Eurovision Song Contest 1978

International song competition

Eurovision Song Contest 1978

Dates
Final| 22 April 1978
Host
Venue| Palais des Congrès
Paris, France
Presenter(s)|

* Denise Fabre
* Léon Zitrone

Director| Bernard Lion
Musical director| François Rauber
EBU scrutineer| Frank Naef
Host broadcaster| Télévision Française 1 (TF1)
Website| eurovision.tv/event/paris-1978
Participants
Number of entries| 20
Debuting countries| None
Returning countries|

* Denmark
* Turkey

Non-returning countries| None

Participation map

* Competing countries Countries that participated in the past but not in 1978

Vote
Voting system| Each country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 points to their 10 favourite songs
Winning song|  Israel
"A-Ba-Ni-Bi"
1977 ← Eurovision Song Contest → 1979

The Eurovision Song Contest 1978 was the 23rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Paris, France, following the country's victory at the 1977 contest with the song "L'Oiseau et l'Enfant" by Marie Myriam. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Télévision Française 1 (TF1), the contest was held at the Palais des Congrès on 22 April 1978 and was directed by Bernard Lion [fr].[1] The contest was presented by French television presenters Denise Fabre and Léon Zitrone. This was the first time that more than one presenter had hosted the contest as well as the first to have a male presenter since 1956.

Twenty countries participated, the highest number of competing countries in the history of the competition at the time. Denmark and Turkey both returned to the contest. Denmark had not participated since 1966, 12 years before.

The winner of the contest was Israel with the song "A-Ba-Ni-Bi" by Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta. The winning entry was a love song sung in the Hebrew equivalent of Ubbi dubbi (the title is an expansion of the Hebrew word ani, meaning "I"). This was Israel's first Eurovision win, and it was also the first winning song to be performed in one of the Semitic languages. Furthermore, it was also the only winning song to be conducted by a woman, Nurit Hirsh. Norway finished last for the fifth time, gaining the first nul points after the new voting system was implemented in 1975.

## Location

[edit]

Palais des Congrès, Paris – host venue of the 1978 contest.

The event took place in Paris, the capital and largest city of France, with the host venue being the Palais des congrès de Paris, which is a concert venue, convention centre and shopping mall in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. Built by French architect Guillaume Gillet, the venue was inaugurated in 1974.

## Participating countries

[edit]

Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest 1978 - Participation summaries by country

* Austria
* Belgium
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* United Kingdom

Denmark returned to the competition after having been absent for twelve years, while Turkey did so after missing out two years.[2] This meant that, for the first time, the contest had twenty participating nations competing.

Eurovision Song Contest 1978 participants[3][4] Country  | Broadcaster  | Artist  | Song  | Language  | Songwriter(s)  | Conductor

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|
|
|

Austria | ORF | Springtime | "Mrs. Caroline Robinson"  | German |

* Gerhard Markel
* Walter Markel
* Norbert Niedermayer

| Richard Oesterreicher
Belgium | RTBF | Jean Vallée | "L'amour ça fait chanter la vie"  | French | Jean Vallée | Jean Musy
Denmark | DR | Mabel | "Boom Boom"  | Danish |

* Christian Have
* Andy Kulmbak
* Peter Nielsen
* Michael Trempenau

| Helmer Olesen
Finland | YLE | Seija Simola | "Anna rakkaudelle tilaisuus"  | Finnish |

* Reijo Karvonen
* Seija Simola

| Ossi Runne
France | TF1 | Joël Prévost | "Il y aura toujours des violons"  | French  |

* Didier Barbelivien
* Gérard Stern

| Alain Goraguer
Germany | SWF[a] | Ireen Sheer | "Feuer"  | German  |

* Jean Frankfurter
* John Möring

| Jean Frankfurter
Greece | ERT | Tania Tsanaklidou | "Charlie Chaplin" (Τσάρλυ Τσάπλιν) | Greek |

* Sakis Tsilikis
* Yiannis Xanthoulis

| Haris Andreadis
Ireland | RTÉ | Colm C. T. Wilkinson | "Born to Sing"  | English  | Colm C. T. Wilkinson | Noel Kelehan
Israel | IBA | Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta | "A-Ba-Ni-Bi" (א-ב-ני-בי) | Hebrew |

* Nurit Hirsh
* Ehud Manor

| Nurit Hirsh
Italy | RAI | Ricchi e Poveri | "Questo amore"  | Italian |

* Sergio Bardotti
* Dario Farina
* Mauro Lusini

| Nicola Samale
Luxembourg | CLT | Baccara | "Parlez-vous français ?"  | French  |

* Frank Dostal
* Rolf Soja
* Peter Zentner

| Rolf Soja
Monaco | TMC | Caline and Olivier Toussaint | "Les Jardins de Monaco"  | French  |

* Jean Albertini
* Didier Barbelivien
* Paul de Senneville
* Olivier Toussaint

| Yvon Rioland
Netherlands | NOS | Harmony | "'t Is OK"  | Dutch |

* Dick Bakker
* Toon Gispen
* Eddy Ouwens

| Harry van Hoof
Norway | NRK | Jahn Teigen | "Mil etter mil"  | Norwegian | Kai Eide  | Carsten Klouman
Portugal | RTP | Gemini | "Dai li dou"  | Portuguese |

* Victor Maméde
* Carlos Quintas

| Thilo Krasmann
Spain | TVE | José Vélez | "Bailemos un vals"  | Spanish |

* Ramón Arcusa
* Manuel de la Calva

| Ramón Arcusa
Sweden | SR | Björn Skifs | "Det blir alltid värre framåt natten"  | Swedish | Peter Himmelstrand  | Bengt Palmers
Switzerland | SRG SSR | Carole Vinci  | "Vivre"  | French  |

* Pierre Alain
* Alain Morisod

| Daniel Janin
Turkey | TRT | Nilüfer and Nazar | "Sevince"  | Turkish |

* Hulki Aktunç
* Dağhan Baydur
* Onno Tunç

| Onno Tunç
United Kingdom | BBC | Co-Co | "The Bad Old Days"  | English  |

* Stephanie De Sykes
* Stuart Slater

| Alyn Ainsworth

### Returning artists

[edit]

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|

Artist  | Country  | Previous year(s)

|
|

Jean Vallée |  Belgium | 1970
Norbert Niedermeyer (as part of Springtime)  |  Austria | 1972 (as part of Milestones)
Ireen Sheer |  Germany | 1974 (for  Luxembourg)

## Format

[edit]

The postcards were filmed live, featuring the artists making their way to the stage. They took a corridor, then an elevator. Leaving the lift, they were greeted by the previous participants and then made their entrances to the stage. The camera also made several shots of the audience, notably Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg.

Each song was accompanied by a 45-piece orchestra.[1]

The Swedish participant Björn Skifs was unhappy with the rule that every country would have to perform in their native language. He planned to sing in English anyway, but changed his mind at the last moment, causing him to completely forget the lyrics. He therefore sang the first few lines in gibberish before finding the words again.

The Israeli win caused problems for several North African and Middle-Eastern nations that were televising the contest, even though they were not participating. According to author and political commentator John Kennedy O'Connor in his book The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History, when Israel became the clear winners during the voting, most of the Arabic stations ended their transmission of the contest. Jordanian TV finished the show with a photo of a bunch of daffodils on screen, later announcing that the Belgian entry (which finished second) was the winner.[6]

## Contest overview

[edit]

The contest was held on 22 April 1978, beginning at 21:30 (CEST).[7]

Fears of terrorist attacks like at the Summer Olympics 1972 in Munich and of stage invasions like in 1964 meant that security measures in and around the Palais des Congrès were particularly tight: 200 police officers, some of them as undercover agents, tried to prevent any potential incidents. Spectators had to go through metal detectors upon arrival at the Palais des Congrès.[7]

In addition to his duties as a host together with Denise Fabre, Léon Zitrone also served as commentator for France, in an own commentary box backstage.[7]

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1978[8] R/O | Country  | Artist  | Song  | Points  | Place

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|
|

1  |  Ireland | Colm C. T. Wilkinson | "Born to Sing"  | 86  | 5
2  |  Norway | Jahn Teigen | "Mil etter mil"  | 0  | 20
3  |  Italy | Ricchi e Poveri | "Questo amore"  | 53  | 12
4  |  Finland | Seija Simola | "Anna rakkaudelle tilaisuus"  | 2  | 18
5  |  Portugal | Gemini | "Dai li dou"  | 5  | 17
6  |  France | Joël Prévost | "Il y aura toujours des violons"  | 119  | 3
7  |  Spain | José Vélez | "Bailemos un vals"  | 65  | 9
8  |  United Kingdom | Co-Co | "The Bad Old Days"  | 61  | 11
9  |  Switzerland | Carole Vinci | "Vivre"  | 65  | 9
10  |  Belgium | Jean Vallée | "L'amour ça fait chanter la vie"  | 125  | 2
11  |  Netherlands | Harmony | "'t Is OK"  | 37  | 13
12  |  Turkey | Nilüfer and Nazar | "Sevince"  | 2  | 18
13  |  Germany | Ireen Sheer | "Feuer"  | 84  | 6
14  |  Monaco | Caline and Olivier Toussaint | "Les Jardins de Monaco"  | 107  | 4
15  |  Greece | Tania Tsanaklidou | "Charlie Chaplin"  | 66  | 8
16  |  Denmark | Mabel | "Boom Boom"  | 13  | 16
17  |  Luxembourg | Baccara | "Parlez-vous français ?"  | 73  | 7
18  |  Israel | Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta | "A-Ba-Ni-Bi"  | 157  | 1
19  |  Austria | Springtime | "Mrs. Caroline Robinson"  | 14  | 15
20  |  Sweden | Björn Skifs | "Det blir alltid värre framåt natten"  | 26  | 14

### Spokespersons

[edit]

Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country via telephone. Known spokespersons at the 1978 contest are listed below.

* Germany - Sigi Harreis [de][9]
* Spain - Matías Prats Luque[10]
* Sweden - Sven Lindahl[11]
* Turkey - Meral Savcı[12]
* United Kingdom - Colin Berry[4]

## Detailed voting results

[edit]

Detailed voting results[13][14] |

Total score

Ireland

Norway

Italy

Finland

Portugal

France

Spain

United Kingdom

Switzerland

Belgium

Netherlands

Turkey

Germany

Monaco

Greece

Denmark

Luxembourg

Israel

Austria

Sweden

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Contestants

| Ireland  | 86 |  | 12 |  | 3 |  | 5 |  |  | 7 | 10 |  | 10 | 5 |  | 10 |  | 10 |  | 6 | 8
Norway  | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Italy  | 53 | 10 | 6 |  |  | 1 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 1 |  | 1 | 2 | 8 | 2 |  | 3 |  |  |
Finland  | 2 |  | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Portugal  | 5 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
France  | 119 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 2 |  | 5 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 10
Spain  | 65 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  | 8 | 2 | 4 | 7 |  | 4 | 6 | 12 | 2 | 6 | 7 |
United Kingdom  | 61 | 3 |  |  |  | 6 | 2 | 3 |  | 2 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 3 |  | 5 | 2 | 5 | 3
Switzerland  | 65 |  | 5 | 1 | 1 |  | 7 | 4 | 2 |  | 7 | 8 |  | 6 | 2 |  | 3 | 8 | 1 | 10 |
Belgium  | 125 | 12 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 2 | 12 | 10 |  | 5 |  | 3 | 12 | 12 |  | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4
Netherlands  | 37 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  | 4 | 1 |  | 5 | 6 | 12 |  | 1
Turkey  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Germany  | 84 | 1 |  | 3 | 12 | 7 |  | 10 |  | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 |  | 10 | 7 | 1 |  | 3 |  | 7
Monaco  | 107 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 1 |  | 10 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 5 | 7 |  | 4 | 10 |  | 8 | 1 | 12
Greece  | 66 | 7 |  | 2 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 7 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 2
Denmark  | 13 |  |  |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 | 2 |
Luxembourg  | 73 | 2 |  | 12 |  | 12 |  | 12 | 7 |  | 3 | 3 | 2 |  | 6 | 1 | 7 |  |  |  | 6
Israel  | 157 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 12 |  | 8 |
Austria  | 14 |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5
Sweden  | 26 | 5 | 10 |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### 12 points

[edit]

Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:

N.  | Contestant  | Nation(s) giving 12 points

|
|

6  |  Israel |  Belgium,  Germany,  Luxembourg,  Netherlands,  Switzerland,  Turkey
5  |  Belgium |  France,  Greece,  Ireland,  Monaco,  United Kingdom
3  |  Luxembourg |  Italy,  Portugal,  Spain
1  |  France |  Austria
Germany |  Finland
Ireland |  Norway
Monaco |  Sweden
Netherlands |  Israel
Spain |  Denmark

## Broadcasts

[edit]

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.[15] TF1 provided 29 commentary boxes in the auditorium for foreign broadcasters.[7]

In addition to the participating countries, the contest was also reportedly broadcast in 17 other countries, including Algeria, Iceland, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia and Yugoslavia, in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and the Soviet Union via Intervision, and in Hong Kong, Japan and the United Arab Emirates.[1][4][7] No official accounts of the viewing figures are known to exist; an estimate given in French press outlets ahead of the contest put the expected audience at around 350 million viewers worldwide, while media reports put viewing figures between 500 to 600 million.[7][16][17]

Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries  Country  | Broadcaster  | Channel(s)  | Commentator(s)  | Ref(s)

|
|
|
|

Austria  | ORF | FS2 | Ernst Grissemann | [18][19]
Belgium  | RTBF | RTBF1 |  | [20]
BRT | TV1 | Luc Appermont | [20][21]
Denmark  | DR | DR TV | Jørgen de Mylius | [22][23]
Finland  | YLE | TV1 |  | [24]
Rinnakkaisohjelma [fi] |
France  | TF1 | Léon Zitrone | [7][25]
Germany  | ARD | Deutsches Fernsehen | Werner Veigel | [26][27]
Greece  | ERT | ERT, A Programma |  | [28][29]
Ireland  | RTÉ | RTÉ | Larry Gogan | [30]
RTÉ Radio | Liam Devally | [31]
Israel  | IBA | Israeli Television |  | [32]
Italy  | RAI | Rete Due,[b] Rai Radio 2 | Tullio Grazzini  | [33][34]
Luxembourg  | CLT | RTL Télé-Luxembourg | Jacques Navadic and André Torrent [fr] | [35]
Monaco  | Télé Monte-Carlo |  | [36]
Netherlands  | NOS | Nederland 2 | Willem Duys | [37][38]
Norway  | NRK | NRK Fjernsynet | Bjørn Scheele  | [39]
NRK | Erik Heyerdahl [no]
Portugal  | RTP | I Programa | Eládio Clímaco | [40][41]
RDP | RDP Programa 1 |  | [42]
Spain  | TVE | TVE 1 | Miguel de los Santos [es] | [43][44]
RNE | RNE Canarias |  | [45]
Sweden  | SR | TV1 | Ulf Elfving | [46]
SR P3 | Kent Finell | [47]
Switzerland  | SRG SSR | TV DRS[c] | Theodor Haller [de] | [26]
TSR | Georges Hardy [fr] | [48]
TSI |  | [49]
RSR 1 | Robert Burnier  | [50]
Turkey  | TRT | TRT Televizyon |  | [51]
United Kingdom  | BBC | BBC1 | Terry Wogan | [52]
BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2 | Ray Moore | [53][54]
Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries  Country  | Broadcaster  | Channel(s)  | Commentator(s)  | Ref(s)

|
|
|
|

Cyprus  | CyBC | RIK |  | [55]
Hong Kong  | TVB | TVB Pearl[d] |  | [56]
RTV | RTV-2[e] |
Hungary  | MTV | MTV2[f] |  | [57]
Iceland  | RÚV | Sjónvarpið[g] | Ragna Ragnars  | [58]
Jordan  | JTV | JTV2[h] |  | [60]
Netherlands Antilles  | TeleCuraçao[i] |  | [61]
Poland  | TP | TP1[j] |  | [62]
Yugoslavia  | JRT | TV Beograd 1 |  | [63]
TV Koper-Capodistria |  | [64]
TV Ljubljana 1 [sl][k] |  | [65]
TV Zagreb 1 |  | [66]

## See also

[edit]

* OTI Festival 1978

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD[5]
2. ^ Deferred broadcast at 21:55 (CET)[33]
3. ^ Broadcast through a second audio programme on TSI[26]
4. ^ Deferred broadcast on the following day at 10:30 (HKT)[56]
5. ^ Deferred broadcast on the following day at 19:00 (HKT)[56]
6. ^ Delayed broadcast on 23 May 1978 at 21:40 (CET)[57]
7. ^ Delayed broadcast on 30 April 1978 at 21:20 (WET)[58]
8. ^ Contest broadcast interrupted during the voting sequence by the broadcaster[59]
9. ^ Delayed broadcast on 6 May 1978 at 22:30 (ADT)[61]
10. ^ Deferred broadcast in a shortened format at 00:50 (CET)[62]
11. ^ Deferred broadcast on 23 April at 15:30 (CET)[65]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Chaillet, Cathérine (4 April 1978). "Concours Eurovision de la chanson" (Press release) (in French). Paris, France: TF1. TF1 Service de presse. pp. 1–4\. OCLC 965372158.1-4&rft.pub=TF1&rft.date=1978-04-04&rft_id=info:oclcnum/965372158&rft.aulast=Chaillet&rft.aufirst=Cathérine&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eurovision+Song+Contest+1978" class="Z3988">
2. ^ "Paris 1978". Eurovision.tv.
3. ^ "Paris 1978 – Participants". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
4. ^ a b c Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Volume Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 312–327\. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.312-327&rft.pub=Telos+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84583-093-9&rft.aulast=Roxburgh&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eurovision+Song+Contest+1978" class="Z3988">
5. ^ "Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel" [All German ESC acts and their songs]. www.eurovision.de (in German). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
6. ^ O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3
7. ^ a b c d e f g Didi, Franklin (22 April 1978). "350 millions de téléspectateurs et 200 policiers". Télé 7 Jours (in French). No. 934\. pp. 28–29.28-29&rft.date=1978-04-22&rft.aulast=Didi&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eurovision+Song+Contest+1978" class="Z3988">
8. ^ "Paris 1978 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
9. ^ Janda, Fritz. "Deutsche Grand-Prix-Jury war streng abgeschirmt: 11 Juroren erfuhren ihre Aufgabe erst am Sendetag" [The German Eurovision jury was strictly protected: 11 jurors only found out about their task on the day of broadcast]. Gong (in German).
10. ^ "Television" (PDF). La Gaceta del Norte [es] (in Spanish). Bilbao, Spain. 22 April 1978. p. 47. Retrieved 17 December 2024 - via Bizkaiko Foru Liburutegia [eu].+[es]&rft.atitle=Television&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1978-04-22&rft_id=https://liburutegibiltegi.bizkaia.eus/bitstream/id/322499/b1126214x_1978_04_22.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eurovision+Song+Contest+1978" class="Z3988">
11. ^ Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna [Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Premium Publishing. pp. 132–133\. ISBN 91-89136-29-2.132-133&rft.pub=Premium+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=91-89136-29-2&rft.aulast=Thorsson&rft.aufirst=Leif&rft.au=Verhage,+Martin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eurovision+Song+Contest+1978" class="Z3988">
12. ^ "Yirmi ülke yarısıyor Eurovision" [Twenty countries are competing in Eurovision]. Milliyet (in Turkish). Istanbul, Turkey. 22 April 1978. p. 10. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
13. ^ "Paris 1978 – Detailed voting results". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
14. ^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1978 – Scoreboard". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
15. ^ "The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
16. ^ "La Suisse neuvième au Grand Prix eurovision de la chanson remporté par Israël" [Switzerland ninth in Eurovision Song Contest, won by Israel]. Journal de Genève (in French). Geneva, Switzerland. Agence France-Presse. 24 April 1978. p. 9. Retrieved 2 December 2024 - via Le Temps.
17. ^ "Wie wint het Songfestival?" [Who will win the song contest?]. Leidsch Dagblad (in Dutch). Leiden, Netherlands. 22 April 1978. p. 5. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
18. ^ "TV Avstrija 2. spored – sobota, 22. aprila" [TV Austria – 2nd program – Saturday 22 April]. Naš tednik (in Slovenian). Klagenfurt (Celovec), Austria. 28 March 1974. p. 7. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
19. ^ Halbhuber, Axel (22 May 2015). "Ein virtueller Disput der ESC-Kommentatoren" [A virtual dispute between Eurovision commentators]. Kurier (in German). Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
20. ^ a b "T.V. Programma's" [T.V. Programmes]. De Voorpost (in Dutch). Aalst, Belgium. 21 April 1978. pp. 30–31. Retrieved 10 January 2023.30-31&rft.date=1978-04-21&rft_id=https://aalst.courant.nu/issue/DVP/1978-04-21/edition/0/page/30&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eurovision+Song+Contest+1978" class="Z3988">
21. ^ "Een avondje thuis nietsnutten: Zoutloos songfestival" [An evening at home doing nothing: Saltless song festival]. De Voorpost (in Dutch). Aalst, Belgium. 28 April 1978. p. 32. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
22. ^ "Alle tiders programoversigter – Lørdag den 22. april 1978" [All-time programme overviews – Saturday 22 April 1978] (in Danish). DR. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
23. ^ "Det Internationale Melodi Grand Prix 1978" [The International Melodi Grand Prix 1978]. Frederikshavns Avis [da] (in Danish). Frederikshavn, Denmark.+[da]&rft.atitle=Det+Internationale+Melodi+Grand+Prix+1978&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eurovision+Song+Contest+1978" class="Z3988">
24. ^ "Radio ja TV" [Radio and TV]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 22 April 1978. p. 37. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
25. ^ "Radio-télévision – Samedi 22 avril" [Radio-television – Saturday 22 April]. Le Monde. Paris, France. 16–17 April 1978. p. 14. Retrieved 22 July 2024 - via Internet Archive.
26. ^ a b c "Fernsehen – Samstag" [Television – Saturday]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Zürich, Switzerland. 22 April 1978. p. 47. Retrieved 10 January 2023 - via E-newspaperarchives.ch.
27. ^ "Tele-schau: Gesehen – Grand Prix Eurovision (I. Program)" [Tele-show: Seen – Grand Prix Eurovision (1st Programm)]. Bocholter-Borkener Volksblatt [de] (in German). Retrieved 18 January 2023.+[de]&rft.atitle=Tele-schau:+Gesehen+–+Grand+Prix+Eurovision+(I.+Program)&rft_id=https://www.ecgermany.de/images/rbrk_esc/1978/Presse_78_2.jpg&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eurovision+Song+Contest+1978" class="Z3988">
28. ^ "τηλεοραση" [television]. Rizospastis (in Greek). Athens, Greece. 22 April 1978. p. 8. Retrieved 21 September 2024 - via National Library of Greece.
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44. ^ Cayon, José A. (22 April 1978). "Esta noche Eurovisión-78" [Tonight Eurovision-78] (PDF). La Gaceta del Norte [es] (in Spanish). Bilbao, Spain. p. 48. Retrieved 5 October 2024 - via Bizkaiko Foru Liburutegia [eu].+[es]&rft.atitle=Esta+noche+Eurovisión-78&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1978-04-22&rft.aulast=Cayon&rft.aufirst=José+A.&rft_id=https://liburutegibiltegi.bizkaia.eus/bitstream/id/322499/b1126214x_1978_04_22.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eurovision+Song+Contest+1978" class="Z3988">
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