Ethnic origins of people in Canada

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Map of the dominant self-identified ethnic origins per census division of 2006

Canadian

English

French

Scottish

German

Italian

First Nations

Ukrainian

Indian

Inuit

|

100,000+

50,000–99,999

20,000–49,999

10,000–19,999

|
|
|

[1]

According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians.[2] The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian[a] (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), Indian (3.7 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).[6][7]

Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 25.4 million reported being White, representing 69.8 percent of the population.[2][8] The indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.[9] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,[8][b] the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent), and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent), Filipinos (960,000 2.6 percent), Arabs (690,000; 1.9 percent), Latin Americans (580,000; 1.6 percent), Southeast Asians (390,000; 1.1 percent), West Asians (360,000; 1.0 percent), Koreans (220,000; 0.6 percent) and Japanese (99,000; 0.3 percent).[2]

Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent.[11] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups.[12] The 2021 census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada—above the 1921 census previous record of 22.3 percent.[13] In 2021, India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada.[14]

## Statistics Canada report on race and ethnicity in Canada in 2022

[edit]

The 2020 General Social Survey revealed that 92% of adult Canadians said that "[ethnic] diversity is a Canadian value".[15] About 25% of Canadians were "racialized";[2] By 2021, 23% of the Canadian population were immigrants—the "largest proportion since Confederation", according to Statistics Canada.[15][16] Prior to the early 1970s, most new Canadians came from Europe. Since then, more immigrants have come from Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.[15] In 2021, most immigrants came from Asia, which includes the Middle East.[15] About 25% of Canadians were "racialized";[2]

## Data collection method

[edit]

Listed below are the ethnic groups of Canadian residents (citizens, landed immigrants and non-citizen temporary residents) as self-identified in the 2016 census in which approximately 35,151,000 census forms were completed). The relevant census question asked for "the ethnic or cultural origins" of the respondent's ancestors and not the respondents themselves. As data were collected by self-declaration, ethnic groups may not necessarily correspond to the true ancestry of respondents.[17] Many respondents acknowledged multiple ancestries. These people were added to the "multiple origin" total for each origin listed. These include responses as varied as a respondent who listed eight different origins and a respondent who answered "French Canadian" (leading to them being counted once for "French" and once for "Canadian"). As with all self-reported data, understanding of the question may have varied from respondent to respondent.

## Larger ethnic origins (200,000 or more individuals per group; 2021 census)

[edit]

The top 168 ethnic or cultural origins self-reported by Canadians in the 2021 census.[18] A map showing the largest ethnic or cultural origins in Canada by census division in 2021.

Canadian/Canadien

English

Irish

Scottish

French

German

Chinese

Indian

Ukrainian

Métis

Acadian

Mennonite

Inuit

Cree

Ojibway

Dene

Heiltsuk

|

"Canadian" was the most common ethnic or cultural origin reported in the 2021 census. Ethnicity [19][7] | Combined
responses[19] | As single
response[19] | One of multiple
responses
per respondent[19]

|
|
|

Canadian[a] | 5,677,205 | 4,186,835 | 1,490,370
English | 5,322,825 | 1,350,050 | 4,188,780
Irish | 4,413,120 | 593,860 | 3,819,255
Scottish | 4,392,200 | 559,575 | 3,832,630
French | 3,985,945 | 1,515,050 | 2,470,895
German | 2,955,695 | 508,180 | 2,447,520
Chinese | 1,713,870 | 1,372,215 | 341,655
Italian | 1,546,390 | 671,510 | 874,880
First Nations[c] | 1,426,950 | 645,105 | 781,845
Indian | 1,347,715 | 976,355 | 371,365
Ukrainian | 1,258,635 | 273,210 | 985,425
Dutch | 988,585 | 278,830 | 709,760
Polish | 982,815 | 238,710 | 744,110
British Isles,
not otherwise specified | 938,950 | 417,170 | 521,780
Filipino | 925,490 | 741,980 | 183,505
French Canadian | 906,315 | 589,855 | 316,460
Métis | 600,000 | 91,255 | 508,740
Russian | 548,145 | 116,605 | 431,540
Norwegian | 466,495 | 41,280 | 425,215
Welsh | 455,725 | 35,685 | 420,040
Portuguese | 448,305 | 238,635 | 209,670
American | 353,495 | 49,680 | 303,820
Spanish | 342,045 | 70,030 | 272,010
Swedish | 334,505 | 23,710 | 310,795
Hungarian (Magyar) | 320,155 | 75,870 | 244,285
Acadian | 305,170 | 125,565 | 179,600
Pakistani | 303,260 | 217,650 | 85,615
African,
not otherwise specified | 301,955 | 177,565 | 124,395
Jewish | 282,015 | 113,140 | 168,870
Punjabi | 279,950 | 164,690 | 115,260
Vietnamese | 275,530 | 193,585 | 81,945
Arab,
not otherwise specified | 263,710 | 171,400 | 92,310
Greek | 262,135 | 134,820 | 127,315
Jamaican | 249,070 | 123,595 | 125,480
Korean | 217,650 | 191,655 | 25,995
Romanian | 215,885 | 90,755 | 125,130
Lebanese | 210,605 | 118,185 | 92,420
Iranian | 200,465 | 157,475 | 42,985

## Smaller ethnic origins (2021 census)

[edit]

Ethnicity[19] | Combined
responses[19] | As single
response[19] | One of multiple
responses
per respondent[19]

|
|
|

Christian,
not included elsewhere | 200,340 | 99,800 | 100,540
Danish | 196,945 | 96,220 | 74,575
North American Indigenous,
not otherwise specified | 194,840 | 94,035 | 100,810
Sikh | 194,640 | 101,250 | 93,385
Austrian | 189,535 | 92,740 | 96,800
Belgian | 182,175 | 90,150 | 92,030
Haitian | 178,990 | 84,510 | 94,490
Hindu | 166,160 | 87,665 | 78,495
Mexican | 155,499 | 77,435 | 78,055
Mennonites | 155,095 | 77,735 | 77,360
Swiss | 145,570 | 72,015 | 73,555
Finnish | 144,055 | 69,270 | 74,785
Sri Lankan | 132,410 | 65,170 | 67,240
Croatian | 130,820 | 64,915 | 65,905
Japanese | 129,425 | 56,850 | 72,580
South Asian,
not included elsewhere | 120,125 | 60,575 | 59,955
Northern European,
not otherwise specified | 110,735 | 54,730 | 56,005
Egyptian | 105,245 | 55,230 | 50,020
Latin, Central or South American,
not included elsewhere | 104,765 | 51,375 | 53,395
Tamil | 102,170 | 51,165 | 51,005
Icelandic | 101,990 | 50,370 | 51,620
Colombian | 100,555 | 47,995 | 52,560
Moroccan | 99,980 | 50,835 | 49,150
Czech | 98,925 | 47,495 | 51,430
Syrian | 98,250 | 49,385 | 48,865
Guyanese | 97,210 | 46,270 | 50,940
Afghan | 96,810 | 48,255 | 48,550
Black,
not otherwise specified | 94,585 | 44,335 | 50,250
Serbian | 93,360 | 46,945 | 48,865
Ojibwe | 92,220 | 44,610 | 47,600
Newfoundlander | 91,670 | 45,665 | 46,005
Hong Kongers | 81,680 | 39,485 | 42,195
Trinidadian/Tobagonian | 77,405 | 37,655 | 39,750
Turk | 76,745 | 39,955 | 36,795
Inuit,
not otherwise specified | 76,675 | 37,315 | 39,365
Bangladeshi | 75,425 | 39,085 | 36,335
Algerian | 73,770 | 38,035 | 35,740
Brazilian | 71,755 | 34,670 | 37,085
Nigerian | 69,540 | 34,680 | 34,860
Armenian | 68,850 | 34,105 | 34,745
Slovak | 68,210 | 33,475 | 34,740
Eastern European,
not otherwise specified | 67,780 | 31,525 | 33,995
Somali | 65,555 | 31,555 | 33,995
Taiwanese | 64,020 | 29,280 | 34,740
Iraqi | 59,300 | 29,865 | 29,435
Salvadorean | 59,280 | 29,150 | 30,130
Black Caribean | 59,050 | 26,385 | 32,670
East and Southeast Asian,
not otherwise specified | 58,870 | 27,845 | 31,025
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern,
not otherwise specified | 58,840 | 30,560 | 28,280
Caribbean,
not otherwise specified | 57,195 | 25,715 | 31,475
Algonqin | 56,070 | 27,025 | 29,040
West Indian,
not otherwise specified | 58,840 | 30,560 | 28,280
Lithuanian | 52,040 | 24,510 | 27,530
South African | 49,840 | 24,885 | 24,955
Australian | 46,765 | 24,165 | 22,595
Palestinian | 45,905 | 23,930 | 21,975
Chilean | 45,190 | 18,685 | 26,510
Congolese | 45,260 | 22,000 | 23,260
Nova Scotia | 44,720 | 21,700 | 23,025
Ethiopian | 42,545 | 20,675 | 21,875
Peruvian | 42,295 | 19,925 | 22,370
Cambodian | 41,950 | 19,835 | 22,115
Berber | 41,700 | 22,325 | 19,370
Maltese | 40,670 | 20,210 | 20,455
Slovenian | 40,470 | 13,690 | 26,78
Macedonian | 39,440 | 19,500 | 19,940
Yugoslav
not included elsewhere | 38,480 | 8,570 | 29,91
Barbadian | 37,775 | 11,605 | 26,170
Albanian | 36,185 | 28,425 | 7,760
Ghanaian | 35,495 | 26,535 | 8,960
Bulgarian | 34,560 | 19,965 | 14,595
Czechoslovakian,
not otherwise specified | 33,135 | 15,355 | 17,775
Latvian | 30,725 | 7,040 | 23,685
Cuban | 29,065 | 10,040 | 19,030
Israeli | 28,740 | 6,450 | 22,280
Bosnian | 26,740 | 15,610 | 11,125
Venezuelan | 26,345 | 10,305 | 16,040
Guatemalan | 26,270 | 13,905 | 12,370
Tunisian | 25,650 | 17,620 | 8,030
Ecuadorian | 25,410 | 13,925 | 11,485
Eritrean | 25,255 | 20,625 | 4,630
Cameroonian | 24,615 | 20,605 | 4,010
Laotian | 24,580 | 13,375 | 11,205
Estonian | 24,530 | 6,155 | 18,375
Dominican | 23,130 | 9,930 | 13,200
Bengali | 22,905 | 18,435 | 4,470
Aboriginal from Central/South America | 22,720 | 2,080 | 20,645
Indonesian | 21,395 | 4,775 | 16,615
Belarusian | 20,710 | 5,125 | 15,585
Argentinian | 20,680 | 4,165 | 16,510
Sudanese | 19,960 | 15,250 | 4,710
Fijian | 19,370 | 8,270 | 11,105
Thai | 19,005 | 7,740 | 11,265
Grenadian | 17,915 | 7,515 | 10,400
Vincentian/Grenadinian | 17,425 | 7,245 | 10,180
East African | 17,305 | 7,220 | 10,085
Nepali | 17,135 | 13,695 | 3,440
Malaysian | 16,920 | 2,555 | 14,365
Kurdish | 16,320 | 10,470 | 5,845
New Zealander | 15,395 | 1,300 | 14,095
Central and West African origins,
not included elsewhere | 15,380 | 7,800 | 7,585
Moldovan | 14,915 | 7,415 | 7,505
Jordanian | 14,250 | 7,955 | 6,295
Assyrian | 13,830 | 8,870 | 4,960
Nicaraguan | 13,705 | 6,360 | 7,350
Breton | 11,845 | 3,230 | 8,615
Flemish | 11,685 | 1,485 | 10,200
Hispanic | 11,050 | 5,660 | 5,395
Burundian | 10,990 | 8,965 | 2,025
Ivoirean | 10,935 | 7,795 | 3,140
Kenyan | 10,915 | 5,445 | 5,465
Rwandan | 10,775 | 8,080 | 2,690
Honduran | 10,650 | 5,325 | 5,325
Senegalese | 10,175 | 6,490 | 3,685
Yoruba | 9,585 | 6,870 | 2,715
Burmese | 9,335 | 4,660 | 4,675
Mauritanian | 9,325 | 3,520 | 5,805
St. Lucian | 8,985 | 4,040 | 4,945
Gujarati | 8,350 | 5,290 | 3,060
Zimbabwean | 8,090 | 4,945 | 3,140
Tibetan | 8,040 | 7,015 | 1,030
Libyan | 7,745 | 5,755 | 1,985
Mongolian | 7,480 | 2,555 | 4,925
Sinhalese | 7,285 | 4,355 | 2,930
Guinean | 7,240 | 4,705 | 2,540
Basque | 6,970 | 715 | 6,250
Sicilian | 6,940 | 1,345 | 5,600
Saudi Arabian | 6,810 | 4,200 | 2,615
Uruguayan | 6,795 | 1,810 | 4,985
Yemeni | 6,640 | 2,940 | 3,700
East or Southeast Asian,
not included elsewhere | 6,505 | 4,235 | 2,270
Azerbaijani | 6,425 | 2,280 | 4,145
Maya | 6,290 | 1,180 | 5,105
Manx | 6,125 | 285 | 5,845
North African,
not included elsewhere | 6,115 | 2,905 | 3,210
Goan | 6,070 | 2,040 | 4,030
Ugandan | 5,705 | 3,245 | 2,460
Cypriot | 5,650 | 1,265 | 4,385
Costa Rican | 5,535 | 2,140 | 3,395
Igbo | 5,320 | 3,475 | 1,845
Togolese | 5,300 | 3,095 | 2,205
Bolivian | 5,055 | 1,890 | 3,160
Beninese | 4,990 | 2,650 | 2,340
Slavic,
not otherwise specified | 4,870 | 1,470 | 3,400
Tatar | 4,825 | 880 | 3,940
Pashtun | 4,810 | 2,245 | 2,565
Georgian | 4,775 | 1,900 | 2,875
Yakut | 4,761 | 1,886 | 2,875
Tanzanian | 4,710 | 1,835 | 2,875
Panamanian | 4,700 | 1,090 | 3,610
Roma (Gypsy) | 4,630 | 745 | 3,895
Frisian | 4,590 | 795 | 3,790
Karen | 4,515 | 3,835 | 680
Antiguan | 4,505 | 1,275 | 3,225
Malagasy | 4,500 | 2,155 | 2,345
Malian | 4,485 | 2,310 | 2,180
Paraguayan | 4,325 | 670 | 3,660
Montenegrin | 4,165 | 915 | 3,245
Bantu,
not otherwise specified | 3,965 | 2,315 | 1,645
Uzbek | 3,920 | 1,730 | 2,190
Luxembourger | 3,915 | 440 | 3,475
Bahamian | 3,670 | 810 | 2,860
Bhutanese | 3,600 | 2,440 | 1,160
Channel Islander | 3,590 | 435 | 3,155
Coptic | 3,535 | 1,490 | 2,040
Puerto Rican | 3,410 | 445 | 2,960
Western European origins,
not included elsewhere | 3,370 | 840 | 2,530
Oromo | 3,355 | 2,410 | 945
Kazakh | 3,325 | 1,465 | 1,860
Hawaiian | 3,295 | 120 | 3,175
Burkinabe | 3,155 | 1,980 | 1,165
Kashmiri | 3,115 | 1,095 | 2,020
Bermudan | 3,075 | 310 | 2,765
Carib | 3,035 | 130 | 2,905
Angolan | 2,955 | 1,140 | 1,820
Kittitian/Nevisian | 2,920 | 750 | 2,165
Tajik | 2,910 | 1,240 | 1,665
Kosovar | 2,870 | 1,710 | 1,160
Singaporean | 2,850 | 495 | 2,355
Alsatian | 2,800 | 375 | 2,425
Sierra Leonean | 2,620 | 1,580 | 1,040
Maori | 2,500 | 155 | 2,345
Liberian | 2,485 | 1,520 | 965
Peulh | 2,440 | 1,425 | 1,015
Pacific Islands origins,
not included elsewhere | 2,335 | 470 | 1,865
Kuwaiti | 2,235 | 1,080 | 1,155
Southern European origins,
not included elsewhere | 2,165 | 440 | 1,730
Tigrian | 2,155 | 1,340 | 810
Martinican | 2,005 | 370 | 1,635
Cornish | 1,970 | 120 | 1,855
Akan | 1,955 | 1,235 | 720
Edo | 1,945 | 1,180 | 765
Other North American origins,
not included elsewhere | 1,895 | 655 | 1,240
Afrikaner | 1,870 | 280 | 1,595
Zambian | 1,865 | 1,055 | 805
Chadian | 1,845 | 1,185 | 655
Belizean | 1,755 | 250 | 1,505
Corsican | 1,750 | 165 | 1,590
Djiboutian | 1,710 | 980 | 730
Ashanti | 1,585 | 765 | 825
Uighur | 1,555 | 1,010 | 540
Amhara | 1,530 | 710 | 820
Samoan | 1,530 | 150 | 1,375
Hazara | 1,515 | 585 | 930
Arawak | 1,440 | 55 | 1,385
Gabonese | 1,405 | 595 | 820
Seychellois | 1,285 | 575 | 710
Catalan | 1,275 | 200 | 1,075
Maure | 1,190 | 400 | 790
Guadeloupean | 1,130 | 245 | 885
Malinké | 1,120 | 675 | 455
Polynesian,
not otherwise specified | 1,105 | 90 | 1,015
Kyrgyz | 1,060 | 580 | 475
Turkmen | 1,040 | 390 | 655
Gambian | 975 | 580 | 395
Zulu | 945 | 285 | 660
Bavarian | 940 | 50 | 890
Montserratian | 935 | 190 | 745
Dinka | 900 | 585 | 320
Ewe | 845 | 320 | 525
Wolof | 835 | 465 | 375
Hmong | 810 | 585 | 220
Harari | 660 | 395 | 265
Chechen | 100 | 100 | 100

## Evolution from 1871 to 1921

[edit]

During the fifty-year period beginning from the first census of independent Canada in 1871 until the census of 1921, the national ethnic composition was multicultural, however in the early period was dominated by four origin groups from western and northern Europe: French, English, Irish, and Scottish.[20]: 512  Following the French and British Isles origin groups, Continental European communities were the largest in Canada, and grew fairly rapidly between the 1901 census and the 1921 census.[20]: 512  Nominally small East Asian, South Asian, West Asian, and West African descended communities also existed during this time period.[20]: 512

The ethnic French population, comprising a plurality of the total population from confederation until just prior to the 1921 census, overwhelmingly relied on natural increase for growth, with progeny stemming from early settlers who arrived throughout the 17th and 18th centuries; migration from France had been severely curtailed by the British Empire and early governments of independent Canada. Population growth amongst the French population occurred at relatively high pace, increasing from 1,082,940 persons in 1871 to 2,452,743 persons in 1921.[20]: 512  Despite an increase of nearly 1.5 million persons during this fifty-year period, the French proportion of the total Canadian population dropped slightly, from 31.1 percent, to 27.1 percent.[20]: 512

By contrast, large population increases amongst the three main ethnic groups from the British Isles (English, Irish, and Scottish) occurred through natural increase but relied heavily on high immigration rates that began in the early-mid 19th century dubbed the Great Migration of Canada − this continued through the early 20th century, spurred by record immigration rates during the 1900s and 1910s, when English immigrants formed a majority or plurality of all immigrants to Canada on an annual and decadal basis.

The English population, in particular, grew at a rapid pace, increasing from 705,369 persons in 1871 to 2,545,358 persons in 1921, representing an increase of nearly 2 million persons during the fifty-year period.[20]: 512  During the same time period, the English proportion of the total Canadian population rose from 20.3 percent to 29.0 percent.[20]: 512  The English community experienced massive growth principally during the first two decades of the 20th century as a result of record immigration at the time; during the era, persons of English descent also became the single largest ethnic group in Canada, comprising a plurality of the Canadian population by the 1921 census.[20]: 512

The Irish population, meanwhile, witnessed steady, slowing population growth during the late 19th and early 20th century, with the proportion of the total Canadian population dropping from 24.3 percent in 1871 to 12.6 percent in 1921 and falling from the second-largest ethnic group in Canada from to fourth − principally due to massive immigration flows from England to Canada at the time − despite the population increasing from 846,414 persons to 1,107,803 persons in the fifty-year timeframe.[20]: 512  The largest Irish population increases occurred prior to confederation, spurred by mass immigration during the mid-19th century at the height of the Great Migration of Canada, and was primarily due to The Great Famine and related poor economic conditions in Ireland at the time.

At the turn of the 20th century, overall immigrant proportions from the British Isles to Canada gradually dropped from a majority to a plurality. At the time, the federal government began supplementing increased mass immigration from the British Isles (mainly England) by also permitting large migration flows from continental Europe, especially Germany, Scandinavia, and the Soviet Union. This was primarily as a result of federal policy aimed at settling the Prairies through ethnic block settlements and ultimately led to the highest annual immigration rates in Canadian history since confederation in 1867 that remain unsurpassed in the contemporary era, including 1913 (new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population), 1912 (5.1 percent), 1911 (4.6 percent), 1907 (4.3 percent) and 1910 (4.1 percent).[21][22]

Largely due to increased immigration levels outside of the British Isles, the continental European population grew rapidly during the first two decades of the 20th century − comprising 1,246,151 persons or 14.2 percent as proportion of the total Canadian population by the 1921 census, representing a numerical increase of over 1 million persons from fifty years earlier in 1871, when the continental European population stood at approximately 236,043 persons or 6.8 percent of the total Canadian population.[20]: 512

Broadening the multicultural makeup of Canada, the diversity across the Prairie provinces during the early 20th century was soon dubbed a cultural mosaic by journalist Victoria Hayward in the early 1920s:

> "New Canadians, representing many places and widely separated sections of Old Europe, have contributed to the Prairie Provinces a variety in the way of Church Architecture. Cupolas and domes distinctly Eastern, almost Turkish, startle one above the tops of Manitoba maples or the bush of the river banks. These architectural figures of the landscape, apart altogether of their religious significance, are centers where, crossing the threshold on Sundays, one has the opportunity of hearing Swedish music, or the rich, deep chanting of the Russian responses; and of viewing at close hand the artistry that goes to make up the interior appointments of these churches transplanted from the East to the West… It is indeed a mosaic of vast dimensions and great breadth, essayed of the Prairie."[23]

Ethnic Origins of Canadians (1871−1921)  Ethnic
Origin | 1871
[24]: 332 [20]: 512  | 1881
[20]: 512  | 1901
[20]: 512 [25]: 370 [26]: 354  | 1911
[20]: 512 [25]: 370 [26]: 354  | 1921
[20]: 512 [26]: 356

|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
French | 1,082,940  | 31.07%  | 1,298,929  | 30.03%  | 1,649,371  | 30.71%  | 2,061,719  | 28.61%  | 2,452,743  | 27.91%
Irish | 846,414  | 24.28%  | 957,403  | 22.14%  | 988,721  | 18.41%  | 1,074,738  | 14.91%  | 1,107,803  | 12.61%
English | 706,369  | 20.26%  | 881,301  | 20.38%  | 1,260,899  | 23.47%  | 1,871,268  | 25.97%  | 2,545,358  | 28.96%
Scottish | 549,946  | 15.78%  | 699,863  | 16.18%  | 800,154  | 14.9%  | 1,027,015  | 14.25%  | 1,173,625  | 13.35%
German | 202,991  | 5.82%  | 254,319  | 5.88%  | 310,601  | 5.78%  | 403,417  | 5.6%  | 294,635  | 3.35%
Dutch | 29,662  | 0.85%  | 30,412  | 0.7%  | 33,845  | 0.63%  | 55,961  | 0.78%  | 117,505  | 1.34%
Indigenous | 23,037  | 0.66%  | 108,547  | 2.51%  | 127,941  | 2.38%  | 105,611  | 1.47%  | 114,083  | 1.3%
African | 21,496  | 0.62%  | 21,394  | 0.49%  | 17,437  | 0.32%  | 16,994  | 0.24%  | 18,291  | 0.21%
Other
British | 7,773  | 0.22%  | 9,947  | 0.23%  | 13,421  | 0.25%  | 26,060  | 0.36%  | 41,932  | 0.48%
Swiss | 2,962  | 0.08%  | —  | —  | 3,866  | 0.07%  | 6,626  | 0.09%  | 12,837  | 0.15%
Scandinavian | 1,623  | 0.05%  | 5,223  | 0.12%  | 31,042  | 0.58%  | 112,682  | 1.56%  | 167,369  | 1.9%
Italian | 1,035  | 0.03%  | 1,849  | 0.04%  | 10,834  | 0.2%  | 45,963  | 0.64%  | 66,769  | 0.76%
Spanish−
Portuguese | 829  | 0.02%  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 2,695  | 0.03%
Russian | 607  | 0.02%  | 1,227  | 0.03%  | 19,825  | 0.37%  | 44,376  | 0.62%  | 100,064  | 1.14%
Jewish | 125  | 0.004%  | 667  | 0.02%  | 16,131  | 0.3%  | 76,199  | 1.06%  | 126,196  | 1.44%
Greek | 39  | 0.001%  | —  | —  | 291  | 0.01%  | 3,614  | 0.05%  | 5,740  | 0.07%
Indian | 11  | 0.0003%  | —  | —  | 100  | 0.002%  | 2,342  | 0.03%  | 1,018  | 0.01%
Chinese | —  | —  | 4,383  | 0.1%  | 17,312  | 0.32%  | 27,831  | 0.39%  | 39,587  | 0.45%
Austrian | —  | —  | —  | —  | 10,947  | 0.2%  | 44,036  | 0.61%  | 107,671  | 1.23%
Polish | —  | —  | —  | —  | 6,285  | 0.12%  | 33,652  | 0.47%  | 53,403  | 0.61%
Ukrainian | —  | —  | —  | —  | 5,682  | 0.11%  | 75,432  | 1.05%  | 108,721  | 1.24%
Japanese | —  | —  | —  | —  | 4,738  | 0.09%  | 9,067  | 0.13%  | 15,868  | 0.18%
Belgian | —  | —  | —  | —  | 2,994  | 0.06%  | 9,664  | 0.13%  | 20,234  | 0.23%
Finnish | —  | —  | —  | —  | 2,502  | 0.05%  | 15,500  | 0.22%  | 21,494  | 0.24%
Syrian−
Lebanese−
Turkish−
Armenian | —  | —  | —  | —  | 1,681  | 0.03%  | 3,880  | 0.05%  | 9,260  | 0.11%
Hungarian | —  | —  | —  | —  | 1,549  | 0.03%  | 11,648  | 0.16%  | 13,181  | 0.15%
Bulgarian−
Romanian | —  | —  | —  | —  | 334  | 0.01%  | 5,883  | 0.08%  | 15,235  | 0.17%
Czech−
Slovak | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 8,840  | 0.1%
Yugoslav | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 3,906  | 0.04%
Lithuanian | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | 1,970  | 0.02%
Other  | 7,902  | 0.23%  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —  | —
Canada  | 3,485,761  | 100%  | 4,324,810  | 100%  | 5,371,315  | 100%  | 7,206,643  | 100%  | 8,787,949  | 100%
Note: The figures for 1871 cover the four original provinces of Canada (Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) only.

## Evolution from 1996 to 2016

[edit]

As regards combined responses, Canadian is the most common ethnic origin (11,113,965) in the 2016 Census (see above). This was also the case in the 2011 NHS (10,563,805),[27] 2006 Census (10,066,290),[28] 2001 Census (11,682,680),[29] and the 1996 Census (8,806,975).[30] Canadian was also the most common single ethnic origin in the 1996 (5,326,995), 2001 (6,748,135), 2006 (5,748,725), 2011 (5,834,535), and 2016 (6,436,940).

Ethnic Origin (Single Responses), 1996–2016  1996[30] | 2001[29] | 2006[28] | 2011[27] | 2016[31]

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#  | Ethnic Origin  | Pop.  | #  | Ethnic Origin  | Pop.  | #  | Ethnic Origin  | Pop.  | #  | Ethnic Origin  | Pop.  | #  | Ethnic Origin  | Pop.
1  | Canadian  | 5,326,995  | 1  | Canadian  | 6,748,135  | 1  | Canadian  | 5,748,725  | 1  | Canadian  | 5,834,535  | 1  | Canadian  | 6,436,940
2  | French  | 2,665,250  | 2  | English  | 1,479,525  | 2  | English  | 1,367,125  | 2  | English  | 1,312,570  | 2  | Chinese  | 1,439,980
3  | English  | 2,048,275  | 3  | French  | 1,060,760  | 3  | French  | 1,230,535  | 3  | Chinese  | 1,210,945  | 3  | English  | 1,098,925
4  | Chinese  | 800,470  | 4  | Chinese  | 936,210  | 4  | Chinese  | 1,135,365  | 4  | French  | 1,165,465  | 4  | Indian  | 1,096,850
5  | Italian  | 729,455  | 5  | Italian  | 726,275  | 5  | Indian  | 780,175  | 5  | Indian  | 919,155  | 5  | French  | 1,006,180
6  | German  | 726,145  | 6  | German  | 705,600  | 6  | Italian  | 741,045  | 6  | Italian  | 700,845  | 6  | Italian  | 695,415
7  | Scottish  | 642,970  | 7  | Scottish  | 607,235  | 7  | German  | 670,640  | 7  | German  | 608,520  | 7  | Filipino  | 651,390
8  | Irish  | 504,030  | 8  | Indian  | 581,665  | 8  | Scottish  | 568,515  | 8  | Scottish  | 544,440  | 8  | German  | 569,650
9  | Indian  | 438,770  | 9  | Irish  | 496,865  | 9  | First Nations  | 512,150  | 9  | First Nations  | 517,550  | 9  | First Nations  | 526,570
10  | First Nations  | 394,555  | 10  | First Nations  | 455,805  | 10  | Irish  | 491,030  | 10  | Filipino  | 506,545  | 10  | Scottish  | 475,575
11  | Ukrainian  | 331,680  | 11  | Ukrainian  | 326,195  | 11  | Filipino  | 321,390  | 11  | Irish  | 506,445  | 11  | Irish  | 457,905
12  | Dutch  | 313,880  | 12  | Dutch  | 316,220  | 12  | Dutch  | 303,400  | 12  | Dutch  | 297,885  | 12  | Dutch  | 289,675
13  | Polish  | 265,930  | 13  | Filipino  | 266,140  | 13  | Ukrainian  | 300,590  | 13  | Ukrainian  | 276,055  | 13  | Ukrainian  | 273,810
14  | Portuguese  | 252,640  | 14  | Polish  | 260,415  | 14  | Polish  | 269,375  | 14  | Polish  | 255,135  | 14  | Portuguese  | 264,815
15  | Filipino  | 198,420  | 15  | Portuguese  | 252,835  | 15  | Portuguese  | 262,230  | 15  | Portuguese  | 250,320  | 15  | Polish  | 264,415
16  | Jewish  | 195,810  | 16  | Jewish  | 186,475  | 16  | Greek  | 145,250  | 16  | Vietnamese  | 157,450  | 16  | Korean  | 177,925
17  | Greek  | 144,940  | 17  | Greek  | 143,785  | 17  | Korean  | 137,790  | 17  | Korean  | 154,355  | 17  | Iranian  | 170,755
18  | Jamaican  | 128,570  | 18  | Jamaican  | 138,180  | 18  | Vietnamese  | 136,445  | 18  | Jamaican  | 142,870  | 18  | Vietnamese  | 165,390
19  | Vietnamese  | 110,390  | 19  | Vietnamese  | 119,120  | 19  | Jamaican  | 134,320  | 19  | Greek  | 141,755  | 19  | Jamaican  | 161,495
20  | Hungarian  | 94,185  | 20  | Korean  | 95,200  | 20  | Jewish  | 134,045  | 20  | Iranian  | 131,100  | 20  | Pakistani  | 156,300
Ethnic Origin (Single and Multiple Responses), 1996–2016  1996[30] | 2001[29] | 2006[28] | 2011[27] | 2016[31]

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#  | Ethnic Origin  | Pop.  | #  | Ethnic Origin  | Pop.  | #  | Ethnic Origin  | Pop.  | #  | Ethnic Origin  | Pop.  | #  | Ethnic Origin  | Pop.
1  | Canadian  | 8,806,275  | 1  | Canadian  | 11,682,680  | 1  | Canadian  | 10,066,290  | 1  | Canadian  | 10,563,805  | 1  | Canadian  | 11,135,965
2  | English  | 6,832,095  | 2  | English  | 5,978,875  | 2  | English  | 6,570,015  | 2  | English  | 6,509,500  | 2  | English  | 6,320,085
3  | French  | 5,597,845  | 3  | French  | 4,668,410  | 3  | French  | 4,941,210  | 3  | French  | 5,065,690  | 3  | Scottish  | 4,799,005
4  | Scottish  | 4,260,840  | 4  | Scottish  | 4,157,210  | 4  | Scottish  | 4,719,850  | 4  | Scottish  | 4,714,970  | 4  | French  | 4,670,595
5  | Irish  | 3,767,610  | 5  | Irish  | 3,822,660  | 5  | Irish  | 4,354,155  | 5  | Irish  | 4,544,870  | 5  | Irish  | 4,627,000
6  | German  | 2,757,140  | 6  | German  | 2,742,765  | 6  | German  | 3,179,425  | 6  | German  | 3,203,330  | 6  | German  | 3,322,405
7  | Italian  | 1,207,475  | 7  | Italian  | 1,270,370  | 7  | Italian  | 1,445,335  | 7  | Italian  | 1,488,425  | 7  | Chinese  | 1,769,195
8  | Ukrainian  | 1,026,475  | 8  | Chinese  | 1,094,700  | 8  | Chinese  | 1,346,510  | 8  | Chinese  | 1,487,580  | 8  | Italian  | 1,587,970
9  | Chinese  | 921,585  | 9  | Ukrainian  | 1,071,060  | 9  | North American Indian  | 1,253,615  | 9  | First Nations  | 1,369,115  | 9  | First Nations  | 1,525,570
10  | Dutch  | 916,215  | 10  | North American Indian  | 1,000,890  | 10  | Ukrainian  | 1,209,085  | 10  | Ukrainian  | 1,251,170  | 10  | Indian  | 1,374,715
11  | North American Indian  | 867,225  | 11  | Dutch  | 923,310  | 11  | Dutch  | 1,035,965  | 11  | Indian  | 1,165,145  | 11  | Ukrainian  | 1,359,655
12  | Polish  | 786,735  | 12  | Polish  | 817,085  | 12  | Polish  | 984,565  | 12  | Dutch  | 1,067,245  | 12  | Dutch  | 1,111,655
13  | Indian  | 548,080  | 13  | Indian  | 713,330  | 13  | Indian  | 962,665  | 13  | Polish  | 1,010,705  | 13  | Polish  | 1,106,585
14  | Jewish  | 351,705  | 14  | Norwegian  | 363,760  | 14  | Russian  | 500,600  | 14  | Filipino  | 662,600  | 14  | Filipino  | 837,135
15  | Norwegian  | 346,310  | 15  | Portuguese  | 357,690  | 15  | Welsh  | 440,965  | 15  | British Isles, n.i.e.  | 576,030  | 15  | British Isles, n.i.e.  | 644,695
16  | Welsh  | 338,905  | 16  | Welsh  | 350,365  | 16  | Filipino  | 436,190  | 16  | Russian  | 550,520  | 16  | Russian  | 622,445
17  | Portuguese  | 335,110  | 17  | Jewish  | 348,605  | 17  | Norwegian  | 432,515  | 17  | Welsh  | 458,705  | 17  | Métis  | 599,995
18  | Swedish  | 278,975  | 18  | Russian  | 337,960  | 18  | Portuguese  | 410,850  | 18  | Norwegian  | 452,705  | 18  | Portuguese  | 482,605
19  | Russian  | 272,335  | 19  | Filipino  | 327,550  | 19  | Métis  | 409,065  | 19  | Métis  | 447,655  | 19  | Welsh  | 474,805
20  | Hungarian  | 250,525  | 20  | Métis  | 307,845  | 20  | British Isles, n.i.e.  | 403,915  | 20  | Portuguese  | 429,850  | 20  | Norwegian  | 463,275

## Visible minority

[edit]

Visible minority population by province and territory, 2016[32] Province/territory  | South Asian | Chinese | Black | Filipino | Latin American | Arab | Southeast Asian | West Asian | Korean | Japanese | Visible minority, n.i.e. | Multiple visible minorities  | Total visible minority population  | Total population | Percent visible minority

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Alberta[33] | 230,930  | 158,200  | 129,390  | 166,195  | 55,090  | 56,700  | 43,985  | 20,980  | 21,275  | 12,165  | 9,900  | 28,360  | 933,165  | 3,978,145 | 23.46%
British Columbia[34] | 365,705  | 508,480  | 43,500  | 145,025  | 44,115  | 19,840  | 54,920  | 48,695  | 60,495  | 41,230  | 8,760  | 40,465  | 1,381,235  | 4,560,240 | 30.29%
Manitoba[35] | 42,060  | 22,540  | 30,335  | 79,815  | 9,895  | 5,030  | 8,565  | 2,695  | 4,375  | 1,850  | 3,195  | 6,485  | 216,850  | 1,240,700 | 17.48%
New Brunswick[36] | 2,535  | 3,925  | 7,000  | 1,980  | 1,285  | 2,960  | 1,230  | 730  | 1,685  | 230  | 305  | 675  | 24,535  | 730,710 | 3.36%
Newfoundland and Labrador[37] | 2,645  | 2,325  | 2,355  | 1,390  | 635  | 1,375  | 340  | 220  | 80  | 60  | 150  | 255  | 11,810  | 512,250 | 2.31%
Northwest Territories[38] | 615  | 300  | 760  | 1,300  | 135  | 100  | 255  | 50  | 100  | 150  | 95  | 90  | 3,960  | 41,135 | 9.63%
Nova Scotia[39] | 7,910  | 8,640  | 21,915  | 3,400  | 1,685  | 8,110  | 1,195  | 1,540  | 1,540  | 695  | 630  | 1,395  | 58,650  | 908,340 | 6.46%
Nunavut[40] | 115  | 75  | 330  | 230  | 40  | 40  | 30  | 10  | 10  | 10  | 20  | 10  | 905  | 35,580 | 2.54%
Ontario[41] | 1,150,415  | 754,550  | 527,715  | 311,675  | 195,950  | 210,435  | 133,855  | 154,670  | 88,935  | 30,830  | 97,970  | 128,585  | 3,885,585  | 13,242,160 | 29.34%
Prince Edward Island[42] | 920  | 2,570  | 825  | 670  | 255  | 585  | 145  | 215  | 210  | 110  | 55  | 85  | 6,640  | 139,685 | 4.75%
Quebec[43] | 90,335  | 99,505  | 319,230  | 34,910  | 133,920  | 213,740  | 62,820  | 32,405  | 8,055  | 4,570  | 9,840  | 23,045  | 1,032,365  | 7,965,450 | 12.96%
Saskatchewan[44] | 19,960  | 15,545  | 14,925  | 32,340  | 4,195  | 4,300  | 5,745  | 2,065  | 1,875  | 955  | 1,150  | 2,820  | 115,875  | 1,070,560 | 10.82%
Yukon[45] | 500  | 415  | 270  | 1,190  | 130  | 10  | 180  | 30  | 70  | 65  | 15  | 120  | 3,000  | 35,115 | 8.54%
Canada[46] | 1,924,635  | 1,577,060  | 1,198,540  | 780,125  | 447,325  | 523,325  | 313,260  | 264,305  | 188,710  | 92,920  | 132,090  | 232,375  | 7,674,580  | 34,460,065 | 22.27%
Visible minority in Canadian cities over 100,000 people, 2016[47] City  | Population  | Visible minority  | Black | East Asian | Latin American | South Asian | Southeast Asian | West Asian | Arab | Multiracial | Other

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Toronto | 2,731,571  | 51.5%  | 8.9%  | 13.2%  | 2.9%  | 12.6%  | 7.2%  | 2.2%  | 1.3%  | 1.8%  | 1.4%
Montreal | 1,704,694  | 34.2%  | 10.3%  | 3.7%  | 4.1%  | 3.3%  | 3.5%  | 0.9%  | 7.3%  | 0.7%  | 0.3%
Calgary | 1,239,220  | 36.2%  | 4.2%  | 8.5%  | 2.1%  | 9.5%  | 7.3%  | 1.0%  | 2.0%  | 1.1%  | 0.4%
Ottawa | 934,243  | 26.3%  | 6.6%  | 5.1%  | 1.2%  | 4.2%  | 2.7%  | 1.0%  | 4.5%  | 0.9%  | 0.3%
Edmonton | 932,546  | 37.1%  | 5.9%  | 7.3%  | 1.9%  | 9.5%  | 7.7%  | 0.7%  | 2.6%  | 1.1%  | 0.4%
Mississauga | 721,599  | 57.2%  | 6.6%  | 8.7%  | 2.3%  | 23.2%  | 7.2%  | 1.1%  | 5.1%  | 1.9%  | 1.3%
Winnipeg | 705,224  | 28.0%  | 3.9%  | 3.6%  | 1.0%  | 5.4%  | 11.8%  | 0.4%  | 0.7%  | 0.9%  | 0.4%
Vancouver | 631,486  | 51.6%  | 1.0%  | 30.2%  | 1.8%  | 6.0%  | 8.7%  | 1.4%  | 0.5%  | 1.8%  | 0.2%
Brampton | 593,638  | 73.3%  | 13.9%  | 1.7%  | 2.4%  | 44.3%  | 4.8%  | 0.9%  | 1.0%  | 1.6%  | 2.7%
Hamilton | 536,917  | 19.0%  | 3.8%  | 2.5%  | 1.6%  | 4.2%  | 2.8%  | 0.9%  | 2.0%  | 0.7%  | 0.5%
Quebec City | 531,902  | 6.4%  | 2.4%  | 0.5%  | 1.3%  | 0.3%  | 0.5%  | 0.1%  | 1.2%  | 0.1%  | 0.1%
Surrey | 517,887  | 58.5%  | 1.8%  | 7.8%  | 1.4%  | 32.8%  | 8.8%  | 0.7%  | 1.1%  | 1.2%  | 0.4%
Laval | 422,993  | 26.1%  | 7.8%  | 1.0%  | 3.1%  | 2.1%  | 2.1%  | 1.0%  | 8.2%  | 0.3%  | 0.1%
Halifax | 403,131  | 11.4%  | 3.8%  | 2.2%  | 0.3%  | 1.6%  | 0.9%  | 0.3%  | 1.8%  | 0.3%  | 0.1%
London | 383,822  | 19.9%  | 3.0%  | 3.8%  | 2.4%  | 3.1%  | 2.1%  | 0.9%  | 3.6%  | 0.6%  | 0.4%
Markham | 328,966  | 77.9%  | 2.9%  | 46.8%  | 0.5%  | 17.8%  | 3.8%  | 2.4%  | 1.0%  | 2.1%  | 0.9%
Vaughan | 306,233  | 35.4%  | 2.7%  | 8.7%  | 2.4%  | 10.1%  | 5.1%  | 2.9%  | 1.4%  | 1.4%  | 0.8%
Gatineau | 276,245  | 13.5%  | 6.1%  | 1.0%  | 1.5%  | 0.4%  | 0.7%  | 0.3%  | 3.1%  | 0.3%  | 0.2%
Longueuil | 239,700  | 18.6%  | 7.0%  | 1.4%  | 3.1%  | 0.8%  | 1.3%  | 0.8%  | 3.2%  | 0.4%  | 0.3%
Burnaby | 232,755  | 63.6%  | 1.6%  | 38.9%  | 2.0%  | 8.1%  | 7.7%  | 2.2%  | 0.7%  | 2.1%  | 0.3%
Saskatoon | 246,376  | 19.8%  | 2.2%  | 3.6%  | 0.8%  | 5.5%  | 5.4%  | 0.5%  | 1.0%  | 0.6%  | 0.2%
Kitchener | 233,222  | 21.8%  | 4.1%  | 2.6%  | 2.6%  | 5.0%  | 2.9%  | 1.2%  | 1.8%  | 0.8%  | 0.8%
Windsor | 217,188  | 26.9%  | 5.0%  | 3.6%  | 1.2%  | 4.5%  | 3.0%  | 0.6%  | 7.5%  | 0.9%  | 0.6%
Regina | 215,106  | 19.2%  | 3.0%  | 6.2%  | 0.6%  | 5.9%  | 5.2%  | 0.3%  | 0.7%  | 0.4%  | 0.2%
Richmond | 198,309  | 76.3%  | 0.6%  | 55.6%  | 0.8%  | 7.3%  | 7.9%  | 0.6%  | 0.8%  | 2.4%  | 0.2%
Richmond Hill | 195,022  | 60.0%  | 2.0%  | 32.5%  | 0.8%  | 7.7%  | 2.7%  | 10.4%  | 1.8%  | 1.6%  | 0.4%
Oakville | 193,832  | 30.8%  | 2.9%  | 9.0%  | 1.9%  | 8.9%  | 2.4%  | 1.1%  | 3.2%  | 1.0%  | 0.4%
Burlington | 183,314  | 16.0%  | 2.1%  | 2.9%  | 1.3%  | 4.8%  | 2.0%  | 0.6%  | 1.4%  | 0.6%  | 0.4%
Greater Sudbury | 161,531  | 3.8%  | 0.9%  | 0.7%  | 0.2%  | 0.9%  | 0.4%  | 0.1%  | 0.4%  | 0.1%  | 0.0%
Sherbrooke | 161,323  | 7.3%  | 2.2%  | 0.4%  | 1.7%  | 0.3%  | 0.4%  | 0.8%  | 1.2%  | 0.2%  | 0.0%
Oshawa | 159,458  | 16.0%  | 5.5%  | 2.0%  | 0.8%  | 3.8%  | 1.6%  | 0.4%  | 0.6%  | 0.8%  | 0.8%
Saguenay | 145,949  | 1.4%  | 0.5%  | 0.2%  | 0.2%  | 0.1%  | 0.1%  | 0.0%  | 0.2%  | 0.0%  | 0.0%
Lévis | 143,414  | 2.2%  | 0.7%  | 0.3%  | 0.4%  | 0.1%  | 0.2%  | 0.0%  | 0.4%  | 0.0%  | 0.0%
Barrie | 141,434  | 10.3%  | 2.7%  | 1.8%  | 1.1%  | 2.2%  | 1.4%  | 0.2%  | 0.3%  | 0.4%  | 0.3%
Abbotsford | 141,397  | 33.7%  | 1.0%  | 3.0%  | 0.8%  | 25.5%  | 2.2%  | 0.2%  | 0.2%  | 0.5%  | 0.2%
St. Catharines | 133,113  | 12.7%  | 2.9%  | 2.7%  | 1.7%  | 1.4%  | 1.8%  | 0.3%  | 1.1%  | 0.7%  | 0.2%
Trois-Rivières | 134,413  | 3.5%  | 1.4%  | 0.3%  | 0.8%  | 0.1%  | 0.2%  | 0.0%  | 0.6%  | 0.0%  | 0.0%
Cambridge | 129,920  | 15.6%  | 2.5%  | 1.4%  | 1.3%  | 6.2%  | 2.1%  | 0.3%  | 0.8%  | 0.4%  | 0.6%
Coquitlam | 139,284  | 50.2%  | 1.1%  | 29.3%  | 1.6%  | 4.5%  | 5.2%  | 5.6%  | 1.0%  | 1.7%  | 0.2%
Kingston | 123,798  | 9.7%  | 1.5%  | 2.7%  | 0.7%  | 2.0%  | 1.1%  | 0.4%  | 0.8%  | 0.4%  | 0.1%
Whitby | 128,377  | 25.3%  | 8.0%  | 3.1%  | 1.1%  | 6.6%  | 2.4%  | 1.0%  | 0.8%  | 1.5%  | 0.9%
Guelph | 131,794  | 18.8%  | 2.2%  | 3.6%  | 1.0%  | 5.0%  | 4.1%  | 1.2%  | 0.6%  | 0.9%  | 0.2%
Kelowna | 127,380  | 9.5%  | 0.8%  | 2.9%  | 0.6%  | 2.6%  | 1.6%  | 0.3%  | 0.2%  | 0.3%  | 0.2%
Saanich | 114,148  | 22.1%  | 1.0%  | 10.5%  | 0.7%  | 5.0%  | 3.0%  | 0.4%  | 0.6%  | 0.6%  | 0.2%
Ajax | 119,677  | 56.7%  | 16.7%  | 3.2%  | 1.4%  | 20.9%  | 5.3%  | 2.4%  | 1.7%  | 2.4%  | 2.7%
Thunder Bay | 107,909  | 4.5%  | 0.6%  | 1.1%  | 0.3%  | 0.9%  | 0.8%  | 0.2%  | 0.3%  | 0.2%  | 0.0%
Terrebonne | 111,575  | 11.8%  | 4.5%  | 0.4%  | 1.7%  | 0.1%  | 0.6%  | 0.1%  | 1.7%  | 0.1%  | 0.0%
St. John's | 108,860  | 7.0%  | 1.4%  | 1.6%  | 0.5%  | 1.5%  | 0.7%  | 0.2%  | 1.0%  | 0.1%  | 0.1%
Langley | 117,285  | 18.7%  | 1.0%  | 8.0%  | 0.9%  | 4.4%  | 3.0%  | 0.3%  | 0.3%  | 0.5%  | 0.1%
Chatham-Kent | 101,647  | 4.6%  | 2.1%  | 0.6%  | 0.2%  | 0.6%  | 0.5%  | 0.0%  | 0.2%  | 0.2%  | 0.1%
Milton | 110,128  | 42.8%  | 4.8%  | 3.1%  | 2.4%  | 21.0%  | 4.7%  | 0.9%  | 3.5%  | 1.4%  | 0.9%
Waterloo | 104,986  | 26.4%  | 1.9%  | 10.6%  | 1.4%  | 6.4%  | 1.7%  | 1.1%  | 1.8%  | 0.9%  | 0.6%
Delta | 102,238  | 36.0%  | 0.8%  | 9.2%  | 0.8%  | 20.3%  | 3.2%  | 0.3%  | 0.3%  | 0.8%  | 0.3%
Red Deer | 100,418  | 15.5%  | 1.8%  | 1.8%  | 1.8%  | 1.7%  | 7.0%  | 0.4%  | 0.5%  | 0.4%  | 0.1%

## Aboriginal population

[edit]

Total aboriginal population  Group  | 1996[48] | 2001[49] | 2006[50] | 2011[51] | 2016[52]

|
|
|
|
|

%  | Total  | %  | Total  | %  | Total  | %  | Total  | %  | Total
Total Aboriginal  | 2.8%  | 799,005  | 3.3%  | 976,305  | 3.8%  | 1,172,785  | 4.3%  | 1,400,685  | 4.9%  | 1,673,780
First Nations | 1.8%  | 529,040  | 2.1%  | 608,850  | 2.2%  | 698,025  | 2.6%  | 851,560  | 2.8%  | 977,230
Métis | 0.7%  | 204,115  | 1.0%  | 292,305  | 1.2%  | 389,780  | 1.4%  | 451,795  | 1.7%  | 587,545
Inuit | 0.14%  | 40,220  |  |  | 0.16%  | 50,485  | 0.2%  | 59,445  | 0.2%  | 65,025

Note: Inuit, other Aboriginal and mixed Aboriginal groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Aboriginal

Aboriginal population by province and territory, 2011[47] Province/territory  | Not Aboriginal  | First Nations | Métis | Inuit | Aboriginal, n.i.e. | Multiple Aboriginal identities  | Total Aboriginal population  | Total population

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Alberta[33] | 2,690,960  | 116,670  | 96,870  | 1,985  | 3,300  | 1,870  | 220,695  | 3,567,980
British Columbia[34] | 2,911,295  | 155,020  | 69,475  | 1,570  | 3,745  | 2,480  | 232,290  | 4,324,455
Manitoba[35] | 824,830  | 114,225  | 78,830  | 580  | 1,055  | 1,200  | 195,895  | 1,174,350
New Brunswick[36] | 696,080  | 16,120  | 4,850  | 485  | 1,020  | 150  | 22,620  | 735,835
Newfoundland and Labrador[37] | 464,540  | 19,315  | 7,660  | 6,265  | 2,300  | 260  | 35,800  | 507,270
Northwest Territories[38] | 16,920  | 13,350  | 3,250  | 4,335  | 185  | 45  | 21,160  | 40,800
Nova Scotia[39] | 825,055  | 21,895  | 10,050  | 695  | 980  | 225  | 33,850  | 906,175
Nunavut[40] | 3,825  | 125  | 130  | 27,070  | 15  | 20  | 27,365  | 31,700
Ontario[41] | 9,070,800  | 201,100  | 86,020  | 3,355  | 8,040  | 2,910  | 301,430  | 12,651,795
Prince Edward Island[42] | 130,890  | 1,520  | 410  | 55  | 235  | 0  | 2,230  | 137,380
Quebec[43] | 6,740,375  | 82,425  | 40,960  | 12,570  | 4,415  | 1,545  | 141,915  | 7,732,525
Saskatchewan[44] | 787,745  | 103,205  | 52,450  | 290  | 1,120  | 675  | 157,740  | 1,008,760
Yukon[45] | 23,590  | 6,585  | 845  | 175  | 70  | 25  | 7,705  | 33,320
Canada[46] | 25,186,890  | 851,560  | 451,795  | 59,440  | 26,475  | 11,415  | 1,400,685  | 32,852,325
City  | Population  | Total Aboriginal  | First Nations | Métis

|
|
|
|

Toronto | 2,576,025  | 0.7%  | 0.5%  | 0.2%
Montreal | 1,612,640  | 0.6%  | 0.3%  | 0.2%
Calgary | 1,082,235  | 2.7%  | 1.2%  | 1.4%
Ottawa | 867,090  | 2.1%  | 1.2%  | 0.7%
Edmonton | 795,675  | 5.3%  | 2.4%  | 2.7%
Mississauga | 708,725  | 0.5%  | 0.3%  | 0.1%
Winnipeg | 649,995  | 11.7%  | 5.9%  | 6.3%
Vancouver | 590,210  | 2.0%  | 1.3%  | 0.6%
Brampton | 521,315  | 0.7%  | 0.4%  | 0.2%
Hamilton | 509,640  | 2.0%  | 1.6%  | 0.3%
Quebec City | 502,595  | 0.9%  | 0.5%  | 0.4%
Surrey | 463,340  | 2.9%  | 1.9%  | 1.0%
Laval | 392,725  | 0.6%  | 0.3%  | 0.2%
Halifax | 384,330  | 2.5%  | 1.5%  | 0.8%
London | 360,715  | 1.9%  | 1.4%  | 0.4%
Markham | 300,135  | 0.2%  | 0.1%  | 0.1%
Vaughan | 286,305  | 0.2%  | 0.1%  | 0.0%
Gatineau | 261,665  | 3.5%  | 1.8%  | 1.5%
Longueuil | 227,970  | 1.0%  | 0.6%  | 0.0%
Burnaby | 220,255  | 1.5%  | 0.9%  | 0.5%
Saskatoon | 218,315  | 10.2%  | 4.9%  | 4.6%
Kitchener | 215,950  | 1.5%  | 0.9%  | 0.5%
Windsor | 208,015  | 2.3%  | 1.3%  | 0.9%
Regina | 189,740  | 9.9%  | 5.8%  | 3.9%
Richmond | 189,305  | 1.0%  | 0.7%  | 0.3%
Richmond Hill | 184,370  | 0.2%  | 0.1%  | 0.0%
Oakville | 180,430  | 0.6%  | 0.4%  | 0.2%
Burlington | 173,495  | 0.9%  | 0.5%  | 0.3%
Greater Sudbury | 157,765  | 8.2%  | 3.8%  | 4.1%
Sherbrooke | 150,255  | 0.9%  | 0.5%  | 0.3%
Oshawa | 147,680  | 2.0%  | 1.2%  | 0.8%
Saguenay | 141,335  | 2.5%  | 0.8%  | 1.6%
Lévis | 135,835  | 0.5%  | 0.2%  | 0.2%
Barrie | 133,240  | 2.6%  | 1.4%  | 1.2%
Abbotsford | 130,950  | 4.0%  | 2.5%  | 1.6%
St. Catharines | 128,770  | 1.9%  | 1.2%  | 0.6%
Trois-Rivières | 126,980  | 1.1%  | 0.6%  | 0.4%
Cambridge | 125,060  | 2.0%  | 1.2%  | 0.6%
Coquitlam | 125,015  | 2.1%  | 1.1%  | 0.9%
Kingston | 118,930  | 2.9%  | 2.0%  | 0.8%
Whitby | 120,285  | 1.2%  | 0.7%  | 0.4%
Guelph | 120,550  | 1.6%  | 1.0%  | 0.6%
Kelowna | 114,570  | 4.5%  | 2.1%  | 2.3%
Saanich | 107,855  | 2.7%  | 1.5%  | 1.1%
Ajax | 109,220  | 1.0%  | 0.7%  | 0.3%
Thunder Bay | 105,950  | 9.5%  | 7.3%  | 2.0%
Terrebonne | 105,610  | 0.7%  | 0.5%  | 0.1%
St. John's | 103,905  | 2.6%  | 1.2%  | 0.8%
Langley | 103,145  | 3.4%  | 1.6%  | 1.7%
Chatham-Kent | 101,680  | 2.9%  | 1.7%  | 0.9%

## See also

[edit]

* History portal
* Canada portal

* 1666 census of New France
* Canada 1911 Census
* Canada 1996 Census
* Canada 2001 Census
* Canada 2006 Census
* Canada 2011 Census
* Canada 2016 Census
* Demographics of Canada
* Immigration to Canada
* Canada immigration statistics
* Multiculturalism in Canada
* Population of Canada by years

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.[3] "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage."[4][5]
2. ^ Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".[10]
3. ^ The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins were from a Canadian First Nation, or another non-Canadian North American aboriginal group (excluding Inuit and Métis).
Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples". Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 16, 2011.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Population and growth components (1851–2001 Censuses)". Statistics Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
2. ^ a b c d e "The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity". Statistics Canada, Government of Canada. The Daily. 26 October 2022b. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
3. ^ Simon, Patrick; Piché, Victor (2013). Accounting for Ethnic and Racial Diversity: The Challenge of Enumeration. Routledge. pp. 48–49\. ISBN 978-1-317-98108-4.
4. ^ Bezanson, Kate; Webber, Michelle (2016). Rethinking Society in the 21st Century (4th ed.). Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 455–456\. ISBN 978-1-55130-936-1.
5. ^ Edmonston, Barry; Fong, Eric (2011). The Changing Canadian Population. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 294–296\. ISBN 978-0-7735-3793-4.
6. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2022-10-29. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
7. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2023-12-12. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
8. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
9. ^ "The Daily — Indigenous population continues to grow and is much younger than the non-Indigenous population, although the pace of growth has slowed". Statistics Canada. 2022-09-21. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
10. ^ "Classification of visible minority". Statistics Canada. July 25, 2008. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
11. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
12. ^ Pendakur, Krishna. "Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market". Simon Fraser University. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
13. ^ "The Daily — Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians". Statistics Canada. 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
14. ^ "2021 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration". Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. 2022-03-15.
15. ^ a b c d Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians". The Daily. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
16. ^ Adams, Michael; Parkin, Andrew (December 31, 2022). "Canadians aren't just adapting to diversity – there's data to show we're embracing it". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
17. ^ Source: "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2011-01-16. Additional data: "2006 Census release topics". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
18. ^ ""Canadian" tops the more than 450 ethnic or cultural origins reported by the population of Canada". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
19. ^ a b c d e f g h "Government of Canada, Statistics Canada". statcan.gc.ca. 28 October 2022.
20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Seventh census of Canada, 1931 . v. 13. Monographs - unemployment, dependency of youth, rural and urban composition of the Canadian population, racial origins and nativity of the Canadian people". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
21. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 May 2018). "150 years of immigration in Canada". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
22. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013). "Censuses of Canada 1665 to 1871: Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present". Retrieved 2022-11-09.
23. ^ Day, Richard J.F. (2000). Multiculturalism and the History of Canadian Diversity. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 149-150.
24. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Census of Canada 1870-71 = Recensement du Canada 1870-71 v. 1". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-09-30.
25. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Fifth census of Canada 1911 . v. 2. Religions, origins, birthplace, citizenship, literacy and infirmities, by provinces, districts and sub-districts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
26. ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Sixth census of Canada, 1921 . v. 1. Population: number, sex and distribution, racial origins, religions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
27. ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-05-08). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
28. ^ a b c Government of Canada (2008-04-02). "Statistics Canada: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
29. ^ a b c "English title / Titre en anglais". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
30. ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (1998-02-17). "1996 Census of Canada: Data tables – Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
31. ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-10-25). "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
32. ^ "File Not Found". Statistics Canada.
33. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
34. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
35. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
36. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
37. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
38. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
39. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
40. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
41. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
42. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
43. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
44. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
45. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
46. ^ a b Statistics Canada, National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
47. ^ a b Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (15 January 2001). "Census Program". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-12.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
48. ^ Statistics Canada, Population by Aboriginal Groups and Sex, Showing Age Groups, for Canada, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)
49. ^ Statistics Canada Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Community Highlights for Canada
50. ^ Statistics Canada Archived 2009-04-20 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Community Profiles: Canada (Country)
51. ^ Statistics Canada, NHS Profile, Canada, 2011
52. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 25, 2017). "Aboriginal Identity (9), Age (20), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Bumsted, J. M (2003). Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. Library of Congress (ABC-CLIO). p. 42. ISBN 1-57607-672-5. "The people of Canada."
* Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2938-8.

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* Lebanon
* Pakistan
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates

Europe|

* France
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

See also: Quebec diaspora and Canadians

* v
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* e

Canadian identity

* Culture of Canada
* Canadian cultural protectionism
* Demographics of Canada
* Canadian values

National identities in Canada|

* Canadians
* Canadian ethnicity
* Canadian nationalism
* Quebec nationalism
* culture of Quebec
* Western alienation
* Alberta separatism
* Annexationism
* Anti-Americanism

Symbols|

* National
* Provincial and territorial
* Royal
* Flags
* Heraldry
* Debates and legislation:
* Name (1867)
* Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946
* National Anthem Act (1980)
* Debate on the monarchy in Canada
* monarchism and republicanism
* Great Flag debate (1963–1964)

Culture|

* Culture of Canada
* Canadiana
* Sports:
* ice hockey
* Montreal Canadiens
* Toronto Maple Leafs
* Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry
* Edmonton Oilers
* Calgary Flames
* Toronto Blue Jays
* Cuisine:
* maple syrup
* poutine
* Festivals:
* Calgary Stampede
* Carnaval
* Media of Canada
* Architecture of Canada
* Canadian humour
* Music of Canada

Landmarks, parks and nature|

* National parks
* Winter in Canada
* Niagara Falls
* CN Tower
* Parliament Hill
* Chateau Frontenac
* Plains of Abraham
* Banff
* Canadian Rockies

War and peacekeeping|

* Canadian Armed Forces
* List of Canadian peacekeeping missions
* War of 1812
* Canada in World War I
* Canada in World War II
* Canada in the Cold War
* Canada and the Vietnam War
* Canada in the Korean War
* Canada in the War in Afghanistan

Crown corporations|

* Government of Canada
* CBC
* Bank of Canada
* Royal Canadian Mint
* Royal Canadian Mounted Police
* VIA Rail Canada Inc

Relations between English
and French Canada|

* Acadian movement
* Great Upheaval
* Anti-Quebec sentiment
* National question (Quebec)
* Quebec sovereignty movement
* Federalism in Quebec
* Two Solitudes
* Distinct society
* État québécois:
* Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
* Charter of the French Language
* Civil Code of Quebec
* Notable events:
* Lower Canada Rebellion (1837–1838)
* Durham Report (1839)
* Trial of Louis Riel (1885)
* Manitoba Schools Question (1890–1896)
* Regulation 17 (1912)
* Conscription Crisis of 1917
* Conscription Crisis of 1944
* Quiet Revolution
* Vive le Québec libre speech (1967)
* October Crisis (1970)
* 1980 Quebec referendum
* 1995 Quebec referendum
* Unity Rally
* Sponsorship scandal (1996–2004)
* Québécois nation motion (2006)

Language politics|

* Official bilingualism in Canada
* Gendron Commission
* Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories
* legal dispute over Quebec's language policy
* Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada
* Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
* Timeline of official languages policy in Canada

Federal–Provincial–
Territorial relations|

* Province-building
* Rebellions of 1837–1838
* Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations (1937–1940)
* Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems (1953–1956)
* Patriation debate (1960s to 1982)
* Fulton–Favreau formula (to 1965)
* Canada Act 1982 and Constitution Act, 1982
* Canada Health Act (1984)
* Victoria Charter (1971)
* Meech Lake Accord (1987–1990)
* Citizen's Forum on National Unity (1990–1991)
* Charlottetown Accord (1992)
* Calgary Declaration (1997)

Aboriginal politics|

* National organizations
* Métis
* Red River Rebellion (1869)
* North-West Rebellion (1885)
* Indian Act (1876–present)
* Indian Register
* Oka Crisis (1990)
* Self-Government
* Inuit territories
* Inuvialuit (1984)
* NunatuKavut claimed
* Nunavik (no final agreement)
* Nunavut
* agreement 1993
* First Nations territories
* Eeyou Istchee James Bay
* Nitassinan claimed
* Royal Commission (1991–1996)
* 2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests

International relationships|

* NATO
* Canada–United States relations
* CUSMA
* NORAD
* Canada–United Kingdom relations
* Commonwealth of Nations
* British Empire
* Canada–France relations
* La Francophonie
* Canada (New France)

Current challenges|

* COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
* Canadian property bubble

* v
* t
* e

Ethnicity

Concepts|

* Clan
* Ethnic group
* Ethnographic group
* Ethnolinguistic group
* Ethnonational group
* Ethnoreligious group
* Ethnographic realism
* Diaspora
* Immigration / Emigration
* Hyphenated ethnicity
* Indigenous peoples
* In-group and out-groups
* Meta-ethnicity
* Metroethnicity
* Minority group
* Influence
* Monoethnicity
* Nation
* Nationality
* Panethnicity
* Polyethnicity
* Population
* Race
* Supraethnicity
* Symbolic ethnicity
* Tribe

Ethnology|

* Anthropology
* Ethnic studies
* Ethnoarchaeology
* Ethnobiology
* Ethnobotany
* Ethnoecology
* Ethnomycology
* Ethnozoology
* Ethnocinema
* Ethnogeology
* Ethnography
* Autoethnography
* Clinical
* Critical
* Institutional
* Netnography
* Online
* Person-centered
* Salvage
* Transidioethnography
* Video
* Ethnohistory
* Ethnolinguistics
* Ethnology
* Ethnomathematics
* Ethnostatistics
* Ethnomedicine
* Ethnomethodology
* Ethnomuseology
* Ethnomusicology
* Ethnophilosophy
* Ethnopoetics
* Ethnopsychopharmacology
* Ethnoscience
* Ethnosemiotics
* Ethnotaxonomy

Groups by region|

* World
* Contemporary ethnic groups
* Countries by ethnic groups
* Africa
* Americas
* Indigenous
* Canada
* Greenland
* Mexico
* United States
* Caribbean
* Central America
* South America
* Asia
* Central Asia
* East Asia
* Northern Asia
* South Asia
* Southeast Asia
* West Asia
* Australia
* Aboriginal groups
* Torres Strait Islanders
* Europe
* Oceania
* Indigenous
* European

Identity and
ethnogenesis

* Cross-race effect
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural identity
* Demonym
* Development
* Endonym
* Ethnarch
* Ethnic flag
* Ethnic option
* Ethnic origin
* Ethnic religion
* Ethnicity in censuses
* Ethnofiction
* Ethnonym
* Folk religion
* Historical
* Imagined community
* Kinship
* Legendary progenitor
* Linguistic homeland
* Mores
* Mythomoteur
* Nation-building
* Nation state
* National language
* National myth
* Origin myth
* Pantribal sodality
* Statistext
* Tribal name
* Tribalism
* Detribalization
* Neotribalism
* White ethnic

Multiethnic society|

* Consociationalism
* Cultural appropriation
* Diaspora politics
* Dominant minority
* Ethnic democracy
* Ethnic enclave
* Ethnic interest group
* Ethnic majority
* Ethnic media
* Ethnic nationalism
* Ethnic pornography
* Ethnic theme park
* Ethnoburb
* Ethnocracy
* Ethnographic film
* Ethnographic village
* Ethnopluralism
* Indigenous rights
* Middleman minority
* Minority rights
* Model minority
* Model minority myth
* Multinational state

Ideology and
ethnic conflict

* Allophilia
* Ethnic bioweapon
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnic party
* Ethnic penalty
* Ethnic slurs
* Ethnic stereotype
* Ethnic violence
* Ethnic riots
* Ethnocentrism
* Ethnocide
* Ethnofuturism
* Ethnosymbolism
* Indigenism
* Indigenization
* Nativism
* Separatist movements
* Xenocentrism
* Xenophilia
* Xenophobia

Related|

* Minzu (anthropology)

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[Pop.]: Population
*[%]: percentage
*[n.i.e.]: Not included elsewhere