Environmental Vulnerability Index

The Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) is a measurement devised by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), the United Nations Environment Program and others[1] to characterize the relative severity of various types of environmental issues suffered by 243 enumerated individual nations and other geographies (such as Antarctica). The results of the EVI are used to focus on planned solutions to negative pressures on the environment, whilst promoting sustainability.

## Contents

* 1 Development
* 2 Calculation
* 3 Indicators
* 4 List
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Development[edit]

The beginning stages of the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) were developed to be appropriate for Small Island Developing States (SIDs), this theoretical idea at the time was presented by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) on February 4, 1999. The ideas and plans for The Environmental Vulnerability Index were worked on further with the creation of a (EVI) Think Tank that took place from September 7–10, 1999 in Pacific Harbour, Fiji. Expanding the (EVI) to other SIDS was aided by a meeting of experts convened in Malta on November 29 – December 3, 1999 by (SOPAC) and the Foundation for International Studies (of the University of Malta's Islands and Small States Institute) with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

During the second phase of the development, the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) was tested in five different countries. A workshop was made to expand the application of the Environmental Vulnerability Index to a demonstrative set of countries from around the world. The workshop was hosted by UNEP in Geneva, Switzerland on August 27 – August 29, 2001. Continuation of work and development on The Environmental Vulnerability Index, lead to a presentation of the first functional results with the Demonstration EVI.

## Calculation[edit]

To be able to calculate an Environmental Vulnerability Index it requires the compilation of relevant environmental vulnerability data for the 50 indicators. Once compiled then this data must be used to calculate each indicator. As the indicators are heterogeneous, include variables for which responses are numerical, qualitative and on different scales (linear, non-linear, or with different ranges) they are mapped onto a 1–7 vulnerability scale. Where data is not available, no value is given for the indicator and the denominator of the average adjusted down by one value. Where an indicator is considered 'non-applicable' in a country (such as volcanic eruptions in Tuvalu which has no volcanoes), the lowest vulnerability score of 1 is attributed to that indicator. The vulnerability scores for each indicator are then accumulated either into categories or sub-indices and the average calculated. An overall average of all indicators is calculated to generate the country EVI. The EVI is accumulated into three sub-indices: Hazards, Resistance, Damage

The 50 EVI indicators are also divided up in the issue categories for use as required: Climate change, Biodiversity, Water, Agriculture and fisheries, Human health aspects, Desertification, and Exposure to Natural Disasters.

## Indicators[edit]

1. High Winds – Average annual excess winds over the last five years (summing speeds on days during which the maximum recorded wind speed is greater than 20% higher than the 30 year average maximum wind speed for that month) averaged over all reference climate stations.
2. Dry Periods – Average annual rainfall deficit (mm) over the past 5 years for all months with more than 20% lower rainfall than the 30 year monthly average, averaged over all reference climate stations.
3. Wet Periods – Average annual excess rainfall (mm) over the past 5 years for all months with more than 20% higher rainfall than the 30 year monthly average, averaged over all reference climate stations
4. Hot Periods – Average annual excess heat (degrees C) over the past 5 years for all days more than 5°C (9°F) hotter than the 30 year mean monthly maximum, averaged over all reference climate stations.
5. Cold Periods – Average annual heat deficit (degrees C) over the past 5 years for all days more than 5°C (9°F) cooler than the 30 year mean monthly minimum, averaged overall reference climate stations.
6. Sea Temperatures – Average annual deviation in Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in the last 5 years in relation to the 30 year monthly means
7. Volcanoes – Cumulative volcano risk as the weighted number of volcanoes with the potential for eruption greater than or equal to a Volcanic Explosively Index of 2 (VEI 2) within 100 km of the country land boundary (divided by the area of land).
8. Earthquakes – Cumulative earthquake energy within 100 km of country land boundaries measured as Local Magnitude (ML) ≥ 6.0 and occurring at a depth of less than or equal to fifteen kilometers(≤15 km depth) over 5 years (divided by land area).
9. Tsunamis – Number of tsunamis or storms surges with run-up greater than 2 meters above Mean High Water Spring tide (MHWS) per 1000 km coastline since 1900.
10. Slides – Number of slides recorded in the last 5 years (EMDAT definitions), divided by land area
11. Land Area – Total land area (km2)
12. Country Dispersion – Ratio of length of borders (land and maritime) to total land area.
13. Isolation – Distance to nearest continent (km)
14. Relief – Altitude range (highest point subtracted from the lowest point in country)
15. Lowlands – Percentage of land area less than or equal to 50m above sea level
16. Borders – Number of land and sea borders (including EEZ shared with other countries.)
17. Ecosystem Imbalance – Weighted average change in trophic level since fisheries began (for trophic level slice ≤3.35).
18. Environmental Openness – Average annual USD freight imports over the past 5 years by any means per km2 land area
19. Migrations – Number of known species that migrate outside the territorial area at any time during their life spans (including land and all aquatic species) / area of land
20. Endemics – Number of known endemic species per million square kilometer land area
21. Introductions – Number of introduced species per 1000 square kilometer of land area
22. Endangered Species – Number of endangered and vulnerable species per 1000 km2 land area (IUCN definitions)
23. Extinctions – Number of species known to have become extinct since 1900 per 1000 km2 land area (IUCN definitions)
24. Vegetation Cover – Percentage of natural and regrowth vegetation cover remaining (include forests, wetlands, prairies, tundra, desert and alpine associations).
25. Loss Of Cover – Net percentage change in natural vegetation cover over the last five years
26. Habitat fragmentation – Total length of all roads in a country divided by land area.
27. Degradation – Percent of land area that is either severely or very severely degraded (FAO/AGL Terrastat definitions)
28. Terrestrial Reserves – Percent of terrestrial land area legally set aside as no take reserves
29. Marine Reserves – Percentage of continental shelf legally designated as marine protected areas (MPAs).
30. Intensive Farming – Annual tonnage of intensively farmed animal products (includes aquaculture, pigs, poultry) produced over the last five years per square kilometer land area.
31. Fertilizers – Average annual intensity of fertilizer use over the total land area over the last 5 years.
32. Pesticides – Average annual pesticides used as kg/km2/year over total land area over last 5 years.
33. Biotechnology – Cumulative number of deliberate field trials of genetically modified organisms conducted in the country since 1986.
34. Productivity Over-fishing – Average ratio of productivity : fisheries catch over the last 5 years
35. Fishing Effort – Average annual number of fishers per kilometer of coastline over the last 5 years
36. Renewable Water – Average annual water usage as percentage of renewable water resources over the last 5 years
37. SO2 Emissions – Average annual SO2 emissions over the last 5 years.
38. Generated and imported toxic, hazardous and municipal wastes per square kilometer land area over the last 5 years
39. Waste Treatment – Mean annual percent of hazardous, toxic and municipal waste effectively managed and treated over the past 5 years.
40. Industry – Average annual use of electricity for industry over the last 5 years per square kilometer of land
41. Spills – Total number of spills of oil and hazardous substances greater than 1000 liters on land, in rivers or within territorial waters per million km maritime coast during the last five years
42. Mining – Average annual mining production (include all surface and subsurface mining and quarrying) per km2 of land area over the past 5 years.
43. Sanitation – Density of population without access to safe sanitation (WHO definitions)
44. Vehicles – Number of vehicles per square kilometer of land area (most recent data)
45. Population – Total human population density (number per km2 land area)
46. Population Growth – Annual human population growth rate over the last 5 years
47. Tourists Average annual number of international tourists per km2 land over the past 5 years.
48. Coastal Settlements – Density of people living in coastal settlements, i.e. with a city center within 100 km of any maritime or lake* coast.
49. Environmental Agreements  – Number of environmental treaties in force in a country.
50. Conflicts – Average number of conflict years per decade within the country over the past 50 years.

## List[edit]

Rank  | Country  | Index  | Bracket

|
|
|

1  |  French Guiana | 174  | Resilient
2  |  Western Sahara | 175  | Resilient
3  |  Botswana | 181  | Resilient
4  |  Central African Republic | 193  | Resilient
5  |  Namibia | 200  | Resilient
6  |  Zimbabwe | 200  | Resilient
7  |  Guyana | 207  | Resilient
8  |  Mongolia | 208  | Resilient
9  |  Niger | 208  | Resilent
10  |  Djibouti | 210  | Resilient
11  |  Zambia | 210  | Resilient
12  |  Gabon | 211  | Resilient
13  |  Suriname | 211  | Resilient
14  |  Kazakhstan | 215  | At risk
15  |  Mali | 215  | At risk
16  |  Svalbard | 215  | At risk
17  |  Chad | 217  | At risk
18  |  Congo | 219  | At risk
19  |  Falkland Islands | 223  | At risk
20  |  Mozambique | 225  | At risk
21  |  Angola | 227  | At risk
22  |  Cameroon | 229  | At risk
23  |  Burkina Faso | 229  | At risk
24  |  Qatar | 229  | At risk
25  |  Mauritania | 233  | At risk
26  |  Kyrgyzstan | 234  | At risk
27  |  Antarctica | 235  | At risk
28  |  Australia | 238  | At risk
29  |  Belarus | 239  | At risk
30  |  Equatorial Guinea | 243  | At risk
31  |  Greenland | 243  | At risk
32  |  Laos | 243  | At risk
33  |  Swaziland | 243  | At risk
34  |  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 245  | At risk
35  |  Panama | 247  | At risk
36  |  Armenia | 247  | At risk
37  |  Bahamas | 248  | At risk
38  |  Cote d'Ivoire | 248  | At risk
39  |  Turkmenistan | 249  | At risk
40  |  Malawi | 249  | At risk
41  |  Oman | 250  | At risk
42  |  Bolivia | 250  | At risk
43  |  Canada | 251  | At risk
44  |  Papua New Guinea | 251  | At risk
45  |  Bhutan | 253  | At risk
46  |  Eritrea | 254  | At risk
47  |  Guinea | 254  | At risk
48  |  Libya | 256  | At risk
49  |  Andorra | 257  | At risk
50  |  Tanzania | 257  | At risk
51  |  Belize | 258  | At risk
52  |  Uruguay | 259  | At risk
53  |  Ethiopia | 260  | At risk
54  |  Paraguay | 260  | At risk
55  |  Georgia | 261  | At risk
56  |  Kenya | 262  | At risk
57  |  Finland | 265  | Vulnerable
58  |  São Tomé and Príncipe | 265  | Vulnerable
59  |  Somalia | 265  | Vulnerable
60  |  Peru | 268  | Vulnerable
61  |  Cambodia | 270  | Vulnerable
62  |  Latvia | 270  | Vulnerable
63  |  Myanmar | 270  | Vulnerable
64  |  Bouvet Island | 271  | Vulnerable
65  |  Guinea-Bissau | 271  | Vulnerable
66  |  Liberia | 271  | Vulnerable
67  |  Tajikistan | 271  | Vulnerable
68  |  Nicaragua | 272  | Vulnerable
69  |  Honduras | 273  | Vulnerable
70  |  Norway | 273  | Vulnerable
71  |  Russia | 273  | Vulnerable
72  |  Saudi Arabia | 274  | Vulnerable
73  |  Sudan | 274  | Vulnerable
74  |  Algeria | 275  | Vulnerable
75  |  Comoros | 277  | Vulnerable
76  |  Gambia | 277  | Vulnerable
77  |  Senegal | 277  | Vulnerable
78  |  Benin | 278  | Vulnerable
79  |  Ghana | 279  | Vulnerable
80  |  Madagascar | 279  | Vulnerable
81  |  Saint Helena | 279  | Vulnerable
82  |  Lesotho | 280  | Vulnerable
83  |  Estonia | 280  | Vulnerable
84  |  Morocco | 281  | Vulnerable
85  |  Solomon Islands | 281  | Vulnerable
86  |  Cape Verde | 282  | Vulnerable
87  |  Sierra Leone | 283  | Vulnerable
88  |  Uganda | 283  | Vulnerable
89  |  Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 285  | Vulnerable
90  |  Vanuatu | 285  | Vulnerable
91  |  Uzbekistan | 286  | Vulnerable
92  |  Argentina | 287  | Vulnerable
93  |  Chile | 287  | Vulnerable
94  |  Burundi | 288  | Vulnerable
95  |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | 288  | Vulnerable
96  |  Afghanistan | 289  | Vulnerable
97  |  Yemen | 289  | Vulnerable
98  |  New Caledonia | 290  | Vulnerable
99  |  Aruba | 291  | Vulnerable
100  |  Venezuela | 291  | Vulnerable
101  |  New Zealand | 292  | Vulnerable
102  |  Turks and Caicos Islands | 292  | Vulnerable
103  |  Togo | 293  | Vulnerable
104  |  United Arab Emirates | 293  | Vulnerable
105  |  Vatican City | 293  | Vulnerable
106  |  Heard Island and McDonald Islands | 294  | Vulnerable
107  |  British Indian Ocean Territory | 295  | Vulnerable
108  |  Colombia | 296  | Vulnerable
109  |  Faroe Islands | 296  | Vulnerable
110  |  Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 296  | Vulnerable
111  |  Egypt | 298  | Vulnerable
112  |  Iceland | 298  | Vulnerable
113  |  Rwanda | 298  | Vulnerable
114  |  Jan Mayen | 300  | Vulnerable
115  |  United States | 300  | Vulnerable
116  |  Slovakia | 303  | Vulnerable
117  |  Ecuador | 304  | Vulnerable
118  |  Mayotte | 304  | Vulnerable
119  |  Pitcairn | 304  | Vulnerable
120  |  Wallis and Futuna | 304  | Vulnerable
121  |  Nepal | 305  | Vulnerable
122  |  San Marino | 305  | Vulnerable
123  |  Bosnia & Herzegovina | 306  | Vulnerable
124  |  Mexico | 306  | Vulnerable
125  |  Tunisia | 306  | Vulnerable
126  |  Antigua & Barbuda | 307  | Vulnerable
127  |  Thailand | 308  | Vulnerable
128  |  Hong Kong | 309  | Vulnerable
129  |  Niue | 309  | Vulnerable
130  |  Jordan | 310  | Vulnerable
131  |  Sweden | 311  | Vulnerable
132  |  Anguilla | 312  | Vulnerable
133  |  Malaysia | 312  | Vulnerable
134  |  Brunei | 313  | Vulnerable
135  |  Iran | 313  | Vulnerable
136  |  Cyprus | 314  | Vulnerable
137  |  Lithuania | 314  | Vulnerable
138  |  Czech Republic | 315  | Vulnerable
139  |  Grenada | 315  | Vulnerable
140  |  Malta | 316  | Highly vulnerable
141  |  Indonesia | 316  | Highly vulnerable
142  |  Macedonia | 316  | Highly vulnerable
143  |  Ukraine | 317  | Highly vulnerable
144  |  Ireland | 318  | Highly vulnerable
145  |  Moldova | 322  | Highly vulnerable
146  |  Bulgaria | 323  | Highly vulnerable
147  |  Kuwait | 323  | Highly vulnerable
148  |  Netherlands Antilles | 323  | Highly vulnerable
149  |  Dominican Republic | 324  | Highly vulnerable
150  |  South Africa | 324  | Highly vulnerable
151  |  Taiwan | 324  | Highly vulnerable
152  |  Bahrain | 326  | Highly vulnerable
153  |  Luxembourg | 327  | Highly vulnerable
154  |  Gibraltar | 328  | Highly vulnerable
155  |  Samoa | 328  | Highly vulnerable
156  |  Tokelau | 328  | Highly vulnerable
157  |  Cuba | 329  | Highly vulnerable
158  |  Albania | 330  | Highly vulnerable
159  |  Sri Lanka | 331  | Highly vulnerable
160  |  Monaco | 332  | Highly vulnerable
161  |  Fiji | 333  | Highly vulnerable
162  |  Puerto Rico | 334  | Highly vulnerable
163  |  Portugal | 335  | Highly vulnerable
164  |  Romania | 335  | Highly vulnerable
165  |  Nigeria | 336  | Highly vulnerable
166  |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 337  | Highly vulnerable
167  |  Guatemala | 338  | Highly vulnerable
168  |  Palau | 338  | Highly vulnerable
169  |  Bangladesh | 340  | Highly vulnerable
170  |  Réunion | 341  | Highly vulnerable
171  |  Montserrat | 342  | Highly vulnerable
172  |  Cayman Islands | 343  | Highly vulnerable
173  |  Croatia | 343  | Highly vulnerable
174  |  Haiti | 343  | Highly vulnerable
175  |  Iraq | 344  | Highly vulnerable
176  |  Denmark | 345  | Highly vulnerable
177  |  Liechtenstein | 346  | Highly vulnerable
178  |  El Salvador | 348  | Highly vulnerable
179  |  Marshall Islands | 348  | Highly vulnerable
180  |  Switzerland | 348  | Highly vulnerable
181  |  Christmas Island | 350  | Highly vulnerable
182  |  Syria | 350  | Highly vulnerable
183  |  Spain | 352  | Highly vulnerable
184  |  Greece | 353  | Highly vulnerable
185  |  Turkey | 353  | Highly vulnerable
186  |  Azerbaijan | 354  | Highly vulnerable
187  |  Costa Rica | 354  | Highly vulnerable
188  |  Poland | 354  | Highly vulnerable
189  |  Seychelles | 355  | Highly vulnerable
190  |  Germany | 357  | Highly vulnerable
191  |  Vietnam | 357  | Highly vulnerable
192  |  Mauritius | 358  | Highly vulnerable
193  |  Saint Kitts and Nevis | 359  | Highly vulnerable
194  |  China | 360  | Highly vulnerable
195  |  France | 361  | Highly vulnerable
196  |  Slovenia | 362  | Highly vulnerable
197  |  Hungary | 363  | Highly vulnerable
198  |  North Korea | 363  | Highly vulnerable
199  |  Martinique | 364  | Highly vulnerable
200  |  Tuvalu | 367  | Extremely vulnerable
201  |  Pakistan | 368  | Extremely vulnerable
202  |  Norfolk Island | 368  | Extremely vulnerable
203  |  Austria | 369  | Extremely vulnerable
204  |  Bermuda | 373  | Extremely vulnerable
205  |  South Korea | 373  | Extremely vulnerable
206  |  Brazil | 373  | Extremely vulnerable
207  |  United Kingdom | 373  | Extremely vulnerable
208  |  British Virgin Islands | 377  | Extremely vulnerable
209  |  Northern Mariana Islands | 378  | Extremely vulnerable
210  |  Israel | 380  | Extremely vulnerable
211  |  French Polynesia | 381  | Extremely vulnerable
212  |  Jamaica | 381  | Extremely vulnerable
213  |  Trinidad and Tobago | 381  | Extremely vulnerable
214  |  Cook Islands | 383  | Extremely vulnerable
215  |  Maldives | 383  | Extremely vulnerable
216  |  India | 385  | Extremely vulnerable
217  |  Italy | 386  | Extremely vulnerable
218  |  Belgium | 387  | Extremely vulnerable
219  |  Lebanon | 387  | Extremely vulnerable
220  |  Netherlands | 388  | Extremely vulnerable
221  |  Japan | 389  | Extremely vulnerable
222  |  Guam | 390  | Extremely vulnerable
223  |  Micronesia | 392  | Extremely vulnerable
224  |  Tonga | 392  | Extremely vulnerable
225  |  Saint Lucia | 393  | Extremely vulnerable
226  |  Kiribati | 395  | Extremely vulnerable
227  |  United States Virgin Islands | 396  | Extremely vulnerable
228  |  Philippines | 402  | Extremely vulnerable
229  |  Barbados | 403  | Extremely vulnerable
230  |  Macau | 407  | Extremely vulnerable
231  |  Guadeloupe | 412  | Extremely vulnerable
232  |  Nauru | 421  | Extremely vulnerable
233  |  Singapore | 428  | Extremely vulnerable
234  |  American Samoa | 436  | Extremely vulnerable

## See also[edit]

* Biotic index, a simple measurement of stream pollution and its effects on the biology of the stream.
* Climate Vulnerability Monitor (CVM)
* Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
* Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI)

## References[edit]

1. ^ Environmental Vulnerability Index Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Retrieved 4 November 2013.

## Further reading[edit]

* Kaly U, Pratt C and Mitchell J (2004) Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) 2004 SOPAC.
* Barnett J, Lambert S and Fry I (2008) "The Hazards of Indicators: Insights from the Environmental Vulnerability Index" Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 98 (1).

## External links[edit]

* Environmental Vulnerability Index Official website.

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Threatened species

Template: Threatened species by region

IUCN Red List|

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|

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Lower risk|

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|

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