleugh,
W. G. | 1812-1872,
American lawyer[46][47] | 1870 | Philadelphia, Lippincott  |

> Sing of Achilles' wrath, oh heavenly muse,
>  Which brought upon the Greeks unnumbered woes,

| [24]
Rose,
John Benson |  | 1874 | London, privately printed |  |

### Late 19th century (1876–1900)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Barnard,
Mordaunt Roger | 1828-1906,
clergyman, translator  | 1876 | London, Williams and Margate |  |
Cayley, C. B.
[Charles Bagot]  | 1823-1883,
translator  | 1877 | London, Longmans  |

> Muse, of Pelidéan Achilles sing the resentment
>  Ruinous, who brought down many thousand griefs on Achaians,

| [22]
Mongan,
Roscoe |  | 1879 | London, James Cornish & Sons |  |
Hailstone,
Herbert | Cambridge classicist, poet  | 1882 | London, Relfe Brothers  |

> Sing, goddess, the deadly wrath of Achilles, Peleus' son, which caused for the Achæans countless woes,

| [48]
Lang, Andrew | 1844-1912,
Scots poet, historian, critic, folk tales collector, etc.  | 1882[49] | London, Macmillan  |

> Sing, goddess, the wrath of Achilles Peleus' son, the ruinous wrath that brought on the Achaians woes innumerable,

| [50]
Leaf, Walter | 1852-1927,
banker, scholar
Myers, Ernest | 1844-1921,
poet, classicist
Green,
W.C. |  | 1884 |  |

> Sing, goddess Muse, the wrath of Peleus' son,
>  The wrath of Achilleus with ruin fraught,

| [30]
Way,
Arthur Sanders (Avia)  | 1847-1930,
Australian classicist, headmaster  | 1886-8 | London, S. Low  |

> The wrath of Achilles, the Peleus-begotten, O Song-queen, sing,
>  Fell wrath, that dealt the Achaians woes past numbering;

| [51]
Howland,
G. [George]  | 1824-1892,
American educator, author, translator[52] | 1889 |  |

> Sing for me, goddess, the wrath, the wrath of Peleian Achilles
>  Ruinous wrath, which laid unnumbered woes on the Grecians;

| [53]
Cordery,
John Graham | 1833-1900,
civil servant, British Raj[54] | 1890 | London  |

> The wrath, that rose accursèd, and that laid
>  Unnumbered sorrows on Achaia's host,

| [55]
Garnett,
Richard |  | 1890 |  |

> Sing, Goddess, how Pelides' wrath arose,
>  Disastrous, working Greece unnumbered woes,

| [56]
Purves,
John |  | 1891 | London, Percival  |

> Sing, O goddess, the fatal wrath of Peleus' son Achilles, which brought ten thousand troubles on the Achæans,

| [57]
Bateman,
C. W. |  | c. 1895  | London, J. Cornish  |

> Goddess, sing the destroying wrath of Achilles, Peleus' son, which brought woes unnumbered on the Achæans,

| [40]
Mongan, R. |  | c. 1895  |  |  |
Butler,
Samuel | 1835-1902,
novelist, essayist, critic  | 1898 | London, Longmans, Green[58] |

> Sing, O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the Achaeans.

| [59]

### Early 20th century (1901–1925)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse | R

|
|
|

Tibbetts,
E. A. |  | 1907 | Boston, R.G. Badges |  |
Blakeney,
E. H. | 1869-1955,
educator, classicist, poet  | 1909-13 | London, G. Bell and Sons |

> Sing, O goddess, the accursèd wrath of Achilles, son of Peleus, the wrath which brought countless sorrows unto the Achaians

| [60]
Lewis,
Arthur Garner |  | 1911 | New York, Baker & Taylor |  |
Murray,
Augustus Taber | 1866-1940,
American professor of classics  | 1924-5 | Cambridge & London, Harvard & Heinemann |

> The wrath sing, goddess, of Peleus' son, Achilles, that destructive wrath which brought the countless woes upon the Achaeans,

| [61]

### Early middle 20th century (1926–1950)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse | R

|
|
|

Murison,
A. F. | 1847-1934,
Professor of Roman Law, translator, classicist  | 1933 | London, Longmans Green |

> Sing, O goddess, the Wrath of Achilleus, son of king Peleus—
> Wrath accursèd, the source of unnumbered woes to the Achaioi,

| [62]
Marris,
Sir William S. | 1873-1945,
governor, British Raj  | 1934 | Oxford |  |
Rouse,
W. H. D. | 1863-1950,
Pedagogist of classical studies  | 1938 | London, T. Nelson & Sons |

> An angry man—there is my story: the bitter rancour of Achillês, prince of the house of Peleus, which brought a thousand troubles upon the Achaian host.

| [63]
Smith, R.
[James Robinson]  | 1888-1964,
Classicist, translator, poet[64] | 1938 | London, Grafton |  |
Smith, William Benjamin | 1850-1934,
American professor of mathematics  | 1944  | New York, Macmillan  |  |
Miller, Walter | 1864-1949,
American professor of classics, archaeologist
Rieu, E. V. | 1887-1972,
classicist, publisher, poet  | 1946 | Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Penguin |

> The Wrath of Achilles is my theme, that fatal wrath which, in fulfillment of the will of Zeus, brought the Achaeans so much suffering and sent the gallant souls of many noblemen to Hades

Chase, Alsten Hurd | 1906-1994,
American chairman of preparatory school classics department[65] | 1950  | Boston, Little Brown  |

> Sing, O Goddess, of the wrath of Peleus' son Achilles, the deadly wrath that brought upon the Achaeans countless woes

Perry, William G. | 1913-1998,
Psychologist, professor of education, classicist[66]

### Late middle 20th century (1951–1975)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Lattimore,
Richmond | 1906-1984,
poet, translator  | 1951 | Chicago, University Chicago Press[67] |

> Sing, goddess, the anger of Peleus' son Achilleus
>  and its devastation, which put pains thousandfold upon the Achaians,

| [68]
Andrew, S. O. [Samuel Ogden]  | 1868-1952,
headmaster, classicist
[69][70] | 1955  | London, J. M. Dent & Sons  |

> Sing, Goddess, the wrath of Achilles Pelëides,
>  The ruinous anger that woes on the Danaans brought

| [71]
Oakley, Michael J.
Graves,
Robert | 1895-1985,
Professor of Poetry, translator, novelist  | 1959 | New York, Doubleday and London, Cassell  |

> Sing, MOUNTAIN GODDESS, sing through me
>  That anger which most ruinously

| [72]
Rees,
Ennis | 1925-2009,
American Professor of English, poet, translator[73] | 1963 | New York, Random House  |

> Sing, O goddess, the ruinous wrath of Achilles,
>  Son of Peleus, the terrible curse that brought

| [72]
Fitzgerald,
Robert | 1910-1985,
American Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, poet, critic, translator  | 1974 | New York, Doubleday  |

> Anger be now your song, immortal one,
>  Akhilleus' anger, doomed and ruinous,

| [74]

### Late 20th century (1976–2000)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Hull,
Denison Bingham | 1897-1988,
American classicist[75][76] | 1982 |  |  |
Hammond,
Martin | born 1944,
Headmaster, classicist  | 1987 | Harmondsworth Middlesex, Penguin[77] |

> Sing, goddess, of the anger of Achilleus, son of Peleus, the accursed anger which brought uncounted anguish on the Achaians

| [78]
Fagles,
Robert | 1933-2008,
American professor of English, poet  | 1990 | New York, Viking/Penguin  |

> Rage—Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles,
>  murderous, doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses,

| [79]
Reck,
Michael | 1928-1993,
Poet, classicist, orientalist[80] | 1990 | New York, Harper Collins  |

> Sing, Goddess, Achilles' maniac rage:
>  ruinous thing! it roused a thousand sorrows

| [81]
Lombardo,
Stanley | born 1943,
American Professor of Classics  | 1997 | Indianapolis, Hackett  |

> Rage:
>  Sing, Goddess, Achilles' rage,
>  Black and murderous, that cost the Greeks

| [82]

### 21st century

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Johnston,
Ian[83] | Canadian academic  | 2002[84] |  |

> Sing, Goddess, sing of the rage of Achilles, son of Peleus—
>  that murderous anger which condemned Achaeans

| [85]
Rieu, E. V.
(posthumously revised by Rieu, D. C. H. and Jones, Peter)  | 1887-1972,
classicist, publisher, poet | 2003 | Penguin Books  |

> Anger—sing, goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that accursed anger, which brought the Greeks endless sufferings

| [86]
Merrill,
Rodney | American classicist[87] | 2007 | University of Michigan Press |

> Sing now, goddess, the wrath of Achilles the scion of Peleus,
>  ruinous rage which brought the Achaians uncounted afflictions;

| [88]
Jordan,
Herbert | born 1938,
American lawyer, translator[89] | 2008 | University of Oklahoma Press  |

> Sing, goddess, of Peleus' son Achilles' anger,
>  ruinous, that caused the Greeks untold ordeals,

| [90]
Kline, Anthony S. | born 1947,
translator  | 2009 |  |

> Goddess, sing me the anger, of Achilles Peleus' son, that fatal anger that brought countless sorrows on the Greeks,

| [91]
Mitchell,
Stephen | born 1943,
American poet, translator  | 2011 | Simon & Schuster  |

> The rage of Achilles—sing it now, goddess, sing through me
>  the deadly rage that caused the Achaeans such grief

| [92]
Verity,
Anthony | born 1939,
classical scholar | 2011 | Oxford University Press  |

> Sing, goddess, the anger of Achilles, Peleus' son,
>  the accursed anger which brought the Achaeans countless

| [93]
McCrorie, Edward | born 1936, American poet and classicist  | 2012 | The Johns Hopkins University Press  |

> Sing of rage, Goddess, that bane of Akhilleus,
>  Peleus' son, which caused untold pain for Akhaians,

| [94]
Oswald,
Alice | born 1966 British poet, won T. S. Eliot Prize in 2002[95] | 2012 | W. W. Norton & Company  |  |
Whitaker, Richard  | born 1951,
South African classicist, professor of classics  | 2012 | New Voices  |

> Muse, sing the rage of Peleus’ son Akhilleus,
>  deadly rage that brought the Akhaians endless pain,

| [96]
Powell,
Barry B. | born 1942,
American poet, classicist, translator  | 2013 | Oxford University Press  |

> The rage sing, O goddess, of Achilles the son of Peleus,
>  the destructive anger that brought ten-thousand pains to the

| [97]
Alexander, Caroline | born 1956, American classicist  | 2015 | Ecco Press  |

> Wrath—sing, goddess, of the ruinous wrath of Peleus' son Achilles,
>  that inflicted woes without number upon the Achaeans,

| [98]
Blakely, Ralph E.  |  | 2015 | Forge Books  |

> Sing, goddess, of the wrath of Achilles Peleusson, the ruinous wrath that brought immense pain to the Acheans

| [99]
Green, Peter | 1924–2024, British classicist  | 2015 | University of California Press  |

> Wrath, goddess, sing of Achilles Pēleus' son's
>  calamitous wrath, which hit the Achaians with countless ills—

| [100]
Dolan, John | born 1955, poet and author  | 2017 | Feral House  |

> I didn't write this story. I'm just delivering it. ... It comes from way back, from the gods.

| [101]
Wilson, Emily | born 1971, classicist  | 2023  | W. W. Norton & Company |

> Goddess, sing of the cataclysmic wrath of great Achilles, son of Peleus, which caused the Greeks immeasurable pain and sent so many noble souls of heroes to Hades,

| [102]

## Odyssey

[edit]

### Reference text

[edit]

Poet  | Provenance  | Proemic verse

|
|

Homer | c. 8th century BC
Greek poet  |

Aeolis

> Ancient Greek:

> ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, μοῦσα, πολύτροπον, ὃς μάλα πολλὰ
>  πλάγχθη, ἐπεὶ Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον ἔπερσεν
>  πολλῶν δ᾽ ἀνθρώπων ἴδεν ἄστεα καὶ νόον ἔγνω,
>  πολλὰ δ᾽ ὅ γ᾽ ἐν πόντῳ πάθεν ἄλγεα ὃν κατὰ θυμόν,
>  ἀρνύμενος ἥν τε ψυχὴν καὶ νόστον ἑταίρων.
>  ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ὣς ἑτάρους ἐρρύσατο, ἱέμενός περ:
>  αὐτῶν γὰρ σφετέρῃσιν ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ὄλοντο,
>  νήπιοι, οἳ κατὰ βοῦς Ὑπερίονος Ἠελίοιο
>  ἤσθιον: αὐτὰρ ὁ τοῖσιν ἀφείλετο νόστιμον ἦμαρ.
>  τῶν ἁμόθεν γε, θεά, θύγατερ Διός, εἰπὲ καὶ ἡμῖν.

> Romanization:

> andra moi ennepe, mousa, polytropon, hos mala polla
>  planchthē, epei troiēs hieron ptoliethron epersen:
>  pollōn d' anthrōpōn iden astea kai noon egnō,
>  polla d' ho g' en pontō pathen algea hon kata thymon,
>  arnymenos hēn te psychēn kai noston hetairōn.
>  all' oud' hōs hetarous errysato, hiemenos per:
>  autōn gar spheterēsin atasthaliēsin olonto,
>  nēpioi, ohi kata bous Hyperionos Ēelioio
>  ēsthion: autar ho toisin apheileto nostimon ēmar.
>  tōn hamothen ge, thea, thygater Dios, eipe kai hēmin.

> [103]

### 17th century (1615–1700)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Chapman,
George | 1559–1634,
dramatist, poet, classicist  | 1615 | London, Rich. Field for Nathaniell Butter  |

> The man, O Muse, inform, that many a way
>  Wound with his wisdom to his wished stay;

| [104]
Ogilby,
John | 1600-1676,
cartographer, publisher, translator  | 1665 | London, Roycroft  |

> That prudent Hero's wandering, Muse, rehearse,
>  Who (Troy b'ing sack'd) coasting the Universe,

| [105]
Hobbes,
Thomas | 1588-1679,
acclaimed philosopher, etc.  | 1675 | London, W. Crook |

> Tell me, O Muse, th’ adventures of the man
>  That having sack’d the sacred town of Troy,

| [106]

### Early 18th century (1701–1750)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Alexander Pope
(with William Broome and Elijah Fenton)  | 1688-1744,
poet  | 1725 | London, Bernard Lintot[107] |

> The man for wisdom’s various arts renown’d,
>  Long exercised in woes, O Muse! resound;

| [108]

### Late 18th century (1751–1800)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Cowper,
William | 1731-1800,
poet and hymnodist  | 1791 |  |

> Muse make the man thy theme, for shrewdness famed
>  And genius versatile, who far and wide

> A Wand’rer, after Ilium overthrown,
>  Discover’d various cities, and the mind
>  And manners learn’d of men, in lands remote.
>  He num’rous woes on Ocean toss’d, endured,
>  Anxious to save himself, and to conduct
>  His followers to their home; yet all his care
>  Preserved them not; they perish’d self-destroy’d
>  By their own fault; infatuate! who devoured
>  The oxen of the all-o’erseeing Sun,
>  And, punish’d for that crime, return’d no more.
>  Daughter divine of Jove, these things record,
>  As it may please thee, even in our ears.

| [109]

### Early 19th century (1801–1850)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Cary,
H. F.?
(“Graduate of Oxford”)  | 1772-1844,
author, translator  | 1823 | London, Whittaker  |

> O Muse, inspire me to tell of the crafty
>  man, who wandered very much after he

| [110]
Sotheby,
William | 1757-1833,
poet, translator  | 1834 | London, John Murray  |

> Muse! sing the Man by long experience tried,
>  Who, fertile in resources, wander'd wide,

| [111]

### Late middle 19th century (1851–1875)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Buckley,
Theodore Alois | 1825-1856,
translator  | 1851 | London, H. G. Bohn  |

> O Muse, sing to me of the man full of
>  resources, who wandered very much

| [112]
Barter,
William G. T., Esq. | 1808-1871,
barrister
[33][34] | 1862,
in part | London, Bell and Daldy  |

> Sing me, O Muse, that all-experienced Man,
>  Who, after he Troy's sacred town o'erthrew,

| [113]
Alford,
Henry | 1810-1871,
theologian, textual critic, scholar, poet, hymnodist  | 1861 | London, Longman, Green, Longman, and Robert  |

> Tell of the man, thou Muse, much versed, who widely
>  Wandered, when he had sacked Troy’s sacred fortress;

| [114]
Worsley,
Philip Stanhope | 1835-1866,
poet  | 1861-2 | Edinburgh, W. Blackwood & Sons  |

> Sing me. O Muse, that hero wandering,
>  Who of men's minds did much experience reap,

| [115]
Giles,
Rev. Dr. J. A. [John Allen]  | 1808-1884,
headmaster, scholar, prolific author, clergyman[29] | 1862-77 |  |

> Εννεπε declare μοιI to me, Мουσα Muse,
>  ανδρα the man πολυτροπον of many

Norgate,
T. S. [Thomas Starling, Jr.]  | 1807-1893,
clergyman[36] | 1862 | London, Williams and Margate  |

> The travelled Man of many a turn,—driven far,
>  Far wandering, when he had sacked Troy’s sacred Town;

Musgrave,
George | 1798-1883,
clergyman, scholar, writer[116] | 1865 | London, Bell & Daldy  |

> Tell me, O Muse, declare to me that man
>  Tost to and fro by fate, who, when his arms

| [117]
Bigge-Wither, Rev. Lovelace |  | 1869 | London, James Parker and Co.  |

> Tell me, oh Muse, of-the-many-sided man,
>  Who wandered far and wide full sore bestead,

| [118]
Edginton,
G. W. [George William]  | Physician[119] | 1869 | London, Longman, Green, Reader, and Dyer  |

> Sing, Muse, of that deep man, who wander'd much,
>  When he had raz'd the walls of sacred Troy,

| [120]
Bryant,
William Cullen | 1794-1878,
American poet, Evening Post editor  | 1871 | Boston, Houghton, Fields Osgood  |

> Tell me, O Muse, of that sagacious man
>  Who, having overthrown the sacred town

| [121]

### Late 19th century (1876–1900)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Barnard,
Mordaunt Roger | 1828-1906,
clergyman, translator  | 1876 | London, Williams and Margate  |

> Muse! tell me of the man with much resource,
>  Who wandered far, when sacred Troy he sacked;

> Saw towns of many men, learned all they knew,
>  Winning his own life and his friends’ return.
>  Yet them he saved not, earnest though he was,
>  For by their own temerity they died.
>  Fools! who devoured the oxen of the sun,
>  Who from them took the day of their return.
>  [Muse, child of Jove! from some source tell us this.]

| [122]
Merry, William Walter | 1835-1918,
Oxford classicist and clergyman  | 1876  | Oxford, Clarendon  |

> -- Note: not a translation, per se, but the
>  Greek text with commentary --

| [123]
Riddell, James | 1823-1866,
Oxford classicist[124]
Mongan,
Roscoe |  | 1879-80 | London, James Cornish & Sons  |

> O Muse! inspire me to tell of the man,
>  skilled in expedients, who wandered

> very much after he had brought to
>  destruction the sacred city of Troy,
>  and saw the cities of many men, and
>  become acquainted with their
>  dispositions. And he, indeed, on the
>  deep, endured in bis mind many
>  sufferings, whilst endeavoring to
>  secure his own life and the return of
>  his companions; but not even thus,
>  although anxious, did he save his
>  companions : for they perished by
>  their own infatuation; foolish [men
>  that they were], who did eat up the
>  Sun who journeys above; but he
>  deprived them of their return [the
>  day of return]. Of these events,
>  arising from whatever cause, O
>  goddess! daughter of Jove, inform
>  us also.

| [125]
Butcher,
Samuel Henry | 1850-1910,
Anglo-Irish professor of classics  | 1879  | London, Macmillan  |

> Tell me, Muse, of that man, so ready at need,
>  who wandered far and wide, after he had sacked

> the sacred citadel of Troy, and many were the
>  men whose towns he saw and whose mind he
>  learnt, yea, and many the woes he suffered in
>  his heart upon the deep, striving to win his own
>  life and the return of his company. Nay, but even
>  so he saved not his company, though he desired
>  it sore. For through the blindness of their own
>  hearts they perished, fools, who devoured the
>  oxen of Helios Hyperion: but the god took from
>  them their day of returning. Of these things,
>  goddess, daughter of Zeus, whencesoever thou
>  hast heard thereof, declare thou even unto us.

| [126]
Lang, Andrew | 1844-1912,
Scots poet, historian, critic, folk tales collector, etc.
Schomberg,
G. A. | 1821-1907,
British Raj army general[127] | 1879-82 | London, J. Murray  |

> Sing Muse the hero versatile, who roved
>  So far, so long, after he overthrew

> Troy's holy citadel ; of many men
>  He saw the cities, and their manners learned;
>  And woes he suffered on the deep; he strove
>  To win his comrades' lives, and safe return.
>  But all his strivings failed to rescue them:
>  They perished for their witless sacrilege,
>  Who ate the oxen of Hyperion Sun;
>  Hence nevermore saw they their native land.
>  Daughter of Jove, help us to tell the tale.

| [128]
Du Cane,
Sir Charles | 1825-1889,
governor, M. P. | 1880 | Edinburgh and London, William Blackwood and Sons  |

> Muse! of that hero versatile indite to me the song,
>  Doomed, when he sacred Troy had sacked, to wander far and long.

> Who saw the towns of many men, much knowledge did obtain
>  Anent their ways, and with much woe was heart-wrung on the main,
>  Seeking his own life to preserve, his friends' return to gain.
>  E'en so he rescued not his friends, though eagerly he strove,
>  For them their own infatuate deeds to direful ending drove.
>  Fools, who the sun-god's sacred beeves dared madly to devour,
>  Doomed by his anger ne'er to see of glad return the hour.
>  Sing, goddess, child of mighty Jove, of these events, I pray,
>  And from what starting-point thou wilt begin with me the lay.

| [129]
Way,
Arthur Sanders (Avia)  | 1847-1930,
Australian classicist, headmaster  | 1880 | London, Macmillan  |

> The Hero of craft-renown, O Song-goddess, chant me his fame,
>  Who, when low he had laid Troy town, unto many a far land came,

> And many a city beheld he, and knew the hearts of their folk,
>  And by woes of the sea was unquelled, o'er the rock of his spirit that broke,
>  When he fain would won for a prey his life, and his friends' return,
>  Yet never they saw that day, howsoever his heart might yearn,
>  But they perished every one, by their own mad deeds did they fall,
>  For they slaughtered the kine of the Sun, and devoured them — fools were they all.
>  So the God in his wrath took awav their day of return for their guilt.
>  [(1903 edition): So in anger their home-coming day did the God take away for their guilt.]
>  O Goddess, inspire my lay, with their tale; take it up as thou wilt.

| [130][131]
Hayman,
Henry | 1823-1904,
translator, clergyman[132] | 1882 | London  |

> -- Note: not a translation, per se, but the
>  Greek text with "marginal references, various
>  readings, notes and appendices." --

| [133]
Hamilton,
Sidney G. |  | 1883 | London, Macmillan  |

> -- Note: Not a translation, per se,
>  but a commentary. Edition inclusive
>  of Books 11 - 24 --

| [134]
Palmer,
George Herbert | 1842-1933,
American professor, philosopher, author  | 1884 | Boston & New York, Houghton Mifflin  |

> Speak to me, Muse, of the adventurous man who wandered long after he sacked the sacred

> citadel of Troy. Many the men whose towns he

> saw, whose ways he proved ; and many a pang he bore in his own breast at sea while struggling for his' life and his men's safe return. Yet even so, by all his zeal, he did not save his men; for through their own perversity they perished— fools! who devoured the kine of the exhalted Sun. Wherefore he took away the day of their return. Of this, O goddess, daughter of Zeus,

> beginning where thou wilt, speak to us also.

| [135]
Morris,
William | 1834-1896,
poet, author, artist  | 1887 | London, Reeves & Turner  |

> Tell me, O Muse, of the Shifty, the man who wandered afar.
>  After the Holy Burg, Troy town, he had wasted with war;

> He saw the towns of menfolk, and the mind of men did he learn;
>  As he warded his life in the world, and his fellow-farers' return,
>  Many a grief of heart on the deep-sea flood he bore,
>  Nor yet might he save his fellows, for all that he longed for it sore
>  They died of their own soul's folly, for witless as they were
>  They ate up the beasts of the Sun, the Rider of the air,
>  And he took away from them all their dear returning day;
>  O goddess, O daughter of Zeus, from whencesoever ye may,
>  Gather the tale, and tell it, yea even to us at the last!

| [136]
Howland,
G. [George]  | 1824-1892,
American educator, author, translator[52] | 1891 | New York  |

> Tell me, O Muse, of the man of many resources, who many
>  Ills was made to endure, when he Troy's sacred city had wasted;

> Many the people whose cities he saw, and learned of their customs,
>  Many also the sorrows he suffered at sea in his spirit,
>  Striving to save his own life and secure the return of his comrades
>  But not thus his comrades he saved, however he wished it,
>  For by their own presumptuous deeds they foolishly perished:
>  Madmen they, who devoured the sun god, Hyperion's oxen,
>  And in revenge he took from them their day of returning.
>  Of these things, thou goddess, daughter of Jove, tell us also.

| [137]
Cordery,
John Graham | 1833-1900,
civil servant, British Raj[54] | 1897 | London, Methuen  |

> Sing through my lips, O Goddess, sing the man
>  Resourceful, who, storm-buffeted far and wide,

> After despoiling of Troy's sacred tower,
>  Beheld the cities of mankind, and knew
>  Their various temper! Many on the sea
>  The sorrows in his inmost heart he bore
>  For rescue of his comrades and his life;
>  Those not for all his effort might he save;
>  Fools, of their own perversities they fell,
>  Daring consume the cattle of the Sun
>  Hyperion, who bereft them of return!
>  That we too may have knowledge, sing these things,
>  Daughter of Zeus, beginning whence thou wilt!

| [138]
Butler,
Samuel | 1835-1902,
novelist, essayist, critic  | 1900 | London, Longmans, Green[139] |

> Tell me, O muse, of that ingenious hero who
>  travelled far and wide after he had sacked the

> famous town of Troy. Many cities did he visit,
>  and many were the nations with whose
>  manners and customs he was acquainted;
>  moreover he suffered much by sea while
>  trying to save his own life and bring his
>  men safely home; but do what he might
>  he could not save his men, for they
>  perished through their own sheer folly
>  in eating the cattle of the Sun-god
>  Hyperion; so the god prevented them
>  from ever reaching home. Tell me, too, about
>  all these things, O daughter of Jove, from
>  whatsoever source you may know them.

| [140]

### Early 20th century (1901–1925)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Monro,
David Binning | 1836-1905,
Scots anatomy professor, Homerist  | 1901 | Oxford, Clarendon  |

> -- Note: translation inclusive of Books 13-24 --

| [141]
Mackail,
John William | 1859-1945,
Oxford Professor of Poetry | 1903-10 | London, John Murray  |

> O Muse, instruct me of the man who drew
>  His changeful course through wanderings not a few

> After he sacked the holy town of Troy,
>  And saw the cities and the counsel knew

>  Of many men, and many a time at sea
>  Within his heart he bore calamity,
>  While his own life he laboured to redeem
>  And bring his fellows back from jeopardy.

>  Yet not his fellows thus from death he won,
>  Fain as he was to save them: who undone
>  By their own hearts' infatuation died,
>  Fools, that devoured the oxen of the Sun,

>  Hyperion: and therefore he the day
>  Of their returning homeward reft away.
>  Goddess, God's daughter, grant that now thereof
>  We too may hear, such portion as we may.

| [142]
Cotterill,
Henry Bernard | 1846-1924,
essayist, translator[143][144] | 1911 | Boston, D. Estes/Harrap  |

> Sing, O Muse, of the man so wary and wise, who in far lands
>  Wandered whenas he had wasted the sacred town of the Trojans.

> Many a people he saw and beheld their cities and customs,
>  Many a woe he endured in his heart as he tossed on the ocean,
>  Striving to win him his life and to bring home safely his comrades.
>  Ah but he rescued them not, those comrades, much as he wished it.
>  Ruined by their own act of infatuate madness they perished,
>  Fools that they were—who the cows of the sun-god, lord Hyperion,
>  Slaughtered and ate; and he took from the men their day of returning.
>  Sing—whence-ever the lay—sing, Zeus-born goddess, for us too!

| [145]
Murray,
Augustus Taber | 1866-1940,
American professor of classics  | 1919 | Cambridge & London, Harvard & Heinemann  |

> Tell me, O Muse, of the man of many devices,
>  who wandered full many ways after he had

> sacked the sacred citadel of Troy. Many
>  were the men whose cities he saw and
>  whose mind he learned, aye, and many
>  the woes he suffered in his heart upon
>  the sea, seeking to win his own life and
>  the return of his comrades. Yet even so
>  he saved not his comrades, though he
>  desired it sore, for through their own
>  blind folly they perished—fools, who
>  devoured the kine of Helios Hyperion;
>  but he took from them the day of their
>  returning. Of these things, goddess,
>  daughter of Zeus, beginning where thou
>  wilt, tell thou even unto us.

| [146]
Caulfeild,
Francis |  | 1921 | London, G. Bell & Sons  |

> Sing me the Restless Man, O Muse, who roamed the world over,
>  When, by his wondrous guile, he had sacked Troy's sacred fortress.

> Cities of various men he saw: their thoughts he discernéd.
>  Many a time, in the deep, his heart was melted for trouble.
>  Striving to win his life, and eke return for his comrades:
>  Yet, though he strove full sore, he could not save his companions,
>  For, as was meet and just, through deeds of folly they perished:
>  Fools ! who devoured the oxen of Him who rides in the heavens,
>  Helios, who, in his course, missed out their day of returning.
>  Yet, how they fared and died, be gracious, O Goddess, to tell us.

On page viii, Caulfeild gives the scansion in Homer's "original metre" of the third line of his translation as:

> Māny a | tĩme in the | deēp [- (pause or 'cæsura')] hĩs | heārt was | mēlted for | trōublē,[147]

| [147]
Marris,
Sir William S. | 1873-1945,
governor, British Raj  | 1925 | London, England, and Mysore, India, Oxford University Press  |

> Tell me, O Muse, of that Great Traveller
>  Who wandered far and wide when he had sacked

> The sacred town of Troy. Of many men
>  He saw the cities and he learned the mind;
>  Ay, and at heart he suffered many woes
>  Upon the sea, intent to save his life
>  And bring his comrades home. Yet even so
>  His men he could not save for all his efforts,
>  For through their own blind wilfulness they perished;
>  The fools! who ate up Hyperion's kine;
>  And he bereft them of their homing day.
>  Touching these things, beginning where thou wilt,
>  Tell even us, O goddess, child of Zeus.

Hiller,
Robert H. | 1864-1944,
American professor of Greek[148][149] | 1925 | Philadelphia and Chicago, etc., John C. Winston  |

> Tell me, O Muse, of that clever hero
>  who wandered far after capturing the

> sacred city of Troy. For he saw the
>  towns and learned the ways of many
>  peoples. Many hardships too he
>  suffered on the sea while struggling
>  for his own life and for the safe return
>  of his men. Yet all his zeal did not save
>  his companions. They perished through
>  their own rashness — the fools! — because
>  they ate the cattle of the Sun, and he
>  therefore kept them from reaching
>  home. Tell us also of this, 0 goddess,
>  daughter of Zeus, beginning where
>  you will.

| [150]

### Early middle 20th century (1926–1950)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Bates,
Herbert | 1868-1929,
novelist, short-story writer  | 1929 | New York, McGraw Hill  |

> Tell me the tale, Muse, of that man
>  Of many changes, he who went

| [151]
Lawrence,
T. E.
(T. E. Shaw)  | 1888-1935,
archaeological scholar, military strategist, author  | 1932 | London, Walker, Merton, Rogers; New York, Oxford University Press  |

> O divine poesy
>  Goddess-daughter of Zeus

| [152]
Rouse,
William Henry Denham | 1863-1950,
pedogogist of classic studies  | 1937 | London, T. Nelson & Sons[153] |

> This is the story of a man, one who
>  was never at a loss. He had travelled

| [154]
Rieu,
E. V. | 1887-1972,
classicist, publisher, poet  | 1945 | London & Baltimore, Penguin  |

> The hero of the tale which I beg the
>  Muse to help me tell is that resourceful

| [155]
Andrew, S. O.
[Samuel Ogden]  | 1868-1952,
headmaster
[69][70][A] | 1948 | London, J. M. Dent & Sons  |

> Tell me, O muse, of the hero fated to roam
>  So long and so far when Ilion's keep he had sack'd,

| [156]

### Late middle 20th century (1951–1975)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Lattimore,
Richmond | 1906-1984,
poet, translator  | 1965 | New York, Harper & Row[157] |

> Tell me, Muse, of the man of many ways,
>  who was driven far journeys, after he had

> sacked Troy's sacred citadel. Many were
>  they whose cities he saw, whose minds he
>  learned of, many the pains he suffered in
>  his spirit on the wide sea, struggling for
>  his own life and the homecoming of his
>  companions. Even so he could not save
>  his companions, hard though he strove
>  to; they were destroyed by their own
>  wild recklessness, fools, who devoured
>  the oxen of Helios, the Sun God, and
>  he took away the day of their
>  homecoming. From some point here,
>  goddess, daughter of Zeus, speak, and
>  begin our story.

| [158]
Rees,
Ennis | 1925-2009,
American Professor of English, poet, translator[73] | 1960 | New York, Random House  |

> Of that versatile man, O Muse, tell me the story,
>  How he wandered both long and far after sacking

> The city of holy Troy. May were the towns
>  He saw and many the men whose minds he knew,
>  And many were the woes his stout heart suffered at sea
>  As he fought to return alive with living comrades.
>  Them he could not save, though much he longed to,
>  For through their own thoughtless greed they died -- blind fools
>  Who slaughtered the Sun's own cattle, Hyperion's herd,
>  For food, and so by him were kept from returning.
>  Of all these things, O Goddess, daughter of Zeus,
>  Beginning wherever you swish, tell even us.

| [159]
[160]
Fitzgerald,
Robert | 1910-1985,
American Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, poet, critic, translator  | 1961 | New York, Doubleday  |

> Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story
>  of that man skilled in all ways of contending,

> the wanderer, harried for years on end,
>  after he plundered the stronghold
>  on the proud height of Troy.
>  He saw the townlands
>  and learned the minds of many distant men,
>  and weathered many bitter nights and days
>  in his deep heart at sea, while he fought only
>  to save his life, to bring his shipmates home.
>  But not by will nor valor could he save them,
>  for their own recklessness destroyed them all--
>  children and fools, they killed and feasted on
>  the cattle of Lord Hêlios, the Sun,
>  and he who moves all day through heaven
>  took from their eyes the dawn of their return.
>  Of these adventures, Muse, daughter of Zeus,
>  tell us in our time, lift up great song again.

| [161]
Epps,
Preston H. | 1888-1982,
American professor[162][163][B] | 1965 | New York, Macmillan |  |
Cook,
Albert | 1925-1998,
professor[164][C] | 1967 | New York, W. W. Norton  |

> Tell me, Muse, about the man of many turns, who many
>  Ways wandered when he had sacked Troy's holy citadel;

> He saw the cities of many men, and he knew their thought;
>  On the ocean he suffered many pains within his heart,
>  Striving for his life and his companions' return.
>  But he did not save his companions, though he wanted to:
>  They lost their own lives because of their recklessness.
>  The fools, they devoured the cattle of Hyperion,
>  The Sun, and he took away the day of their return.
>  Begin the tale somewhere for us also, goddess, daughter of Zeus.

| [165]

### Late 20th century (1976–2000)

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Hull,
Denison Bingham | 1897-1988,
American classicist[75][76] | 1979 | Ohio University Press  |  |
Shewring,
Walter | 1906-1990,
Professor of classics, poet[166] | 1980 | Oxford, Oxford University Press  |

> Goddess of song, teach me the story of a hero.
>  This was the man of wide-ranging spirit who had sacked the sacred town of Troy and who wandered afterwards long and far.

| [167]
Hammond,
Martin | born 1944,
Headmaster, classicist  | 2000 | London, Duckworth[168] |

> Muse, tell me of a man - a man of much resource, who was made

| [169]
Mandelbaum,
Allen | born 1926,
American professor of Italian literature and of humanities, poet, translator  | 1990 | Berkeley, University California Press  |

> Muse, tell me of the man of many wiles,
>  the man who wandered many paths of exile

| [170]
Rieu, Emile Victor | 1887-1972,
classicist, publisher, poet  | 1991  | London, Penguin  |

> Tell me, Muse of that resourceful
>  man who was driven to wander far

| [171]
posthumously revised by Rieu, D. C. H. | 1916-2008,
Headmaster, classicist
posthumously revised by Jones, Peter V. | Born 1942
Classicist, writer, journalist
Fagles,
Robert | 1933-2008,
American professor of English, poet  | 1996 | New York, Viking/Penguin  |

> Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turns
>  driven time and again off course, once he had plundered

| [172]
Kemball-Cook,
Brian | 1912-2002,
Headmaster, classicist[173] | 1993 | London, Calliope Press  |

> Tell me, O Muse, of a man of resourceful spirit who wandered
>  Far, having taken by storm Troy's sacred city and sacked it.

| [174]
Dawe,
R. D. | Classicist, translator[175] | 1993 | Sussex, The Book Guild  |

> Tell me, Muse, of the versatile man who was driven off course many times after he had sacked the holy citadel of Troy.

| [176]
Reading,
Peter | born 1946,
Poet  | 1994 |  |  |
Lombardo,
Stanley | born 1943,
American Professor of Classics  | 2000 | Indianapolis, Hackett  |

> Speak, Memory -
>  Of the cunning hero
>  The wanderer, blown off course time and again
>  After he plundered Troy's sacred heights.

| [177][178]

### 21st century

[edit]

Translator  | Publication  | Proemic verse  | R

|
|
|

Eickhoff,
R. L. | translator, poet, playwright, novelist, classicist[179] | 2001 | New York, T. Doherty  |

> Sing, Muse, of that wanderer who sundered
>  The sacred walls of Troy and traveled

> Many sea-lanes while struggling for his
>  Life and his men's return. His men, who
>  In their folly slew and consumed the holy
>  Cattle of the Sun, Hyperion, who
>  Therefore spurned their journey home.
>  Now, Muse, begin the tale of that man
>  Of many masquerades.

| [179]
Johnston,
Ian[83] | Canadian academic  | 2006 | Arlington, Richer Resources Publications  |

> Muse, speak to me now of that resourceful man
>  who wandered far and wide after ravaging

| [180]
Merrill,
Rodney | American classicist[87] | 2002 | University of Michigan Press  |

> Tell me, Muse, of the man versatile and resourceful, who wandered
>  many a sea-mile after he ransacked Troy’s holy city.

| [87]
Kline, Anthony S. | born 1947,
translator  | 2004 |  |

> Tell me, Muse, of that man of many resources, who wandered far and wide, after sacking the holy citadel of Troy.

| [181][182]
McCrorie,
Edward | American professor of English, classicist  | 2004 | Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press  |

> The man, my Muse, resourceful, driven a long way
>  after he sacked the holy city of Trojans:

| [183]
Armitage,
Simon | born 1963,
poet, playwright, novelist  | 2006 | London, Faber and Faber Limited  |  -- Verse-like radio dramatization[184] -- |
Stein,
Charles  | American poet, translator[185] | 2008 | Berkeley, North Atlantic Books  |

> Speak through me, O Muse,
>  of that man of many devices

| [185]
Mitchell,
Stephen | born 1943,
American poet and anthologist | 2013 | Atria Paperback  |

> Sing to me, Muse, of that endlessly cunning man
>  who was blown off course to the ends of the earth, in the years

| [186]
Powell,
Barry B. | born 1942,
American poet, classicist, translator  | 2014 | Oxford University Press  |

> Sing to me of the resourceful man, O Muse, who wandered
>  far after he had sacked the sacred city of Troy. He saw

| [187]
Verity,
Anthony | born 1939
classical scholar | 2017 | Oxford University Press  |

> Tell me, Muse, of the man of many turns, who was driven
>  far and wide after he had sacked the sacred city of Troy.

| [188]
Whitaker,
Richard | born 1951,
South African classicist, professor of classics | 2017 | African Sun Press  |

> Tell me, Muse, of that resourceful man who trekked
>  far and wide, when he’d sacked Troy’s holy place;

| [189]
Wilson, Emily | born 1971, classicist  | 2017  | W. W. Norton & Company |

> Tell me about a complicated man.
>  Muse, tell me how he wandered and was lost
>  when he had wrecked the holy town of Troy,

| [190]
Green, Peter | born 1924, British classicist  | 2018 | University of California Press  |

> The man, Muse—tell me about that resourceful man, who wandered
>  far and wide, when he'd sacked Troy's sacred citadel:

| [191]

This literature-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021)

|

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Andrew was a classicist.
2. ^ Epps taught classics and was a translator.
3. ^ Cook's subjects were Comparative Literature, English and Classics.

## References

[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

* Homer; Dykman, Aminadav; Steiner, George (1996), Dykman, Aminadav; Steiner, George (eds.), Homer in English, Classics: Poets in Translation, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-044621-0
* Nikoletseas, Michael M. The Iliad - Twenty Centuries of Translation: a Critical View, 2012
* Wilson, Emily (28 June 2023). "Exit Hector, Again and Again: How Different Translators Reveal the 'Iliad' Anew". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.

## External links

[edit]

* Homer: The Iliad: The Story of Achillês by W.H.D. Rouse at Faded Page (Canada)
* Published English Translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey Archived 1 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine by Ian Johnston. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
* Homer, The Chicago Homer, translated by Huddleston, James, NorthWestern.edu, archived from the original on 21 January 2013, retrieved 8 August 2011

*[c.]: circa
*[R]: References