Environmental issues in Venezuela

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Environmental issues in Venezuela include oil spills, illegal mining, deforestation, tourism, water shortages, pollution, poor waste management[1] and hazards such as earthquakes, floods, rockslides, mudslides, and periodic droughts.

Venezuela ranks among the world's most ecologically diverse countries.[2] However, it has suffered great environmental degradation.[2] It has the third-highest deforestation rate in South America[2] The Guri Dam, one of the world's largest, flooded a massive forested area and is now being filled with silt deposited by runoff from deforested areas.[2] Environmental issues include sewage pollution into Valencia Lake, oil and urban pollution of Maracaibo Lake, deforestation, soil degradation, and urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast.[2] Current concerns also include irresponsible mining operations that endanger the rain-forest ecosystem and indigenous peoples.[2] Successive governments have attempted to develop environmental regulations. However, only 35 to 40 percent of Venezuela's land is regulated thus far, 29 percent as part of national parks.[2]

Venezuela has ratified 14 international conventions regarding environmental protection and sustainable development, while also taking forward-looking steps internally to protect and preserve the country's natural wealth. Venezuela has 43 national parks and 36 natural monuments, and is the country in Latin America with the largest proportion of protected lands, with over 55 percent of its total territory. (Parks and monuments are only 17 percent of that total; the remaining protected areas are outside those parks and monuments.) The nation was ranked second in South America and ninth in the world on the Happy Planet Index of 2012, with a score of 56.9.[3][obsolete source] The UN analysis estimates in 2019 that 25% of Venezuelans need some form of humanitarian assistance. Venezuela led the world in murder rates, with 81.4 per 100,000 people killed in 2018, making it the third most violent country in the world.[4]

There was oil production in Venezuela as early as 1878. Water quality deteriorated drastically starting from around 2000 with the beginning of oil activities offshore, which greatly increased the amount of both organic and inorganic pollutants. One of such activities is the release of drilling gravel containing high levels of metals or minerals, e.g., barite, cadmium, and mercury. Other examples of polluting activities are the dredging of sediments and the testing and laying of pipes.[5]

## Water pollution

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### Zulia-Falcón area

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Countless sewage systems with not only human waste but also chemicals pour into the sea all along the coast.[6]

### Eastern Venezuela

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Several recent oil spills have led to water pollution. In February 2012 a pipeline of PDVSA ruptured next to the Guarapiche River and fouled it for many days. The technicians in charge refused to close down the pumping because they did not want to stop the process, and this led to massive pollution of the area.[7] A dam providing water to Maturín was said to be polluted, even though the national government denied this. This has led to a rupture between the national government and the Monagas governor.[8]

### Valencia Lake and Valencia Basin

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The Valencia Lake, formerly praised by Alexander von Humboldt for its beauty, is massively polluted due to the countless sewage systems pouring wastewater.[9]

Pollution levels in the whole Carabobo area have increased over the years. After the Carabobo governor denounced tap water as no longer drinkable, Hugo Chávez said that was part of an agenda of fear and what the opposition governor said was "nearly criminal".[10]

The city of Valencia, Los Guayos, Guacara and many other locations get their water supply from the Pao-Cachinche dam to the south of Valencia. At the same time, this dam gets about 80% of the sewage systems from Valencia. The installations for water treatment, the responsibility of the national government centre Hidrocentro, are in disrepair. In 2007 the national government decided to pump water from the Valencia Lake – water unfit for human consumption – to the Pao-Cachinche dam. It installed a pumping plant in Los Guayos to do this.[11]

## Air pollution

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This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2023)

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## Effects on crop yield and food production

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This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2023)

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## Forests

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Venezuela had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.78/10, ranking it 19th globally out of 172 countries.[12]

## Glacier retreat

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In 2024, Venezuela lost its last glacier, the Humboldt Glacier, also known as La Corona, which dwindled to less than 2 hectares (5 acres), prompting scientists to reclassify it as merely an ice field. Historically nestled in the Sierra Nevada de Mérida at about 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) above sea level, the region was originally home to six glaciers, with the rest having vanished by 2011. Despite projections that the Humboldt Glacier would persist for another decade, unexpected rapid melting accelerated by the recent El Niño-induced high temperatures led to its premature disappearance.[13] This melting reflects a broader trend observed across the Andes, where glaciers have been retreating rapidly due to intensified sunlight and radiation at tropical latitudes.[14] This stark transformation, which climatologists describe as a significant indicator of modern climate change effects, places Venezuela as possibly the first country in contemporary times to lose all its glaciers.[13]

## See also

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* Agriculture in Venezuela
* 2020 El Palito oil spill
* 2023 El Palito oil spill
* Heavy metals | Cadmium poisoning | Mercury poisoning
* Orinoco Mining Arc

## References

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1. ^ "Venezuela's environmental crisis is getting worse. Here are seven things to know". Mongabay Environmental News. 13 Jun 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
2. ^ a b c d e f g "Country Profile: Venezuela" (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. March 2005. Retrieved November 5, 2020.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
3. ^ Michael McCaughan (January 2012). Venezuela's score. Happy Planet Data. p. 32\. ISBN 978-1-60980-116-8. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
4. ^ "UNODC: Intentional Homicide Victims". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Retrieved 20 February 2019.
5. ^ Ramos, Ruth; Verde, Alejandra; García, Elia M (29 Sep 2021). "Heavy metals in Venezuelan marine sediments: concentrations, degree of contamination, and distribution". Ciencias Marinas. 47 (3). Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanologicas. doi:10.7773/cm.v47i3.3124. ISSN 2395-9053. S2CID 244222252.
6. ^ "Plain-flanked Rail". globally threatened bird forums. Bird life international. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
7. ^ "Monagas, Venezuela Oil Spill Fouls Guarapiche River". Huffington Post. 11 February 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
8. ^ Vyas, Kejal (2012-04-03). "For Chávez, Oil and Water Don't Mix". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
9. ^ Jafé, Espiño, Benítez, Gardinali (1995): Pollution chronology of Lake Valencia, Venezuela. Springer Verlag. New York Inc.
10. ^ "Chavez advierte a Salas Feo por declaraciones sobre contaminación del agua". El Nacional. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
11. ^ "Venezuela" (PDF). Universal Periodic Review. UN Report. October 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
12. ^ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
13. ^ a b Vallangi, Neelima (2024-05-08). "Venezuela loses its last glacier as it shrinks down to an ice field". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
14. ^ "Intrepid scientists witness final days of Venezuelan glacier". AP News. 2019-09-19. Retrieved 2024-05-15.

## Further reading

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* Rendon, Moises; Schneider, Mark L.; Kohan, Arianna (31 Oct 2022). "Unraveling the Water Crisis in Venezuela". CSIS.
* Garcia-Sanchez, Antonio; Contreras, Felicia; Adams, Meliton; Santos, Fernando (2006). "Airborne total gaseous mercury and exposure in a Venezuelan mining area". International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 16 (5). Informa UK Limited: 361–373\. Bibcode:2006IJEHR..16..361G. doi:10.1080/09603120600869315. ISSN 0960-3123. PMID 16990177. S2CID 45497163.
* Graterol, María de los Ángeles (16 Jun 2023). "Water and hunger: Venezuela's water crisis threatens food security". Equal Times. Retrieved 29 Oct 2023.
* Buitrago, Deisy (17 Aug 2023). "Focus: Venezuela fails to curb oil leaks, gas flaring despite pledges". Reuters. Retrieved 29 Oct 2023.
* Cubillos, Ariana; Arráez, Juan Pablo (16 Aug 2023). "Pollution in Venezuela's Lake Maracaibo threatens life in one of the world's oldest lakes". AP News. Retrieved 25 Oct 2023.
* Herrera, Isayen; Urdaneta, Sheyla; Fernandez, Adriana Loureiro (22 Jul 2023). "Venezuela's Oil Industry Is Broken. Now It's Breaking the Environment". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2024.

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