Euthenics

Study of improving living conditions to increase well-being

Not to be confused with Eugenics.

Ellen Swallow Richards (left), the first female student and instructor at MIT, was one of the first to use the term, while Julia Clifford Lathrop (right) continued to promote it in the form of an interdisciplinary academic program later to be mostly absorbed into the field of home economics.

> "Eugenics deals with race improvement through heredity.
> Euthenics deals with race improvement through environment.
> Eugenics is hygiene for the future generations.
> Euthenics is hygiene for the present generation.
> Eugenics must await careful investigation.
> Euthenics has immediate opportunity.
> Euthenics precedes eugenics, developing better men now, and thus inevitably creating a better race of men in the future. Euthenics is the term proposed for the preliminary science on which Eugenics must be based."

Ellen Swallow Richards (1910)[1]

Euthenics (/juːˈθɛnɪks/) is the study of improvement of human functioning and well-being by improvement of living conditions.[2] "Improvement" is conducted by altering external factors such as education and the controllable environments, including environmentalism, education regarding employment, home economics, sanitation, and housing, as well as the prevention and removal of contagious disease and parasites.

In a New York Times article of May 23, 1926, Rose Field notes of the description, "the simplest [is] efficient living".[3] It is also described as "a right to environment",[4] commonly as dual to a "right of birth" that correspondingly falls under the purview of eugenics.[5]

Euthenics is not normally interpreted to have anything to do with changing the composition of the human gene pool by definition, although everything that affects society has some effect on who reproduces and who does not.[6]

## Etymology

[edit]

The term was derived in the late 19th century from the Greek verb eutheneo, εὐθηνέω (eu, well; the, root of τίθημι tithemi, to cause). (To be in a flourishing state, to abound in, to prosper.—Demosthenes. To be strong or vigorous.—Herodotus. To be vigorous in body.—Aristotle.)[1]

Also from the Greek Euthenia, Εὐθηνία. Good state of the body: prosperity, good fortune, abundance.—Herodotus.[1]

The opposite of Euthenia is Penia, Πενία ("deficiency" or "poverty") the personification of poverty and need.[7]

## History

[edit]

Ellen Swallow Richards (Born in 1842-died in 1911; Vassar Class of '70) was one of the first writers to use the term, in The Cost of Shelter (1905), with the meaning "the science of better living".[8] It is unclear if (and probably unlikely that) any of the study programs of euthenics ever completely embraced Richards' multidisciplinary concept, though several nuances remain today, especially that of interdisciplinarity.

### Vassar College Institute of Euthenics

[edit]

After Richards' death in 1911, Julia Lathrop (1858-1932; VC '80) continued to promote the development of an interdisciplinary program in euthenics at the college. Lathrop soon teamed with alumna Minnie Cumnock Blodgett (1862–1931; VC '84), who with her husband, John Wood Blodgett, offered financial support to create a program of euthenics at Vassar College. Curriculum planning, suggested by Vassar president Henry Noble MacCracken in 1922, began in earnest by 1923, under the direction of Professor Annie Louise Macleod (Chemistry; First woman PhD, McGill University, 1910).[9]

According to Vassar's chronology entry for March 17, 1924, "the faculty recognized euthenics as a satisfactory field for sequential study (major). A Division of Euthenics was authorized to offer a multidisciplinary program [radical at the time] focusing the techniques and disciplines of the arts, sciences and social sciences on the life experiences and relationships of women. Students in euthenics could take courses in horticulture, food chemistry, sociology and statistics, education, child study, economics, economic geography, physiology, hygiene, public health, psychology and domestic architecture and furniture. With the new division came the first major in child study at an American liberal arts college."[10]

For example, a typical major in child study in euthenics includes introductory psychology, laboratory psychology, applied psychology, child study and social psychology in the Department of Psychology; the three courses offered in the Department of Child Study; beginning economics, programs of social reorganization and the family in Economics; and in the Department of Physiology, human physiology, child hygiene, principles of public health.[11]

The Vassar Summer Institute of Euthenics accepted its first students in June 1926. Created to supplement the controversial euthenics major which began February 21, 1925, it was also located in the new Minnie Cumnock Blodgett Hall of Euthenics (York & Sawyer, architects; ground broke October 25, 1925). Some Vassar faculty members (perhaps emotionally upset with being displaced on campus to make way, or otherwise politically motivated) contentiously "believed the entire concept of euthenics was vague and counter-productive to women's progress."[12]

Having overcome a lukewarm reception, Vassar College officially opened its Minnie Cumnock Blodgett Hall of Euthenics in 1929.[9] Dr. Ruth Wheeler (Physiology and Nutrition – VC '99) took over as director of euthenics studies in 1924. Wheeler remained director until Mary Shattuck Fisher Langmuir (VC '20) succeeded her in 1944, until 1951.[12]

The college continued for the 1934–35 academic year its successful cooperative housing experiment in three residence halls. Intended to help students meet their college costs by working in their residences. For example, in Main, students earned $40 a year by doing relatively light work such as cleaning their rooms.[13]

In 1951, Katharine Blodgett Hadley (VC '20) donated $400,000, through the Rubicon Foundation, to Vassar to help fund operating deficits in the current and succeeding years and to improve faculty salaries.[14]

"Discontinued for financial reasons, the Vassar Summer Institute for Family and Community Living, founded in 1926 as the Vassar Summer Institute of Euthenics, held its last session, July 2, 1958. This was the first and last session for the institute's new director, Dr. Mervin Freedman."[15]

### Elmira College

[edit]

Elmira College is noted as the oldest college still in existence which (as a college for women) granted degrees to women which were the equivalent of those given to men (the first to do so was the now-defunct Mary Sharp College).[16] Elmira College became coeducational in all of its programs in 1969.

A special article was written in the December 12, 1937 The New York Times, quoting recent graduates of Elmira College, urging for courses in colleges for men on the care of children. Reporting that "preparation for the greatest of all professions, that of motherhood and child-training, is being given the students at Elmira College in the Nursery School which is Conducted as part of the Department of Euthenics."[17]

Elmira College was one of the first of the liberal arts colleges to recognize the fact that women should have some special training, integrated with the so-called liberal studies, which would prepare them to carry on, with less effort and fewer mistakes, a successful family life. Courses in nutrition, household economics, clothing selection, principles of foods and meal planning, child psychology, and education in family relations are a part of the curriculum.[17]

The Elmira College nursery school for fifteen children between the ages of two and five years was opened primarily as a laboratory for college students, but it had become so popular with parents in the community that there was always a long waiting list.[17]

The New York Times article notes how the nursery had become one of the essential laboratories of the college, where recent mothers testified to the value of the training they received while in college. "Today," one graduate said, "when it is often necessary for young women to continue professional work outside the home after marriage, it is important that young fathers, who must share in the actual care and training of the children, should have some knowledge of correct methods."[17]

### Today

[edit]

Many factors led to the movement never getting the funding it needed to remain relevant, including: vigorous debate about the exact meaning of euthenics, a strong antifeminism movement paralleling even stronger women's rights movements, confusion with the term eugenics, the economic impact of the Great Depression and two world wars. These factors also prevented the discipline from gaining the attention it needed to put together a lasting, vastly multidisciplinary curriculum. Therefore, it split off into separate disciplines. Child Study is one such curriculum.[10]

Martin Heggestad of the Mann Library notes that "Starting around 1920, however, home economists tended to move into other fields, such as nutrition and textiles, that offered more career opportunities, while health issues were dealt with more in the hard sciences and in the professions of nursing and public health. Also, improvements in public sanitation (for example, the wider availability of sewage systems and of food inspection) led to a decline in infectious diseases and thus a decreasing need for the largely household-based measures taught by home economists."[18] Thus, the end of euthenics as originally defined by Ellen Swallow Richards ensued.

## Debate, misconceptions and opposition

[edit]

Abraham Flexner, c. 1895

The influential historian of education Abraham Flexner questions its scientific value in stating:

> [T]he “science” is artificially pieced together of bits of mental hygiene, child guidance, nutrition, speech development and correction, family problems, wealth consumption, food preparation, household technology, and horticulture. A nursery school and a school for little children are also included. The institute is actually justified in an official publication by the profound question of a girl student who is reported as asking, “What is the connection of Shakespeare with having a baby?” The Vassar Institute of Euthenics bridges this gap![19]

Eugenicist Charles Benedict Davenport noted in his article "Euthenics and Eugenics," reprinted in Popular Science Monthly:

> Thus the two schools of euthenics and eugenics stand opposed, each viewing the other unkindly. Against eugenics it is urged that it is a fatalistic doctrine and deprives life of the stimulus toward effort. Against euthenics the other side urges that it demands an endless amount of money to patch up conditions in the vain effort to get greater efficiency. Which of the two doctrines is true?

> The thoughtful mind must concede that, as is so often the case where doctrines are opposed, each view is partial, incomplete and really false. The truth does not exactly lie between the doctrines; it comprehends them both.

> [...] [I]n the generations to come, the teachings and practice of euthenics [...] [may] yield greater result because of the previous practice of the principles of eugenics.[20]

Along similar lines argued psychologist and early intelligence researcher Edward L. Thorndike some two years later for an understanding that better integrates eugenic study:

> The more rational the race becomes, the better roads, ships, tools, machines, foods, medicines and the like it will produce to aid itself, though it will need them less. The more sagacious and just and humane the original nature that is bred into man, the better schools, laws, churches, traditions and customs it will fortify itself by. There is no so certain and economical a way to improve man's environment as to improve his nature.[21]

## See also

[edit]

* Accountability
* Critical thinking
* Dysgenics
* Ecology
* Educational attainment in the United States
* Environment and intelligence
* Eudaimonia
* Euphenics
* Fertility and intelligence
* Flynn effect
* Home economics
* Impact of health on intelligence
* The Jukes family
* The Kallikak family
* Nature versus nurture
* Population health
* Social design

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Richards, Ellen H. Swallow (1912) [1910]. Euthenics: The Science of Controllable Environment : A Plea for Better Conditions As a First Step Toward Higher Human Efficiency (2nd ed.). Boston: Whitcomb & Barrows. ISBN 0405098278. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
2. ^ "Euthenics". thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
3. ^ Feld, Rose C. (1926-05-23). "VASSAR GIRLS TO STUDY HOME-MAKING AS CAREER; New Course in Euthenics, the Science of Human Betterment, Will Adjust Women to the Needs of Today and Act As a Check on Spread of Divorce" (pdf). The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
4. ^ Krisses, Joseph A. (1926-10-24). "Eugenics and euthenics" (pdf). The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
5. ^ "Bright Children Who Fail". Amusements. The New York Times. 16 October 1926. p. 16\. eISSN 1553-8095. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
6. ^ "Definitions for Euthenics". definitions.net. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
7. ^ Theoi Project - Penia
8. ^ Grandy, John K. (2006). Birx, H.J. (ed.). Euthenics. Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Vol. 5 Vols. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. doi:10.4135/9781412952453. ISBN 9781412952453.
9. ^ a b Vassar Historian. "The Disappointing First Thrust of Euthenics". vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
10. ^ a b Vassar Historian. "A Documentary Chronicle of Vassar College". Retrieved 16 July 2024. "A Division of Euthenics was authorized to offer a multidisciplinary program focusing the techniques and disciplines of the arts, sciences and social sciences on the life experiences and relationships of women. Students in euthenics could take courses in horticulture, food chemistry, sociology and statistics, education, child study, economics, economic geography, physiology, hygiene, public health, psychology and domestic architecture and furniture. With the new division came the first major in child study at an American liberal arts college."
11. ^ Lockwood, Helen Drusilla (1929). The Meaning of Euthenics; An Essay on Action as a Tool of Knowledge. Poughkeepsie, NY: Vassar College.
12. ^ a b Vassar Historian. "The Vassar Summer Institute". vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
13. ^ Vassar Historian. "The college announced the trustees' decision to continue for the 1934-35 academic year this year's successful cooperative housing experiment in three residence halls. - A Documentary Chronicle of Vassar College". chronology.vassar.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-04-21. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
14. ^ Vassar Historian. "President Blanding announced a $400,000 gift to the college from the chair of the board of trustees, Katharine Blodgett Hadley '20, through the Rubicon Foundation. - A Documentary Chronicle of Vassar College". chronology.vassar.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-04-21. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
15. ^ Vassar Historian. "Discontinued for financial reasons, the Vassar Summer Institute for Family and Community Living, founded in 1926 as the Vassar Summer Institute of Euthenics, held its last session. - A Documentary Chronicle of Vassar College". chronology.vassar.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-04-21. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
16. ^ Harwarth, Irene; DeBra, Elizabeth; Maline, Mindi (1997). Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues And, Challenges. National Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong Learning, U.S. Dept. of Education. ISBN 9780788143243. Retrieved 11 September 2013 - via Google Books.
17. ^ a b c d The New York Times (12 December 1937). "MOTHERHOOD STUDY STRESSED AT ELMIRA; Recent Graduate Urges Courses in Colleges for Men on the Care of Children". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
18. ^ HEARTH Library-Cornell University
19. ^ Flexner, Abraham (1994) [1930]. Universities, American, English, German. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-737-0, p. 72
20. ^ Davenport, Charles Benedict (January 1911). "Euthenics and Eugenics". Popular Science Monthly. 78. New York: 16–20. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
21. ^ Thorndike, Edward L. (August 1913). "Eugenics: With Special Reference to Intellect and Character" (PDF). Popular Science Monthly 83:125-138, p. 131

## Further reading

[edit]

* Richards, Ellen H. Swallow (1905). The Cost of Shelter (1st ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons; [etc.] ISBN 1414230125. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

* Ward, Lester F. (1913). Eugenics, Euthenics, and Eudemics. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 737–754.

* University of Minnesota, General College (c. 1934). Euthenics: Home Management, the House, Textiles, Food and Nutrition. Minneapolis: s.n. p. 174.

* Conklin, Edwin Grant (1935). Freedom and Responsibility: A Biographical View of Some Problems of Democracy. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. OL 17976912M.

* Dixon, Maloise Sturdevant (1936). Fundamentals in Personal Euthenics. Minneapolis, Minn: Burgess publishing company, Mimeoprint and photo offset publishers. OL 16772279M.

* Gurley, Jack (1962). Euthenics Can Assure Peace, and John's Rare Date. New York: Graphic Press. OCLC 17988501. OL 5855756M.

* Whipple, Dorothy Vermilya (1966). Dynamics of Development; Euthenic Pediatrics. New York: McGraw-Hill. 648pp. LCCN 65019094. OCLC 05128017.

* Weigley, Emma (January 1974). "It Might Have Been Euthenics: The Lake Placid Conference and the Home Economics Movement". American Quarterly. 26 (1). New York: 79–96\. doi:10.2307/2711568. JSTOR 2711568.
* Vassar Historian. "The Disappointing First Thrust of Euthenics". vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2013.

Adapted from Daniels, Elizabeth A. (1994). Bridges to the World, Henry Noble MacCracken and Vassar College (1st ed.). Clinton Corners, NY: College Avenue Press. ISBN 1883551021.

* Dominguez, Juan Bautista (2011). "Blodgett structure reveals history of VC euthenics". admin.collegepublisher.com. Miscellany News. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013.

## External links

[edit]

Euthenics at Wikipedia's sister projects

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* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
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* Category
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Education in Europe

Sovereign states|

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*   * Italy
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States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
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* Isle of Man
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Other entities|

* European Union

Education in North America

Sovereign states|

* Antigua and Barbuda
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* Belize
* Canada
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* United States

Dependencies and
other territories

* Anguilla
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Education in Oceania

Sovereign states|

* Australia
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* Fiji
* Indonesia
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
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* New Zealand
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
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* Tonga
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Associated states
of New Zealand|

* Cook Islands
* Niue

Dependencies
and other territories|

* American Samoa
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Easter Island
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* Guam
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* Norfolk Island
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* Pitcairn Islands
* Tokelau
* Wallis and Futuna

Education in South America

Sovereign states|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
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Dependencies and
other territories

* Falkland Islands
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* Schools portal
* Category
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Social and environmental accountability

Ethics and
principles|

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* social)
* UN Global Compact

Social
accounting|

* Corporate crime
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* equality
* social)
* ISO 26000
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Environmental
accounting|

* Carbon accounting
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* ISO 14000
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* Triple bottom line

Reporting|

* Global Reporting Initiative
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Auditing|

* Community-based monitoring
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* ISO 19011

Related|

* Bangladesh Accord
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* Stakeholder (engagement)
* Supply chain management

* Environment portal
* Category
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* v
* t
* e

* Social class

* Status
* Stratum
* Economic classes

| Theories|

* Elite theory
* Gilbert model
* Marxian
* Mudsill theory
* New class
* Spoon class theory
* Weberian (three-component)

|

Related topics|

* Caste
* Chattering classes
* Class conflict
* Class discrimination
* Class society
* Class traitor
* Classicide
* Classless society
* Euthenics
* High society
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* Social cleansing
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By demographic

| By status|

* Administrative detainee
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* Clique
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* Convicted
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* Socioeconomic
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|

By "collar"|

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By type|

| Ruling|

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* List
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|

Intellectual|

* Clergy
* Priest
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Warrior|

* Chhetri
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* Cuāuh
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* Nair
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* Pendekar
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* Vanniyar/Vanniar (Chieftain)

Upper|

* Business magnate
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* Gabellotto
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* Lord
* Nobility
* Landed
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* Old money
* Overclass
* Robber baron
* Seigneur
* Superclass

Creative|

* Bohemians

Middle|

* Bourgeoisie
* Petite
* Burgher
* Lower middle class
* Upper middle class

Working|

* Commoner
* Lazzaroni
* Lumpenproletariat
* Pea-pickers
* Peasant
* Precariat
* Proletariat
* Working poor

Under|

* Ant tribe
* Outcast
* Outlaw / Prisoner
* Serf
* Plebeian
* Rat tribe
* Slave / Freedman
* Untouchable

By country or region

| United States|

* Affluence
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* Mobility

Classes|

* Upper
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* Middle
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* Upper Middle
* Underprivileged
* Lower
* Under

Income|

* Household
* Inequality
* Personal
* Poverty

Standard of living|

* Education
* Homelessness
* Home-ownership

Other regions or countries|

* Africa
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Historic|

* 18th-century Spain
* Ancient Greece
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* Pre-industrial East Asia
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* Soviet Union

* Category

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