Environment of South Korea

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Byeonsan-bando National Park.

The environment of South Korea is the natural environment of South Korea, which occupies the southern half of the Korean peninsula. Current issues include air pollution in large cities; water pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; acid rain; drift net fishing.

Forests were cleared over many centuries for use as firewood and as building materials. However, they have rebounded since the 1970s as a result of intensive reforestation efforts. The country's few remaining old-growth forests are protected in nature reserves. South Korea also has twenty national parks. One of the world's most interesting wildlife sanctuaries has developed in the DMZ, having been virtually untouched since 1953. The uninhabited zone has become a haven for many kinds of wildlife, particularly migrating birds.

## Natural environment

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Large mammals such as tigers, bears, and lynx were once abundant throughout the Korean peninsula. However, they have virtually disappeared due to human settlement, loss of forest habitat, and over-hunting. The Siberian tiger has not been sighted in South Korea since the 1920s. Bears and Wildcats can still be found in the more remote areas, such as Jiri-san and Seorak-san. South Korea also has several indigenous species of deer, including the roe deer and the Siberian musk deer. Wild boars have been growing common in recent years, thanks to reduced hunting pressure.

The national flower of South Korea is the Hibiscus syriacus, a species of hibiscus that blooms continually from July through October. In South Korea, it is known as mugunghwa (무궁화), meaning "eternal flower". The unofficial national animal is the Tiger, for the peninsula seems like a tiger in a point of view. The unofficial national bird is the Korean magpie, which was chosen in 1964 through a poll organized by the Hankook Ilbo.[1]

## Environmental issues

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See also: Environmental conditions of South Korea and Pollution in South Korea

There are multiple places in South Korea that have erosion. The main places that have erosion in South Korea are in the forests such as Poti Forest, which is known for its soil erosion.

### Global climate change

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This section is an excerpt from Climate change in South Korea.[edit]

Climate change has led to extreme weather events in South Korea that affects: social, economy, industry, culture, and many other sectors.[2] South Korea is experiencing changes in climate parameters. Such parameters include annual temperature, rainfall amounts, and precipitation.[3]

### Air pollution

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Main article: Air pollution in South Korea

According to the Environmental Performance Index 2016, South Korea ranked 173rd out of 180 countries in terms of air quality. More than 50 percent of the population of South Korea is exposed to dangerous levels of fine dust.[4][5]

South Korea near bottom of world survey of air quality

Very Unhealthy

Unhealthy

Unhealthy for sensitive groups

Moderate

Good

In March 2019, after record-high concentrations of PM 2.5 particles were observed, exposing residents to respiratory and cardiovascular illness, the South Korean government passed emergency legislation in an attempt to reduce the ongoing pollution.[6]

### Forests and erosion

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Over the centuries, Korea's inhabitants have cut down most of the ancient Korean forests, with the exception of a few remote, mountainous areas. The disappearance of the forests has been a major cause of soil erosion and flooding. Because of successful reforestation programs and the declining use of firewood as a source of energy since the 1960s, most of South Korea's hills in the 1980s were amply covered with foliage.

### North Korean dam

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News that North Korea was constructing a huge multipurpose dam at the base of Mount Kuomintang (1,638 meters) north of the DMZ caused considerable consternation in South Korea during the mid-1980s . South Korean authorities feared that once completed, a sudden release of the dam's waters into the Han River during north–south hostilities could flood Seoul and paralyze the capital.

During 1987, the Kuomintang-San Dam was a major issue that Seoul sought to raise in talks with Pyongyang. Though Seoul completed the Peace Dam on the Bu khan River to counteract the potential threat of Pyongyang's dam project before the 1988 Olympics, the North Korean project apparently still was in its initial stages of construction in 1990. Construction was suspended on the dam until 1995. The second phase of construction was completed in October 2000.

### Animal welfare and rights

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Main article: Animal welfare and rights in South Korea

South Korea's animal welfare laws are weak by international standards,[7] and ethical vegetarianism and veganism appear to be rare.[8][9] There is a handful of animal welfare and rights organisations working in South Korea, which appear to be focused largely on the welfare of companion animals and the dog meat trade.[10][11]

### Other issues

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City sewer systems are overtaxed.[12] Other issues include water pollution from sewer discharge and industrial effluents, acid rain, drift net fishing, and wasteful packaging of consumer goods.[13] Transboundary pollution concerns spurred the creation of a joint commission among South Korea, Japan, and China to address environmental problems. South Korea is the second-largest consumer of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons.[14]

South Korea had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.02/10, ranking it 87th globally out of 172 countries.[15]

## See also

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* Green Party Korea
* Korea Federation for Environmental Movements
* Onsan illness
* Southern Korea evergreen forests

## References

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1. ^ 박건영 (2006-12-01). "골칫거리된 까치". Kyeongin Ilbo. Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2006-01-20.
2. ^ Kim, B-J; Kripalani, R H; Oh, J-H; Moon, S-E (2002). "Summer monsoon rainfall patterns over South Korea and associated circulation features". Theor. Appl. Climatol. 72 (1–2): 65–74\. Bibcode:2002ThApC..72...65K. doi:10.1007/s007040200013. S2CID 123293181.1–2&rft.pages=65-74&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123293181#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s007040200013&rft_id=info:bibcode/2002ThApC..72...65K&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=B-J&rft.au=Kripalani,+R+H&rft.au=Oh,+J-H&rft.au=Moon,+S-E&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Environment+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988">
3. ^ Chung, Yong-Seung; Yoon, Ma-Byung; Kim, Hak-Sung (2004). "On Climate Variations and Changes Observed in South Korea". Climatic Change. 66 (1–2): 151–161\. Bibcode:2004ClCh...66..151C. doi:10.1023/B:CLIM.0000043141.54763.f8. S2CID 155047946.1–2&rft.pages=151-161&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155047946#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000043141.54763.f8&rft_id=info:bibcode/2004ClCh...66..151C&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Yong-Seung&rft.au=Yoon,+Ma-Byung&rft.au=Kim,+Hak-Sung&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Environment+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988">
4. ^ "South Korea near bottom of world survey of air quality". The Korea Herald. May 16, 2016. "South Korea ranked 173rd out of 180 countries in terms of air quality, the Environmental Performance Index 2016 rankings showed Monday. ... A report said that 1.3 billion people exposed to poor air quality lived in East Asian countries, with more than 50 percent of the populations in South Korea and China exposed to dangerous levels of fine dust."
5. ^ "South Korea | Environmental Performance Index - Development". epi.yale.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-05-07. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
6. ^ McCurry, Justin (13 March 2019). "'Social disaster': South Korea brings in emergency laws to tackle dust pollution". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
7. ^ World Animal Protection (November 2, 2014). "Korea". Retrieved May 8, 2016.
8. ^ Jon Dunbar (October 11, 2012). "Going vegetarian in Korea". Retrieved May 9, 2016.
9. ^ Hannah Bae (June 30, 2011). "Best 7 restaurants for the Seoul herbivore". Retrieved May 9, 2016.
10. ^ "The South Korean Animal Welfare Movement Takes Root". November 10, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
11. ^ Elizabeth Shim (September 8, 2015). "New attitudes toward dogs and meat drive animal activism in South Korea". Retrieved May 10, 2016.
12. ^ "공공하수도시설 사용 않는 주민에게도 하수도 요금 부과하는 잘못된 관행 개선된다". 대한민국 정책브리핑 (in Korean). Retrieved 2022-09-25.
13. ^ "원인 < 환경오염 < 환경관 < 민물고기연구센터 < 해양수산 메인". www.gb.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
14. ^ "About this Collection - Country Studies" (PDF). Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
15. ^ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.

## External links

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* Korea Federation for Environmental Movements
* Ministry of Environment South Korea
* Information on the Mt. Kumgang dam
* Comparative Study of Beijing, Seoul, Tokyo and Shanghai

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* http://www.indexmundi.com/south_korea/environment_current_issues.html This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.

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