Ernakulam Shiva Temple

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Hindu temple in Kerala, India

Ernakulam Shiva Temple

Ernakulathappan Temple

The West Gopuram

Religion
Affiliation| Hinduism
District| Ernakulam
Deity| Lord Shiva
Festivals| Annual Festival in the month of Makaram (Malayalam Calendar)
Shivaratri
Governing body| Cochin Devaswom Board
Location
Location| Ernakulam
State| Kerala
Country| India

Location in Kerala

Geographic coordinates| 9°58′6.7″N 76°16′56.8″E﻿ / ﻿9.968528°N 76.282444°E﻿ / 9.968528; 76.282444
Architecture
Type| Traditional Kerala Temple
Website
https://www.eranakulamsivatemple.org/
Rishinagakulathappan aka ernakulathappan

Ernakulam Shiva Temple, also known as Ernakulathappan Temple, is one of the major temples of Kerala, located in heart of Ernakulam,[1] Kochi, Kerala, India. The temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, is considered as the city temple, with the presiding deity as the protector of the city, as per local Hindu faiths and traditions. As per the common practice in Kerala, the deity is reverently called Ernakulathappan, which means Lord of Ernakulam. The temple is located within the Durbar Hall Ground. The temple history itself has deep association with history of the city and was one of the 7 royal temples of Kochi Maharajas. The temple is now under administration of Cochin Devaswam Board. The temple in its current form was built under active patronage of Diwan Sri Edakkunni Sankara Warrier in year 1846 and raised it level of a Royal temple in the Kochi Kingdom. The temple is built on 1-acre (4,000 m2) land. The temple is one of the major Shiva temples in Kerala counted along with the Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple, Kaduthruthy Mahadeva Temple, Vaikom Temple, Chengannur Mahadeva Temple, Vadakkunathan temple, and Sreekanteswaram Mahadeva Temple, Thiruvananthapuram.[2]

## Legend

[edit]

Cheranalloor Kartha Family of South Chittor was the founder of Ernakulam Siva Temple. As per the devaprasna this temple have a connection with Vaishnava. Jadavedan nampoothiri was the swamiyar of Ernakulam Siva Temple and Thiruvananthapuram Shri Padmanabhaswamy Temple. He was a member of Cheranalloor Kartha Family of South Chittoor

The temple's legend[3] is deeply associated with Hindu epic Mahabharata. Arjuna, the 3rd Pandava made a severe penance to propitiate Lord Shiva. Pleased with Arjuna’s devotion Shiva accompanied with his consort Sri Parvathi set out from their abode at Mount Kailash to meet Arjuna.

Shiva intends to impress Parvathi with the devotion Arjuna has towards him. Shiva disguises himself as "Kiratha" a tribal hunter before appearing before Arjuna.Just as Shiva appears before Arjuna he sees a wild boar charging towards Arjuna and shoots an arrow at the boar. Arjuna, who is an accomplished archer, also shoots an arrow at the boar. The boar who was in fact a demon named Mookasura in disguise is killed and its original form is revealed. However, dispute arises between Arjuna and Kiratha as to who is the real killer of the animal. A battle ensues between the two, lasting a long time, ultimately resulting in Kiratha’s victory over Arjuna.

The vanquished Arjuna, unable to even stand up makes a Shiva Linga out of mud and performs a pooja offering flowers. To his surprise, he sees that the flower he offers over the Shiva Linga is falling over the head of Kiratha. Arjuna then realises that Kiratha is none other than his Lord Shiva. Pleased with his devotion and sincerity, Lord Shiva granted Pashupatha Arrow to Arjuna. Arjuna left this place and soon this area was covered with dense forest, uninhabited for long time. The existence of the Shiva linga made by Arjuna also disappeared from memories of all.

Centuries later, a boy named Devala who has been cursed by a sage, now has a body of a snake, crawled into this forest and saw this lingam completely submerged into mud . He worshiped this lingam as part a deep penance in hope for redeeming from the curse. Soon a few people spotted this mysterious man with body of snake and called him as Rishi Nagam (Saint Serpent) and feared even to come near to him. Some even tried to thwart him with sticks etc. Unmoved by all these action, Rishi Nagam continued his severe penance. Finally Lord Shiva and Parvathi appeared in their original form and asked the sage to take a dip in the nearby pond. As soon as he immersed, he was redeemed from the curse. Soon a new idol appeared just near to the original lingam. Based on this legend, the place got its new name, Rishnagakulam (The pond of Rishi Nagam) and the temple was constructed by the public.

## History

[edit]

The existence of temple was first mentioned in Sangam Literature as one of the major temples under Chera Dynasty. Cheras were adherent worshipers of Lord Shiva. When Chera dynasty ended, the place fell into the hands a few Nair nobles who renamed the place as Ernakulam (corrupt form of original word- Eere Naal Kulam meaning Pond with water always) in recognition of the famous sacred pond of this temple. Soon this area came under reign of Kochi Kingdom. The Kochi Rulers, due to the siege of Fort Kochi by the Dutch in the 17th century, moved their capital to Ernakulam and established a Palace close to this temple, facing the temple pond (The Tank Shed Palace seen behind current Durbar Hall). This helped the temple to gain prominence, due to royal patronage. The temple deity was declared as protector of Ernakulam city (Nagara Devata),

The second phase of the temple came in 1842 when Diwan of Kochi, Sri Edakkunni Sankara Warrier felt to renovate the temple which were in dilapidated condition. Works were started in 1843. Two new Gopura Mandapams (Entrance Towers) were constructed in traditional Kerala style similar to Sree Poornathrayesa Temple of Tripunithura which was the Chief Royal temple of Kochi Maharajas. The new temple complex was opened to public in 1846. The temple was elevated to a royal temple and brought under direct administration of Kochi Government's Devaswom Board. In 1949, when Kochi acceded into India Union, the Devaswom Board came under new Government's control, which still remains.

## Deities

[edit]

The presiding deity of the temple is Shiva in Gourisankara form, located in main sanctum sanctorum, facing west towards the Arabian sea. The Lingam in the main sanctum sanctorum is considered to be Swayambhu (Divinely derived). On the northern side of the main sanctum sanctorum, there is the small shrine of Kirthamoorthy which is believed to the original Lingam worshipped by Arjuna. On the southern side, there is a small shrine for Shiva's son Ganesha. There is a small area behind the main sanctum sanctorum, considered as the shrine of Shiva's consort Parvati, hence the east gate is known as the Devi Gate. Outside the Inner temple circle, Ayyappa and Nagaraja are worshipped in shrines.

## Structure

[edit]

The temple is an example of Kerala temple architecture

The entire temple is located in 1.2-acre (4,900 m2) land.[citation needed] The temple is built in typical Kerala temple architecture. The Sanctum complex is circular with fine sculpted walls. The roof is covered with copper tiles. The temple has two gates, the western Gopuram is a two storied structure in typical Kerala architecture with gabled roofs and slanting windows. The eastern gopuram is recently renovated similar to the western side. The Devaswom office is located near the western Gopuram. Recently a new marriage hall and Oottupura (dining hall) is constructed at the northern side.

## The temple complex

[edit]

The Murugan temple is built in Tamil style

Adjacent to the main Shiva Temple, two other temples are constructed in the temple grounds, which makes the Ernakulam Temple Complex. On the Northern side, a Murugan Kovil built in Tamil style can be seen. It was constructed by Tamil residents of Kochi during the administration of Diwan Venkataswamy who was a Tamil Brahmin. The Muruga Kovil is managed by Tamil Brahmin Association of Ernakulam and all rituals in this temple are in accordance to Tamil style. The presiding deity is Lord Muruga with his consorts Valli and Devanyani. There are two separate shrines for Navagrahas and Ganesha, apart from regular poojas for Vishnu, Dakshinamoorthy and Durga Devi.

The Hanuman temple is built in Udupi Madhwa Sampradaya style

On the eastern side, a Hanuman temple built in Kannadiga Udupi style can be seen. It was constructed by Diwan Venkat Rao, a Tulu Brahmin, in year 1850 as part for his dream to have a temple in traditional Udupi Madhwa Sampradaya style. This is one of the very few temples constructed in Madhwa Sampradaya without Krishna as main deity. The presiding deity is Lord Hanuman facing towards Shiva temple on western side. A small idol of Lord Rama also worshiped in main sanctum sanctorum. Apart from this, shrines for lord Nagaraja and Raghavendra Swami are also worshipped. The present Ernakulathappan Temple complex consists of these three temples, which exist together without any interference in others' customs. This also shows a mini version of South India, excluding Telugu culture.

Apart from the temples, the famous Ernakulam Temple pond is located in eastern side, facing opposite to Murugan temple. There is also offices of Ernakulam Brahmin Association and its marriage hall apart from offices of Temple advisory committee. A 200-year-old banyan tree can be seen near to Hanuman temple.

## Pooja Timings

[edit]

Source:[4]

Nadathurakal Time | 3.30 AM

|

Nirmalyam | 3.30 AM
Abishekam | 4.00 to 4.45 AM
Shankhabhishekam | 5.15 AM
Ushapooja Nadathurakal | 5.45 AM
Yethertha Pooja Nadathurakal | 6.15 AM
Ethirtha Sheeveli | 6.30 AM
Pantheeradi Pooja | 7.30 to 8.15 AM
Uchcha Pooja | 9.30 to 11AM
Vykunneram Nadathruakal | 4.00 PM
Deeparadhana | According to sunset
Athaazhapooja Nadathurakal | 7.30 PM
Thripuka Nadathurakal | 8.00 PM

## Festivals

[edit]

The Uthsavom (temple festival) of Shiva temple is one of the grandest festivals in the Kochi city, normally celebrated during Makaram month. The festivities starts with Kodiyettam (hoisting of the temple flag ) on the first day evening. On the seventh day there is Pakalpooram, when the deity is being taken out in procession with caparisoned elephants with Panchavadyam and finally terminating at Durbar Hall Ground after the famous Pandimelam and colourful fire works. On the final day around evening, in a solemn ceremony the flag is lowered and the deity is then taken for the Arattu ( holy bath ) in the nearby temple tank. After that starts the famous Arattu procession with the accompaniment of Panchavadyam. The procession terminates at Durbar Hall Ground. The grand fireworks then bring the curtain down to this week long festival. During all these days Sheeveli is arranged inside the temple and the best available Chendamelam artists are arranged for this. Special poojas connected with the festival are conducted everyday by famous priests from Chennose and Puliyannur Mana. A variety of cultural programmes are also arranged during these days. Special emphasis is given to promote temple arts like Ottamthullal, Paatakam, Thayambaka, Kathakali, Classical dances, Classical music concerts, Bhajans etc. Annadanam is also arranged. Thousands of people throng the temple to witness these programmes. Watching the Pakalpooram and Arattu processions will be an unforgettable experience for anybody. The adjacent Durbar Hall ground becomes a beehive of activities during the Uthsavom.

Along with this, Maha Shivratri in the month of Kumbham, Thiruvathira in the month of Dhanu, Pradosham, Mondays, etc. are also celebrated in a grand manner.

## See also

[edit]

* Temples of Kerala

* v
* t
* e

Hindu temples in Kerala

Alappuzha|

* Kurattikadu Mutharamman Devi Temple
* Mannar Thrikkuratti Mahadeva Temple
* Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna
* Manakkattu Devi Temple, Pallippad, Harippad
* Chakkulathukavu
* Chammanad Devi
* Cherthala Devi
* Chettikulangara Devi
* Evoor Major Sri krishnaswamy temple
* Haripad Sree Subrahmanya Swamy temple
* Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple
* Kuttikattu Sree Bhadra Kali Devi
* Mannarasala
* Mullakkal
* Nalpathaneeswaram Sree Mahadeva
* Padanilam Parabrahma Temple
* Pattambalam
* Valiyakulangara Devi

Ernakulam|

* Cherai Gowreeshwara
* Dakshina Mookambika Temple North Paravur
* Chottanikkara
* Eravikulangara
* Iringole Kavu
* Kalamassery Mahaganapathy
* Kurumbakkavu Bhagavathy
* Panekavu Bhagavati Shastha
* Sree Bhavaneeswara
* Sree Poornathrayesa
* Sree Venugopala
* Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha
* Thrikkakara Temple
* Thiru Nayathode Siva Narayana Temple
* Chelamattom Shree Krishna Swami Temple

Idukki|

* Sri Siddhi Vinayakar

Kannur|

* Andalur kavu
* Sree Vadeswaram
* Azhikode Palottukavu
* Chenankavu
* Chala Bhagavathi
* Sree Annapoorneswari
* Sree Chovva Shiva Temple
* Edappara Chamundi
* Hanumarambalam
* Sree Jagannathan
* Kandanthalli
* Keecheri Palottukavu
* Keezhur Mahadeva
* Kottiyoor Vadakkeshwaram
* Kunnathoor Padi
* Madayi Kavu
* Kalarivathukkal Bhagavathy Temple
* Vadukunda
* Mamanathambalam
* Manakulangara
* Mariamman Koil, Pilakool
* Mavilakkavu
* Muneeswaran Kovil
* Oorpazhachi Kavu
* Padavil Sree Muthappan
* Panoonneri Shiva
* Parassinikkadavu Muthappan
* Payyannur Sree Subramanyaswamy Temple
* Peralasseri Sree Subramaniaswamy Temple
* Pillayar Koil
* Neeliyaarkottam
* Rajarajeshwara Temple
* Sree Andalurkavu
* Tiruvangad
* Talap Ambalam
* Trichambaram
* Thrikkapalam Shiva
* Vasudevapuram Tavanur
* Places of worship in Kannur district

Kasaragod|

* Ananthapura Lake
* Kanila Shree Bhagavathi
* Madhur
* Trikaripur Chakrapani
* Sri Gopalakrishna Temple Kumble

Kollam|

* Ammachiveedu Muhurthi
* Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple
* Ashram Sree krishna Swamy
* Kadakkal Devi
* Kodimoottil Sri Bhadrakaali
* Kottankulangara Devi Temple
* Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram
* Kottarakkulam Sree Mahaganapathy Kovil, Kollam
* Oachira Parabrahma Temple
* Panakkattodil Devi Temple
* Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple
* Pulimukham Devi Temple
* Paravur Puttingal Devi Temple
* Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple
* Sree Indilayappan
* Sree Maha Ganapathy
* Vayalil Thrikkovil Mahavishnu

Kottayam|

* Vaikom
* ThiruVazhappally Sree Mahadevar
* Ettumanoor Mahadevar
* Thirunakkara Sree Mahadevar Temple
* Kidangoor Subramanya Temple
* Chirakkadavu Sree Mahadevar
* Kaduthruthy Mahadeva Temple
* Neendoor Subrahmanya Swami Temple
* Perunna Subrahmanya Swami
* Kavinpuram Devi
* Morkulangara Devi
* Kadamuri Narasimhaswamy Temple, Kadamuri
* Moozhayil Sankaranarayana Temple Anicad
* Kodungoor Devi Temple
* Elamgulam Sree Dharma Shastha Temple
* Anicad Sree Bhagavathi Temple
* Pullattukunnel Temple, Elamgulam
* Nethalloor Devi
* Panachikkadu
* Paippad Puthenkavu Bhagavathi
* Pundareekapuram
* Puthiyakavu Devi Temple

Kozhikode|

* Abhimanyu Temple
* Azhakodi Devi
* Lokanarkavu
* Pisharikavu
* Valayanad Devi

Malappuram|

* Alathiyur Hanuman
* Kadampuzha Devi
* Kadampuzha Bhagavathy
* Sree Rama
* Thirumanthamkunnu
* Thirunavaya
* Thrikkavu
* Vairankode Bhagavathy Temple

Palakkad|

* Brahmeeswaran
* Chinakkathoor
* Karimpuzha Sree Ramaswamy
* Killikkurussimangalam
* Kodikkunnu Bhagavathy
* Manapullikavu
* Malamakkavu Ayyappa Temple
* Meenkulathi
* Sri Nellikulangara Bhagavathi
* Thirupuraikkal
* Valliya Aarattu – Karnaki Amman
* Vayilyamkunnu Bhagavathi
* Viswanatha Swam
* Panniyur Sri Varahamurthy Temple

Pathanamthitta|

* Aranmula Parthasarathy
* Anikkattilammakshethram
* Gurunathanmukadi
* Kaviyoor Mahadevar
* Mahadeva
* Mezhuveli
* Muringamangalam Sreemahadevar
* Panayannarkavu
* Pattupurakkavu Bhagavathi
* Rektha Kanda Swamy
* Sabarimala
* Sree Bhuvaneswary
* Sree Vallabha
* Sreenarayanapuram
* Sri Chirakkakavu Bhagavthi
* Thazhoor Bhagavathy Kshetram
* Thrikkovil Sree Padmanabha Swami Kshetram
* Thrippara Shiva Kshetram
* Thumpamon Vadakkumnatha
* Valiyakoikkal

Thiruvananthapuram|

* Attukal
* Avanavanchery Sri Indilayappan
* Edava Palakkavu Bhagavathi temple
* Irumkulangara Durga Devi
* Janardanaswamy
* Kappil Bhagavathy
* Mannanthala Anandavaleeswaram
* Padmanabhaswamy
* Sarkaradevi
* Sivagiri Sarada Mutt
* Sreekanteswaram
* Vellayani Devi Temple
* Venkatachalapathy

Thrissur|

* Arattupuzha Temple
* Ammathiruvadi Temple
* Avanangattilkalari Vishnumaya Temple
* Annamanada Mahadeva Temple
* Chembukkavu Bhagavathy Temple
* Chemmanthatta Mahadeva Temple
* Chiravarampathukavu Bhagavathi Temple
* Choorakkottukavu Bhagavathy Temple
* Guruvayur Temple
* Ivor Madom
* Kanimangalam Sastha Temple
* Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple
* Koodalmanikyam Temple
* Kootumuchikal amma
* Kottekkad Temple
* Kuttankulangara Sri Krishna Temple
* Kuttumuck Siva Temple
* Laloor Bhagavathy Temple
* Mammiyoor Temple
* Mithrananthapuram Trimurti Temple
* Muthuvara Mahadeva Temple
* Pallimanna Siva Temple
* Panamukkumpally Sastha Temple
* Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple
* Poonkunnam Siva Temple
* Punkunnam Seetha Ramaswamy Temple
* Shatrughna Temple
* Thriprayar Temple
* Sree Maheswara Temple
* Sringapuram Mahadeva Temple
* Thanikkudam Bhagavathi Temple
* Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple
* Thiruvanchikulam Temple
* Thiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple
* Thottipal Bhagavati
* Trikkur Mahadeva
* Vadakkunnathan
* Vilwadrinatha Temple
* Peruvanam Mahadeva Temple
* Mathur Shiva Temple
* Kalathil Sree Rudra Devi Temple

Wayanad|

* Mazhuvannur Maha Siva Kshethram
* Thirunelli
* Valliyoorkkavu

* v
* t
* e

Kochi

Landmarks|

* Marine Drive
* Mattancherry Palace
* Hill Palace
* Durbar Hall Ground
* Ariyittuvazhcha Kovilakam

Neighbourhoods|

* Edappally
* Ernakulam
* Fort Kochi
* Gandhi Nagar
* Kaloor
* Marine Drive
* Mattancherry
* Palarivattom
* Panampilly Nagar
* Kakkanad
* Kadavanthra
* Tripunithura
* Vyttila
* Willingdon Island

History|

* Kingdom of Cochin
* Thoma of Villarvattom
* History of Kerala
* Travancore-Cochin

Transport|

* Cochin International Airport
* Cochin Harbour Terminus
* Edappally railway station
* Ernakulam Junction railway station
* Ernakulam Terminus railway station
* Ernakulam Town railway station
* Cochin Port
* Cochin Shipyard
* Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation
* Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
* Kerala State Water Transport Department
* Kochi Metro
* Vyttila Mobility Hub
* Kochi Water Metro

Government|

* Kochi Municipal Corporation
* Kerala High Court

Organizations|

* Cochin Stock Exchange
* Consumerfed
* Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore
* Greater Cochin Development Authority
* International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi
* Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation
* Kochi Refineries

Malls|

* Oberon Mall
* LuLu International Shopping Mall
* Gold Souk Grandé
* Abad Nucleus Mall
* Forum Thomsun Mall
* Q1 Mall

Culture|

* Cochin Jews
* Saint Thomas Christians
* Latin Catholics of Malabar
* Luso-Indians
* Cuisine of Kerala
* Culture of Kerala
* Kalabhavan
* Malayalam
* Onam
* Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin
* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly
* Vishu

Places of worship|

* Chempittapally
* Chottanikkara Temple
* Ernakulam Shiva Temple
* Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue
* Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue
* Paradesi Synagogue
* Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple
* St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Cathedral
* St. George Syro-Malabar Church
* St. Francis Church
* Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha Temple
* Vallarpadam Church

Health care|

* Amala Institute of Medical Sciences
* Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
* Aster Medcity
* Gautham Hospital
* General Hospital
* Indira Gandhi Co-operative Hospital
* Lakeshore Hospital
* Lisie Hospital
* Lisie Heart Institute
* Lourdes Heart institute
* Lourdes Hospital (Kerala)
* Mar Augustine Kandathil Memorial Lisie Hospital
* Medical Trust Hospital
* Saraf Hospital
* Sunrise Hospital Kochi
* Renai medicity
* Rajagiri Hospital

Schools|

* Assissi Vidyaniketan
* Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
* Chinmaya Vidyalaya
* Choice School
* Cochin Refineries School
* Kendriya Vidyalaya
* Navy Children School
* Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School, Thevara
* SRV High School
* St.Treasas Convent Girls Higher Secondary School
* Toc-H Public School
* Vidyodaya School

Universities|

* Cochin University of Science and Technology
* National University of Advanced Legal Studies
* Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
* Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit
* Model Engineering College
* Government Law College, Ernakulam
* School of Communication and Management Studies
* Albertian Institute of Management
* Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology
* Federal Institute of Science and Technology
* Sacred Heart College, Thevara
* SCMS School of Engineering and Technology
* St. Teresa's College
* Maharaja's College, Ernakulam
* MES College Marampally, Aluva
* Government Medical College, Ernakulam
* Bharata Mata College
* St. Albert's College

Roads|

* Mahatma Gandhi Road
* Chittoor Road
* Banerji Road
* Shanmugham Road
* Park Avenue
* S.A Road
* Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road
* Kochi Bypass
* Seaport-Airport Road
* Kochi New Bypass

Sports|

* Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
* Regional Sports Centre
* Maharaja's College Stadium
* FACT Stadium
* Kerala Blasters FC
* Kochi Tuskers Kerala

Press|

* Malayala Manorama
* Mathrubhumi
* Madhyamam Daily
* Deshabhimani
* Sathyadeepam

Television channels|

* Surya TV
* Flowers
* Jeevan TV
* Reporter TV
* Kochu TV
* Indiavision

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Ernakulam Shiva Temple". T.C Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act XII of 1955. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
2. ^ "Kerala Siva Temples". Hinduism Today. 31 July 1997. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
3. ^ "Legend of the Ernakulam Temple". Ernakulam Shiva Temple. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
4. ^ "Pooja Timings". Ernakulam Shiva Temple. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2010.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ernakulam Shiva Temple.

* http://www.ernakulathappan.com/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20100518203714/http://hanumankovil.org/about-the-temple.php

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