European Commissioner for Trade

Member of the EU Commission

European Commissioner
for Trade

Incumbent
Valdis Dombrovskis

since 12 October 2020

Appointer| President of the European Commission
Term length| Five years
Inaugural holder| Jean Rey
Formation| 1958

The European Commissioner for Trade (sometimes referred to as the EU Trade Commissioner) is the member of the European Commission responsible for the European Union's common commercial policy.

## Responsibilities

[edit]

The Commissioner heads up the Directorate-General for Trade in defining the commercial policy of the EU, which has been exclusively under the EU's mandate since the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Due to the size of the European economy, being the world's largest market and having a huge slice of world trade, this position can be very important in dealing with other world economic powers such as China or the United States. Former Commissioner Leon Brittan commented that "Frankly, it is more important than most [national] cabinet jobs".[1]

The Commissioner defines the trade interests of the EU and negotiates bilateral, regional or multilateral agreements with third countries. They also monitor the implementation of such agreements and deals with any unfair practices, devise and monitor internal and external policies concerning international trade, ensure consistency in EU external policies and provide up-to-date public and industrial economic information.[2]

### WTO

[edit]

This article is part of a series on

Politics of the European Union

Member states (27)

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

Candidate countries

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Georgia
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* Ukraine

* * *

Countries with suspended accession negotiations

* Turkey

* * *

Applicant countries

* Kosovo

* * *

* Special territories
* Belgium–Germany relations
* France–Germany relations
* Germany–Netherlands relations
* EU 3
* Withdrawal from the European Union

* * *

Treaties and Declarations

* Schuman Declaration (1950)
* Treaty of Paris (1951)
* Europe Declaration (1951)
* Spaak Report (1956)
* Treaty of Rome (1957)
* Euratom Treaty (1957)
* Merger Treaty (1965)
* Solemn Declaration (1983)
* Single European Act (1986)
* Maastricht Treaty (1992)
* Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)
* Treaty of Nice (2001)
* Berlin Declaration (2007)
* Treaty of Lisbon (2007)
* Article 7
* Article 50

* * *

Opt-outs

* * *

Treaties of accession

1972, 1979, 1985, 1994, 2003, 2005, 2011

* * *

Treaties of succession

1984, 2020

* * *

Other treaties

* Schengen Agreement (1985)
* European Economic Area Agreement (1992)

* * *

Abandoned treaties and agreements

* European Constitution (2004)
* UK membership renegotiation (2015–2016)

Executive institutions

European Council

* President: Michel (ALDE)
* Parties
* List of meetings

* * *

European Commission

* Von der Leyen Commission
* President: Von der Leyen (EPP)
* Vice Presidents
* College of Commissioners
* Civil Service
* Secretary-General:  Juhansone

Legislative institutions

* Legislative procedure

* * *

Council of the EU

Presidency

Hungary

(July–December 2024)

* * *

Configurations

* GAC
* FAC
* ECOFIN
* Eurogroup
* AGRIFISH
* EPSCO
* COMPET
* TTE
* ENVI
* JHA
* EYC

* * *

* Voting
* Secretariat
* Secretary-General: Thérèse Blanchet
* Directorates-general
* Council preparatory bodies
* COREPER
* Council Working Parties

* * *

European Parliament
(Members)

* President: Metsola
* Largest groups
* EPP (Manfred Weber)
* S&D (Iratxe García)
* Member of the European Parliament
* 9th session (2019–2024)
* Bureau
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* Quaestor
* Conference

* * *

National parliaments

Judicial institutions

Court of Justice of the EU

* European Court of Justice
* Members
* Advocates General
* Rulings
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Auditory institutions

European Court of Auditors

* European Court of Auditors

* * *

Other auditory bodies

* Internal Audit Service of the Commission
* Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
* Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
* Anti-Fraud Office
* Public Prosecutor's Office

European Central Bank

* President Lagarde
* ESCB
* EMU
* Euro banknotes
* Euro coins

Other bodies

European Investment Bank Group

* Investment Bank
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* * *

European Stability Mechanism

* European Stability Mechanism

* * *

European University Institute

* European University Institute

* * *

Unified Patent Court

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* * *

Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings

* Decentralised agencies of the EU
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* Joint undertakings
* of the EU
* of the Euratom

* * *

Other independent bodies

* European Data Protection Supervisor
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* * *

Advisory bodies

* European Committee of the Regions
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* European Union Military Committee
* EU/ESA Space Council

* * *

Inter-institutional bodies

* Publications Office of the European Union
* European External Action Service
* European Personnel Selection Office
* Anti-Fraud Office
* European Administrative School

Euratom

Euratom members

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

Associated states

* Switzerland
* United Kingdom

* * *

* Nuclear power in the European Union

Euratom since 1 January 2021

Economic and Monetary Union

Eurozone members

* Austria
* Belgium
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
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* Malta
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* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain

* * *

Eurogroup

* President
* Paschal Donohoe

* * *

Other currencies in use

* Bulgarian lev
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* Danish krone
* Hungarian forint
* Polish złoty
* Romanian leu
* Swedish krona

* * *

* ERM II
* Enlargement of the eurozone

* * *

Non Euro countries relationship to Euro

* Bulgaria
* Czechia
* Denmark
* Hungary
* Poland
* Sweden
* Romania

Eurozone since 2015

Schengen Area

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

Non-EU members

* Iceland
* Liechtenstein
* Norway
* Switzerland

* * *

* Prüm Convention
* Schengen Information System
* Visa Information System
* Visa policy of the Schengen Area

* * *

Non-Schengen area EU member states

* Cyprus
* Ireland (Opt-out)

Schengen Area from January 2023

European Economic Area

EEA members

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia (provisional member)
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

Non-EU members

* Iceland
* Liechtenstein
* Norway

* * *

Topics

* EEA Joint Committee
* EEA National Identity cards
* Microstates and the European Union

European Economic Area

Elections

* Elections to the European Parliament
* European parties
* European foundations
* Political groups of the European Parliament
* Spitzenkandidat
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* * *

European elections

* 1979
* 1984
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* 2024 (latest election)

* * *

Elections in EU member states

* Austria
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* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

Law

* Acquis
* Primacy (ECJ Case 6/64)
* Subsidiarity
* Regulation
* Directive
* Decision
* Recommendation
* Fundamental Rights

Policies and issues

* Budget
* Customs Union
* Free Trade Agreements
* European Single Market
* Area of FS&J
* Policies
* Agricultural
* Energy
* Fisheries
* Regional
* Citizenship
* Passports of the European Union
* Identity
* Pro-Europeanism
* Euroscepticism
* European banking union
* European Banking Supervision
* Single Resolution Mechanism
* Capital Markets Union
* European System of Financial Supervision
* Integration
* Supranationalism
* European Federation
* Multi-speed Europe
* Enhanced cooperation

Foreign relations

High Representative

* Josep Borrell

* * *

* Ext. Action Service
* Foreign Policy
* Defence Policy

* * *

Foreign relations of EU member states

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

* * *

* Argentina–European Union relations
* Armenia–European Union relations
* Australia–European Union relations
* Brazil–European Union relations
* Canada–European Union relations
* China–European Union relations
* European Union–NATO relations
* Georgia–European Union relations
* Iceland–European Union relations
* Kazakhstan–European Union relations
* Japan–European Union relations
* Mexico–European Union relations
* Moldova–European Union relations
* Norway–European Union relations
* Russia–European Union relations
* Switzerland–European Union relations
* Turkey–European Union relations
* Ukraine–European Union relations
* United Kingdom–European Union relations (History)
* Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
* Brexit
* United States–European Union relations

* * *

* Common Travel Area (Ireland)
* Microstates and the European Union
* European Union and the United Nations
* European Union Association Agreement

* * *

* G7
* G20

Defunct bodies

* European Communities (1958–1993)

European Coal and Steel Community
European Economic Community
* European Community
* Western European Union
* Convention on the Future of Europe

European Union portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The EU has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in its own right since the WTO was founded on 1 January 1995, alongside its member states. Until 1 December 2009, it held WTO membership under the name European Communities rather than European Union.

The EU forms its own customs union with a common external tariff and commercial international trade policy, which means that the EU operates as a single actor at the WTO, represented by the European Commission.[3]

EU trade policy is decided by the Article 133 Committee – named after the article of the EU treaties on which its trade policy is based – which brings together the commission and member states to decide policy. Actual negotiations are carried out by the commission's Directorate-General for Trade under the authority of the Trade Commissioner.[4]

However, current plans for the European External Action Service (EEAS) may see trade and WTO relations being transferred from the commission to the EEAS and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

The EU has been involved in a large number of trade disputes with other WTO members, most notably the United States, having brought 81 cases to the WTO, had 67 brought against it and been a third party in a further 88, as of March 2010.[3]

## Commissioners

[edit]

### Mandelson (2004–2008)

[edit]

At his hearing at the European Parliament in 2004, Peter Mandelson expressed a desire to develop multilateral rule-based trade, benefiting the poor as well as helping general economic development. He has been noted for being pro-European and an Atlanticist.[5]

Concluding WTO talks has been a contentious point after the collapse of the Doha Development Round, with the EU not willing to cut agricultural subsidies without similar action by the United States.

Mandelson proposed the creation of European golden shares in July 2007, to protect certain European companies, such as Airbus, from foreign takeovers. The commission has generally been against golden shares due to their ability to distort the Single Market, the idea being that European golden shares would protect certain companies, but not other European companies, from outside influence.[6]

Mandelson stated that he did not intend to seek another term in the commission after 2009,[7] stepping down in 2008 to become Business Secretary in the Brown ministry. Although his tenure was supported by business representatives in Brussels in light of his advocacy of free trade, his departure was generally welcomed by development NGOs and fair trade campaigners, who viewed his attitude towards developing countries as aggressive, supporting European big business over development goals.[8]

### Ashton (2008–2009)

[edit]

Catherine Ashton was nominated by Gordon Brown to replace Mandelson on 3 October,[9] and formally appointed on 6 October.[10] Although a life peer, she does not use her title Baroness Ashton of Upholland during her commissionship.[11]

Ashton became the new High Representative on 1 December 2009, being replaced as Trade Commissioner by Benita Ferrero-Waldner until the second Barroso Commission was in place.

### De Gucht (2010–2014)

[edit]

Karel De Gucht was appointed Commissioner on 9 February 2010, however his statements to the European Parliament ahead of his appointment were met with dismay by trade justice campaigners, who claimed his "responses at his three-hour hearing revealed his corporate sympathies and gave little indication that the change of personnel at the European Trade Commission will lead to any change in the direction of European trade policy."[12]

De Gucht criticised China for undervaluing the renminbi and the United States for protectionism and incoherence over the Doha round.[13] This further came after EADS pulled out of a US defence contract bid – that it had previously won before it was reopened – claiming bias against them in the tender process.[14][15]

De Gucht achieved important trade agreements during his commissionship, among others, with South Korea (2011), Colombia and Peru (2013) and Central America, Singapore, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine (2014). The comprehensive trade agreement with Ukraine was a direct cause of the upheavals in Independence Square and the Revolution of Dignity. He concluded CETA, the first ever agreement with a G7 member, in October 2014. He also concluded landmark economic partnership agreements with ECOWAS, SADC and EAC, covering a total of 75% of the African economy. The EAC trade agreement was signed in Nairobi on 31 October 2014, his last day in office.

He left office while several trade negotiations were still ongoing. He oversaw the start of trade negotiations with Japan and Vietnam, resumed talks with Mercosur and began investment agreement negotiations with China. He also prepared and launched the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) in 2013.

He enjoyed a strong reputation within the Commission at the end of his mandate, because of his progression of the trade portfolio and his strong views on European policy questions.[16] On the other hand, he had to deal with some criticism in the general public and the media because of the apparently intransparent European negotiation mandate in the ongoing TTIP trade negotiations with the US, which gave rise to a number of rumours. The concerns were partially relieved after the negotiation mandate was released to the public in October 2014.[17]

### Malmström (2014–2019)

[edit]

Cecilia Malmström was appointed Commissioner on 1 November 2014. The mission letter for her new post mentioned the successful conclusion of TTIP as one of her key duties, but with a number of restrictions and confinements to the negotiation mandate in order to address European public concerns.[18] The confinements were the result of the hearing in the European Parliament a few weeks previously, where she was faced with some tough questions over TTIP negotiations. She tried to revive the negotiations with the United States two weeks after entering office.[19]

### Hogan (2019–2020)

[edit]

Phil Hogan was appointed Commissioner on 1 December 2019.[20]

He said in his confirmation hearings that he intended to sign the EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment in 2020,[21] while Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said that she wanted a trade agreement with the United Kingdom before the end of 2020.[22]

However, in light of his conduct surrounding the Oireachtas Golf Society scandal, Hogan resigned from his role on 26 August 2020.[23]

### Valdis Dombrovskis (since 2020)

[edit]

After Phil Hogan's resignation, Commission President Ursula von der Leyen invited the Irish government to present "suitable candidates" for the vacant Commissioner position.[24] On 27 August 2020, von der Leyen designated Valdis Dombrovskis as interim Commissioner for Trade, who at the time also served as Commissioner for Financial Stability, Financial Services and the Capital Markets Union.[24] Dombrovskis was formally named Commissioner for Trade on 8 September 2020,[25] leading to Ireland losing the trade portfolio on the commission, and gaining Dombrovskis' former Finance portfolio.[26]

## List

[edit]

#  | Name  | Country  | Period  | Commission

|
|
|
|

1  |  | Jean Rey |  Belgium  | 1957–1962
1962–1967  | Hallstein I
Hallstein II
2  |  | Jean-François Deniau |  France  | 1968–1970  | Rey
3  |  | Ralf Dahrendorf |  West Germany  | 1970–1972
1972–1973  | Malfatti
Mansholt
4  |  | Christopher Soames |  United Kingdom  | 1973–1977  | Ortoli
5  |  | Wilhelm Haferkamp |  West Germany  | 1977–1981
1981–1985  | Jenkins
Thorn
6  |  | Willy De Clercq |  Belgium  | 1985–1988  | Delors I
7  |  | Frans Andriessen |  Netherlands  | 1989–1992  | Delors II
8  |  | Leon Brittan |  United Kingdom  | 1993–1995
1995–1999  | Delors III
Santer
9  |  | Pascal Lamy |  France  | 1999–2004  | Prodi
10  |  | Danuta Hübner |  Poland  | 2004
11  |  | Peter Mandelson |  United Kingdom  | 2004–2008  | Barroso I
12  |  | Catherine Ashton | 2008–2009
13  |  | Benita Ferrero-Waldner |  Austria  | 2009–2010
14  |  | Karel De Gucht |  Belgium  | 2010–2014  | Barroso II
15  |  | Cecilia Malmström |  Sweden  | 2014–2019  | Juncker
16  |  | Phil Hogan |  Ireland  | 2019–2020[23] | von der Leyen
17  |  | Valdis Dombrovskis |  Latvia  | 2020–present

## See also

[edit]

* Business and economics portal
* European Union portal

* Commerce minister
* Directorate-General for Trade
* David O'Sullivan
* Foreign relations of the European Union
* Economy of the European Union

## External links

[edit]

* 2010/2014 Commissioner's Official website
* Commission External Trade site

## References

[edit]

1. ^ The New Commission – Some initial thoughts Archived 23 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine BM Brussels
2. ^ Commissioner: Mandate, European Commission
3. ^ a b MEMBER INFORMATION: The European Union and the WTO, WTO – accessed 18 March 2010
4. ^ EU and WTO Archived 30 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, EU Delegation to Japan
5. ^ Opening statement for European Parliament Hearing European Commission
6. ^ 'Golden share' could protect EU companies from takeover: Mandelson[permanent dead link] EU Business, 23 July 2007.
7. ^ Press Association (22 March 2007). "Mandelson to step down as EU commissioner". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
8. ^ Phillips, Leigh (3 October 2008) Trade commissioner Mandelson resigns, EU Observer
9. ^ Chaffin, Joshua; George Parker (4 October 2008). "EU president backs trade role for Ashton". Financial Times. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
10. ^ "Policy – Trade – European Commission". European Commission. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
11. ^ "Catherine Ashton, EU Trade Commissioner, Trade website". European Union. 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
12. ^ "European parliamentary hearing of Europe's new trade commissioner". Global Justice Now. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
13. ^ Willis, Andrew (19 March 2010) De Gucht criticises China and US on trade, EU Observer
14. ^ "Northrop and EADS exit tanker bid". BBC News. 9 March 2010.
15. ^ "EU concern over end of tanker bid". BBC News. 9 March 2010.
16. ^ "Ben ik rechts? Nee!". De Standaard (in Flemish). 25 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
17. ^ "Press corner". European Commission – European Commission. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
18. ^ Malmström Mission Letter as the Commissioner for Trade of the Juncker Commission, (1 November 2014) – accessed (2014-11-27)
19. ^ Malmström attempts to revive EU-US trade talks, EU Observer (18 November 2014) – accessed (2014-11-27)
20. ^ "Von der Leyen's Commission: The ones to watch at Europe's new top table". BBC. 27 November 2019.
21. ^ "Hogan convinces MEPs by toughening up trade stance". EURACTIV MEDIA NETWORK BV. 1 October 2019.
22. ^ "European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen wants 'unprecedented' trade deal by end of 2020". ITV plc. 8 January 2020.
23. ^ a b Connelly, Tony (26 August 2020). "Phil Hogan resigns from EU role following golf controversy". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
24. ^ a b Moens, Barbara (27 August 2020). "Dombrovskis steps in as interim EU trade commissioner". POLITICO. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
25. ^ "Valdis Dombrovskis named new EU trade commissioner". POLITICO. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
26. ^ "Valdis Dombrovskis chosen as EU's trade chief". The Irish Times. Retrieved 6 October 2020.

* v
* t
* e

European Commissioners for Trade

* Rey
* Deniau
* Dahrendorf
* Soames
* Haferkamp
* De Clercq
* Andriessen
* Brittan
* Lamy
* Hübner
* Mandelson
* Ashton
* Ferrero-Waldner
* De Gucht
* Malmström
* Hogan

* v
* t
* e

Current portfolios of the European Commission

* President
* Vice-Presidents
* List by country of origin
* Directorates-General

* Agriculture
* Budget and Administration
* Climate Action
* Competition
* International Partnerships
* Economy
* Financial Stability, Financial Services and the Capital Markets Union
* Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth
* Jobs and Social Rights
* Energy
* Neighbourhood and Enlargement
* Environment, Oceans and Fisheries
* Health and Food Safety
* Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
* Home Affairs
* Internal Market
* Crisis Management
* Justice
* Equality
* Cohesion and Reforms
* Trade
* Transport

Executive Vice Presidents:

* An Economy that Works for People
* A Europe Fit for the Digital Age
* European Green Deal

Vice Presidents:
* A Stronger Europe in the World
* Interinstitutional Relations and Foresight
* Values and Transparency
* Democracy and Demography
* Promoting our European Way of Life

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of the European Union

Bilateral relations

See also: Economic relationships with third countries

Africa|

* Algeria
* Cape Verde
* Egypt
* Libya
* Morocco
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tunisia

Americas|

* Argentina
* trade
* Brazil
* Canada
* Cuba
* Greenland
* Mexico
* Peru
* United States
* Uruguay

Asia|

* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine†
* Philippines
* South Korea
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Faroe Islands
* Georgia
* Accession negotiations
* Iceland
* Kosovo†
* Liechtenstein
* Moldova
* Accession negotiations
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Northern Cyprus†
* Norway
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Sovereign Military Order of Malta
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Accession negotiations
* Ukraine
* Accession negotiations
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* Micronesia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea

Former|

* Yugoslavia

General|

* Overseas territories of member states
* European microstates
* Largest trading partners
* Association Agreements
* Free trade agreements
* European Union Sanctions

* †= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members.

Multilateral relations and initiatives

| Organisations|

* Arab League
* ASEAN
* Council of Europe
* ECHR
* G7
* ICC
* IOC
* Mercosur
* NATO
* UN

|

Initiatives|

* African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States
* Asia–Europe Meeting
* CARIFORUM
* Customs Union
* Eastern Partnership
* Energy Community
* Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly
* European Common Aviation Area
* European Economic Area
* Euro-Mediterranean free trade area
* Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
* Euronest
* Economic Partnership Agreements
* EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative
* Neighbourhood Policy
* Northern Dimension
* Mediterranean Union
* Stabilisation and Association Process

Administration and policies

| Foreign and Security Policy|

* Global Strategy
* Neighbourhood Policy
* Enlargement
* Security and Defence Policy

|

Administration|

* Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department
* Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development
* External Action Service
* Foreign Affairs Council
* High Representative Josep Borrell
* Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee
* Foreign Policy Instruments Service
* Diplomatic missions of the EU (ambassadors) / to the EU
* Special Representatives

Funding|

* Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance
* Global Europe

* v
* t
* e

Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union

Leadership|

* High Representative
* Director General of the Military Staff/Director of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability
* Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
* Chairman of the Military Committee
* European Council
* Foreign Affairs Council

Structure|

| External Action Service|

* Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (Military Planning and Conduct Capability within the Military Staff, Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, Joint Support Coordination Cell)
* Intelligence and Situation Centre (Club de Berne)
* Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
* Security & Defence College

|

Agencies|

* Defence Agency
* Institute for Security Studies
* Satellite Centre

Council preparatory bodies|

* Committee of Permanent Representatives
* Political and Security Committee
* Politico-Military Group
* Military Committee
* Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management

European Commission bodies|

* Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space

Funding|

* Defence Fund

Policies|

* Security Strategy
* Everything but Arms
* Annual Review

Equipment|

* Galileo navigation system
* Secure Software-defined Radio (PESCO)

Decorations|

* Service medal
* Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service
* Monitor mission medal

Related|

* Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO)
* Headline Goal 2010
* Military Erasmus
* Military Mobility (PESCO)
* Intelligence School (PESCO)
* Kortenberg building
* NATO relations (Berlin Plus agreement, Joint Declaration)

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