Everyday Stalinism

Book about Stalinist urbanization and industrialization in the 1930s

Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s

Author| Sheila Fitzpatrick
Subject| Industrialization in the Soviet Union, Urbanization
Genre| History
Published| 1999 (hardcover), 2000 (paperback).
Publisher| Oxford University Press
Pages| 304 pp.
ISBN| 978-0195050004
Website| Oxford University Press Book page

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Everyday Stalinism or Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s is a book by Australian academic Sheila Fitzpatrick first published in 1999 by Oxford University Press and in paperback in 2000. Sheila Fitzpatrick is the Bernadotte E. Schmitt Distinguished Service Professor (Emeritus), Department of History, University of Chicago.[1][2]

## Synopsis

[edit]

Everyday Stalinism looks at the effects of urbanization and industrialization in the Soviet Union in the 1930s under Joseph Stalin. Focused on a history from below, Fitzpatrick records a history of impoverishment, overcrowding, and social destruction visited upon the average person. It records how ordinary citizens attempted to adapt when possible and circumvent when necessary the new way of life forced upon them by an omnipresent state bureaucracy backed up by a ruthless and brutal state secret police, and the waves of terror and turmoil it imposed on Soviet society.[3] Fitzpatrick's 1994 work Stalin's Peasants looked at rural life in the Soviet Union in the 1930s during the period of Stalinist collectivization and the impact it had on the daily life of peasants. Everyday Stalinism completes the story by providing a look at urban life in the Soviet Union during the 1930s and the impact industrialization had on workers and their families and the shockwaves in urban centers created by the massive disruption collectivization caused in Soviet agriculture. Together the works form the story of the two sides of the devastating consequences of Stalinism had on the Soviet Union.[4]

In Slavic Review, Lewis H. Siegelbaum (Michigan State University) writes:

> Her range of sources is enormous. It includes, inter alia, advertisements, standard personnel questionnaires, movie scenes, and song lyrics. From these as well as diaries, memoirs, letters, newspaper articles, and travelers' accounts, she extracts telling details about the symbolic significance of uniforms and domestically produced champagne, markers of privilege such as chauffeur driven cars, dachas, and travel allowances, and the crucial role that patronage played in acquiring them. The types of individuals we meet along the way include not only the party elite, pampered Stakhanovites and intellectuals, but also conmen and domestic servants.[5]

Fitzpatrick covers a broad range of topics to provide the reader with an understanding of how Stalinism impacted the lives of a wide variety of individuals in the Soviet Union. These include: the inner workings of the Communist party and the expectations placed on members; a contrast of the relative comfort in the lives of party members compared with the poverty and constant deprivations the average Soviet citizen faced; the omnipresent state propaganda of building a "radiant future"; the psychological impact of Stalinism on privileged insiders, the average individual, and those the party labeled as outsiders and enemies; the system of popular surveillance and denunciation, created and encouraged by the party to enforce communist ideology and practice; the experience of living through or dying in one of the greatest periods of oppression and mass murder in history.[5][6] Some topics are covered lightly or excluded from Fitzpatrick's coverage of everyday life; the areas of work and occupations, education, and those of friendship and romance are examples. Regarding work and everyday life, Fitzpatrick states "I am interested in the experiences and practices that were common to the urban population as a whole, not just parts of it. This is why work, a part of everyday life that varies greatly from one occupational group to another, is not a central topic in this study."[a][7][5][8]

The contrast between the propaganda of abundance and the reality of want form the key theme of the first part of the book. From the start, building socialism in the Soviet Union theoretically meant creating a new classless egalitarian society that was able to produce an abundance of consumer goods as well as support robust industrial production. In reality, it produced a different, but even more rigid hierarchical society which was eventually even less able to support its citizens with consumer goods than what it replaced. The new hierarchy became the new class system and an individual's position within it and their relations to others determined their access to goods. Far from being a production-oriented society, the Stalinist Soviet Union became a prime example of a society forced to focus primarily on obtaining the necessities of life.[9] Fitzpatrick documents the fantasy of the urban Potemkin village that the Soviet government attempted to portray, with the reality of rationing, rampant speculation, shops closed due to the lack of goods, and lengthy queues at those that were open, all of which formed the struggle average citizens faced trying to obtain the essentials of daily life. The strategies people used to survive and the system of blat, essentially the ability to access black markets and the underground economy, are shown to be the alternatives forced upon people to survive. This is all contrasted with the favoritism and relative abundance available to the Soviet elite and those they favored, completing a picture of the different castes within the supposedly classless society.[5][8][10]

Writing in Social History, Sarah Davies states:

> She shows how the chronic housing shortages of the 1930s gave rise to a number of practices, including fictive marriages, renting out corners of rooms, and continuing to live with spouses after a divorce. Because of the shortages of goods, both official and unofficial rationing were a constant feature of the decade. Speculation emerged as a way of coping with the inefficiencies of the official distribution system. The 'second economy' was a vital element of Stalinism. Blat (the use of contacts to exchange goods and services) was cultivated, and 'friends' became very important for survival. This was summed up pithily in a contemporary saying: 'One must have not 100 roubles, but a hundred friends.' ... In this society status mattered more than money. Like blat, patronage was ubiquitous, as people lower down the hierarchy relied on the support and protection of those higher up in order to obtain goods in short supply and to secure privileges.[7]

Having set the stage and introduced the life of the average urban dweller, Fitzpatrick introduces more elements of urban life in the following chapters.[3][7] Chapters include "Insulted and Injured" which deals with those individuals who were outcasts from Stalinist society and "Family Problems" where the author discusses how Soviet families were impacted by the economic upheaval, goods shortages, and the general social disruption that accompanied forced industrialization and urbanization.[5] Finally the book concludes with chapters related to the Great Purges that occurred during 1937–38, the rise of surveillance by coworkers, friends, family, and the public at large, "denouncers" and "scapegoating" and the terror and uncertainty, not unlike the dekulakisation which occurred earlier in the countryside, that entered the lives of urban dwellers.[7][5][11]

## Reception

[edit]

In a 1999 review in Russian History, Oksana Fedotova wrote that "[t]his new book by Sheila Fitzpatrick is an outstanding contribution to the existing body of research into the Soviet past. Extensive use of archival material, combined with a wide range of published sources, and highlighted by references to the contemporary press cuttings, reveal an absorbing picture of everyday life under Stalinism. Against a rich variety of locations that stretched from workers' barracks and communal kitchens to the apartments of senior officials and closed access stores, there unfolds before our eyes an impressive array of characters. Bosses and outcasts, patrons and clients, activists and absconding husbands, elite wives and homeless children, are depicted in a multitude of activities and relationships that characterized the turbulent life of 1930s Russia."[12]

Writing in the Journal of Modern History, Jeffrey J. Rossman stated that "[m]eticulously researched, imaginatively organized, and fluidly written, it deserves a wide audience." In The Slavonic and East European Review, Geoffrey Hosking wrote that "[a]nyone coming to this book from histories of everyday life as we are accustomed to them is in for a surprise. Far from being rigorously excluded, politics is in the driving seat. The first chapter concerns the authorities, in the form of the Soviet state and the Communist Party. They are present on virtually every page thereafter, too, and loom large in the conclusions. The attention devoted to politics is wholly appropriate, and it marks the final maturing of 'revisionist' social history as applied to the Soviet Union. Sheila Fitzpatrick has been a leader, in some respects the leader, of the movement, and over the years she has also led the way in 'bringing the state back in', acknowledging its omnipresence in all the activities and decisions of everyday life."[9]

### Academic journal reviews

[edit]

* Brooke, Caroline (2003). "'May You Live in Interesting Times': Recent Literature on the Stalin Era". Contemporary European History. 12 (1): 119–127\. doi:10.1017/S0960777303001073. JSTOR 20081144. S2CID 146741582.
* Davies, Sarah (2000). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times. Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". Social History. 25 (3): 383–385\. JSTOR 4286702.
* Fedotova, Oksana (1999). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". Russian History. 26 (1): 104–105\. JSTOR 24659264.
* Hosking, Geoffrey (2000). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". The Slavonic and East European Review. 78 (1): 161–163\. JSTOR 4213028.
* Legvold, Robert (1999). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". Foreign Affairs. 78 (2): 152. JSTOR 20049248.
* Manning, Roberta T. (2000). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times; Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". The American Historical Review. 105 (5): 1839–1840\. doi:10.2307/2652201. JSTOR 2652201.
* Moine, Nathalie (2001). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". Le Mouvement Social (196): 181–184\. doi:10.2307/3779644. JSTOR 3779644.
* Rossman, Jeffrey J. (2001). "Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. By Sheila Fitzpatrick. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. X+288. $27.50". The Journal of Modern History. 73 (3): 722–724\. doi:10.1086/339084. JSTOR 10.1086/339084.
* Siegelbaum, Lewis H. (1999). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". Slavic Review. 58 (4): 921–922\. doi:10.2307/2697237. JSTOR 2697237. S2CID 164549729.
* Tenner, Edward (1999). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times—Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". The Wilson Quarterly. 23 (3): 142. JSTOR 40259948.
* Walker, Barbara (2001). "(Still) Searching for a Soviet Society: Personalized Political and Economic Ties in Recent Soviet Historiography. A Review Article". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 43 (3): 631–642\. doi:10.1017/S001041750100425X. JSTOR 2696684.
* Ward, Chris (2000). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times; Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". The Russian Review. 59 (2): 306–307\. JSTOR 2679779.

## See also

[edit]

* Joseph Stalin
* First five-year plan
* Urbanization
* Economy of the Soviet Union
* Stakhanovite movement

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Fitzpatrick, 1999, pp.11.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Everyday Stalinism - Sheila Fitzpatrick - Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press. May 11, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-505001-1. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
2. ^ "Fitzpatrick, Sheila: The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia". The Encyclopedia of Women & Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
3. ^ a b Tenner, Edward (1999). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times—Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". The Wilson Quarterly. 23 (3): 142. JSTOR 40259948.
4. ^ Siegelbaum, Lewis H. (1999). "Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. By Sheila Fitzpatrick. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. X, 288 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Illustrations. $27.50, hard bound". Slavic Review. 58 (4): 921–922\. doi:10.2307/2697237. JSTOR 2697237. S2CID 164549729.
5. ^ a b c d e f Rossman, Jeffrey J. (2001). "Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. By Sheila Fitzpatrick. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. X+288. $27.50". The Journal of Modern History. 73 (3): 722–724\. doi:10.1086/339084.
6. ^ Legvold, Robert; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1999). "Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s". Foreign Affairs. 78 (2): 152. doi:10.2307/20049248. JSTOR 20049248.
7. ^ a b c d Davies, Sarah (2000). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times. Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". Social History. 25 (3): 383–385\. JSTOR 4286702.
8. ^ a b Manning, Roberta T.; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2000). "Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times; Soviet Russia in the 1930s". The American Historical Review. 105 (5): 1839. doi:10.2307/2652201. JSTOR 2652201.
9. ^ a b Hosking, Geoffrey (2000). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". The Slavonic and East European Review. 78 (1): 161–163\. JSTOR 4213028.
10. ^ Moine, Nathalie; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2001). "Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s". Le Mouvement Social (196): 181. doi:10.2307/3779644. JSTOR 3779644.
11. ^ Ward, Chris (2000). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times; Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". The Russian Review. 59 (2): 306–307\. JSTOR 2679779.
12. ^ Fedotova, Oksana (1999). "Reviewed work: Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick". Russian History. 26 (1): 104–105\. JSTOR 24659264.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Campeanu, P.; Vale, M. (1988). The Genesis of the Stalinist Social Order. International Journal of Sociology, 18(1/2), pp. 1–165.
* Figes, O. (2008). The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia. New York, NY: Picador.
* Fitzpatrick, S. (1979). Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928-1939. Slavic Review, 38(3), pp. 377–402.
* Gorsuch, Anne E. (2007). "Reviewed work: Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside, Christina Kiaer, Eric Naiman". Slavic Review. 66 (2): 358–360\. doi:10.2307/20060266. JSTOR 20060266. S2CID 161683612.
* Gregory, P.; Markevich, A. (2002). Creating Soviet Industry: The House That Stalin Built. Slavic Review, 61(4), pp. 787–814.
* Harris, James R. (1997). "Reviewed Work: Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization by Stephen Kotkin". Russian History. 24 (3): 364–366\. JSTOR 24658446.
* Hudson, Hugh D. (1995). "Reviewed Work: Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. by Stephen Kotkin". Slavic Review. 54 (4): 1096–1097\. doi:10.2307/2501463. JSTOR 2501463. S2CID 164411785.
* Johnson, Emily D. (2007). "Reviewed work: Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside, Christina Kiaer, Eric Naiman". The Slavic and East European Journal. 51 (1): 159–161\. JSTOR 20459439.
* Kiaer, C. (2008). Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
* Kotkin, S. (1997). Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
* Lewin, M. (1976) Society and the Stalinist State in the Period of the Five Year Plans. Social History, 1(2), pp. 139–175.
* Marker, Gary (1996). "Reviewed Work: Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization by Stephen Kotkin". The Slavic and East European Journal. 40 (4): 774–775\. doi:10.2307/310128. JSTOR 310128. S2CID 143162314.
* Perks, Rob (2008). "Reviewed Work: The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia by Orlando Figes". Oral History. 36 (2): 107–108\. JSTOR 40179997.
* Smith, S. A. (1997). Russian Workers and the Politics of Social Identity. The Russian Review, 56(1), pp. 1–7.
* Viola, Lynne (2008). "Reviewed Work: The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia by Orlando Figes". Slavic Review. 67 (2): 440–443\. doi:10.1017/S0037677900023640. JSTOR 27652854. S2CID 164335754.
* White, J. D. (2008). "Reviewed work: Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside, Christina Kiaer, Eric Naiman". The Slavonic and East European Review. 86 (4): 736–738\. doi:10.1353/see.2008.0069. JSTOR 25479288. S2CID 264626195.

## External links

[edit]

* Author Faculty Homepage. University of Chicago
* David-Fox, Michael, et al. (2007). An Interview with Sheila Fitzpatrick. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 8(3), pp. 479–486.
* Video: Interview with Professor Sheila Fitzpatrick.
* Video: In the Soviet Archives: Interview with Sheila Fitzpatrick. Melbourne Writers Festival.

* v
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Joseph Stalin

* General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952)
* Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1946–1953)
* Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
* Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union

History
and politics|

| Overviews|

* Early life
* Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
* Rise
* Rule as Soviet leader
* Political views
* Cult of personality
* Death and state funeral
* Death toll

|

Chronology|

* August Uprising
* Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)/(1928–1941)
* Collectivization
* Kolkhoz
* Sovkhoz
* Chinese Civil War
* First five-year plan
* Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
* 16th / 17th Congress of the Communist Party
* 1931 Menshevik Trial
* Spanish Civil War
* Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
* Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
* 1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
* 1937 legislative election
* 18th Congress of the Communist Party
* Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
* World War II
* Invasion of Poland
* Winter War
* Moscow Peace Treaty
* Occupation of the Baltic states
* German–Soviet Axis talks
* Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
* Great Patriotic War
* Tehran Conference
* Yalta Conference
* Potsdam Conference
* Soviet atomic bomb project
* Ili Rebellion
* Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
* 1946 legislative election
* Cold War
* 1946 Iran crisis
* Turkish Straits crisis
* First Indochina War
* Eastern Bloc
* Comecon
* Cominform
* Greek Civil War
* 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
* Berlin Blockade
* Korean War
* Sino-Soviet Treaty
* Tito–Stalin split
* 1950 legislative election
* 19th Congress of the Communist Party

Concepts|

* Stalinism
* Socialism in one country
* Neo-Stalinism
* Korenizatsiya
* Socialism in One Country
* Great Break
* Socialist realism
* Stalinist architecture
* Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
* Five-year plans
* Great Construction Projects of Communism
* Engineers of the human soul
* 1936 Soviet Constitution
* New Soviet man
* Stakhanovite
* Transformation of nature
* Backwardness brings on beatings by others

Crimes, repressions,
and controversies|

* 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
* 1907 Tiflis bank robbery
* National delimitation in the Soviet Union
* Georgian Affair
* Decossackization
* Dekulakization
* Wittorf affair
* Great Break
* Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
* Soviet famine of 1932–33
* Holodomor
* Gulag
* Murder of Sergey Kirov
* Great Purge
* Vasiliy Ulrikh
* NKVD prisoner massacres
* Berezhany
* Berezwecz
* Dubno
* Chortkiv
* Kurapaty
* Katyn
* Lutsk
* Lviv
* Medvedev Forest
* Sambir
* Valozhyn
* Vileyka
* Vinnytsia
* Zolochiv
* Moscow Trials
* Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites"
* Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
* Dewey Commission
* Hotel Lux
* Repressions in Azerbaijan
* Ideological repression in science
* Suppressed research
* Lysenkoism
* Japhetic theory, Slavists case
* 1937 Soviet Census
* 1941 Red Army purge
* Soviet offensive plans controversy
* Hitler Youth Conspiracy
* Soviet war crimes
* Allegations of antisemitism
* Population transfer (German–Soviet)
* Deportations
* Operation "Lentil"
* Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
* Koreans
* Operation "North"
* Operation "Priboi"
* Nazino affair
* Forced settlement
* Tax on trees
* 1946–1947 Soviet famine
* Leningrad Affair
* Mingrelian Affair
* Rootless cosmopolitan
* Night of the Murdered Poets
* Doctors' plot
* Censorship of images
* Mass graves in the Soviet Union
* Kommunarka shooting ground

Works|

* "Anarchism or Socialism?"
* "Marxism and the National Question"
* "Foundations of Leninism"
* "Dizzy with Success"
* "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia"
* "Ten Blows" speech
* Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
* Falsifiers of History
* Stalin Note
* The History of the Communist Party
* 1936 Soviet Constitution
* Stalin's poetry
* Dialectical and Historical Materialism
* Order No. 227
* Order No. 270
* "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics"
* Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR

De-Stalinization|

* 20th Congress of the Communist Party
* Pospelov Commission
* Rehabilitation
* Khrushchev thaw
* On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
* Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
* Soviet Nonconformist Art
* Shvernik Commission
* 22nd Congress of the Communist Party
* Era of Stagnation
* 1956 Georgian demonstrations

Criticism and
opposition

* Stalin Epigram
* Lenin's Testament
* Ryutin Affair
* Anti-Stalinist left
* Trotskyism
* Kremlin Plot
* True Communists
* Darkness at Noon
* Animal Farm
* Nineteen Eighty-Four
* Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
* The Soviet Story
* Antisemitism

Remembrance|

* Iosif Stalin tank
* Iosif Stalin locomotive
* Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
* Stalin statues
* Pantheon, Moscow
* 1956 Georgian demonstrations
* List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
* Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
* Stalin Monument in Budapest
* Stalin Monument in Prague
* Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
* Batumi Stalin Museum
* Places named after Stalin
* State Stalin Prize
* Stalin Peace Prize
* Stalin Society
* Stalin Bloc – For the USSR

Cultural depictions|

* Apocalypse: Stalin
* The Death of Stalin
* Mikheil Gelovani

Family|

* Besarion Jughashvili (father)
* Keke Geladze (mother)
* Kato Svanidze (first wife)
* Yakov Dzhugashvili (son)
* Konstantin Kuzakov (son)
* Artyom Sergeyev (adopted son)
* Nadezhda Alliluyeva (second wife)
* Vasily Stalin (son)
* Svetlana Alliluyeva (daughter)
* Yevgeny Dzhugashvili (grandson)
* Galina Dzhugashvili (granddaughter)
* Joseph Alliluyev (grandson)
* Sergei Alliluyev (second father-in-law)
* Alexander Svanidze (brother-in-law)
* Yuri Zhdanov (son-in-law)
* William Wesley Peters (son-in-law)

Stalin's residences|

* Stalin's house, Gori
* Tiflis Seminary
* Kureika
* Room at Kremlin
* Kuntsevo
* Stalin's bunker

* Category

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