Ethnic groups in Europe

"Europeans" redirects here. For other uses, see Europeans (disambiguation) and The Europeans (disambiguation).

Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe. Groups may be defined by common ancestry, language, faith, historical continuity, etc. There are no universally accepted and precise definitions of the terms "ethnic group" and "nationality", but in the context of European ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people, nationality and ethno-linguistic group are used as mostly synonymous. Preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe, and the context in which they may be classified by those terms.[1]

The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans in 2002.[2] The Russians are the most populous among Europeans, with a population of roughly 120 million.[3]

## Overview

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Further information: Demographics of Europe

In 2021, the number of non-EU nationals living in EU members states was 23.7 million (5.3% of the EU population). The countries with the largest population of non-nationals were Germany, Spain, France and Italy. These four Member States represented 70.3% of all non-EU nationals living in the EU Member States.[4] The population of the European Union, with some 450 million residents, accounts for two thirds of the current European population.

Both Spain and the United Kingdom are special cases, in that the designation of nationality, Spanish and British, may controversially[citation needed] take ethnic aspects, subsuming various regional ethnic groups (see nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain and native populations of the United Kingdom). Switzerland is a similar case, but the linguistic subgroups of the Swiss are discussed in terms of both ethnicity and language affiliations.

## Linguistic classifications

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Further information: Languages of Europe

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Of the total population of Europe of some 740 million (as of 2010), close to 90% (or some 650 million) fall within three large branches of Indo-European languages, these being:

* Germanic, including Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, Frisian, German, Gutnish, Hunsrik, Icelandic, Limburgish, Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, Norwegian, Scots, Swedish, and Yiddish.[5] Afrikaans, a daughter language of Dutch, is spoken by some South African and Namibian migrant populations.
* Romance, including Aromanian, Arpitan, Asturian, Catalan, Corsican, French and other Langues d'oïl, Lombard, Friulian, Galician, Istro-Romanian, Italian, Ligurian, Ladin, Ladino, Megleno-Romanian, Occitan, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh, Sardinian, Spanish, Venetian and Sicilian.
* Slavic, including Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Kashubian, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, Silesian, Slovak, Slovenian, Sorbian and Ukrainian.

Three stand-alone Indo-European languages do not fall within larger sub-groups and are not closely related to those larger language families, but are still languages that are used in areas considered part of the European continent:

* Greek (about 12 million)
* Albanian (about 9 million)
* Armenian (about 3.5 million)

In addition, there are also smaller sub-groups within the Indo-European languages of Europe, including:

* Baltic, including Latvian, Lithuanian, Samogitian and Latgalian.
* Celtic, including Breton, Cornish, Irish, Manx, Welsh, and Scottish Gaelic.
* Iranic, mainly Ossetian and Tats in the Caucasus.
* Indo-Aryan is represented by the Romani language spoken by Roma people of eastern Europe, and is at root related to the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indian subcontinent.

Besides the Indo-European languages, there are other language families on the European continent which are considered unrelated to Indo-European:

* Uralic languages, including Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Komi, Livonian, Mari, Mordvin, Sámi, Samoyedic, and Udmurt.
* Turkic languages, including Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Chuvash, Gagauz, Kazakh, Nogai, Tatar, Turkish, Crimean Tatar.
* Semitic languages, including: Suret/Turoyo (dialects of Neo-Aramaic spoken in parts of eastern Turkey and the Caucasus by ethnic Assyrians), Hebrew (spoken by some Jewish populations), and Maltese. Arabic is spoken by some migrant communities from the Middle East and North Africa.
* Kartvelian languages (also known as South Caucasian languages), including Georgian, Zan (Mingrelian and Laz), and Svan.
* Northwest Caucasian languages, including Abkhaz, Abaza, Circassian (Adyghe and Kabardian), and Ubykh.
* Northeast Caucasian languages, including Avar, Chechen, Dargin, Ingush, Lak, and Lezgian.
* Language isolates: Basque, spoken in the Basque regions of Spain and France, is an isolate language, the only one in Europe, and is believed to be unrelated to any other living language; though it is related to the extinct Aquitanian language.
* Mongolic languages exist in the form of Kalmyk, spoken in the South region of Russia.

## History

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### Prehistoric populations

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Further information: Genetic history of Europe, Prehistoric Europe, Eurasian nomads, Indo-European expansion, and Neolithic Revolution

Simplified model for the demographic history of Europeans during the Neolithic period and the introduction of agriculture[6]

The Basques have been found to descend from the population of the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age directly.[7][8] By contrast, Indo-European groups of Europe (the Centum, Balto-Slavic, and Albanian groups) migrated throughout most of Europe from the Pontic steppe. They are assumed to have developed in situ through admixture of earlier Mesolithic and Neolithic populations with Bronze Age, proto-Indo-Europeans.[9][10][11] The Finnic peoples are assumed to also be descended from Proto-Uralic populations further to the east, nearer to the Ural Mountains, that had migrated to their historical homelands in Europe by about 3,000 years ago.[12]

Reconstructed languages of Iron Age Europe include Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic and Proto-Germanic, all of these Indo-European languages of the centum group, and Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic, of the satem group. A group of Tyrrhenian languages appears to have included Etruscan, Rhaetian, Lemnian, and perhaps Camunic. A pre-Roman stage of Proto-Basque can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty.

Regarding the European Bronze Age, the only relatively likely reconstruction is that of Proto-Greek (ca. 2000 BC). A Proto-Italo-Celtic ancestor of both Italic and Celtic (assumed for the Bell beaker period), and a Proto-Balto-Slavic language (assumed for roughly the Corded Ware horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. Old European hydronymy has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.

According to geneticist David Reich, based on ancient human genomes that his laboratory sequenced in 2016, Europeans descend from a mixture of four distinct ancestral components.[13]

### Historical populations

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Further information: History of Europe

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Map of the Roman Empire and barbarian tribes in 125 AD

Iron Age (pre-Great Migrations) populations of Europe known from Greco-Roman historiography, notably Herodotus, Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus:

* Aegean: the Greek tribes, Pelasgians, and Anatolians.
* Balkans: the Illyrians (List of ancient tribes in Illyria), Dacians, and Thracians.
* Italian Peninsula: the Camunni, Rhaetians, Lepontii, Adriatic Veneti, Gauls, Ligurians, Etruscans, Italic peoples and Greek and Phoenician colonies in its neighboring Italian islands.
* Western/Central Europe: the Celts (list of peoples of Gaul, List of Celtic tribes), Rhaetians and Swabians, Vistula Veneti, Lugii and Balts.
* Iberian Peninsula and Pyrenees : the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (Iberians, Celts, Celtiberians, Lusitani, Basques, Turdetani), of the Pyrenean piedmont (Aquitani) between the Pyrenees and the Atlantic Ocean, and Greek and Phoenician coastal Mediterranean colonies.
* Sardinia and Corsica: the ancient Sardinians and Corsicans (also known as Nuragic and Torrean peoples), comprising the Corsi, Balares, Ilienses tribes and Phoenician colonies.
* British Isles: the Insular Celts.
* Northern Europe: the Baltic Finns, Germanic peoples (list of Germanic peoples) and Normans.
* Sicily: the Italic Sicels and Morgetes, the Sicani, Elymians and Greek and Phoenician colonies.
* Eastern Europe: the Veneti (Early Slavs), Scythians and Sarmatians.
* Armenian Highlands/Anatolia: the Armenians.

### Historical immigration

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Further information: Scythians, Huns, Turkic expansion, and Early Muslim conquests

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The Great Migrations of Late Antiquity Map showing the distribution of Slavic tribes between the 7th–9th centuries AD

Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:

* Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean (including regions in Spain, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus and the Aegean), from about 1200 BC to the fall of Carthage after the Third Punic War in 146 BC.
* Assyrian conquest of Cyprus, Southern Caucasus (including parts of modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) and Cilicia during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC).
* Iranian influence: Achaemenid control of Thrace (512–343 BC) and the Bosporan Kingdom, Cimmerians (possible Iranians), Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Ossetes, Tats, Talyshs.
* The Jewish diaspora reached Europe in the Roman Empire period, the Jewish community in Italy dating to around AD 70 and records of Jews settling Central Europe (Gaul) from the 5th century (see History of the Jews in Europe).
* The Hunnic Empire (5th century AD), converged with the Barbarian invasions, contributing to the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire.
* The Slavic migrations (6th century AD), and the subsequent split into Eastern Slavs, Western Slavs and Southern Slavs.
* Avar Khaganate (c. 560s–800).
* The Bulgars (or Proto-Bulgarians), a semi-nomadic Turkic people, originally from Central Asia, eventually absorbed by the Slavs.
* The Magyars (Hungarians), a Uralic-speaking people, and the Turkic Pechenegs and Khazars, arrived in Europe in about the 8th century (see Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin).
* The Arabs conquered Cyprus, Crete, Sicily (establishing the Emirate of Sicily in 831, from which they would be expelled in 1224), some places along the coast of southern Italy, Malta, Greek Empire and most of Iberia (founding a polity known as Al-Andalus in 711, ruled also by Berber dynasties of the Almoravides and the Almohads, from whose domain they would be expelled in 1492).
* Exodus of Maghreb Christians, namely Berbers and African Romance speakers, from the 7th to the 12th centuries.[14]
* The western Kipchaks known as Cumans entered the lands of present-day Ukraine in the 11th century.
* The Mongol/Tatar invasions (1223–1480), and Ottoman control of the Balkans (1389–1912). These medieval incursions account for the presence of European Turks and Tatars.
* The Romani people arrived during the Late Middle Ages.
* The Mongol Kalmyks arrived in Kalmykia in the 17th century.

### History of European ethnography

[edit]

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Europa Regina (representation of Europe printed by Sebastian Munster), 1570 Ethnographic map of Europe in 1847 by Heinrich Berghaus

The earliest accounts of European ethnography date from Classical Antiquity. Herodotus described the Scythians and Thraco-Illyrians. Dicaearchus gave a description of Greece itself, besides accounts of western and northern Europe. His work survives only fragmentarily, but was received by Polybius and others.

Roman Empire period authors include Diodorus Siculus, Strabo and Tacitus. Julius Caesar gives an account of the Celtic tribes of Gaul, while Tacitus describes the Germanic tribes of Magna Germania. A number of authors like Diodorus Siculus, Pausanias and Sallust depict the ancient Sardinian and Corsican peoples.

The 4th century Tabula Peutingeriana records the names of numerous peoples and tribes. Ethnographers of Late Antiquity such as Agathias of Myrina, Ammianus Marcellinus, Jordanes, and Theophylact Simocatta give early accounts of the Slavs, the Franks, the Alamanni and the Goths.

Book IX of Isidore's Etymologiae (7th century) treats de linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus (concerning languages, peoples, realms, war and cities). Ahmad ibn Fadlan in the 10th century gives an account of the Bolghar and the Rus' peoples. William Rubruck, while most notable for his account of the Mongols, in his account of his journey to Asia also gives accounts of the Tatars and the Alans. Saxo Grammaticus and Adam of Bremen give an account of pre-Christian Scandinavia. The Chronicon Slavorum (12th century) gives an account of the northwestern Slavic tribes.

Gottfried Hensel in his 1741 Synopsis Universae Philologiae published one of the earliest ethno-linguistic map of Europe, showing the beginning of the pater noster in the various European languages and scripts.[15][16] In the 19th century, ethnicity was discussed in terms of scientific racism, and the ethnic groups of Europe were grouped into a number of "races", Mediterranean, Alpine and Nordic, all part of a larger "Caucasian" group.

The beginnings of ethnic geography as an academic subdiscipline lie in the period following World War I, in the context of nationalism, and in the 1930s exploitation for the purposes of fascist and Nazi propaganda, so that it was only in the 1960s that ethnic geography began to thrive as a bona fide academic subdiscipline.[17]

The origins of modern ethnography are often traced to the work of Bronisław Malinowski, who emphasized the importance of fieldwork.[18] The emergence of population genetics further undermined the categorisation of Europeans into clearly defined racial groups. A 2007 study on the genetic history of Europe found that the most important genetic differentiation in Europe occurs on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), with another east–west axis of differentiation across Europe, separating the indigenous Basques, Sardinians and Sami from other European populations. Despite these stratifications it noted the unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world."[19][20][21]

## Minorities

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Further information: Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Further information: Multilingual countries and regions of Europe

Gagauz people in Moldova Sámi family in Lapland of Finland, 1936

The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of Europeans.[2]

The member states of the Council of Europe in 1995 signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The broad aims of the convention are to ensure that the signatory states respect the rights of national minorities, undertaking to combat discrimination, promote equality, preserve and develop the culture and identity of national minorities, guarantee certain freedoms in relation to access to the media, minority languages and education and encourage the participation of national minorities in public life. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities defines a national minority implicitly to include minorities possessing a territorial identity and a distinct cultural heritage. By 2008, 39 member states had signed and ratified the convention, with the notable exception of France.

### Indigenous minorities

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The definitions that apply to who is considered an indigenous minority group in Europe can vary widely. One criterion is the so-called "time element", or how long the original inhabitants of a land occupied it before the arrival of later settlers. As there is no fixed time frame, considering a specific group to be indigenous is often context-dependent.[22] A number of ethnic groups in Europe claim indigenous status and are spread throughout the continent.

In Russia, the Uralic Nenets and Komi peoples in the north are considered to be indigenous peoples; the Nenets are divided into three distinct groups based on their way of life, Tundra, Forest, and Yaran, and have two autonomous regions that mention them as the majority inhabitants (Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets). Similarly, the Komi are divided into two main groups, the Zyryans and the Permiaks, which are individually divided into their own unique subgroupings.[23] The Komi primarily live in the Komi Republic, though much of the population of the Republic are ethnic Russians. The Nenets are one of the 40 groups in Russia that are recognized as indigenous small-numbered peoples, while the Komi are seeking this recognition.[24] The Circassians of southern Russia and the North Caucasus are another indigenous people to the country, though following the Circassian genocide, more Adyghe live in Turkey than in their ancestral homeland.[25]

In the Crimean Peninsula, the Turkic Crimean Tatars, Krymchaks and Crimean Karaites are indigenous peoples. The Crimean Tatars were the majority ethnic group of the Crimean Peninsula until the 19th century.[26] Meanwhile, the Krymchaks and Karaites differ by their much smaller population size (around 1–2,000 each) and their adherence to Judaism, with more of both groups now residing in Israel. The Crimean Tatars were declared an indigenous peoples in the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine,[27] while plans were declared in 2021 to grant Karaites and other groups the same status.

In Scandinavia, which comprises Norway, Finland, and Sweden, the Sámi people inhabit the cultural region of Sápmi (which also includes parts of Russia). Up to today, the people have experienced great discrimination as an indigenous group, with the Norwegian and Swedish governments having previously been accused of policies of Norwegianization and Swedification against them.[28][29] While challenges regarding the rights of the Sámi remain, the Church of Sweden made a formal apology for its role in forced conversions, and outlined a one-year plan for reconciliation.[30]

In southern France and the Iberian Peninsula, Catalans, Basques, and Galicians each have their own unique regions and are considered indigenous peoples (Galicia, Catalonia, and Basque Country). They also have their own unique languages that denote their ethnic origins. This also applies to the Gaels, a Celtic ethnic group originally from Ireland, the Scottish Highlands, and the Isle of Man.

### Non-Indigenous minorities

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Main article: Immigration to Europe

Further information: Jews and Judaism in Europe, Islam in Europe, Hinduism in Europe, Buddhism in Europe, and Afro-Europeans

Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600

Many non-European ethnic groups and nationalities have migrated to Europe over the centuries. Although some groups arrived centuries ago, the vast majority of non-indigenous ethnic groups have arrived more recently, mostly in the 20th and 21st centuries. Often, they come from former colonies of the British, Dutch, French, Portuguese and Spanish empires.

* Western Asians
* Turks: There were 10 million Turks living in Western Europe and the Balkans in 1997 (excluding Northern Cyprus and Turkey).[31] By 2010, there were up to 15 million Turks living in the European Union (i.e. excluding Turkish communities in Turkey as well as several Balkan countries and post-Soviet countries which are not in the EU).[32] According to Dr Araks Pashayan, 10 million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium in 2012.[33] In addition, there are 500,000 Turks in the UK (2011 estimate),[34][35] 500,000 in Austria (2011 estimate)[35][36] 150,000 in Sweden,[37] 120,000 in Switzerland,[38] 70,000 in Denmark (2008 estimate),[39] as well as growing communities in Italy, Liechtenstein, Finland and Spain. In addition, over one million Turks were living in the Balkans in 2019 (especially in Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Romania),[40] and approximately 400,000 Meskhetian Turks were living in the Eastern European regions of the post-Soviet states (i.e. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine) in 2014.[41]
* Jews: approximately 2 million, mostly in France, the UK, Russia and Germany. They are descended from the Israelites of the Middle East (Southwest Asia),[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] originating from the historical kingdoms of Israel and Judah.[50][51][52][53]
* Ashkenazi Jews: approximately 1.4 million, mostly in the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany and Ukraine. They are believed by scholars to have arrived from Israel via southern Europe[54][55][56][57][58] in the Roman era[59] and settled in France and Germany towards the end of the first millennium. The Nazi Holocaust wiped out the vast majority during World War II and forced most to flee, with many of them going back to Israel.
* Bukharan Jews: from Uzbekistan, approximately 320,000, now half in Israel, 12% in the United States (2/3 in the New York metropolitan area), 5% the United Kingdom, and 3% scattered in Austria, Germany, Uzbekistan, Canada, and Russia.
* Sephardi Jews: approximately 300,000, mostly in France. They arrived via Spain and Portugal in the pre-Roman[60] and Roman[61] eras, and were forcibly converted or expelled in the 15th and 16th centuries.
* Mizrahi Jews: approximately 300,000, mostly in France, via Islamic-majority countries of the Middle East.
* Italqim: approximately 50,000, mostly in Italy, since the 2nd century BC.
* Romaniotes: approximately 6,000, mostly in Greece, with communities dating at least from the 1st century AD.
* Crimean Karaites (Karaim): less than 4,000, mostly in Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania. They arrived in Crimea in the Middle Ages.
* Assyrians: In Sweden, Assyrians number of 150,000 people,[62] and the city of Södertälje is considered the unofficial Assyrian capital of Europe. Other European countries that have a sizeable Assyrian population are Germany, France, the Netherlands, and in smaller numbers in Great Britain and Armenia. Depending on religious denomination, tribe, or country of origin, they may also identify as Syriac, Chaldean, or Aramean, and they have formed different organizations that aim to represent them under these labels.
* Kurds: approximately 2.5 million, mostly in the UK, Germany, and Sweden.
* Iraqi diaspora: mostly in the UK, Germany and Sweden, and can be of varying ethnic origin, including Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, Armenians, Shabaks, Mandeans, Turks, Kawliya and Yezidis.
* Lebanese diaspora: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.[63]
* Syrian diaspora: The largest number of Syrians live in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden and can be of varying ethnic origin, including; Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, Armenians, Turks, Mhallami and Yezidis.
* Africans
* North Africans (North African Arabs, Egyptian Copts, and Berbers): approximately 5 million, mostly in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. The bulk of North African migrants are Moroccans, although France also has a large number of Algerians, and others may be from Egypt (including Copts), Libya and Tunisia.
* Horn Africans (Somalis, Ethiopians, Eritreans, Djiboutians, and the Northern Sudanese): approximately 700,000, mostly in Scandinavia, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Finland, and Italy. Majority arrived to Europe as refugees. Proportionally few live in Italy despite former colonial ties, most live in the Nordic countries.
* Sub-Saharan Africans (many ethnicities including Afro-Caribbeans, African-Americans, Afro-Latinos and others by descent): approximately 5 million in 2007, mostly in the UK and France, with smaller numbers in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal and elsewhere.[64]
* Latin Americans: approximately 2.2 million in 2007, mainly in Spain and to a lesser extent Italy and the UK.[65] See also Latin American Britons (80,000 Latin American born in 2001).[66]
* Brazilians: around 280,000 in Portugal, and 50,000 in Italy and Germany each (mainly German-Brazilians).[67][68]
* Chilean refugees escaping the Augusto Pinochet regime of the 1970s formed communities in France, Sweden, the UK, former East Germany and the Netherlands.
* Mexicans: about 21,000 in Spain[69] and 14,000 in Germany[70]
* Venezuelans: around 520,000 mostly in Spain (200,000), Portugal (100,000), France (30,000), Germany (20,000), UK (15,000), Ireland (5,000), Italy (5,000) and the Netherlands (1,000).[citation needed]
* South Asians: approximately 3-4 million, mostly in the UK but reside in smaller numbers in Germany and France.A Roma makes a complaint to a local magistrate in Hungary. By Sándor Bihari, 1886.
* Romani (Gypsies): approximately 4 or 10 million (although estimates vary widely), dispersed throughout Europe but with large numbers concentrated in the Balkans area, they are of ancestral South Asian and European descent,[71] originating from the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent.
* Indians: approximately 2 million, mostly in the UK, also in Netherlands, Italy, Germany, and France.
* Pakistanis: approximately 1 million, mostly in the UK, but also in France, Spain, Germany, and Italy.
* Bangladeshi residing in Europe estimated at over 500,000, mostly in the UK.
* Sri Lankans: approximately 200,000, mainly in the UK.
* Nepalese: approximately 50,000 in the UK.
* Afghans, about 100,000 to 200,000, most happen to live in the UK, but Germany and Sweden have also been popular destinations for Afghan immigrants since the 1960s.
* Southeast Asians
* Filipinos: above 1 million, mostly in Italy, the UK, France, Germany, and Spain.
* Others of multiple nationalities, ca. total 1 million, such as Indonesians in the Netherlands, Thais in the UK, Germany, and Sweden, Vietnamese in France, former East Germany, Czechia, and to a lesser extent, Poland, the United Kingdom, and Russia, and Cambodians in France, together with smaller communities of Burmese, Malaysian, Singaporean, Timorese and Laotian migrants.
* East Asians
* Chinese: approximately 1.7 million, mostly in France, Russia, the UK, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands.
* Japanese: mostly in the UK, and sizable communities in Düsseldorf, Germany and in France.
* Koreans: 100,000 estimated (excluding a possible 100,000 more in the Asian section of Russia), mainly in the UK, France and Germany. See also Koryo-saram, although many Koryo-saram live in Central Asian countries such as Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.
* Mongolians in Germany, and to a lesser extent, Czechia and the United Kingdom.
* North Americans
* U.S. and Canadian immigrants: American British and Canadian British, Canadiens and Acadians in France, as well as Americans/Canadians of European ancestry residing elsewhere in Europe.
* African Americans (i.e. African American British) who are Americans of black/African ancestry reside in other countries. In the 1920s, African-American entertainers established a colony in Paris (African American French) and descendants of World War II/Cold War-era black American soldiers stationed in France, Germany and Italy are well known.
* Others
* European diaspora – Australians, New Zealanders, South Africans (mostly White South Africans of Afrikaner and British descent), and white Namibians, Zimbabweans, Kenyans, Malawians and Zambians mainly in the UK, together with white Angolans and Mozambicans, mainly of Portuguese descent.
* Pacific Islanders: A small population of Tahitians of Polynesian origin in mainland France, Fijians in the United Kingdom from Fiji and Māori in the United Kingdom of the Māori people of New Zealand, a small number of Tongans and Samoans, also in the United Kingdom.
* Indigenous peoples of the Americas, a scant few in the European continent of American Indian ancestry (often Latin Americans in Spain, France and the UK; Inuit in Denmark), but most may be children or grandchildren of U.S. soldiers from American Indian tribes by intermarriage with local European women.

## European identity

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### Historical

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Further information: History of Western civilization

Personifications of Sclavinia, Germania, Gallia, and Roma, bringing offerings to Otto III; from a gospel book dated 990.

Medieval notions of a relation of the peoples of Europe are expressed in terms of genealogy of mythical founders of the individual groups. The Europeans were considered the descendants of Japheth from early times, corresponding to the division of the known world into three continents, the descendants of Shem peopling Asia and those of Ham peopling Africa. Identification of Europeans as "Japhetites" is also reflected in early suggestions for terming the Indo-European languages "Japhetic".

In this tradition, the Historia Brittonum (9th century) introduces a genealogy of the peoples of the Migration Period based on the sixth-century Frankish Table of Nations as follows:

> The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his three sons, Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio. Hisicion had four sons, Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and Bruttus. Armenon had five sons, Gothus, Valagothus, Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus. Neugio had three sons, Vandalus, Saxo, and Boganus. From Hisicion arose four nations—the Franks, the Latins, the Germans, and Britons; from Armenon, the Gothi, Valagothi, Cibidi, Burgundi, and Longobardi; from Neugio, the Bogari, Vandali, Saxones, and Tarincgi. The whole of Europe was subdivided into these tribes.[72]

The text goes then on to list the genealogy of Alanus, connecting him to Japheth via eighteen generations.

### European culture

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Main articles: Culture of Europe and Western culture

European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its "common cultural heritage".[73] Due to the great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single, all-embracing conception of European culture.[74] Nonetheless, there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe.[75] One list of these elements given by K. Bochmann includes:[76]

* A common cultural and spiritual heritage derived from Greco-Roman antiquity, Christianity, the Renaissance and its Humanism, the political thinking of the Enlightenment, and the French Revolution, and the developments of Modernity, including all types of socialism;[77]
* A rich and dynamic material culture that has been extended to the other continents as the result of industrialization and colonialism during the "Great Divergence";[77]
* A specific conception of the individual expressed by the existence of, and respect for, a legality that guarantees human rights and the liberty of the individual;[77]
* A plurality of states with different political orders, which are condemned to live together in one way or another;[77]
* Respect for peoples, states and nations outside Europe.[77]

Berting says that these points fit with "Europe's most positive realisations".[78] The concept of European culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic and philosophical principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon.[79] The term has come to apply to countries whose history has been strongly marked by European immigration or settlement during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as the Americas, and Australasia, and is not restricted to Europe.

### Religion

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Main articles: Religion in Europe and Christendom

Further information: Christianity in Europe, Islam in Europe, Hinduism in Europe, and Buddhism in Europe

Eurobarometer Poll 2005 chart results

Since the High Middle Ages, most of Europe has been dominated by Christianity. There are three major denominations: Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, with Protestantism restricted mostly to Northern Europe, and Orthodoxy to East and South Slavic regions, Romania, Moldova, Greece, Cyprus, and Georgia. The Armenian Apostolic Church, part of the Oriental Church, is also in Europe – another branch of Christianity (world's oldest National Church). Catholicism, while typically centered in Western Europe, also has a very significant following in Central Europe (especially among the Germanic, Western Slavic, Slovenian[80][81] and Hungarian peoples/regions) as well as in Ireland (with some in Great Britain).

#### Christianity

[edit]

Christianity has been the dominant religion shaping European culture for at least the last 1700 years.[82][83][84][85][86] Modern philosophical thought has very much been influenced by Christian philosophers such as St Thomas Aquinas and Erasmus, and throughout most of its history, Europe has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture.[87] The Christian culture was the predominant force in western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science.[88][89] The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom" many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity.[90]

Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe; according to a 2011 survey, 76.2% of Europeans considered themselves Christians.[91][92] Also according to a study on Religiosity in the European Union in 2012, by Eurobarometer, Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for 72% of the EU's population.[93] As of 2010 Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians. The second-largest Christian group in Europe were the Orthodox, who made up 32% of European Christians. About 19% of European Christians were part of the Protestant tradition.[94] Russia is the largest Christian country in Europe by population, followed by Germany and Italy.[94] According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970),[95][96] these changes were largely result of the collapse of Communism and switching to Christianity in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries.[95]

#### Islam

[edit]

Islam has some tradition in the Balkans and the Caucasus due to conquest and colonization from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th to 19th centuries, as well as earlier though discontinued long-term presence in much of Iberia as well as Sicily. Muslims account for the majority of the populations in Albania, Azerbaijan, Kosovo, Northern Cyprus (controlled by Turks), and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Significant minorities are present in the rest of Europe. Russia also has one of the largest Muslim communities in Europe, including the Tatars of the Middle Volga and multiple groups in the Caucasus, including Chechens, Avars, Ingush and others. With 20th-century migrations, Muslims in Western Europe have become a noticeable minority. According to the Pew Forum, the total number of Muslims in Europe in 2010 was about 44 million (6%),[97][98] while the total number of Muslims in the European Union in 2007 was about 16 million (3.2%).[99]

#### Judaism

[edit]

Judaism has a long history in Europe, but is a small minority religion, with France (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%. The Jewish population of Europe is composed primarily of two groups, the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi. Ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews likely migrated to Central Europe at least as early as the 8th century, while Sephardi Jews established themselves in Spain and Portugal at least one thousand years before that. Jews originated in the Levant where they resided for thousands of years until the 2nd century AD, when they spread around the Mediterranean and into Europe, although small communities were known to exist in Greece as well as the Balkans since at least the 1st century BC. Jewish history was notably affected by the Holocaust and emigration (including Aliyah, as well as emigration to America) in the 20th century. The Jewish population of Europe in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 1.4 million (0.2% of European population) or 10% of the world's Jewish population.[100] In the 21st century, France has the largest Jewish population in Europe,[100][101] followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia and Ukraine.[101]

#### Secularisation

[edit]

From the 20th century, there has been significant secularization, notably in secularist France, Estonia and the Czech Republic.

#### Theism

[edit]

Currently, distribution of theism in Europe is very heterogeneous, with more than 95% in Poland, and less than 20% in the Czech Republic and Estonia. The 2005 Eurobarometer poll[102] found that 52% of EU citizens believe in God. According to a Pew Research Center Survey in 2012 the Religiously Unaffiliated (Atheists and Agnostics) make up about 18.2% of the European population in 2010.[103] According to the same Survey the Religiously Unaffiliated make up the majority of the population in only two European countries: Czech Republic (76%) and Estonia (60%).[103]

### Pan-European identity

[edit]

Main article: Pan-European identity

"Pan-European identity" or "Europatriotism" is an emerging sense of personal identification with Europe, or the European Union as a result of the gradual process of European integration taking place over the last quarter of the 20th century, and especially in the period after the end of the Cold War, since the 1990s. The foundation of the OSCE following the 1990s Paris Charter has facilitated this process on a political level during the 1990s and 2000s.

From the later 20th century, 'Europe' has come to be widely used as a synonym for the European Union even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU member states. The prefix pan implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, and 'pan-European' is often contrasted with national identity.[104]

## European ethnic groups by sovereign state

[edit]

See also: List of countries by ethnic groups

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Country | Majority | % | Regional majorities | Minorities[a]

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Albania | Albanians | 97%[105][106] |  | Greeks ≈3%,[107] and other 2% (Aromanians, Romani, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bulgarians, Bosniaks, Jews and Serbs).[108]
Armenia[b] | Armenians[c] | 98.1% |  | Russians, Yazidis, Assyrians, Kurds, Greeks, Jews, Loms and Ukrainians.
Austria | Austrians | 92% |  |
Azerbaijan[d] | Azerbaijanis[c] | 91.6% | Lezgin 2%, Armenians 1.35% | Russians, Tats, Talysh, Kurds, Avars, Turks, Tatars, Ukrainians, and Poles.
Belarus | Belarusians | 83.7% |  | Russians 8.3%, Poles 3.1%, Ukrainians 1.7%, and other 3.2%. (2009 census)
Belgium | Flemings | 58% | Walloons 31%, Germans 1% | mixed or other (i.e. Luxembourgers, Eastern Europeans or Southern Europeans, Africans and Asians, and Latin Americans) 10%.
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosniaks | 50.11% | Serbs 30.78%, Croats 15.43% | Albanians, Macedonians, Roma and Turks (2013 census)
Bulgaria | Bulgarians | 84% | Turks 8.8% | Roma 5%, Others 2% (including Russian, Armenian, Crimean Tatars, Sarakatsani, and "Vlach" [Romanians and Aromanians]). (2001 census)[109]
Croatia | Croats | 91.6% |  | Serbs 3.2%, other 5.2% (including Bosniaks, Roma, Albanians, Italians, Hungarians and others). (2021 census)[110]
Czech Republic | Czechs | 90.4% | Moravians 3.7% | Slovaks 1.9%, and other 4%. (including Bulgarians, Croats, Germans, Poles, Roma and Vietnamese). (2001 census)
Denmark | Danes | 90%[111] | Faroese, Greenlanders | other Scandinavians, Germans, Frisians, other European, Indigenous Greenlandic people and others.
Estonia | Estonians | 68.8% |  | Russians 24.2% , Ukrainians 2.0%, Belarusians 0.8%, Finns 0.6%.
Finland | Finns | 93.4% | Finland-Swedes 5.6%, Sami 0.1% | Russians 1.1%, Estonians 0.7%, Romani 0.1% and Latvians 0.5%. (2019) also Somalis, Germans, Macedonians and Iranians
Georgia[d][112] | Georgians[c] | 86.8% |  | Russians, Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Tats, Armenians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Ossetians
Greece | Greeks | 93% | includes linguistic minorities 3% | Albanians 4% and other (i.e. Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Cretan Turks and Macedonian/Greek Slavic 3%. (2001 census)[e]
Hungary | Hungarians | 92.3% |  | Romani 1.9%, Germans 1.2%, other (i.e. Croats, Romanians, Bulgarians, Turks and Rusyns) or unknown 4.6%. (2001 census)
Iceland | Icelanders | 91% |  | other (non-native/immigrants – mainly Polish, Lithuanians, Danes, Germans and Latvians) 9%.[113]
Ireland | Irish | 87.4% | Ulster Scots and Irish Travellers 1.6% | other white (large numbers of Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Ukrainian migration) 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%. (2006 census)
Italy | Italians | 91.7% | South Tyroleans in South Tyrol (South Tyroleans and Ladins), Franco-Provençal in Aosta Valley and Valmaggiore [it] (northwestern Apulia) | Historical ethno-linguistic minorities (Sardinian, French, Occitan, Arpitan, Croatian, Albanian, Catalan, Austrian, Greek, Ladin, Friulian, Slovene and Roma minorities),[114][115] regional language native speakers (Gallo-Italic, Venetian, Neapolitan, Sicilian),[116] other Europeans (mostly Romanians, Albanians, Ukrainians and Polish) 4%, North Africans 1% and others (i.e. Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Black African and Latin American) 2.5%.[117][118][119][120]
Kazakhstan[d] | Kazakhs[c] | 63.1% | Russians 23.7% | Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Uyghurs, Tatars, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Germans, Poles and Koreans.
Kosovo[f] | Albanians | 92% | Serbs 4% | other 4% (Bosniaks, Gorani, Croats, Jews, Romani, Turks and Ashkali and Egyptians).
Latvia | Latvians | 62.1%[121] | Livonians 0.1% | Russians 26.9%, Belarusian 3.3%, Ukrainian 2.2%, Polish 2.2%, Lithuanian 1.2%, and other 2.0%. (2011)
Lithuania | Lithuanians | 84.61% | Poles 6.53% | Russians 5.02%, Belarusians 1.00%, Ukrainians 0.50%, other 2.34% (2021 census)
Malta | Maltese | 95.3%[122] |  |
Moldova | Moldovans[g] | 75.1% | Gagauzs 4.6%, Bulgarians 1.9% | Romanians[g] 7%, Ukrainians 6.6%, Russians 4.1%, and other 0.8% (2014 census).
Montenegro | Montenegrins | 41.1% | Serbs 32.9% | Bosniaks 9.45%, Albanians 4.99%, and other (Croats, Turks, Greeks, Romani and Macedonians) 11.56%. (2011 census)
North Macedonia | Macedonians | 64% | Albanians 25.2%, Turks 4% | Romani 2.7%, Serbs 1.8%, and other (i.e. Aromanians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Megleno-Romanians, Gorani, and Croats) 2.2%. (2002 census)
Norway | Norwegians[h] | 85–87% | Sami 0.7%[i][123] Kvens 0.2%[124] | Poles 2.10%. A variety of other ethnicities with background from 219 countries that together make up approximately 15% (Swedes, Danes, Somalis, Syrians, Kurds, Vietnamese, Germans, Lithuanians, Russians and different South Asian ethnicities) (2020).[125]
Poland | Poles | 97% |  | Germans 0.4%, Belarusians 0.1%, Ukrainians 0.1%, other and unspecified (i.e. Silesians, Kashubians, Masurians and Prussian Lithuanians) 2.7%, and about 5,000 Polish Jews reported to reside in the country. (2002 census)
Portugal | Portuguese | 95% | Portuguese Mirandese speakers 15.000~ (i.e. Mirandese-language speakers) | other 5% – other Europeans (British, German, French, Spanish, Romanians, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Croats, Ukrainians, Moldavians, Russians, Serbs, Kosovars and Albanians); Africans from Portuguese-speaking Africa, Brazilians, Chinese, Indians, Jews, Portuguese Gypsies and Latin Americans.
Romania | Romanians | 83.4% | Hungarians 6.1% | Romani 3.0%, Germans 0.2%, Ukrainians 0.2%, Turks 0.2%, Russians 0.1% (2011 census)
Russia[d] | Russians | 81% | Tatars 3.9%, Chuvashes 1%, Chechens 1%, Ossetians 0.4%, Kabardin 0.4%, Ingushes 0.3%, Kalmyks 0.1% | Ukrainians 1.4%, Bashkir 1.2%, Armenians 0.9%, Avars 0.7%, Mordvins 0.5% and other. (2010 census, includes Asian Russia, excludes unspecified people (3.94% of population)).[126][127]
Serbia[j] | Serbs | 83% |  | Hungarians 3.9%, Romani 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, and other 8%. i.e. Macedonians, Slovaks, Romanians, Croats, Ruthenes, Bulgarians, Germans, Albanians, and other (2002 census).
Slovakia | Slovaks | 86% | Hungarians 9.7% | Romani 1.7%, Rusyn/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
Slovenia | Slovenes | 83.1% |  | Serbs 2%, Croats 1.8%, Bosniaks 1.1%, other (Dalmatian Italians, ethnic Germans, Hungarians and Romanians) and/or unspecified 12% (2002 census).
Sweden | Swedes | 88% | Finns (Tornedalians) | foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns (Sweden-Finns), Yugoslavs (Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks), Danes, Norwegians, Russians, Syrians, Lebanese, Syriacs, Greeks, Turks, Iranians, Iraqis, Pakistanis, Thais, Koreans, and Chileans.[128][129]
Switzerland | Swiss Germans | 65%[130] | French 18%, Italians 10%[130] | Romansh people in Grisons
Turkey[d] | Turks[c] | 75% | Kurds 18% | Other 7%: Albanians, Syrians, Armenians (including Hemshin), Assyrians, Azerbaijanis, Bosniaks, Bulgarians (including Pomaks), Chechens, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Georgians (including Laz), Greeks, Romani, Ossetians and Zaza.
Ukraine | Ukrainians | 77.8% | Russians 17.3% | Belarusians 0.6%, Moldovans[g] 0.5%, Crimean Tatars 0.5%, Bulgarians 0.4%, Hungarians 0.3%, Romanians 0.3%, Poles 0.3%, Jews 0.2%, Armenians 0.1%, Urums 0.1% and other 1.8% (2001 census).

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethnic groups in Europe.

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Ethnic groups in Europe

* European diaspora
* Central Asians
* Demographics of Europe
* Emigration from Europe
* European American
* White Latin American
* Ethnic groups in the Middle East
* Eurolinguistics
* Federal Union of European Nationalities
* Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
* Genetic history of Europe
* Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
* Immigration to Europe
* Afro-Europeans
* Turks in Europe
* Languages of Europe
* List of ethnic groups
* Nomadic peoples of Europe
* Peoples of the Caucasus
* White people

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Percentages from the CIA Factbook unless indicated otherwise.
2. ^ Located in Asia, but sometimes considered part of Europe because of cultural ties, see boundaries of Europe.
3. ^ a b c d e Non-European ethnic group
4. ^ a b c d e Transcontinental country, see boundaries of Europe.
5. ^ Percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity.
6. ^ Partially recognized state, see international recognition of Kosovo.
7. ^ a b c There is an ongoing controversy in Moldova over whether Moldovans' self-identification constitute a subgroup of Romanians or a separate ethnic group.
8. ^ There is no legal or generally accepted definitions of who is of Norwegian ethnicity in Norway. 87% of population have at least one parent who is born in Norway.[citation needed]
9. ^ In Norway, there is no clear legal definition of who is Sami. Therefore, exact numbers are not possible.
10. ^ Excluding Kosovo

## References

[edit]

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44. ^ Ann E. Killebrew, Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity. An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300-1100 B.C.E. (Archaeology and Biblical Studies), Society of Biblical Literature, 2005
45. ^ Schama, Simon (18 March 2014). The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words 1000 BC-1492 AD. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-233944-7.
46. ^ * "In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament."
* "The Jewish people as a whole, initially called Hebrews (ʿIvrim), were known as Israelites (Yisreʾelim) from the time of their entrance into the Holy Land to the end of the Babylonian Exile (538 BC)."
Jew at Encyclopædia Britannica
47. ^ "Israelite, in the broadest sense, a Jew, or a descendant of the Jewish patriarch Jacob" Israelite at Encyclopædia Britannica
48. ^ "Hebrew, any member of an ancient northern Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews." Hebrew (People) at Encyclopædia Britannica
49. ^ Ostrer, Harry (19 April 2012). Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-970205-3.
50. ^ Brenner, Michael (13 June 2010). A Short History of the Jews. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14351-4.
51. ^ Scheindlin, Raymond P. (1998). A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513941-9.
52. ^ Adams, Hannah (1840). The History of the Jews: From the Destruction of Jerusalem to the Present Time. Sold at the London Society House and by Duncan and Malcom, and Wertheim.
53. ^ Diamond, Jared (1993). "Who are the Jews?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2010. Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12–19.
54. ^ Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, E. T.; Bonner, M. R.; Jarjanazi, H.; Karafet, T.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Oppenheim, A.; Jobling, M. A.; Jenkins, T.; Ostrer, H.; Bonne-Tamir, B. (2000). "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (12): 6769–6774\. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6769H. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. PMC 18733. PMID 10801975.
55. ^ Wade, Nicholas (9 May 2000). "Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
56. ^ Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Mait; Baran, Yael; Kopelman, Naama M.; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Gladstein, Ariella; Tzur, Shay; Sahakyan, Havhannes; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Tambets, Kristiina; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Kusniarevich, Aljona; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovsky, Elena; Kovacevic, Lejla; Marjanovic, Damir; Mihailov, Evelin; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Traintaphyllidis, Costas; King, Roy J.; Semino, Ornella; Torroni, Antonio; Hammer, Michael F.; Metspalu, Ene; Skorecki, Karl; Rosset, Saharon; Halperin, Eran; Villems, Richard; Rosenberg, Noah A. (2013). "No Evidence from Genome-Wide Data of a Khazar Origin for the Ashkenazi Jews". Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints (Paper 41). Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
57. ^ Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Pala, Maria; Fernandes, Verónica; Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Perego, Ugo A.; Rychkov, Sergei; Naumova, Oksana; Hatina, Jiři; Woodward, Scott R.; Eng, Ken Khong; Macaulay, Vincent; Carr, Martin; Soares, Pedro; Pereira, Luísa; Richards, Martin B. (8 October 2013). "A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages". Nature Communications. 4 2543\. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543. PMC 3806353. PMID 24104924.
58. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Mittnik, Alissa; Renaud, Gabriel; Mallick, Swapan; Kirsanow, Karola; Sudmant, Peter H; Schraiber, Joshua G; Castellano, Sergi; Lipson, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Economou, Christos; Bollongino, Ruth; Fu, Qiaomei; Bos, Kirsten I; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Li, Heng; Cesare de Filippo; Prüfer, Kay; Sawyer, Susanna; Posth, Cosimo; Haak, Wolfgang; Hallgren, Fredrik; Fornander, Elin; Rohland, Nadin; Delsate, Dominique; Francken, Michael; Guinet, Jean-Michel; Wahl, Joachim; et al. (2013). "Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans". Nature. 513 (7518): 409–13\. arXiv:1312.6639. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..409L. doi:10.1038/nature13673. PMC 4170574. PMID 25230663.
59. ^ Gregory Cochran, Henry Harpending, The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution, Basic Books, 2009 pp. 195–196.
60. ^ Moses ben Machir, in Seder Ha-Yom, p. 15a, Venice 1605 (Hebrew)
61. ^ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities, xi.v.2
62. ^ SVT: Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet: ”Underskatta inte frågan” (in Swedish)
63. ^ "Petition for expatriate voting officially launched". The Daily Star. 14 July 2012.
64. ^ Sachs, Susan (5 February 2007). "France's blacks stand up to be counted". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
65. ^ "Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe". Migrationinformation.org. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
66. ^ Born Abroad – Countries of birth, BBC News
67. ^ "Comunidade Brasileira no Exterior - Estimativas referentes ao ano de 2020" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministry of External Relations. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
68. ^ "Brasiliani in Italia - statistiche e distribuzione per regione". Tuttitalia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-06-07.
69. ^ "Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año". INE.
70. ^ "Archived copy". www.destatis.de. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
71. ^ Kalaydjieva, L; Gresham, D; Calafell, F (2001). "Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review". BMC Med. Genet. 2 5\. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-2-5. PMC 31389. PMID 11299048.
72. ^ Ab Hisitione autem ortae sunt quattuor gentes Franci, Latini, Albani et Britti. ab Armenone autem quinque: Gothi, Valagothi, Gebidi, Burgundi, Longobardi. a Neguio vero quattuor Boguarii, Vandali, Saxones et Turingi. Nennius (1848) [8th century]. Historia Brittonum. Translated by J. A. Giles. London: Henry G. Bohn. Archived 2009-07-27 at the Wayback Machine.
73. ^ Cf. Berting (2006:51).
74. ^ Cederman (2001:2) remarks: "Given the absence of an explicit legal definition and the plethora of competing identities, it is indeed hard to avoid the conclusion that Europe is an essentially contested concept." Cf. also Davies (1996:15); Berting (2006:51).
75. ^ Cf. Jordan-Bychkov (2008:13), Davies (1996:15), Berting (2006:51–56).
76. ^ K. Bochmann (1990) L'idée d'Europe jusqu'au XXè siècle, quoted in Berting (2006:52). Cf. Davies (1996:15): "No two lists of the main constituents of European civilization would ever coincide. But many items have always featured prominently: from the roots of the Christian world in Greece, Rome and Judaism to modern phenomena such as the Enlightenment, modernization, romanticism, nationalism, liberalism, imperialism, totalitarianism."
77. ^ a b c d e Berting 2006, p. 52
78. ^ Berting 2006, p. 51
79. ^ Duran (1995:81)
80. ^ "The World Factbook: Field listing – Location". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
81. ^ "Prebivalstvo in katoličani v Sloveniji (page 72)" (PDF). katoliska-cerkev.si. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
82. ^ Peter Beyer, Religions in Global Society, 2006, page 146
83. ^ Cambridge University Historical Series, An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects, p. 40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era.
84. ^ Caltron J.H. Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization (1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization — the civilization of western Europe and of America— have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.
85. ^ Horst Hutter, University of New York, Shaping the Future: Nietzsche's New Regime of the Soul And Its Ascetic Practices (2004), p. 111: three mighty founders of Western culture, namely Socrates, Jesus, and Plato.
86. ^ Fred Reinhard Dallmayr, Dialogue Among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices (2004), p. 22: Western civilization is also sometimes described as "Christian" or "Judaeo- Christian" civilization.
87. ^ Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961). Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 108\. ISBN 978-0-8132-1683-6. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
88. ^ Koch, Carl (1994). The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission. Early Middle Ages: St. Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-298-4.
89. ^ Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961). Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). CUA Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1683-6. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
90. ^ Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961). Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 108\. ISBN 9780813216836. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
91. ^ "Regional Distribution of Christians". Pewforum.org. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
92. ^ "Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" (PDF), Pew Research Center, 383, p. 130, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2013, retrieved 14 August 2013
93. ^ "Discrimination in the EU in 2012" (PDF), Special Eurobarometer, 383, European Union: European Commission, p. 233, 2012, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2012, retrieved 14 August 2013
94. ^ a b "Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population". 19 December 2011.
95. ^ a b Zurlo, Gina; Skirbekk, Vegard; Grim, Brian (2019). Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017. BRILL. p. 85\. ISBN 9789004346307.
96. ^ Ogbonnaya, Joseph (2017). African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 2–4\. ISBN 9781443891592.
97. ^ "The Future of the Global Muslim Population". Pewforum.org. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
98. ^ "Table: Muslim Population by Country". Pewforum.org. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
99. ^ "In Europa leben gegenwärtig knapp 53 Millionen Muslime" [Almost 53 million Muslims live in Europe at present]. Islam.de (in German). 8 May 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
100. ^ a b Lipka, Michael (9 February 2015). "The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population".
101. ^ a b "Jews". December 18, 2012.
102. ^ "EC.Europa.eu" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006.
103. ^ a b "Religiously Unaffiliated". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
104. ^ This is particularly the case among proponents of the so-called confederalist or neo-functionalist position on European integration. Eder and Spohn (2005:3) note: "The evolutionary thesis of the making of a European identity often goes with the assumption of a simultaneous decline of national identities. This substitution thesis reiterates the well-known confederalist/neo-functionalist position in the debate on European integration, arguing for an increasing replacement of the nation-state by European institutions, against the intergovernmentalist/realist position, insisting on the continuing primacy of the nation-state."
105. ^ "Country Policy and Information Note Albania: Ethnic minority groups" (PDF).
106. ^ "Population: Demographic Situation, Languages and Religions". 9 October 2017.
107. ^ The Greeks: the land and people since the war. James Pettifer. Penguin, 2000. ISBN 0-14-028899-6
108. ^ "CIA Factbook 2010". Retrieved 26 July 2010.
109. ^ "Census 2001, Population by Districts and Ethnic Groups as of 01.03.2001". Nsi.bg. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
110. ^ "Results" (xlsx). Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
111. ^ Persons of Danish origin: 4 985 415. Total population: 5 511 451 Statistics Denmark
112. ^ https://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml United Nations Regional Eastern European Group
113. ^ "Background – Hagstofa". Hagstofa. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
114. ^ "Legge 482". www.camera.it.
115. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Italy". Refworld.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
116. ^ "Endangered languages: the full list". The Guardian Datablog facts are sacred. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
117. ^ "Indicatori demografici". Istat.it. 30 November 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
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120. ^ Италианските българи (in Bulgarian). 24 Chasa. Archived from the original on 8 June 2015.
121. ^ "On key provisional results of Population and Housing Census 2011 | Latvijas statistika". Csb.gov.lv. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
122. ^ "MALTA : general data". Populstat.info. Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
123. ^ "Focus on Sámi in Norway". Statistics Norway. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012.
124. ^ regionaldepartementet, Kommunal- og (8 December 2000). "St.meld. nr. 15 (2000–2001)". Regjeringa.no.
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## Bibliography

[edit]

* Andrews, Peter A.; Benninghaus, Rüdiger (2002), Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Reichert, ISBN 978-3-89500-325-7
* Banks, Marcus (1996), Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions, Routledge
* Berting, J. (2006), Europe: A Heritage, a Challenge, a Promise, Eburon Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-90-5972-120-3
* Cederman, Lars-Erik (2001), "Political Boundaries and Identity Trade-Offs", in Cederman, Lars-Erik (ed.), Constructing Europe's Identity: The External Dimension, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 1–34
* Cole, J. W.; Wolf, E. R. (1999), The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21681-5
* Davies, N. (1996), Europe: A History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7
* Dow, R. R.; Bockhorn, O. (2004), The Study of European Ethnology in Austria, Progress in European Ethnology, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-1747-1
* Eberhardt, Piotr; Owsinski, Jan (2003), Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central Eastern Europe, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5
* Eder, Klaus; Spohn, Willfried (2005). Collective Memory and European Identity: The Effects of Integration and Enlargement. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7546-4401-9.
* Gresham, D.; et al. (2001), "Origins and divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)", American Journal of Human Genetics, 69 (6): 1314–1331, doi:10.1086/324681, PMC 1235543, PMID 11704928 Online article
* Karolewski, Ireneusz Pawel; Kaina, Viktoria (2006), European Identity: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Insights, LIT Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8258-9288-3
* Jordan-Bychkov, T.; Bychkova-Jordan, B. (2008), The European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-1628-1
* Latham, Robert Gordon (1854), The Native Races of the Russian Empire, Hippolyte Baillière (London) Full text on google books
* Laitin, David D. (2000), Culture and National Identity: "the East" and European Integration, Robert Schuman Centre
* Gross, Manfred (2004), Romansh: Facts & Figures, Lia Rumantscha, ISBN 978-3-03900-037-1 Online version
* Levinson, David (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1 part I: Europe, pp. 1–100.
* Hobsbawm, E. J.; Kertzer, David J. (1992), "Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today", Anthropology Today, 8 (1): 3–8, doi:10.2307/3032805, JSTOR 3032805
* Minahan, James (2000), One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-30984-7
* Panikos Panayi, Outsiders: A History of European Minorities (London: Hambledon Press, 1999)
* Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994), An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empire, Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8
* O'Néill, Diarmuid (2005), Rebuilding the Celtic languages: reversing language shift in the Celtic countries, Y Lolfa, ISBN 978-0-86243-723-7
* Panayi, Panikos (1999), An Ethnic History of Europe Since 1945: Nations, States and Minorities, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-38135-3
* Parman, S., ed. (1998), Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, Prentice Hall
* Stephens, John Sturge (2024), Hannes Obermair, Josef Prackwieser (ed.), Danger Zones. Eine Untersuchung zu nationalen Minderheiten in Europa, Edizioni Alphabeta Verlag, ISBN 978-88-7223-428-0
* Stephens, Meic (1976), Linguistic Minorities in Western Europe, Gomer Press, ISBN 978-0-608-18759-4
* Szaló, Csaba (1998), On European Identity: Nationalism, Culture & History, Masaryk University, ISBN 978-80-210-1839-6
* Stone, Gerald (1972), The Smallest Slavonic Nation: The Sorbs of Lusatia, Athlene Press, ISBN 978-0-485-11129-3
* Tubb, Jonathan N. (1998). Canaanites. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8061-3108-5. "The Canaanites and Their Land."
* Vembulu, R. Pavananthi (2003), Understanding European Integration: History, Culture, and Politics of Identity, Aakar Books, ISBN 978-81-87879-10-7

## Further reading

[edit]

* GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform, ETH Zurich, Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) Atlas
* Ron Balsdon, The Cultural Mosaic of the European Union: Why National Boundaries and the Cultures Inside Still Matter
* Migration Policy Institute – Country and Comparative Data
* Mason, Otis Tufton (1905). "Europe, Peoples of" . New International Encyclopedia.
* Gibbons, Ann (15 May 2019). "There's no such thing as a 'pure' European—or anyone else". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aal1186.

* v
* t
* e

Overview map of the peoples of Europe

Size and geographic distribution of the 87 peoples of Europe, according to Pan & Pfeil (2003).[1]

Font size reflects population size (groups smaller than 2 million not to scale) Groups not shown due to lack of geographic concentration: Romani (3.8 million), Jews (1.3 million), Karaim (4,600). Small Baltic Finns, Volga Finns and Caucasian groups (<0.2 million) not shown in map: Votes, Ludes, Setos, Võros; Balkars, Karachays, Laks, Lazs, Nogais, Rutuls, Tabasarans, Tats, Tsakhurs.

Albanians

Belarusians

Bulgarians

Croats

Czechs

Danes

Finns

French

Occitans

Ger

Greeks

Hungarians

Irish

Ita

ans

Tatars

Lithuanians

Dutch

Norwegians

Poles

Portu
guese

Romanians

Russians

Serbs

Slovaks

Span
iards

Galicians

Catalans

Swedes

Turks

Ukrainians

English

Scots

Georgians

Circassians

Welsh

Basques

Slovenes

Macedonians

Bosniaks

Montenegrins

Faroese

Sámi

Icelanders

Manx

Maltese

Latvians

Livonians

Estonians

Frisians

Chuvash

Bashkirs

Chechens

Avars

Dargins

Lezgins

Mordvins

Ingush

Ossete

Udmurts

Komi Permyaks

Mari

Komi

Kazakhs

Kalmyks

Karelians

Vepsians

Izhorians

Romansh

Kashubs

Bretons

Cornish

Aromanians

Lux.

Sorbs

Kumyks

Gagauz

Inuit

* v
* t
* e

Ethnic groups in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

* v
* t
* e

Indigenous peoples of the world by continent

Africa

Eurasia

North America

Oceania

South America

|
|
|
|

Indigenous peoples by geographic regions

* v
* t
* e

Ethnicity

Concepts|

* Clan
* Ethnic group
* Ethnographic group
* Ethnolinguistic group
* Ethnonational group
* Ethnoreligious group
* Ethnographic realism
* Diaspora
* Immigration / Emigration
* Hyphenated ethnicity
* Indigenous peoples
* In-group and out-groups
* Meta-ethnicity
* Metroethnicity
* Minority group
* Influence
* Monoethnicity
* Nation
* Nationality
* Panethnicity
* Polyethnicity
* Population
* Race
* Supraethnicity
* Symbolic ethnicity
* Tribe

Ethnology|

* Anthropology
* Ethnic studies
* Ethnoarchaeology
* Ethnobiology
* Ethnobotany
* Ethnoecology
* Ethnomycology
* Ethnozoology
* Ethnocinema
* Ethnogeology
* Ethnography
* Autoethnography
* Clinical
* Critical
* Institutional
* Netnography
* Online
* Person-centered
* Salvage
* Transidioethnography
* Video
* Ethnohistory
* Ethnolinguistics
* Ethnology
* Ethnomathematics
* Ethnostatistics
* Ethnomedicine
* Ethnomethodology
* Ethnomuseology
* Ethnomusicology
* Ethnophilosophy
* Ethnopoetics
* Ethnopsychopharmacology
* Ethnoscience
* Ethnosemiotics
* Ethnotaxonomy

Groups by region|

* World
* Contemporary ethnic groups
* Countries by ethnic groups
* Africa
* Americas
* Indigenous
* Canada
* Greenland
* Mexico
* United States
* Caribbean
* Central America
* South America
* Asia
* Central Asia
* East Asia
* Northern Asia
* South Asia
* Southeast Asia
* West Asia
* Australia
* Aboriginal groups
* Torres Strait Islanders
* Europe
* Oceania
* Indigenous
* European

Identity and
ethnogenesis

* Cross-race effect
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural identity
* Demonym
* Development
* Endonym
* Ethnarch
* Ethnic flag
* Ethnic option
* Ethnic origin
* Ethnic religion
* Ethnicity in censuses
* Ethnofiction
* Ethnonym
* Folk religion
* Historical
* Imagined community
* Kinship
* Legendary progenitor
* Linguistic homeland
* Mores
* Mythomoteur
* Nation-building
* Nation state
* National language
* National myth
* Origin myth
* Pantribal sodality
* Statistext
* Tribal name
* Tribalism
* Detribalization
* Neotribalism
* White ethnic

Multiethnic society|

* Consociationalism
* Cultural appropriation
* Diaspora politics
* Dominant minority
* Ethnic democracy
* Ethnic enclave
* Ethnic interest group
* Ethnic majority
* Ethnic media
* Ethnic nationalism
* Ethnic pornography
* Ethnic theme park
* Ethnoburb
* Ethnocracy
* Ethnographic film
* Ethnographic village
* Ethnopluralism
* Indigenous rights
* Middleman minority
* Minority rights
* Model minority
* Model minority myth
* Multinational state

Ideology and
ethnic conflict

* Allophilia
* Ethnic bioweapon
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnic party
* Ethnic penalty
* Ethnic slurs
* Ethnic stereotype
* Ethnic violence
* Ethnic riots
* Ethnocentrism
* Ethnocide
* Ethnofuturism
* Ethnosymbolism
* Indigenism
* Indigenization
* Nativism
* Remigration
* Separatist movements
* Xenocentrism
* Xenophilia
* Xenophobia

Related|

* Minzu (anthropology)

* v
* t
* e

White people

* Bold refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.

European emigration
by location|

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Botswana
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Kenya
* Malawi
* Morocco
* Namibia
* Reunion
* South Africa
* Tunisia
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Asia|

* China
* India
* Pakistan

North America|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Bermuda
* Canada
* Caribbean
* Cayman Islands
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Panama
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* California
* Hawaii
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Baltimore
* Southern United States
* Puerto Rico

South America|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Caledonia
* Hawaii
* New Zealand

Historical concepts|

* Apartheid
* Aryan
* Blanqueamiento
* Castas
* Peninsulares
* Criollos
* First white child
* Honorary whites
* Play the white man
* Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
* Settler colonialism
* White Australia policy
* The White Man's Burden
* White gods

Sociological
phenomena and theories|

* Acting white (Passing as white)
* Becoming white thesis
* Missing white woman syndrome
* Skin whitening
* White flight
* White guilt
* White privilege
* Whiteness studies
* Whitewashing in art
* Whitewashing in film
* White savior
* White demographic decline
* White people terms
* White supremacy
* Reverse racism
* Anti-white racism

Negative stereotypes of Whites|

* In the United States
* Appalachian stereotypes
* Hillbilly
* Mountain whites
* Poor Whites
* Redlegs
* Rednecks
* White trash
* Karen
* Angry white male
* Becky
* Basic
* Trixie
* White monkey

White identity politics|

* US definitions of whiteness
* One-drop rule
* Alt-right
* Christian Identity
* European New Right
* Great Replacement
* Identitarian movement
* Non-Hispanic whites
* Old Stock
* Americans
* Canadians
* Quebeckers
* White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
* White ethnic
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* White Hispanic
* White identity
* White nationalism
* White pride
* White supremacy

* Race
* Ethnic groups in Europe
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Western world and culture

Foundations|

* Cradle of civilization
* Old World
* Greco-Roman world
* Greece
* Hellenistic Kingdoms
* Rome
* Roman Empire
* Western
* Eastern
* Roman legacy
* Romanization
* Romano-Germanic culture
* Gallo-Roman
* Christendom

History|

* European Bronze Age
* Classical antiquity
* Late antiquity
* Middle Ages
* early
* high
* late
* Renaissance
* Modern period
* Early modern period
* Age of Discovery
* Reformation
* Age of Enlightenment
* Scientific Revolution
* Age of Revolution
* Romanticism
* Abolitionism
* Emancipation
* Capitalism
* Industrial Revolution
* Great Divergence
* Modernism
* World War I
* Interwar period
* Universal suffrage
* World War II
* Cold War
* Post–Cold War era
* Information age
* War on terror

Culture|

* Alphabet
* Greek
* Latin
* Cyrillic
* Architecture
* Art
* Periods
* Calendar
* Cuisine
* Diet
* Classical tradition
* Studies
* Clothing
* History
* Dance
* Education
* Esotericism
* Astrology
* Folklore
* Immigration
* Law
* Languages
* Eurolinguistics
* Standard Average European
* Literature
* Canon
* Media
* Internet
* Music
* Chant
* Classical
* Folk
* Instruments
* Mythology
* Painting
* contemporary
* Philosophy
* Science
* Values
* Physical culture
* Sport
* Religion
* East–West Schism
* Western Christianity
* Decline
* Secularism

Philosophy|

* Ancient Greek philosophy
* Hellenistic philosophy
* Ancient Roman philosophy
* Christian ethics
* Judeo-Christian ethics
* Christian philosophy
* Scholasticism
* Rationalism
* Empiricism
* Existentialism
* Christian existentialism
* Humanism
* Christian humanism
* Secular humanism
* Liberalism
* Conservatism
* Socialism
* Continental philosophy
* Analytic philosophy
* Post-structuralism
* Tolerance
* Paradox
* Relativism
* Peritrope
* Atlanticism
* Sovereigntism
* Individualism
* Values
* European

Religion|

* Abrahamic
* Christianity
* Culture
* Western/Eastern
* Catholicism
* Latin Church
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Greek Orthodox Church
* Protestantism
* Paganism
* Baltic
* Celtic
* Finnish
* Germanic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Frankish
* Gothic
* Old Norse
* Hellenistic
* Roman
* Slavic
* Neo
* Agnosticism
* Atheism

Law|

* Natural law
* Rule of law
* Equality before the law
* Constitutionalism
* Human rights
* Life
* Thought
* Speech
* Press
* Religion
* Property
* Democracy
* International law

Contemporary
integration|

* ABCANZ Armies
* AER
* Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
* ANZUK
* ANZUS
* Arctic Council
* AUKUS
* AUSCANNZUKUS
* Baltic Assembly
* Benelux
* British–Irish Council
* BSEC
* Bucharest Nine
* CANZUK
* CBSS
* CEFTA
* Council of Europe
* Craiova Group
* Eastern European Group
* Eastern Partnership
* EEA
* EFTA
* EPC
* ESA
* EU
* EU Customs Union
* Eurozone
* EU–UK TCA
* Five Eyes
* G7
* Lancaster House Treaties
* Lublin Triangle
* NATO
* Nordic Council
* OAS
* OECD
* Open Balkan
* OSCE
* Pacific Islands Forum
* PROSUR/PROSUL
* Rio Treaty
* Schengen
* Special Relationship
* Three Seas Initiative
* UKUSA Agreement
* USMCA
* Visegrád Group
* West Nordic Council
* Western Bloc
* Western European and Others Group
* Westernization

1. ^ Pan, Christoph; Pfeil, Beate S. (2003). "The Peoples of Europe by Demographic Size, Table 1". National Minorities in Europe: Handbook. Wien: Braumueller. p. 11f. ISBN 978-3-7003-1443-1. (a breakdown by country of these 87 groups is given in Table 5, pp. 17–31.)

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