Eumenes

Greek general and satrap (fl. 362–315 BC)

For other uses, see Eumenes (disambiguation).

Eumenes of Cardia

Gold stater (319-317 BC) of the Macedonian mint at Susa. Eumenes struck the coin to fund his war against Antigonus I Monophthalmus.[1] Athena depicted left, Nike depicted right.

Native name|

Εὐμένης

Born| Cardia (near the Gulf of Saros, Turkey)
Died| winter of 316-315 BC
Gabiene, Persia (modern-day Iran)
Cause of death| Strangulation (Execution)
Allegiance| Macedonian Empire
Years of service| fl. 362–315 BC
Rank| Personal secretary
General
Satrap of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia
Battles/wars| Wars of Alexander the Great
First Diadochi War
Battle of the Hellespont
Battle of Orkynia
Second Diadochi War
Battle of Paraitakene
Battle of Gabiene
Spouse(s)| Artonis, daughter of Achaemenid satrap Artabazus II

Eumenes (/juːˈmɛniːz/; Greek: Εὐμένης; fl. 362–315 BC) was a Greek general and satrap. He participated in the Wars of Alexander the Great, serving as Alexander's personal secretary and later on as a battlefield commander. Eumenes depicted himself as a loyalist of Alexander's dynasty and championed the cause of the Macedonian Argead royal house.[2]

In the Wars of the Diadochi after Alexander's death, Eumenes initially supported the regent Perdiccas in the First Diadochi War, and later the Argead royalty in the Second Diadochi War. Despite less experience as a commander, Eumenes defeated Craterus, one of Alexander's most accomplished generals, at the Battle of the Hellespont in 321 BC. After Perdiccas' murder in 320 BC Eumenes became a public enemy of the new Post-Alexander regime under Antipater and Antigonus. In 319 BC he was defeated by Antigonus at the Battle of Orkynia and confined to Nora, but later broke out through trickery.

Eumenes allied with Polyperchon and Olympias, Alexander's mother. From 318 BC onward he led a hard-fought campaign against Antigonus, defeating him at the Battle of Paraitakene, then being indecisively defeated later at the Battle of Gabiene. Afterward, Eumenes was betrayed by his soldiers (the Silver Shields) and given over to Antigonus. Antigonus eventually executed him, in the winter of 316–315 BC.

The Greek biographer and essayist Plutarch chose Eumenes as the focus of one of his biographies in Parallel Lives, where he was paired with Quintus Sertorius, the rebel Roman general who led a revolt against Rome in the 70s BC.

## Early career

[edit]

Eumenes was a native of Cardia in the Thracian Chersonese. At a very early age, he was employed as a private secretary by Philip II of Macedon and after Philip's death (336 BC) by Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied into Asia.[3] After Alexander's death (323 BC), Eumenes took command of a large body of Macedonian and other Greek soldiers fighting in support of Alexander's son, Alexander IV.

## Satrap of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia (323–319 BC)

[edit]

In the ensuing division of the empire in the Partition of Babylon (323 BC), Cappadocia and Paphlagonia were assigned to Eumenes; but as they were not yet subdued, Leonnatus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, and Antigonus, satrap of Phrygia, Pamphylia and Lycia, were charged by the regent Perdiccas with securing them for him. Antigonus, however, ignored the order, and Leonnatus vainly attempted to induce Eumenes to accompany him to Europe and share in his far-reaching designs. Eumenes joined Perdiccas, who installed him in Cappadocia.[3]

### Battle of the Hellespont (321 BC)

[edit]

The fight of Eumenes of Cardia against Neoptolemus, Battle of the Hellespont (321 BC), Wars of the Diadochi. 1878 engraving.

When Craterus and Antipater, having subdued Greece in the Lamian War, determined to pass into Asia and overthrow the power of Perdiccas, their first blow was aimed at Cappadocia. Craterus and Neoptolemus, the satrap of Armenia, were completely defeated by Eumenes in the Battle of the Hellespont in 321 BC. Neoptolemus was killed, and Craterus died of his wounds.[3]

### After the death of Perdiccas

[edit]

After the murder of Perdiccas in Egypt by his own soldiers (320 BC), the Macedonian generals condemned Eumenes to death at the Conference at Triparadisus, assigning Antipater and Antigonus as his executioners.

Eumenes first travelled to Mount Ida where there was a royal stable. Eumenes took a large number of horses to replenish his Cappadocian cavalry. He took the time to file an account with the overseers of the stables despite his outlaw status. Upon hearing this, Antipater was greatly amused, however, it is clear that Eumenes made this move to show that he was acting under the law and in the service of the Argead House.

Since he would be facing a force superior in infantry, Eumenes decided to travel to the plains of Sardis where his advantage in cavalry would be decisive. He had also hoped to win the support of Cleopatra of Macedon, who was present in the city at the time. Cleopatra and Eumenes had been friends since childhood, however, Cleopatra was not willing to back what seemed to be a losing cause and implored Eumenes to leave the area lest she incur the wrath of Antipater. Eumenes obliged her and moved north into Phrygia to winter.

Despite his superior military skills, Eumenes' Macedonian generals approached him about one of them taking overall command. Eumenes retorted that "formalities and technicalities would not protect them from death and destruction". To further guarantee the loyalty of subordinates, Eumenes sold off the estates of Phrygia to them and provided military support to claim the purchased land from the, obviously, unwilling and disgruntled Phrygian property owners. This revenue was used to pay his soldiers.

### After the Conference at Triparadisus

[edit]

Print made in the late 17th century, depicting Eumenes, by M. Burg.

Following the Conference at Triparadisus, Antigonus first placed a bounty on the Greek general's head of 100 talents of gold. News of this came immediately after Eumenes' financial rewards, so his officers and men were outraged and redoubled their efforts to protect their leader, assigning a large bodyguard of 1000 men to protect him at all times. Eumenes was also granted the privilege of wearing a purple hat and cloak, an honour usually only granted to a Macedonian king.

In 319 BC, Antigonus marched his army into Cappodocia and engaged Eumenes at the Battle of Orkynia. Here, Eumenes was defeated due to an unknown act of a traitor who Antigonus possibly bribed. Although defeated, Eumenes swiftly acted to chase down and execute this traitor, which restored the faith of his men.

Following this battle, Antigonus neglected to address the dead and immediately set off in pursuit for Eumenes. Determined to follow tradition, Eumenes made the bold and unexpected move to regain the battlefield so that he could construct a proper funeral pyre for the dead. This action greatly impressed Antigonus.

### Remainder of the campaign

[edit]

The remainder of the campaign turned into a battle of manoeuvre, with Eumenes avoiding further battle with Antigonus. At one point, Eumenes was in a position to capture the baggage of Antigonus' forces. Eumenes knew that he would not be able to prevent his soldiers from plundering this loot if they found out about it and also that doing so would decrease the essential mobility of his forces. Eumenes dispatched a private message to his old friend, the general Menander, advising him to move the baggage uphill so that its capture would be impossible. Menander immediately followed this advice. He and his fellow officers were shocked by this move and thought Eumenes to be a paragon of virtue. Only Antigonus knew of Eumenes' real motives. This action is also ironic when compared to the steps Antigonus had to take to finally defeat Eumenes.

The following winter, Eumenes disbanded his army, save for a small, crack force of 500 cavalry and 200 heavy infantry and holed up in Nora, a strong fortress on the border between Cappadocia and Lycaonia. Antigonus arrived shortly and decided to enter into negotiation with Eumenes instead of undergoing a lengthy siege.

Antigonus wanted to acquire Eumenes as his own officer and so first demanded that Eumenes address him as a superior officer, to which Eumenes replied "while I am able to wield a sword, I shall think no man greater than myself".

During negotiations, Eumenes was unable to secure a deal he thought fitting and so was willing to hold out longer for a more favourable position in the imperial hierarchy. Antigonus then departed with his army, leaving behind only forces sufficient to blockade Nora.

In the cramped city, Eumenes was forced to come up with novel solutions so that his men and horses remained in fighting shape including; emptying large rooms where men exercised on a set schedule, and creating a suspension device, likened to an ancient treadmill, on which horses could run.

Eumenes held out for more than a year until the death of Antipater threw his opponents into disarray.[3]

## The Second War of the Diadochi

[edit]

Antipater had left the regency to his friend Polyperchon instead of his son Cassander. Cassander, therefore, allied himself with Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy, while Eumenes allied himself with Polyperchon.[3] He was able to escape from Nora by tricking the Antigonid diplomat, his friend and countryman Hieronymus of Cardia, sent to negotiate his surrender, into having him swear an oath of loyalty to the two kings, Philip III and Alexander IV instead of Antigonus himself. By swearing an oath to an infant and a developmentally disabled man, this essentially gave Eumenes free rein to act in whatever manner he saw as in the best interest of the Argead Dynasty and, therefore, himself.

Eumenes acted quickly to muster his army and marched into Cilicia, where he allied with Antigenes and Teutamus, the commanders of the famous Macedonian Silver Shields.[4] Eumenes again demonstrated his cleverness and was able to secure control over these men by playing on their loyalty to, and superstitious awe of, Alexander. [5] He claimed that Alexander had visited him in a dream and told him that he would be present with them at every battle. Eumenes even went so far as to set up a tent for the late conqueror complete with a throne. He used the royal treasury at Kyinda to recruit an army of mercenaries to add to his own troops.[6]

In 317 BC, Eumenes left Cilicia and marched into Syria and Phoenicia, and began to raise a naval force on behalf of Polyperchon.[7] When it was ready, he sent the fleet west to reinforce Polyperchon, but it was met by Antigonus's fleet off the coast of Cilicia, and the fleet of Eumenes changed sides.[8]

Meanwhile, Antigonus had settled his affairs in Asia Minor and marched east to take out Eumenes before he could do further damage. Eumenes somehow had advance knowledge of this and marched out of Phoenica, through Syria into Mesopotamia, with the idea of gathering support in the upper satrapies.[9]

### Eumenes in the East

[edit]

Eumenes gained the support of Amphimachos, the satrap of Mesopotamia,[10] then marched his army into Northern Babylonia, where he put them into winter quarters. During the winter he negotiated with Seleucus, the satrap of Babylonia, and Peithon, the satrap of Media, seeking their help against Antigonus.[11] Unable to sway Seleucus and Peithon, Eumenes left his winter quarters early and marched on Susa, a major royal treasury, in Susiana.[12] In Susa, Eumenes sent letters to all the satraps to the north and east of Susiana, ordering them in the kings' names to join him with all their forces.[13] When the satraps joined Eumenes he had a considerable force, with which he could look forward with some confidence to doing battle against Antigonus.[14] Eumenes then marched southeastwards into Persia, where he picked up additional reinforcements.[15]

Antigonus, meanwhile, had reached Susa and left Seleucus there to besiege the place while he himself marched after Eumenes. At the river Kopratas, Eumenes surprised Antigonus during the crossing of the river and killed or captured 4,000 of his men.[16] Antigonus, faced with disaster, decided to abandon the crossing and turned back northward, marching up into Media, threatening the upper satrapies.[17] Eumenes wanted to march westward and cut Antigonus's supply lines, but the satraps refused to abandon their satrapies and forced Eumenes to stay in the east.

In the late summer of 316 BC, Antigonus moved southward again in the hope of bringing Eumenes to battle and ending the war quickly. Eventually, the two armies met in southern Media and fought the indecisive Battle of Paraitakene.[18] Antigonus, whose casualties were more numerous, force marched his army to safety the next night.[19] During the winter of 316–315 BC, Antigonus tried to surprise Eumenes in Persis by marching his army across a desert and catching his enemy off guard; unfortunately, he was observed by some locals who reported it to his opponents.[20] A few days later both armies drew up for battle. The Battle of Gabiene was as indecisive as the previous battle at Parataikene.[21] According to Plutarch and Diodorus, Eumenes had won the battle but lost control of his army's baggage camp thanks to his ally Peucestas' duplicity or incompetence. In addition to all the loot of the Silver Shields (treasure accumulated over 30 years of successful warfare including gold, silver, gems and other booty), the soldiers' women and children were taken, and Eumenes' army wished to negotiate their return.

Teutamus, one of their commanders, sent the request to Antigonus, who responded by demanding they give him Eumenes. The Silver Shields complied, arrested Eumenes and his officers, and handed them over.[22] The war was thus at an end. Eumenes was placed under guard while Antigonus held a council to ponder his fate. Antigonus, supported by his son Demetrius, was disinclined to kill Eumenes, but most of the council insisted that he execute Eumenes and so it was decided.[23]

### Death

[edit]

Antigonus, according to Plutarch, starved Eumenes for three days but finally sent an executioner to dispatch him when the time came for him to move his camp. Eumenes' body was given to his friends to be burnt with honour, and his ashes were conveyed in a silver urn to his wife and children.[23]

## Legacy

[edit]

Despite Eumenes' undeniable skills as a general, he never commanded the full allegiance of the Macedonian officers in his army and died as a result. He was an able commander who did his utmost to maintain the unity of Alexander's empire in Asia, and is seen as being Antigonus' only military equal.[24] Still, his efforts were frustrated by generals and satraps both nominally under his command and under that of his enemies.[3] Eumenes was hated and despised by many fellow commanders—certainly for his successes and supposedly for his non-Macedonian (in the tribal sense) background and prior office as Royal Secretary.

Eumenes defeat has been seen as spelling the end for the Argead loyalists, leaving Alexander's Empire "in the hands of men who owed no loyalty except to themselves."[25] Romm writes that "Through sheer talent Eumenes had risen through the ranks; despite his Greek origins, he had come desperately close to gaining supreme power."[26] Eumenes has been seen as a tragic figure, a man who seemingly tried to do the right thing but was overcome by a more ruthless enemy and the treachery of his own soldiers; in essence, that he failed not due to any lack of ability, but from "ill luck, bad alliances, and one very capable opponent."[27]

Historie is a historical fiction manga series that tells the life story of Eumenes.

## Family

[edit]

Pharnabazus III, Persian satrap of Phrygia, was his brother-in-law, as Eumenes married Artonis, the daughter of Persian satrap Artabazus II and sister of Pharnabazus III.

> For Barsine, the daughter of Artabazus, who was the first lady Alexander took to his bed in Asia, and who brought him a son named Heracles, had two sisters; one of which, called Apame, he gave to Ptolemy; and the other, called Artonis, he gave to Eumenes, at the time when he was selecting Persian ladies as wives for his friends.

> — Plutarch, The Life of Eumenes.[28]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ https://www.academia.edu/40812159 p.1 asserts they were struck in 317-316 BC, before the battles of Paraitakene and Gabiene in 315.
2. ^ Waterfield 2011, p. 102, however much of the modern scholarship believes Eumenes did so opportunistically. Essentially, that Eumenes remained loyal because; Bosworth 2005, p. 168, "he had no alternative but loyalty to the crown" if he wanted to pursue his own interests and retain power.
3. ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChisholm1911 (help)
4. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XVIII 59,1-3.
5. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XVIII 60,1-60,3.
6. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XVIII 61,4-5
7. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XVIII 63,6.
8. ^ Polyainos,Strategemata IV 6,9.
9. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XVIII 73,1-2.
10. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XVIII 39,6 and XIX 27,4.
11. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 12,1-2.
12. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 12,5-13,5.
13. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 13,6-7.
14. ^ Richard A. Billows, Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State p.90.
15. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 17,3-7.
16. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 18,3-7; Plutarch, Life of Eumenes, 14,1-2.
17. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 19,1-2.
18. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 26-32,2; Richard A. Billows, Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State pp.95-98.
19. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 32,1-2
20. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 37,2-6; Plutarch, Life of Eumenes, 15,3-4; Polyainos, Strategemata IV 6,11 and 8,4.
21. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 42,1-3; Plutarch, Life of Eumenes, 16,5-6; Polyainos, Strategemata IV 6,13; Richard A. Billows, Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State pp.100-102.
22. ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 42,4-43,8; Plutarch, Life of Eumenes, 16,4-17,1; Polyainos, Strategemata IV 6,13; Richard A. Billows, Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State p.102-103.
23. ^ a b Diodorus Sicilus, Bibliotheca Historica, XIX 43,8-44,3; Plutarch, Life of Eumenes, 17,1-19,1; Richard A. Billows, Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State p.104.
24. ^ Billows 1990, p. 318.
25. ^ Waterfield 2011, p. 102.
26. ^ Romm 2011, p. 303.
27. ^ Anson 2015, p. 261.
28. ^ Plutarch: Life of Eumenes - translation.

## Bibliography

[edit]

### Ancient sources

[edit]

* Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Eumenes". Parallel Lives. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 8\. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC 40115288 - via LacusCurtius.
* Diodorus (1947) [1st century BC]. "Books XVIII, XIX". Library of History. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9\. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte - via LacusCurtius.
* Cornelius Nepos (1929). Excellentium imperatorum vitae (De Viris Illustribus). Translated by Rolfe, J.C. - via Attalus.org.
* Polyaenus (1793). "Book 4, 6 & 8". Strategems. Translated by Shepherd, R. - via Attalus.org.
* Photius. "92. [Arrian, Continuation]". Bibliotheca or Myrobiblion - via tertullian.org.
* Justinus (1853). "Book 13-14". Epitome of Pompeius Trogus' Philippic Histories. Translated by Watson, J.S. - via Attalus.org.

### Modern sources

[edit]

* Anson, Edward M. (2015). Eumenes of Cardia: a Greek among Macedonians (2nd Edition). Vol. 383\. ISBN 9004297154.
* Billows, Richard A. (1990). Antigonos the One-eyed and the creation of the Hellenistic state. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520208803.
* Boiy, Tom (2010). "ROYAL AND SATRAPAL ARMIES IN BABYLONIA DURING THE SECOND DIADOCH WAR. THE "CHRONICLE OF THE SUCCESSORS" ON THE EVENTS DURING THE SEVENTH YEAR OF PHILIP ARRHIDAEUS (=317/316 BC)". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 130 (3): 1–13. JSTOR 41722527 - via JSTOR.
* Bosworth, A.B. (2005). The Legacy of Alexander: Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda under the Successors. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198153061.
* Romm, James (2011). Ghost on the Throne. Alfred A. Knoff: Random House. ISBN 9780307701503.
* Waterfield, Robin (2011). Dividing the Spoils. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195395235.

## External links

[edit]

* The Life of Eumenes by Plutarch Archived 2005-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
* The Historical Library by Diodorus \- books XVIII and XIX
* The Life of Eumenes by Cornelius Nepos

* v
* t
* e

Hellenistic satraps

Satraps under Alexander the Great
(334-323 BC)|

* Ada (Queen of Caria)
* Asander, Menander (Lydia)
* Calas, Demarchus (Hellespontine Phrygia)
* Antigonus (Greater Phrygia)
* Balakros, Menes (Cilicia)
* Abistamenes (Cappadocia)
* Abdalonymus (Sidon)
* Mithrenes (Armenia)
* Mazaeus, Stamenes (Babylon)
* Mazakes (Mesopotamia)
* Abulites (Susiana)
* Oxydates, Atropates (Media)
* Phrasaortes, Oxines, Peucestas (Persis)
* Cleomenes of Naucratis (Egypt)
* Satibarzanes (Aria)
* Sibyrtius (Carmania)
* Autophradates (Tapuri, Mardi)
* Andragoras (Parthia)
* Amminapes, Phrataphernes, Pharismanes (Hyrcania and Parthia)
* Artabazos, Cleitus the Black, Amyntas (Bactria)
* Oxyartes (Paropamisia)
* Philip, Eudemus (India)
* Peithon, son of Agenor (Gandhara)
* Taxiles (Punjab)
* Porus (Indus)

Satraps at the
Partition of Babylon
(323 BC)|

* Antipater (Macedon and Greece)
* Philo (Illyria)
* Lysimachus (Thrace)
* Leonnatus (Hellespontine Phrygia)
* Antigonus (Phrygia)
* Asander (Caria)
* Nearchus (Lycia and Pamphylia)
* Menander (Lydia)
* Philotas (Cilicia)
* Eumenes (Cappadocia and Paphlagonia)
* Ptolemy (Egypt)
* Laomedon of Mytilene (Syria)
* Neoptolemus (Armenia)
* Peucestas (Persis)
* Arcesilaus (Mesopotamia)
* Peithon (Greater Media)
* Atropates (Lesser Media)
* Scynus (Susiana)
* Tlepolemus (Persia)
* Nicanor (Parthia)
* Phrataphernes (Armenia, Parthia)
* Antigenes (Susiana)
* Archon (Pelasgia)
* Philip (Hyrcania)
* Stasanor (Aria and Drangiana)
* Sibyrtius (Arachosia and Gedrosia)
* Amyntas (Bactria)
* Scythaeus (Sogdiana)
* Oxyartes (Paropamisia)
* Taxiles (Punjab)
* Peithon, son of Agenor (Gandhara)
* Porus (Indus)

Satraps at the
Partition of Triparadisus
(321 BC)|

* Antipater (Macedon and Greece)
* Lysimachus (Thrace)
* Arrhidaeus (Hellespontine Phrygia)
* Antigonus (Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia)
* Cassander (Caria)
* Cleitus the White (Lydia)
* Philoxenus (Cilicia)
* Nicanor (Cappadocia and Paphlagonia)
* Ptolemy (Egypt)
* Laomedon of Mytilene (Syria)
* Peucestas (Persis)
* Amphimachus (Mesopotamia)
* Peithon (Media)
* Tlepolemus (Carmania)
* Philip (Parthia)
* Antigenes (Susiana)
* Seleucus (Babylonia)
* Stasanor (Bactria and Sogdiana)
* Stasander (Aria and Drangiana)
* Sibyrtius (Arachosia and Gedrosia)
* Oxyartes (Paropamisia)
* Taxiles (Punjab)
* Peithon, son of Agenor (Gandhara)
* Porus (Indus)

Later Satraps|

* Peithon, son of Agenor (Babylon)
* Sibyrtius (Arachosia, Drangiana)
* Eudemus (Indus)
* Bagadates, Ardakhshir I, Wahbarz, Vadfradad I, Vadfradad II, Alexander c. 220 BC (Persis)
* Andragoras (Parthia)
* Demodamas (Bactria, Sogdiana)
* Diodotus (Bactria)
* Alexander (Lydia)
* Molon c. 220 BC, Timarchus, c. 175 BC (Media)
* Apollodorus (Susiana)
* Ptolemaeus (Commagene)
* Noumenios, Hyspaosines c. 150 BC (Characene)

Hellenistic satraps were preceded by Achaemenid rulers, and followed or ruled by Hellenistic rulers

* v
* t
* e

The division of Alexander's empire

* v
* t
* e

Alexander the Great's Generals

Philip II's Generals|

* Attalus
* Parmenion
* Antipater
* Eumenes

The Somatophylakes
(Alexander's bodyguards)|

* Aristonous (to 323 BC)
* Arybbas (to 332 BC)
* Balacrus (to 333 BC)
* Demetrius (to 331 BC)
* Lysimachus (to 323 BC)
* Ptolemy (son of Seleucus) (to 333 BC)
* Peithon (to 323 BC)
* Hephaestion (to 324 BC)
* Menes (to 330 BC)
* Leonnatus (to 323 BC)
* Perdiccas (to 323 BC)
* Ptolemy (to 323 BC)
* Peucestas (to 323 BC)

Satraps at the
Partition of Babylon
(323 BC)|

* Antipater (Macedon and Greece)
* Philo (Illyria)
* Lysimachus (Thrace)
* Leonnatus (Hellespontine Phrygia)
* Antigonus (Phrygia)
* Asander (Caria)
* Nearchus (Lycia and Pamphylia)
* Menander (Lydia)
* Philotas(3) (Cilicia)
* Eumenes (Cappadocia and Paphlagonia)
* Ptolemy (Egypt)
* Laomedon of Mytilene (Syria)
* Neoptolemus (Armenia)
* Peucestas (Babylonia)
* Arcesilas (Mesopotamia)
* Peithon (Media)
* Tlepolemus (Persia)
* Nicanor(2) (Parthia)
* Antigenes (Susiana)
* Archon (Pelasgia)
* Philip (Hyrcania)
* Stasanor (Aria and Drangiana)
* Sibyrtius (Arachosia and Gedrosia)
* Amyntas (Bactria)
* Scythaeus (Sogdiana)

Satraps at the
Partition of Triparadisus
(321 BC)|

* Antipater (Macedon and Greece)
* Lysimachus (Thrace)
* Arrhidaeus (Hellespontine Phrygia)
* Antigonus (Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia)
* Cassander (Caria)
* Cleitus the White (Lydia)
* Philoxenus (Cilicia)
* Nicanor(2) (Cappadocia and Paphlagonia)
* Ptolemy (Egypt)
* Laomedon of Mytilene (Syria)
* Peucestas (Persia)
* Amphimachus (Mesopotamia)
* Peithon (Media)
* Tlepolemus (Carmania)
* Philip (Parthia)
* Antigenes (Susiana)
* Seleucus (Babylonia)
* Stasanor (Bactria and Sogdiana)
* Stasander (Aria and Drangiana)
* Sibyrtius (Arachosia and Gedrosia)

Cavalry Generals|

* Perdiccas
* Hephaestion
* Philotas(4)
* Ptolemy
* Cleitus the Black
* Antigonus
* Lysimachus
* Menander
* Leonnatus
* Laomedon of Mytilene
* Neoptolemus
* Erigyius
* Aretes
* Ariston of Paionia

Infantry Generals|

* Meleager
* Craterus
* Seleucus
* Polyperchon
* Antigenes
* Coenus
* Ptolemy (son of Seleucus)

Other or unknown
command|

* Alcetas
* Amphimachus
* Amyntas
* Arcesilas
* Archon
* Asander
* Cleitus the White
* Nearchus
* Nicanor(1)
* Nicanor(2)
* Peithon
* Peucestas
* Philip
* Philo
* Philotas(3)
* Philoxenus
* Scythaeus
* Sibyrtius
* Stasanor
* Stasander
* Tlepolemus

(1) Son of Parmenion, d. 330 BC; to be distinguished from (2)

(2) Satrap at Partition of Babylon; possibly Nicanor of Stageira
(3) Satrap at Partition of Babylon

(4) Son of Parmenion, d. 330 BC; to be distinguished from (3)

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Works of Plutarch

Works|

* Parallel Lives
* Moralia
* "De genio Socratis"
* "On the Malice of Herodotus"
* Pseudo-Plutarch

Lives|

* Alcibiades and Coriolanus1
* Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar (life)
* Aratus of Sicyon / Artaxerxes and Galba / Otho2
* Aristides and Cato the Elder1
* Crassus and Nicias1
* Demetrius and Antony1
* Demosthenes and Cicero1
* Dion and Brutus1
* Fabius and Pericles1
* Lucullus and Cimon1
* Lysander and Sulla1
* Numa and Lycurgus1
* Pelopidas and Marcellus1
* Philopoemen and Flamininus1
* Phocion and Cato the Younger
* Pompey and Agesilaus1
* Poplicola and Solon1
* Pyrrhus and Gaius Marius
* Romulus and Theseus1
* Sertorius and Eumenes1
* Agis / Cleomenes1 and Tiberius Gracchus / Gaius Gracchus
* Timoleon and Aemilius Paulus1
* Themistocles and Camillus

Translators and editors|

* Jacques Amyot
* Arthur Hugh Clough
* John Dryden
* Philemon Holland
* Thomas North

* 1 Comparison extant
* 2 Four unpaired Lives

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST
* ISNI
* 2
* VIAF
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Sweden
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Vatican

People|

* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* IdRef

*[fl.]: floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)
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*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[c.]: circa