Epidermal growth factor receptor

Transmembrane protein

EGFR

| Available structures

PDB| Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
| List of PDB id codes

1IVO, 1M14, 1M17, 1MOX, 1NQL, 1XKK, 1YY9, 1Z9I, 2EB2, 2EB3, 2GS2, 2GS6, 2GS7, 2ITN, 2ITO, 2ITP, 2ITQ, 2ITT, 2ITU, 2ITV, 2ITW, 2ITY, 2ITZ, 2J5E, 2J5F, 2J6M, 2JIT, 2JIU, 2JIV, 2KS1, 2M0B, 2M20, 2RF9, 2RFD, 2RFE, 2RGP, 3B2U, 3B2V, 3BEL, 3BUO, 3C09, 3G5V, 3G5Y, 3GOP, 3GT8, 3IKA, 3LZB, 3NJP, 3OB2, 3OP0, 3P0Y, 3PFV, 3POZ, 3QWQ, 3UG1, 3UG2, 3VJN, 3VJO, 3VRP, 3VRR, 3W2O, 3W2P, 3W2Q, 3W2R, 3W2S, 3W32, 3W33, 4G5J, 4G5P, 4HJO, 4I1Z, 4I20, 4I21, 4I22, 4I23, 4I24, 4JQ7, 4JQ8, 4JR3, 4JRV, 4KRL, 4KRM, 4KRO, 4KRP, 4LI5, 4LL0, 4LQM, 4LRM, 4R3P, 4R3R, 4R5S, 4RIW, 4RIX, 4RIY, 4RJ4, 4RJ5, 4RJ6, 4RJ7, 4RJ8, 4TKS, 4WKQ, 4WRG, 4ZJV, 5CNN, 5CNO, 5CAN, 2N5S, 5CAL, 5C8M, 4UV7, 5CAV, 5CZI, 5EDQ, 5CAS, 5CAO, 5CAP, 5EM5, 5HG5, 5EDR, 5EM8, 5EDP, 5HG7, 5CAU, 5C8K, 5C8N, 5CZH, 5CAQ, 5EM6, 4UIP, 5HG9, 5EM7, 5HG8, 4ZSE, 5HIB, 5HIC, 5D41, 4WD5

Identifiers
Aliases| EGFR, ERBB, ERBB1, HER1, NISBD2, PIG61, mENA, epidermal growth factor receptor, Genes, erbB-1, ERRP
External IDs| OMIM: 131550; MGI: 95294; HomoloGene: 74545; GeneCards: EGFR; OMA:EGFR - orthologs
| Gene location (Human)

Chr.| Chromosome 7 (human)[1]

Band| 7p11.2| Start| 55,019,017 bp[1]
End| 55,211,628 bp[1]
| Gene location (Mouse)

Chr.| Chromosome 11 (mouse)[2]

Band| 11 A2|11 9.41 cM| Start| 16,702,203 bp[2]
End| 16,868,158 bp[2]
| RNA expression pattern

Bgee| | Human| Mouse (ortholog)

|

| Top expressed in

* nipple

* gums

* gingival epithelium

* placenta

* vulva

* skin of hip

* superficial temporal artery

* decidua

* human penis

* mucosa of pharynx

| Top expressed in

* left lobe of liver

* rib

* Dermatocranium

* external carotid artery

* skin of abdomen

* conjunctival fornix

* hair follicle

* zygote

* phalanx of foot

* calvaria

More reference expression data
BioGPS| |

More reference expression data
| Gene ontology

Molecular function|

* kinase activity
* nitric-oxide synthase regulator activity
* transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
* protein phosphatase binding
* ATP binding
* protein kinase activity
* enzyme binding
* MAP kinase kinase kinase activity
* transferase activity
* chromatin binding
* actin filament binding
* double-stranded DNA binding
* transmembrane signaling receptor activity
* nucleotide binding
* signal transducer activity
* identical protein binding
* signaling receptor binding
* protein tyrosine kinase activity
* calmodulin binding
* protein kinase binding
* phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity
* protein heterodimerization activity
* integrin binding
* epidermal growth factor binding
* epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
* ubiquitin protein ligase binding
* cadherin binding
* virus receptor activity
* protein binding

Cellular component|

* cytoplasm
* endosome
* multivesicular body, internal vesicle lumen
* nuclear membrane
* membrane
* focal adhesion
* extracellular region
* perinuclear region of cytoplasm
* nucleus
* cell surface
* endoplasmic reticulum
* integral component of membrane
* Golgi apparatus
* early endosome membrane
* receptor complex
* plasma membrane
* endocytic vesicle
* intracellular anatomical structure
* AP-2 adaptor complex
* endosome membrane
* endoplasmic reticulum membrane
* Golgi membrane
* basolateral plasma membrane
* Shc-EGFR complex
* membrane raft
* apical plasma membrane
* synapse
* extracellular space
* clathrin-coated vesicle membrane
* integral component of plasma membrane
* basal plasma membrane
* protein-containing complex

Biological process|

* positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
* negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
* positive regulation of MAP kinase activity
* protein phosphorylation
* cell surface receptor signaling pathway
* protein insertion into membrane
* cell population proliferation
* morphogenesis of an epithelial fold
* ossification
* negative regulation of protein catabolic process
* transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
* positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation
* activation of phospholipase C activity
* epidermis development
* learning or memory
* protein autophosphorylation
* positive regulation of phosphorylation
* cerebral cortex cell migration
* digestive tract morphogenesis
* hair follicle development
* phosphorylation
* positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
* embryonic placenta development
* eyelid development in camera-type eye
* activation of phospholipase A2 activity
* positive regulation of DNA replication
* response to UV-A
* regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
* positive regulation of cell migration
* positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
* cellular response to estradiol stimulus
* positive regulation of DNA repair
* response to stress
* regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity
* salivary gland morphogenesis
* MAPK cascade
* cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus
* multicellular organism development
* regulation of cell population proliferation
* cell morphogenesis
* cellular response to amino acid stimulus
* signal transduction
* positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
* lung development
* positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
* positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
* phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process
* circadian rhythm
* positive regulation of superoxide anion generation
* positive regulation of cell population proliferation
* positive regulation of vasoconstriction
* response to osmotic stress
* tongue development
* negative regulation of apoptotic process
* response to cobalamin
* liver regeneration
* response to calcium ion
* wound healing
* cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus
* negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle
* cellular response to growth factor stimulus
* hydrogen peroxide metabolic process
* response to oxidative stress
* response to lipid
* regulation of cell motility
* intracellular signal transduction
* response to organic cyclic compound
* magnesium ion homeostasis
* protein biosynthesis
* positive regulation of production of miRNAs involved in gene silencing by miRNA
* positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
* positive regulation of bone resorption
* midgut development
* positive regulation of inflammatory response
* liver development
* diterpenoid metabolic process
* ERBB2 signaling pathway
* response to estradiol
* positive regulation of cell growth
* positive regulation of prolactin secretion
* astrocyte activation
* cellular response to mechanical stimulus
* response to hydroxyisoflavone
* neuron projection morphogenesis
* ovulation cycle
* regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
* peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
* membrane organization
* positive regulation of protein kinase C activity
* negative regulation of ERBB signaling pathway
* positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane
* negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation
* cellular response to reactive oxygen species
* positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
* regulation of JNK cascade
* regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
* cellular response to cadmium ion
* positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling
* viral entry into host cell
* epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
* positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
* peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation
* cell-cell adhesion
* regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling
* positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling
* positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
* cell differentiation
* positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity
* negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway
* positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway
* positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
| Orthologs

Species| Human| Mouse
Entrez| |

1956

13649

Ensembl| |

ENSG00000146648

ENSMUSG00000020122

UniProt| |

P00533

Q01279

RefSeq (mRNA)| | NM_001346897
NM_001346898
NM_001346899
NM_001346900
NM_001346941

NM_005228
NM_201282
NM_201283
NM_201284

NM_007912
NM_207655

RefSeq (protein)| | NP_001333826
NP_001333827
NP_001333828
NP_001333829
NP_001333870

NP_005219
NP_958439
NP_958440
NP_958441

NP_031938
NP_997538

Location (UCSC)| Chr 7: 55.02 – 55.21 Mb| Chr 11: 16.7 – 16.87 Mb
PubMed search| [3]| [4]
Wikidata
| View/Edit Human| View/Edit Mouse

|

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB-1; HER1 in humans) is a transmembrane protein that is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family (EGF family) of extracellular protein ligands.[5]

The epidermal growth factor receptor is a member of the ErbB family of receptors, a subfamily of four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2/neu (ErbB-2), Her 3 (ErbB-3) and Her 4 (ErbB-4). In many cancer types, mutations affecting EGFR expression or activity could result in cancer.[6]

Epidermal growth factor and its receptor was discovered by Stanley Cohen of Vanderbilt University. Cohen shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Rita Levi-Montalcini for their discovery of growth factors.

Deficient signaling of the EGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinases in humans is associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's, while over-expression is associated with the development of a wide variety of tumors. Interruption of EGFR signalling, either by blocking EGFR binding sites on the extracellular domain of the receptor or by inhibiting intracellular tyrosine kinase activity, can prevent the growth of EGFR-expressing tumours and improve the patient's condition[citation needed].

## Function

[edit]

EGFR signaling cascades Diagram of the EGF receptor highlighting important domains

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane protein that is activated by binding of its specific ligands, including epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α).[7] ErbB2 has no known direct activating ligand, and may be in an activated state constitutively or become active upon heterodimerization with other family members such as EGFR. Upon activation by its growth factor ligands, EGFR undergoes a transition from an inactive monomeric form to an active homodimer.[8] – although there is some evidence that preformed inactive dimers may also exist before ligand binding.[9] In addition to forming homodimers after ligand binding, EGFR may pair with another member of the ErbB receptor family, such as ErbB2/Her2/neu, to create an activated heterodimer. There is also evidence to suggest that clusters of activated EGFRs form, although it remains unclear whether this clustering is important for activation itself or occurs subsequent to activation of individual dimers.[10]

EGFR dimerization stimulates its intrinsic intracellular protein-tyrosine kinase activity. As a result, autophosphorylation of several tyrosine (Y) residues in the C-terminal domain of EGFR occurs. These include Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1148 and Y1173, as shown in the adjacent diagram.[11] This autophosphorylation elicits downstream activation and signaling by several other proteins that associate with the phosphorylated tyrosines through their own phosphotyrosine-binding SH2 domains. These downstream signaling proteins initiate several signal transduction cascades, principally the MAPK, Akt and JNK pathways, leading to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.[12] Such proteins modulate phenotypes such as cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Activation of the receptor is important for the innate immune response in human skin. Additionally, the kinase domain of the EGFR can cross-phosphorylate the tyrosine residues of other receptors with which it is aggregated and thereby activate itself.

## Biological roles

[edit]

The EGFR is essential for ductal development of the mammary glands,[13][14][15] and agonists of the EGFR such as amphiregulin, TGF-α, and heregulin induce both ductal and lobuloalveolar development even in the absence of estrogen and progesterone.[16][17]

## Role in human disease

[edit]

### Cancer

[edit]

Mutations that lead to EGFR overexpression (known as upregulation or amplification) have been associated with a number of cancers, including adenocarcinoma of the lung (40% of cases), anal cancers,[18] glioblastoma (50%) and epithelian tumors of the head and neck (80–100%).[19] These somatic mutations involving EGFR lead to its constant activation, which produces uncontrolled cell division.[20] In glioblastoma a specific mutation of EGFR, called EGFRvIII, is often observed.[21] Mutations, amplifications or misregulations of EGFR or family members are implicated in about 30% of all epithelial cancers.[22]

### Inflammatory disease

[edit]

Aberrant EGFR signaling has been implicated in psoriasis, eczema and atherosclerosis.[23][24] However, its exact roles in these conditions are ill-defined.

### Monogenic disease

[edit]

A single child displaying multi-organ epithelial inflammation was found to have a homozygous loss of function mutation in the EGFR gene. The pathogenicity of the EGFR mutation was supported by in vitro experiments and functional analysis of a skin biopsy. His severe phenotype reflects many previous research findings into EGFR function. His clinical features included a papulopustular rash, dry skin, chronic diarrhoea, abnormalities of hair growth, breathing difficulties and electrolyte imbalances.[25]

### Wound healing and fibrosis

[edit]

EGFR has been shown to play a critical role in TGF-beta1 dependent fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation.[26][27] Aberrant persistence of myofibroblasts within tissues can lead to progressive tissue fibrosis, impairing tissue or organ function (e.g. skin hypertrophic or keloid scars, liver cirrhosis, myocardial fibrosis, chronic kidney disease).

## Medical applications

[edit]

### Drug target

[edit]

The identification of EGFR as an oncogene has led to the development of anticancer therapeutics directed against EGFR (called "EGFR inhibitors", EGFRi), including gefitinib,[28] erlotinib,[29] afatinib, brigatinib and icotinib[30][31] for lung cancer, and cetuximab for colon cancer. More recently AstraZeneca has developed Osimertinib, a third generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor.[32][31]

Many therapeutic approaches are aimed at the EGFR. Cetuximab and panitumumab are examples of monoclonal antibody inhibitors. However the former is of the IgG1 type, the latter of the IgG2 type; consequences on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can be quite different.[33] Other monoclonals in clinical development are zalutumumab, nimotuzumab, and matuzumab. The monoclonal antibodies block the extracellular ligand binding domain. With the binding site blocked, signal molecules can no longer attach there and activate the tyrosine kinase.

Another method is using small molecules to inhibit the EGFR tyrosine kinase, which is on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor. Without kinase activity, EGFR is unable to activate itself, which is a prerequisite for binding of downstream adaptor proteins. Ostensibly by halting the signaling cascade in cells that rely on this pathway for growth, tumor proliferation and migration is diminished. Gefitinib, erlotinib, brigatinib and lapatinib (mixed EGFR and ERBB2 inhibitor) are examples of small molecule kinase inhibitors.

CimaVax-EGF, an active vaccine targeting EGF as the major ligand of EGF, uses a different approach, raising antibodies against EGF itself, thereby denying EGFR-dependent cancers of a proliferative stimulus;[34] it is in use as a cancer therapy against non-small-cell lung carcinoma (the most common form of lung cancer) in Cuba, and is undergoing further trials for possible licensing in Japan, Europe, and the United States.[35]

There are several quantitative methods available that use protein phosphorylation detection to identify EGFR family inhibitors.[36]

New drugs such as osimertinib, gefitinib, erlotinib and brigatinib directly target the EGFR. Patients have been divided into EGFR-positive and EGFR-negative, based upon whether a tissue test shows a mutation. EGFR-positive patients have shown a 60% response rate, which exceeds the response rate for conventional chemotherapy.[37]

However, many patients develop resistance. Two primary sources of resistance are the T790M mutation and MET oncogene.[37] However, as of 2010 there was no consensus of an accepted approach to combat resistance nor FDA approval of a specific combination. Clinical trial phase II results reported for brigatinib targeting the T790M mutation, and brigatinib received Breakthrough Therapy designation status by FDA in Feb. 2015.

The most common adverse effect of EGFR inhibitors, found in more than 90% of patients, is a papulopustular rash that spreads across the face and torso; the rash's presence is correlated with the drug's antitumor effect.[38] In 10% to 15% of patients the effects can be serious and require treatment.[39][40]

Some tests are aiming at predicting benefit from EGFR treatment, as Veristrat.[41]

Laboratory research using genetically engineered stem cells to target EGFR in mice was reported in 2014 to show promise.[42] EGFR is a well-established target for monoclonal antibodies and specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors.[43]

### Target for imaging agents

[edit]

Imaging agents have been developed which identify EGFR-dependent cancers using labeled EGF.[44] The feasibility of in vivo imaging of EGFR expression has been demonstrated in several studies.[45][46]

It has been proposed that certain computed tomography findings such as ground-glass opacities, air bronchogram, spiculated margins, vascular convergence, and pleural retraction can predict the presence of EGFR mutation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.[47]

## Interactions

[edit]

Epidermal growth factor receptor has been shown to interact with:

* AR,[48][49]
* ARF4,[50]
* CAV1,[51]
* CAV3,[51]
* CBL,[52][53][54][55][56]
* CBLB,[53][57]
* CBLC,[58][59]
* CD44,[26]
* CDC25A,[60]
* CRK,[57][61]
* CTNNB1,[62][63][64]
* DCN,[65][66]
* EGF,[67][68]
* GRB14,[69]
* Grb2,[57][67][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]
* JAK2,[77]
* MUC1,[78][79]
* NCK1,[70][80][81]
* NCK2[70][82][83]
* PKC alpha,[84]
* PLCG1,[52][85]
* PLSCR1,[86]
* PTPN1,[87][88]
* PTPN11,[57][89]
* PTPN6,[89][90]
* PTPRK,[91]
* SH2D3A,[92]
* SH3KBP1,[93][94]
* SHC1,[57][95]
* SOS1,[75][96][97]
* Src,[77][98][99]
* STAT1,[77][100]
* STAT3,[77][101]
* STAT5A,[57][77]
* UBC,[54][55][102] and
* WAS,[103]
* PAR2.[104]

In fruitflies, the epidermal growth factor receptor interacts with Spitz.[105]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000146648 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020122 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. ^ Herbst RS (2004). "Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 59 (2 Suppl): 21–6\. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.11.041. PMID 15142631.
6. ^ Zhang H, Berezov A, Wang Q, Zhang G, Drebin J, Murali R, Greene MI (August 2007). "ErbB receptors: from oncogenes to targeted cancer treatment". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (8): 2051–8\. doi:10.1172/JCI32278. PMC 1934579. PMID 17671639.
7. ^ note, a full list of the ligands able to activate EGFR and other members of the ErbB family is given in the ErbB article)
8. ^ Yarden Y, Schlessinger J (March 1987). "Epidermal growth factor induces rapid, reversible aggregation of the purified epidermal growth factor receptor". Biochemistry. 26 (5): 1443–51\. doi:10.1021/bi00379a035. PMID 3494473.
9. ^ Maruyama IN (April 2014). "Mechanisms of activation of receptor tyrosine kinases: monomers or dimers". Cells. 3 (2): 304–30\. doi:10.3390/cells3020304. PMC 4092861. PMID 24758840.
10. ^ Abulrob A, Lu Z, Baumann E, Vobornik D, Taylor R, Stanimirovic D, Johnston LJ (January 2010). "Nanoscale imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor clustering: effects of inhibitors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (5): 3145–3156\. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.073338. PMC 2823441. PMID 19959837.
11. ^ Downward J, Parker P, Waterfield MD (1984). "Autophosphorylation sites on the epidermal growth factor receptor". Nature. 311 (5985): 483–5\. Bibcode:1984Natur.311..483D. doi:10.1038/311483a0. PMID 6090945. S2CID 4332354.
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25. ^ Campbell P, Morton PE, Takeichi T, Salam A, Roberts N, Proudfoot LE, Mellerio JE, Aminu K, Wellington C, Patil SN, Akiyama M, Liu L, McMillan JR, Aristodemou S, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Abdul-Wahab A, Petrof G, Fong K, Harnchoowong S, Stone KL, Harper JI, McLean WH, Simpson MA, Parsons M, McGrath JA (October 2014). "Epithelial inflammation resulting from an inherited loss-of-function mutation in EGFR". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 134 (10): 2570–8\. doi:10.1038/jid.2014.164. PMC 4090136. PMID 24691054.
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31. ^ a b Gijtenbeek RG, Damhuis RA, van der Wekken AJ, Hendriks LE, Groen HJ, van Geffen WH (April 2023). "Overall survival in advanced epidermal growth factor receptor mutated non-small cell lung cancer using different tyrosine kinase inhibitors in The Netherlands: a retrospective, nationwide registry study". The Lancet Regional Health. Europe. 27 100592\. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100592. PMC 9932646. PMID 36817181.
32. ^ Greig SL (February 2016). "Osimertinib: First Global Approval". Drugs. 76 (2): 263–273\. doi:10.1007/s40265-015-0533-4. PMID 26729184. S2CID 45076898.
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34. ^ Rodríguez PC, Rodríguez G, González G, Lage A (Winter 2010). "Clinical development and perspectives of CIMAvax EGF, Cuban vaccine for non-small-cell lung cancer therapy". MEDICC Review. 12 (1): 17–23\. doi:10.37757/MR2010.V12.N1.4. PMID 20387330.
35. ^ Patel N (11 May 2015). "Cuba Has a Lung Cancer Vaccine—And America Wants It". Wired. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Carpenter G (1987). "Receptors for epidermal growth factor and other polypeptide mitogens". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 56 (1): 881–914\. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.004313. PMID 3039909.
* Boonstra J, Rijken P, Humbel B, Cremers F, Verkleij A, van Bergen en Henegouwen P (May 1995). "The epidermal growth factor". Cell Biology International. 19 (5): 413–30\. doi:10.1006/cbir.1995.1086. PMID 7640657. S2CID 20186286.
* Carpenter G (August 2000). "The EGF receptor: a nexus for trafficking and signaling". BioEssays. 22 (8): 697–707\. doi:10.1002/1521-1878(200008)22:8<697::AID-BIES3>3.0.CO;2-1. PMID 10918300. S2CID 767308.
* Filardo EJ (February 2002). "Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation by estrogen via the G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR30: a novel signaling pathway with potential significance for breast cancer". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 80 (2): 231–8\. doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00190-X. PMID 11897506. S2CID 34995614.
* Tiganis T (January 2002). "Protein tyrosine phosphatases: dephosphorylating the epidermal growth factor receptor". IUBMB Life. 53 (1): 3–14\. doi:10.1080/15216540210811. PMID 12018405. S2CID 8376444.
* Di Fiore PP, Scita G (October 2002). "Eps8 in the midst of GTPases". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 34 (10): 1178–83\. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00064-X. PMID 12127568.
* Benaim G, Villalobo A (August 2002). "Phosphorylation of calmodulin. Functional implications" (PDF). European Journal of Biochemistry. 269 (15): 3619–31\. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03038.x. hdl:10261/79981. PMID 12153558.
* Leu TH, Maa MC (January 2003). "Functional implication of the interaction between EGF receptor and c-Src". Frontiers in Bioscience. 8 (1–3) 980: s28–38. doi:10.2741/980. PMID 12456372. S2CID 20827945.1–3&rft.artnum=980&rft.pages=s28-38&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20827945#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/12456372&rft_id=info:doi/10.2741/980&rft.aulast=Leu&rft.aufirst=TH&rft.au=Maa,+MC&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.2741%2F980&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epidermal+growth+factor+receptor" class="Z3988">
* Anderson NL, Anderson NG (November 2002). "The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 1 (11): 845–67\. doi:10.1074/mcp.R200007-MCP200. PMID 12488461.
* Kari C, Chan TO, Rocha de Quadros M, Rodeck U (January 2003). "Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor in cancer: apoptosis takes center stage". Cancer Research. 63 (1): 1–5\. PMID 12517767.
* Bonaccorsi L, Muratori M, Carloni V, Zecchi S, Formigli L, Forti G, Baldi E (February 2003). "Androgen receptor and prostate cancer invasion". International Journal of Andrology. 26 (1): 21–5\. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2605.2003.00375.x. hdl:2158/252370. PMID 12534934.
* Reiter J, Maihle NJ (May 2003). "Characterization and expression of novel 60-kDa and 110-kDa EGFR isoforms in human placenta". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 995 (1): 39–47\. Bibcode:2003NYASA.995...39R. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03208.x. PMID 12814937. S2CID 9377682.
* Adams TE, McKern NM, Ward CW (June 2004). "Signalling by the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor: interplay with the epidermal growth factor receptor". Growth Factors. 22 (2): 89–95\. doi:10.1080/08977190410001700998. PMID 15253384. S2CID 86844427.
* Ferguson KM (November 2004). "Active and inactive conformations of the epidermal growth factor receptor". Biochemical Society Transactions. 32 (Pt 5): 742–5\. doi:10.1042/BST0320742. PMID 15494003.
* Chao C, Hellmich MR (December 2004). "Bi-directional signaling between gastrointestinal peptide hormone receptors and epidermal growth factor receptor". Growth Factors. 22 (4): 261–8\. doi:10.1080/08977190412331286900. PMID 15621729. S2CID 35208079.
* Carlsson J, Ren ZP, Wester K, Sundberg AL, Heldin NE, Hesselager G, Persson M, Gedda L, Tolmachev V, Lundqvist H, Blomquist E, Nistér M (March 2006). "Planning for intracavitary anti-EGFR radionuclide therapy of gliomas. Literature review and data on EGFR expression". Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 77 (1): 33–45\. doi:10.1007/s11060-005-7410-z. PMID 16200342. S2CID 42293693.
* Scartozzi M, Pierantoni C, Berardi R, Antognoli S, Bearzi I, Cascinu S (April 2006). "Epidermal growth factor receptor: a promising therapeutic target for colorectal cancer". Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology. 28 (2): 61–8\. PMID 16637508.
* Prudkin L, Wistuba II (October 2006). "Epidermal growth factor receptor abnormalities in lung cancer. Pathogenetic and clinical implications". Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 10 (5): 306–15\. doi:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2006.06.011. PMID 16979526.
* Ahmed SM, Salgia R (November 2006). "Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and susceptibility to targeted therapy in lung cancer". Respirology. 11 (6): 687–92\. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00887.x. PMID 17052295. S2CID 38429131.
* Zhang X, Chang A (March 2007). "Somatic mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor and non-small-cell lung cancer". Journal of Medical Genetics. 44 (3): 166–72\. doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.046102. PMC 2598028. PMID 17158592.
* Mellinghoff IK, Cloughesy TF, Mischel PS (January 2007). "PTEN-mediated resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors". Clinical Cancer Research. 13 (2 Pt 1): 378–81\. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1992. PMID 17255257. S2CID 15077838.
* Nakamura JL (April 2007). "The epidermal growth factor receptor in malignant gliomas: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 11 (4): 463–72\. doi:10.1517/14728222.11.4.463. PMID 17373877. S2CID 21947310.

## External links

[edit]

* Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P00533 (Human Epidermal growth factor receptor) at the PDBe-KB.

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PDB gallery

* 1ivo: Crystal Structure of the Complex of Human Epidermal Growth Factor and Receptor Extracellular Domains.

* 1m14: Tyrosine Kinase Domain from Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

* 1m17: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase domain with 4-anilinoquinazoline inhibitor erlotinib

* 1mox: Crystal Structure of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (residues 1-501) in complex with TGF-alpha

* 1nql: Structure of the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in an inactive (low pH) complex with EGF.

* 1xkk: EGFR kinase domain complexed with a quinazoline inhibitor- GW572016

* 1yy9: Structure of the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor in complex with the Fab fragment of cetuximab/Erbitux/IMC-C225

* 1z9i: A Structural Model for the Membrane-Bound Form of the Juxtamembrane Domain of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

* 2gs2: Crystal Structure of the active EGFR kinase domain

* 2gs6: Crystal Structure of the active EGFR kinase domain in complex with an ATP analog-peptide conjugate

* 2gs7: Crystal Structure of the inactive EGFR kinase domain in complex with AMP-PNP

* 2itn: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN G719S MUTATION IN COMPLEX WITH AMP-PNP

* 2ito: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN G719S MUTATION IN COMPLEX WITH IRESSA

* 2itp: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN G719S MUTATION IN COMPLEX WITH AEE788

* 2itq: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN G719S MUTATION IN COMPLEX WITH AFN941

* 2itt: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN L858R MUTATION IN COMPLEX WITH AEE788

* 2itu: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN L858R MUTATION IN COMPLEX WITH AFN941

* 2itv: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN L858R MUTATION IN COMPLEX WITH AMP-PNP

* 2itw: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN IN COMPLEX WITH AFN941

* 2itx: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN IN COMPLEX WITH AMP-PNP

* 2ity: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN IN COMPLEX WITH IRESSA

* 2itz: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN L858R MUTATION IN COMPLEX WITH IRESSA

* 2j5e: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN IN COMPLEX WITH AN IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITOR 13-JAB

* 2j5f: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN IN COMPLEX WITH AN IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITOR 34-JAB

* 2j6m: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF EGFR KINASE DOMAIN IN COMPLEX WITH AEE788

* v
* t
* e

Tumor suppressor genes and Oncogenes

Ligand|

| Growth factors|

| ONCO|

* c-Sis/PDGF
* HGF

|

Receptor|

| Wnt signaling pathway|

| TSP|

* CDH1

|

Hedgehog signaling pathway|

| TSP|

* PTCH1

|

TGF beta signaling pathway|

| TSP|

* TGF beta receptor 2

|

Receptor tyrosine kinase|

| ONCO|

* ErbB/c-ErbB
* HER2/neu
* Her 3
* c-Met
* c-Ret

|

JAK-STAT signaling pathway|

| ONCO|

* c-Kit
* Flt3

|

Intracellular signaling P+Ps|

| Wnt signaling pathway|

| ONCO|

* Beta-catenin

|

TSP|

* APC

TGF beta signaling pathway|

| TSP|

* SMAD2
* SMAD4

|

Akt/PKB signaling pathway|

| ONCO|

* c-Akt

|

TSP|

* PTEN

Hippo signaling pathway|

| TSP|

* Neurofibromin 2/Merlin

|

MAPK/ERK pathway|

| ONCO|

* c-Ras
* HRAS
* c-Raf

|

TSP|

* Neurofibromin 1

Other/unknown|

| ONCO|

* c-Src

|

TSP|

* Maspin

Nucleus|

| Cell cycle|

| ONCO|

* CDK4
* Cyclin D
* Cyclin E

|

TSP|

* p53
* pRb
* WT1
* p16/p14arf

DNA repair/Fanconi|

| TSP|

* BRCA1
* BRCA2

|

Ubiquitin ligase|

| ONCO|

* CBL
* MDM2

|

TSP|

* VHL

Transcription factor|

| ONCO|

* AP-1
* c-Fos
* c-Jun
* c-Myc

|

TSP|

* KLF6

Mitochondrion|

| Apoptosis inhibitor|

* SDHB
* SDHD

|

Other/ungrouped|

* c-Bcl-2
* Notch
* Stathmin

* v
* t
* e

Receptors: growth factor receptors

Type I cytokine receptor|

* Nerve growth factors: Ciliary neurotrophic factor
* Erythropoietin

Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase|

* TGF pathway: TGF-beta
* 1
* 2
* Activin
* 1
* 2
* Bone morphogenetic protein
* 1
* 2

Receptor tyrosine kinase|

* Fibroblast growth factor
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4

* Nerve growth factors: high affinity Trk
* TrkA
* TrkB
* TrkC

* Hepatocyte growth factor

* Somatomedin
* Insulin-like growth factor 1

* ErbB/Epidermal growth factor

* VEGF
* 1
* 2
* 3

Tumor necrosis factor receptor|

* Nerve growth factors: Low affinity/p75

Ig superfamily|

* Platelet-derived growth factor
* A
* B
* Stem cell factor

Other/ungrouped|

* Somatomedin
* Insulin-like growth factor 2

* v
* t
* e

Protein kinases: tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10)

Receptor tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10.1)

| Growth factor receptors|

| EGF receptor family|

* EGFR
* ERBB2
* ERBB3
* ERBB4

|

Insulin receptor family|

* IGF1R
* INSR
* INSRR

PDGF receptor family|

* CSF1R
* FLT3
* KIT
* PDGFR (PDGFRA
* PDGFRB)

FGF receptor family|

* FGFR1
* FGFR2
* FGFR3
* FGFR4

VEGF receptors family|

* VEGFR1
* VEGFR2
* VEGFR3

HGF receptor family|

* MET
* RON

Trk receptor family|

* NTRK1
* NTRK2
* NTRK3

EPH receptor family|

* EPHA1
* EPHA2
* EPHA3
* EPHA4
* EPHA5
* EPHA6
* EPHA7
* EPHA8
* EPHB1
* EPHB2
* EPHB3
* EPHB4
* EPHB5
* EPHB6
* EPHX

LTK receptor family|

* LTK
* ALK

TIE receptor family|

* TIE
* TEK

ROR receptor family|

* ROR1
* ROR2

DDR receptor family|

* DDR1
* DDR2

PTK7 receptor family|

* PTK7

RYK receptor family|

* RYK

MuSK receptor family|

* MUSK

ROS receptor family|

* ROS1

AATYK receptor family|

* AATYK
* AATYK2

AXL receptor family|

* AXL
* MER
* TYRO3

RET receptor family|

* RET

uncategorised|

* STYK1

Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10.2)

| ABL family|

* ABL1
* ARG

|

ACK family|

* ACK1
* TNK1

CSK family|

* CSK
* MATK

FAK family|

* FAK
* PYK2

FES family|

* FES
* FER

FRK family|

* FRK
* BRK
* SRMS

JAK family|

* JAK1
* JAK2
* JAK3
* TYK2

SRC-A family|

* SRC
* FGR
* FYN
* YES1

SRC-B family|

* BLK
* HCK
* LCK
* LYN

TEC family|

* TEC
* BMX
* BTK
* ITK
* TXK

SYK family|

* SYK
* ZAP70

* v
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* e

Enzymes

Activity|

* Active site
* Binding site
* Catalytic triad
* Oxyanion hole
* Enzyme promiscuity
* Diffusion-limited enzyme
* Cofactor
* Enzyme catalysis

Regulation|

* Allosteric regulation
* Cooperativity
* Enzyme inhibitor
* Enzyme activator

Classification|

* EC number
* Enzyme superfamily
* Enzyme family
* List of enzymes

Kinetics|

* Enzyme kinetics
* Eadie–Hofstee diagram
* Hanes–Woolf plot
* Lineweaver–Burk plot
* Michaelis–Menten kinetics

Types|

* EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
* EC2 Transferases (list)
* EC3 Hydrolases (list)
* EC4 Lyases (list)
* EC5 Isomerases (list)
* EC6 Ligases (list)
* EC7 Translocases (list)

* v
* t
* e

Growth factor receptor modulators

Angiopoietin|

* Agonists: Angiopoietin 1
* Angiopoietin 4

* Antagonists: Angiopoietin 2
* Angiopoietin 3

* Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
* CE-245677
* Rebastinib

* Antibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3)
* Nesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2)

CNTF|

* Agonists: Axokine
* CNTF
* Dapiclermin

EGF (ErbB)|

| EGF
(ErbB1/HER1)|

* Agonists: Amphiregulin
* Betacellulin
* EGF (urogastrone)
* Epigen
* Epiregulin
* Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
* Murodermin
* Nepidermin
* Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)

* Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
* Agerafenib
* Brigatinib
* Canertinib
* Dacomitinib
* Erlotinib
* Gefitinib
* Grandinin
* Icotinib
* Lapatinib
* Neratinib
* Osimertinib
* Vandetanib
* WHI-P 154

* Antibodies: Cetuximab
* Depatuxizumab
* Depatuxizumab mafodotin
* Futuximab
* Imgatuzumab
* Matuzumab
* Necitumumab
* Nimotuzumab
* Panitumumab
* Zalutumumab

|

ErbB2/HER2|

* Agonists: Unknown/none

* Antibodies: Ertumaxomab
* Pertuzumab
* Trastuzumab
* Trastuzumab deruxtecan
* Trastuzumab duocarmazine
* Trastuzumab emtansine

* Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
* Lapatinib
* Mubritinib
* Neratinib
* Tucatinib

ErbB3/HER3|

* Agonists: Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 6 (neuroglycan C))

* Antibodies: Duligotumab
* Patritumab
* Seribantumab

ErbB4/HER4|

* Agonists: Betacellulin
* Epigen
* Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
* Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF))

FGF|

| FGFR1|

* Agonists: Ersofermin
* FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 (KGF2), 20)
* Repifermin
* Selpercatinib
* Trafermin
* Velafermin

|

FGFR2|

* Agonists: Ersofermin
* FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (KGF), 8, 9, 10 (KGF2), 17, 18, 22)
* Palifermin
* Repifermin
* Selpercatinib
* Sprifermin
* Trafermin

* Antibodies: Aprutumab
* Aprutumab ixadotin

* Kinase inhibitors: Infigratinib

FGFR3|

* Agonists: Ersofermin
* FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 8, 9, 18, 23)
* Selpercatinib
* Sprifermin
* Trafermin

* Antibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23)

FGFR4|

* Agonists: Ersofermin
* FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 6, 8, 9, 19)
* Trafermin

Unsorted|

* Agonists: FGF15/19

HGF (c-Met)|

* Agonists: Fosgonimeton
* Hepatocyte growth factor

* Potentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408)

* Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
* AM7
* AMG-458
* Amuvatinib
* BMS-777607
* Cabozantinib
* Capmatinib
* Crizotinib
* Foretinib
* Golvatinib
* INCB28060
* JNJ-38877605
* K252a
* MK-2461
* PF-04217903
* PF-2341066
* PHA-665752
* SU-11274
* Tivantinib
* Volitinib

* Antibodies: Emibetuzumab
* Ficlatuzumab
* Flanvotumab
* Onartuzumab
* Rilotumumab
* Telisotuzumab
* Telisotuzumab vedotin

IGF|

| IGF-1|

* Agonists: des(1-3)IGF-1
* Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)
* IGF-1 LR3
* Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
* Insulin
* Mecasermin
* Mecasermin rinfabate

* Kinase inhibitors: BMS-754807
* Linsitinib
* NVP-ADW742
* NVP-AEW541
* OSl-906

* Antibodies: AVE-1642
* Cixutumumab
* Dalotuzumab
* Figitumumab
* Ganitumab
* Robatumumab
* R1507
* Teprotumumab
* Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)

|

IGF-2|

* Agonists: Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)

* Antibodies: Dusigitumab
* Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)

Others|

* Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

* Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1)
* Trofinetide

LNGF (p75NTR)|

* Agonists: BDNF
* BNN-20
* BNN-27
* Cenegermin
* DHEA
* DHEA-S
* NGF
* NT-3
* NT-4

* Antagonists: ALE-0540
* Dexamethasone
* EVT-901 (SAR-127963)
* Testosterone

* Antibodies: Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
* ASP-6294
* Fasinumab
* Frunevetmab
* Fulranumab
* MEDI-578
* Ranevetmab
* Tanezumab

* Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004

* Decoy receptors: LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc)

PDGF|

* Agonists: Becaplermin
* Platelet-derived growth factor (A, B, C, D)

* Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
* Avapritinib
* Axitinib
* Crenolanib
* Imatinib
* Lenvatinib
* Masitinib
* Motesanib
* Nintedanib
* Pazopanib
* Radotinib
* Quizartinib
* Ripretinib
* Sunitinib
* Sorafenib
* Toceranib

* Antibodies: Olaratumab
* Ramucirumab
* Tovetumab

RET (GFL)|

| GFRα1|

* Agonists: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
* Liatermin

* Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib

|

GFRα2|

* Agonists: Neurturin (NRTN)

* Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib

GFRα3|

* Agonists: Artemin (ARTN)

* Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib

GFRα4|

* Agonists: Persephin (PSPN)

* Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib

Unsorted|

* Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib

SCF (c-Kit)|

* Agonists: Ancestim
* Stem cell factor

* Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
* Axitinib
* Dasatinib
* Imatinib
* Masitinib
* Nilotinib
* Pazopanib
* Quizartinib
* Sorafenib
* Sunitinib
* Toceranib

TGFβ|

* See here instead.

Trk|

| TrkA|

* Agonists: Amitriptyline
* BNN-20
* BNN-27
* Cenegermin
* DHEA
* DHEA-S
* Gambogic amide
* NGF
* Tavilermide

* Antagonists: ALE-0540
* Dexamethasone
* FX007
* Testosterone

* Negative allosteric modulators: VM-902A

* Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
* AZD-6918
* CE-245677
* CH-7057288
* DS-6051
* Entrectinib
* GZ-389988
* K252a
* Larotrectinib
* Lestaurtinib
* Milciclib
* ONO-4474
* ONO-5390556
* PLX-7486
* Rebastinib
* SNA-120 (pegylated K252a))

* Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
* ASP-6294
* Fasinumab
* Frunevetmab
* Fulranumab
* MEDI-578
* Ranevetmab
* Tanezumab

* Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004

* Decoy receptors: ReN-1820 (TrkAd5)

|

TrkB|

* Agonists: 3,7-DHF
* 3,7,8,2'-THF
* 4'-DMA-7,8-DHF
* 7,3'-DHF
* 7,8-DHF
* 7,8,2'-THF
* 7,8,3'-THF
* Amitriptyline
* BDNF
* BNN-20
* Deoxygedunin
* Deprenyl
* Diosmetin
* DMAQ-B1
* HIOC
* LM22A-4
* N-Acetylserotonin
* NT-3
* NT-4
* Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF)
* R7
* R13
* TDP6

* Antagonists: ANA-12
* Cyclotraxin B
* Gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF)

* Ligands: DHEA

* Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
* AZD-6918
* CE-245677
* CH-7057288
* DS-6051
* Entrectinib
* GZ-389988
* K252a
* Larotrectinib
* Lestaurtinib
* ONO-4474
* ONO-5390556
* PLX-7486

TrkC|

* Agonists: BNN-20
* DHEA
* NT-3

* Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
* AZD-6918
* CE-245677
* CH-7057288
* DS-6051
* Entrectinib
* GZ-389988
* K252a
* Larotrectinib
* Lestaurtinib
* ONO-4474
* ONO-5390556
* PLX-7486

VEGF|

* Agonists: Placental growth factor (PGF)
* Ripretinib
* Telbermin
* VEGF (A, B, C, D (FIGF))

* Allosteric modulators: Cyclotraxin B

* Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
* Altiratinib
* Axitinib
* Cabozantinib
* Cediranib
* Fruquintinib
* Lapatinib
* Lenvatinib
* Motesanib
* Nintedanib
* Pazopanib
* Pegaptanib
* Rebastinib
* Regorafenib
* Semaxanib
* Sorafenib
* Sunitinib
* Toceranib
* Tivozanib
* Vandetanib
* WHI-P 154

* Antibodies: Alacizumab pegol
* Bevacizumab
* Icrucumab
* Ramucirumab
* Ranibizumab

* Decoy receptors: Aflibercept

Others|

* Additional growth factors: Adrenomedullin
* Colony-stimulating factors (see here instead)
* Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
* Ephrins (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3)
* Erythropoietin (see here instead)
* Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)
* Glia maturation factor (GMF)
* Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)
* Interleukins/T-cell growth factors (see here instead)
* Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
* Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)
* Midkine (NEGF2)
* Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)
* Oncomodulin
* Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)
* Pleiotrophin
* Renalase
* Thrombopoietin (see here instead)
* Wnt signaling proteins

* Additional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture)

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