Execution of Nimr al-Nimr

2016 execution of a Shia cleric and others in Saudi Arabia

* v
* t
* e

Qatif conflict

* 1979 Qatif Uprising
* 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests
* 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* Nimr al-Nimr
* 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* 2017–2020 Qatif unrest
* 2022 Saudi Arabia mass execution

Nimr Baqir al-Nimr was a Shia cleric and critic of the government in Saudi Arabia, who was beheaded on 2 January 2016,[1] one of 47 people executed that day for terrorism offenses.[2] Others executed included Sunnis who had been convicted of involvement in terror attacks linked to al-Qaeda which took place in 2003.[2] News of the killings triggered international demonstrations, and condemnation by nations, supranational organizations, and human rights groups.

## Execution

[edit]

See also: 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution

In October 2014, Saudi Arabia's Supreme Court approved a death sentence for Nimr for disobeying the ruler, inciting sectarian strife, and encouraging, leading and participating in demonstrations.[3] According to sources, the main charge was his criticism of Saudi's officials.[4][5][6] On 2 January 2016, Saudi Arabia government executed 47 prisoners and declared that Nimr had been among them.[5][7]

## Street protests

[edit]

See also: 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

Protest in Mashhad in front of the Saudi consulate.

Protests were held after Nimr's execution in many cities of world such as London, Tehran, Chicago, Toronto,[8] Iranian holy cities of Qom and Mashhad, Iraq,[citation needed] Lebanon, Afghanistan,[citation needed] Pakistan, India's Jammu and Kashmir state, Turkey, and in front of the Saudi Embassy in Athens, Greece[9] Washington, United States,[10] and Canberra, Australia.[11]

People in the Qatif region of Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province have taken to the streets with protesters marching from Nimr's hometown of al-Awamiyah to Qatif, chanting: "Down with the Al Saud".[citation needed]

On 2 January, the day of the execution, protesters gathered outside Tehran's Saudi embassy, shouting "death to Al Saud". The embassy was on fire after a Molotov cocktail had been thrown at it. The protests continued beyond 3 am. The embassy was empty during the protests.[12][13] Police donned riot gear and arrested 40 people during the incident.[13][14][15][16] The Iranian Foreign Ministry has appealed for calm and to respect diplomatic premises.[17] The day after, protests were held again by hundreds of Iranians in Tehran,[citation needed] and President Rouhani called the damage on embassy "by no means justifiable".[12] Elsewhere, there were protests in the Iranian holy city of Qom.[citation needed]

Hundreds of people held a protest rally in the Bahraini capital, Manama.[citation needed] Demonstrators carrying pictures of Sheikh Nimr were involved in a clash with police in the Bahraini village of Abu-Saiba.[18] Hundreds also marched in al-Daih and Sitra, chanting slogans against Saudi Arabia's ruling Al Saud family and the Sunni family ruling Bahrain, and calling Nimr "our martyr".[19]

In Iraq, protestors broke into the Saudi embassy, which has not been officially opened yet.[20] Footage of a rocket attack on the Saudi embassy in Baghdad also was released by the media.[citation needed]

In the Indian city of Srinagar, the capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, people protested using anti-Saudi banners. The protesters were marching towards the UN office at Sonawar, only to be intercepted by the police. Similar protests were held in the Kargil district, where religious organisations called for three days of mourning.[21]

### Subsequent events

[edit]

On 5 January 2016 a Candlelight vigil was held in Ladakh by Buddhist, Christian and Muslim (Shia & Sunni) communities of Leh and Kargil to demonstrate their solidarity with human rights and voice against Nimr's execution, a local kashmir journalist Raqib Hameed Naik reported.[22]

Boustan Street in Tehran was renamed Nimr Baqir al-Nimr Street soon after the execution. [citation needed]

## Reactions of religious and political figures

[edit]

### Involved parties

[edit]

* Saudi Arabia
* Nimr's brother, Mohammed al-Nimr, said that the pro-democracy movement in Saudi Arabia would only be strengthened after this execution.[23] He described his brother as "a humble, religious man who lived a simple life, making him attractive to many youths", and that his execution "will spark anger of (Shia) youths", and said he hoped any response would be peaceful.[24]
* Saudi Arabia broke off diplomatic relations with Iran.[25]

### Supranational bodies

[edit]

* United Nations
* UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon voiced his dismay over the execution of Nimr. Statements also revealed that the Secretary-General had raised Nimr's case with the leadership of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on a number of occasions.[26][27] Ban Ki-Moon also called the Saudi breaking of diplomatic ties with Iran "deeply worrying".[citation needed]
* The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad al-Hussein decried Nimr's killing as a "disturbing development", since he had not committed a crime that belonged to the category of "most serious crimes" under international law, adding that the death penalty could only be handed down with stringent respect of due process and fair trial guarantees, and full transparency throughout the process.[citation needed]
* European Union
* High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini condemned the execution, stating that Nimr's death raises serious concerns regarding freedom of expression and the respect of basic civil and political rights".[28]

### In other countries

[edit]

* Australia
* Julie Bishop, Australia's Minister for Foreign Affairs, said the Australian government was "deeply disturbed by the recent executions".[29]
* Bahrain
* The Bahraini government backed the execution.[24]
* Bahrain also broke off diplomatic relations with Iran.[30]
* Canada
* Canada denounced the execution.[31]
* China
* Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying, while referring to Saudi breaking of diplomatic ties with Iran, said China is "highly concerned about the developments and expresses concern that the relevant event may intensify conflict in the region".[citation needed]
* Egypt
* The Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman said Egypt condemned attacks against the Saudi embassy in Tehran and the Saudi consulate in Mashhad in Iran.[32]
* Deputy Foreign Minister Hamdi Loza condemned "threats" against Saudi Arabia for enforcing its domestic law on a Saudi citizen to defend national security.[33]
* The Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman said that Egypt will stand with Saudi Arabia against Iranian meddling with Riyadh and other Arab countries' domestic affairs, he added that diplomatic relations will continue to be severed with Iran "for well-known reasons."[34]
* France
* The French foreign ministry said it "deeply deplores" the Saudi executions, and urged regional leaders to take all measures to avoid an escalation in sectarian tensions.[12][35]
* Germany
* A German foreign ministry spokesman told AFP: "The execution of (imam) Nimr Baqr al-Nimr reinforces our current concerns about the growing tension ... in the region", saying the death penalty was "an inhumane punishment that we reject in all circumstances".[35]
* Iran
* Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei tweeted that "[a]wakening is not suppressible",[36] and compared the Saudi government to the ISIL, also infamous for its mass executions.[24] Khamenei's website carried a picture of a Saudi executioner next to notorious Islamic State executioner Jihadi John, with the caption "Any differences?"[16][37] He warned the Saudi government that they will encounter "divine vengeance" for this execution.[38] On a speech a day after the execution, he said the religious leader "neither invited people to take up arms nor hatched covert plots. The only thing he did was public criticism".[39]
* President Hassan Rouhani called Saudi Arabia's "non-Islamic and inhuman" execution of al-Nimr in line with Riyadh's sectarian policies that aim to spread terrorism and extremism, saying the execution violates "human rights and Islamic values".[citation needed]
* Iranian Foreign Ministry summoned the Saudi Arabian chargé d'affaires.[40] Foreign Ministry Spokesman Hossein Jaberi Ansari said the execution of Sheikh Nimr "who had no means other than speech to pursue his political and religious objectives only shows the depth of imprudence and irresponsibility".[citation needed] He said that the Saudi government "supports terrorist movements and extremists, but confronts domestic critics with oppression and execution".[41] Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif also condemned the execution.[42]
* The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) condemned the execution, comparing the attitude and actions to those of ISIL. IRGC said "harsh revenge" would topple "this pro-terrorist, anti-Islamic regime". Saudi Arabia summoned the Iranian ambassador in response.[37]
* Both high-ranking Shia and Sunni clerics of Iran condemned the execution. Shia marja Naser Makarem Shirazi called it "deeply shocking" and called the Saudi government "the center for spreading sedition and Takfiri ideology". Grand Ayatollah Lotfollah Safi-Golpaygani said the execution "once again showed the criminal nature" of the Al Saud regime and that it paves the way for the regime's fall. Grand Ayatollah Hossein Noori Hamedani urged all Shia and Sunni Muslims to react against the incident. Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami, a member of the Assembly of Experts and Friday prayer Imam, predicted the fall of Saudi Arabia's ruling family following the execution.[41] Ayatollah Abbas Kaabi, Seyed Mohammad Vaez Mousavi and Ayatollah Hassan Mamdouhi also condemned the executions, underlining that "Saudis has dug its own grave". Ayatollah Hosseini Bushehri, the head of Qom Seminary Schools, announced that large number of clerics and seminary school students of Qom will close their teachings sessions on Sunday.[43] Sunni clerics, including the representative of Iran's Sunni-populated Southeastern province of Sistan and Baluchestan at the Assembly of Experts, Chairman of the Sunni Lawmakers' Fraction at the Iranian parliament Abed Fattahi, Molawi Abdolhamid Ismailzehi (the Friday prayers leader of Iran's Southeastern city of Zahedan) also condemned the execution. Iranian seminaries held a protest rally in front of the Saudi embassy in Tehran and condemned execution of the Shiite cleric by chanting "death to Al Saud".[44] A group of Iranian clerics and seminary students have also held demonstrations in Qom and Mashhad the day after.[citation needed]
* Locals in Tehran gathered outside the Saudi diplomatic mission to protest the execution. Crowds attacked Saudi Arabia's embassy in Tehran, throwing stones and Molotov cocktails, which set off a fire, while chanting "death to Al Saud".[12] Police donned riot gear and arrested 40 people during the incident.[16] The Iranian Foreign Ministry has appealed for calm and to respect diplomatic premises,[17] The day after, protests were held again by hundreds of Iranians in Tehran,[citation needed] and President Rouhani called the damage on embassy "by no means justifiable".[12]
* Iraq
* Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi said the execution would have repercussions on regional security.[24]
* The Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq, a Shia political party, and several Iraqi Shia MPs condemned the execution.[45]
* Former Prime Minister of Iraq Nouri al-Maliki said that his countrymen "strongly condemn these detestable sectarian practices" and said that this "crime" will be the downfall of the Saudi government, just as "the crime of executing the martyr al-Sadr did to Saddam".[18]
* In Iraq, prominent religious and political figures demanded that Iraqi-Saudi ties be severed.[37]
* Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani called the execution an "aggression".[citation needed]
* The board of Fatwas of Iraqi Sunnis condemned the execution in a statement, adding that Saudi Arabia should account for "igniting the fire of new discord in the Muslim world".[46]
* Lebanon
* Hezbollah
* Hezbollah said the execution amounted to assassination, describing Sheikh Nimr as a spiritual scholar who always sought dialogue and resisted injustice.[47]
* Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah said in a televised address the execution will not be taken lightly, calling the House of Saud "the main source and the launching pad for Takfiri ideology".[48]
* Lebanon's Supreme Islamic Shia Council called the execution of al-Nimr "an execution of reason, moderation and dialogue" and a "grave mistake".[24]
* Peaceful protests occurred.[12]
* Pakistan
* Pakistan's Muslims Unity Assembly decried the execution as a challenge against millions of Muslims worldwide.[citation needed]
* Peaceful protests occurred.[12]
* Palestine
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) condemned the execution, saying that the Saudi government "insists on pouring oil to the flames of sectarian sedition".[44]
* Philippines
* The Philippines' Department of Foreign Affairs called on all parties "to work together to ease sectarian tensions and to promote reconciliation". They also called "for full respect for the inviolability of diplomatic premises in all nations".[49]
* Russia
* Russia said cutting off diplomatic relations is not a "very constructive step".[citation needed] The Russian Foreign Ministry said Russia is ready to mediate the dispute between Iran and Saudi Arabia in order to restore ties.[citation needed]
* Sudan
* Sudan joined Saudi Arabia and broke off diplomatic relations with Iran.[50]
* Turkey
* Peaceful protests occurred.[12] Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that Nimr's execution was an "internal legal matter" for Saudi Arabia.[51]
* United Kingdom
* Britain's Shadow Foreign Secretary, Hilary Benn, described the execution as "profoundly wrong", and condemned the act of execution in general.[24]
* The Liberal Democrats leader, Tim Farron, stated: "I utterly condemn Saudi Arabia for the execution of 47 people including the prominent Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr. Capital punishment is utterly abhorrent and the prime minister needs to turn round to our 'ally' and tell them capital punishment is wrong. Britain must live our values and criticise nations like Saudi Arabia that continue this heinous and barbarous punishment."[52]
* United States
* United States Department of State spokesman John Kirby called on Saudi Arabia to respect human rights and permit peaceful dissent.[16]
* An anonymous official talking to The Washington Post said: "There are larger repercussions than just the reaction to these executions," including damage to "counter-ISIL initiatives as well as the Syrian peace process".[citation needed]
* Yemen
* Ansarullah movement (the Houthis) described Sheikh Nimr as a "holy warrior" and called the Saudi execution a "flagrant violation of human rights".[citation needed]

### NGOs

[edit]

* Human Rights Watch said the executions "further stain Saudi Arabia's troubling human rights record". Sarah Leah Whitson, the group's Middle East director, said Nimr was convicted in an unfair trial and that his execution was "only adding to the existing sectarian discord and unrest".[24]
* Amnesty International called Sheikh Nimr's trial political, grossly unfair, and stated that the execution was to settle political scores.[53][54]
* Ian Bremmer, the president of Eurasia Group, told Business Insider that "Saudi Arabia is in serious trouble and they know it", concluding that by cutting diplomatic ties with Iran, Saudi Arabia "wants to make regional tensions an Iran story, which helps them domestically".[55]

## See also

[edit]

* Shia Islam portal
* Saudi Arabia portal

* 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Mass Execution Is Part of Saudi Arabia's Long History of Horrors". Huffingtonpost.com. 6 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
2. ^ a b "BBC, Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr: Saudi Arabia executes top Shia cleric, 2 January 2016". BBC News. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
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4. ^ "Saudi court upholds death sentence for Shi'ite cleric". Reuters. 25 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
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6. ^ Eurasia Review (4 January 2016). "Saudi Arabia Carries Out Largest Mass Execution Since 1980". Eurasiareview. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
7. ^ "Saudi Arabia says Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, leading Shiite Muslim cleric, among 47 executed". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
8. ^ Chambers, Bill. "Chicago Muslims Protest Killings in Nigeria and Execution in Saudi Arabia". chicagomonitor.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
9. ^ "Iraqis, Greeks stage protests against Saudi execution of Nimr". Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
10. ^ "Protest outside Saudi Embassy in Washington against Sheikh Nimr's Execution". Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
11. ^ "Tasnim News Agency – Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr Execution: Hundreds Protest outside Saudi Embassy in Australia". Tasnim News Agency. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
12. ^ a b c d e f g h Cassandra Vinograd (3 January 2016). "Iran Slams Saudi Arabia's Execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr as Backlash Mounts". NBC News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
13. ^ a b Yousuf Basil, Salma Abdelaziz and Michael Pearson, CNN (2 January 2016). "Tehran protest after Saudi Arabia executes Shiite cleric – CNN.com". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2016. `{{cite web}}`: `|author=` has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
14. ^ Loveluck, Louisa. "Iran supreme leader says Saudi faces 'divine revenge'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
15. ^ Staff writers. "Farsnews". en.farsnews.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
16. ^ a b c d Ben Brumfield, Yousuf Basil and Michael Pearson, CNN (3 January 2016). "Mideast protests rage after Saudi Arabia executes Shia cleric al-Nimr, 46 others". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2016. `{{cite web}}`: `|author=` has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
17. ^ a b Will Worley (3 January 2016). "Nimr al-Nimr execution: Saudi Arabian embassy in Tehran 'attacked by protesters'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
18. ^ a b Harriet Sinclair (2 January 2016). "Nimr al-Nimr execution: Former Iraq PM al-Maliki says death will 'topple Saudi regime'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
19. ^ "The Latest: Insider says Saudis decided 'enough was enough'". WTVQ-DT (AP). 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
20. ^ "Protesters break into Saudi embassy in Baghdad". Trend. 4 January 2016. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
21. ^ "Ayatollah Nimr's Execution Aftermath". Greater Kashmir. 4 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
22. ^ Raqib Hameed Naik (5 January 2016). "Leh residents unite to protest against Shia cleric's execution, organise candle light march". TwoCircles.net. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
23. ^ "Sheikh Nimr's brother says his brother's execution will spark anger of Saudi Shia youth". irna.ir. Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
24. ^ a b c d e f g "Video: Protesters storm Saudi embassy in Tehran following execution of top Shia cleric". The Telegraph. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
25. ^ "Saudi Arabia breaks off ties with Iran after al-Nimr execution". BBC News. 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
26. ^ "New York, 2 January 2016 – Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on executions in Saudi Arabia". UNO. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
27. ^ Tracy McVeigh; Martin Chulov (3 January 2016). "US warns Saudi Arabia's execution of prominent cleric risks inflaming sectarian tensions". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
28. ^ "Statement of the HR/VP Federica Mogherini on the executions in Saudi Arabia". European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service). Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
29. ^ "Julie Bishop calls for Saudi Arabia-Iran calm after execution". The Australian. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
30. ^ "Saudi Arabia-Iran row: Bahrain cuts diplomatic ties with Tehran". BBC News. 4 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
31. ^ "Stephane Dion Condemns Saudis Over Mass Execution". Huffington Post (CP). 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
32. ^ "Egyptian Foreign Ministry". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
33. ^ "Egyptian Foreign Ministry". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
34. ^ "Al Ahram Gate". Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
35. ^ a b "France, Germany slam Saudi's execution of Shia cleric". Yahoo News (AFP). 4 January 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
36. ^ Nicola Slawson (2 January 2016). "Execution of Shia cleric sparks international outrage – as it happened". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
37. ^ a b c Angus McDowall (3 January 2016). "Shi'ite cleric among 47 executed in Saudi Arabia, stirring anger in region". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
38. ^ Worle, Will (2 January 2016). "Shi'ite cleric among 47 executed in Saudi Arabia, stirring anger in region". The independent. Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
39. ^ "Iran and Saudi Arabia wage war of words". Archived from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
40. ^ "Iran summons Saudi envoy over Nimr execution". irib.ir. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
41. ^ a b Harriet Sinclair (2 January 2016). "Nimr al-Nimr execution: Iranian cleric says death penalty will bring down Saudi Arabia's ruling family". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
42. ^ "Zarif: Sheikh Nimr execution another step in line with divisive policies". Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
43. ^ "Nimr's execution sparks angry reactions among Shia, Sunni senior clerics". The Iran Project. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
44. ^ a b "IRGC: Sheikh Nimr's Execution Displays ISIL-Like Behavior Saudi Regime's Behavior". Farsnews. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
45. ^ "Iraq MPs: Saudi Arabia execution of al-Nimr intended to fuel Sunni-Shiite strife". abna24.com. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
46. ^ "Farsnews". Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
47. ^ "Lebanon's Hezbollah slams Nimr execution as 'assassination'". irib.ir. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.
48. ^ "Nasrallah: Saudi Arabia Execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr Won't Be Taken Lightly". Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
49. ^ "Phl calls for calm in Gulf amid Saudi-Iran rift". Yahoo News Singapore. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
50. ^ "Bahrain, Sudan join Saudi Arabia in cutting ties with Iran as row over Shiite Sheikh execution continues". Australia: ABC News. 4 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
51. ^ "Turkey's Erdogan says Saudi executions 'internal legal matter' Archived 10 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine". DAWN.
52. ^ "Farron calls on prime minister to do more about death penalty abroad". The Guardian. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
53. ^ "Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr: Anger at execution of top Shia cleric". BBC World News. 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
54. ^ "Saudi execution of Shiite sheikh 'political': Amnesty". The Daily Star Lebanon. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
55. ^ Natasha Bertrand (4 January 2016). "Saudi Arabia-Iran tension result of Saudi instability – Business Insider". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.

* v
* t
* e

2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests

Part of the Arab Spring

Timeline|

* Jan–Apr 2011
* May–Dec 2011
* Jan–Jun 2012
* from Jul 2012

Events/Campaigns|

* Women's suffrage campaign
* Women to drive movement
* Political prisoner release
* Anti male-guardianship campaign

People|

* King Abdullah
* Wajeha al-Huwaider
* Hatoon al-Fassi
* Khaled al-Johani
* Eman al-Nafjan
* Samar Badawi
* Manal al-Sharif
* Hamza Kashgari
* Nimr al-Nimr
* Ali al-Nimr

Groups|

* ACPRA
* HRFS
* CDHRAP
* Society for Development and Change
* Umma Islamic Party
* Mabahith
* Coalition for Freedom and Justice

Places|

* Jeddah
* Riyadh
* Qatif
* al-Awamiyah
* ʽUlaysha Prison

Related|

* 2011 Bahraini uprising
* Nimr Baqir al-Nimr street

Category

* v
* t
* e

Arab Spring

"Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam"

Events by country|

* Algeria
* Bahrain
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Iraq
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Oman
* Palestine
* Saudi Arabia
* Sudan
* Syria
* Tunisia
* Western Sahara
* Yemen

Groups|

* Bahrain: Al Wefaq
* February 14 Youth Coalition

* Egypt: April 6 Youth Movement
* Kefaya
* Muslim Brotherhood (FJP)
* National Association for Change
* National Democratic Party
* National Salvation Front
* Revolutionary Socialists
* Shayfeencom
* Ultras Ahlawy

* Libya: National Liberation Army
* National Transitional Council

* Mauritania: February 25th Movement

* Saudi Arabia: Women to drive movement
* CDHRAP
* Society for Development and Change

* Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
* Regional Command
* National Command
* National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
* Free Syrian Army
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* Syrian National Council
* National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
* Hizb ut-Tahrir
* Foreign fighters

* Tunisia: Constitutional Democratic Rally
* Ennahda
* Popular Front
* Tunisian General Labour Union
* Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet

* Yemen: Alliance of Yemeni Tribes
* Al-Islah
* Hashid
* Houthis
* General People's Congress
* Hiraak

Notable people|

* Women in the Arab Spring

* Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika
* Ahmed Ouyahia

* Bahrain: Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
* Hasan Mushaima
* Ali Salman
* Ali Jawad al-Sheikh

* Egypt: Hosni Mubarak
* Omar Suleiman
* Mohamed Hussein Tantawy
* Ahmed Nazif
* Ahmed Shafik
* Wael Ghonim
* Kamal Ganzouri
* Khaled Mohamed Saeed
* Essam Sharaf
* Mohamed ElBaradei
* Mohamed Morsi
* Hesham Qandil
* Bassem Youssef

* Jordan: King Abdullah II
* Marouf al-Bakhit
* Samir Rifai

* Libya: Muammar Gaddafi
* Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
* Mustafa Abdul-Jelil
* Mahmud Gebril
* Mohammed Nabbous

* Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
* Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf

* Morocco: Mohammed VI
* Abbas El Fassi

* Saudi Arabia: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
* Khaled al-Johani
* Manal al-Sharif
* Nimr al-Nimr

* Sudan: Omar al-Bashir
* Hassan al-Turabi

* Syria: Bashar al-Assad
* Muhammad Naji al-Otari
* Adel Safar
* Riyad Farid Hijab
* Wael Nader al-Halqi
* Maher al-Assad
* Burhan Ghalioun
* Moaz al-Khatib
* Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb

* Tunisia: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
* Mohamed Ghannouchi
* Moncef Marzouki
* Rashid al-Ghannushi
* Fouad Mebazaa
* Beji Caid Essebsi
* Hamadi Jebali
* Mohamed Bouazizi
* Chokri Belaid

* United Arab Emirates:
* UAE Five

* Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh
* Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi
* Tawakkol Karman
* Abdul Majeed al-Zindani
* Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
* Sadiq al-Ahmar
* Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
* Mohammed Ali al-Houthi

Impact|

* Occupy movement
* Albania
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* 2011
* 2013
* Belarus
* Burkina Faso
* China
* Greece
* India
* 2011
* 2012
* Iran
* Iraqi Kurdistan
* Israel
* Maldives
* Mali
* Mexico
* 2011
* 2012
* Portugal
* Russia
* Spain
* Turkey
* 2011–2012
* 2013
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Libyan civil war (2011–present)
* Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)

UN Resolutions|

* 65/265
* 1970
* 1973
* 2009
* 2014
* 2016

International reactions|

* Bahrain
* Egypt
* Libya
* civil war
* military intervention
* death of Muammar Gaddafi
* Syria
* Tunisia
* Yemen

Domestic reactions|

* Egypt
* Libya
* domestic responses
* Syria

Timelines by country|

* Bahrain
* Egypt
* Libya
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Yemen
* Yemen
* Libya
* Egypt

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Iran–Saudi Arabia relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia
* Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran
* Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran

Diplomacy|

* Safari Club

Conflicts|

* Iranian Revolution
* 1979 Khuzestan insurgency
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan
* Qatif conflict
* 1979 Qatif Uprising
* Iran–Iraq War
* Action of June 5, 1984
* Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
* Qatar diplomatic crisis
* 2011 Egyptian revolution
* 2011 Bahraini uprising
* Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain
* insurgency in Bahrain
* First Libyan civil war
* Syrian civil war
* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Saudi involvement
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Axis of Resistance
* Iranian intervention in Iraq
* Yemeni crisis
* Houthi insurgency
* Operation Scorched Earth
* Operation Blow to the Head
* Yemeni revolution
* Yemeni civil war
* Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
* Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict
* Houthi takeover in Yemen
* Second Libyan civil war
* Western Iran clashes

Incidents|

* 1987 Mecca incident
* Khobar Towers bombing
* 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests
* 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* Execution of Nimr al-Nimr
* 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran
* 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* 2015 Mina stampede
* 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute
* 2017–2020 Qatif unrest
* 2018 Riyadh missile strike
* International Maritime Security Construct
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231
* May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
* 2019 Afif attack
* Abha International Airport attacks
* Abqaiq–Khurais attack

Iranian relations
with GCC member states|

* Bahrain
* Kuwait
* Oman
* Qatar
* United Arab Emirates

Related|

* Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry
* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Arab League–Iran relations
* Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
* Warsaw Middle East conference
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Opposition to military action against Iran
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
* Gulf Cooperation Council
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Iran International
* Shia–Sunni relations
* Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia

Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations

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* t
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Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Background|

* Iranian Revolution
* 1979 Khuzestan insurgency
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan
* Qatif conflict
* 1979 Qatif Uprising

Conflicts|

* Iran–Iraq War
* Action of June 5, 1984
* Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
* Qatar diplomatic crisis
* 2011 Egyptian revolution
* 2011 Bahraini uprising
* Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain
* insurgency in Bahrain
* First Libyan civil war
* Syrian civil war
* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Saudi involvement
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Axis of Resistance
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* Iranian intervention in Iraq
* Yemeni crisis
* Houthi insurgency
* Operation Scorched Earth
* Operation Blow to the Head
* Yemeni revolution
* Yemeni civil war
* Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
* Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict
* Houthi takeover in Yemen
* Second Libyan civil war
* Western Iran clashes

Incidents|

* 1987 Mecca incident
* Khobar Towers bombing
* 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests
* 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* Execution of Nimr al-Nimr
* 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran
* 2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* 2015 Mina stampede
* 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute
* 2017–2020 Qatif unrest
* 2018 Riyadh missile strike
* International Maritime Security Construct
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231
* May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
* 2019 Afif attack
* Abha International Airport attacks
* Abqaiq–Khurais attack

Iranian relations
with GCC member states|

* Bahrain
* Kuwait
* Oman
* Qatar
* United Arab Emirates

Related topics|

* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Arab League–Iran relations
* Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran
* Warsaw Middle East conference
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Opposition to military action against Iran
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition
* Gulf Cooperation Council
* People's Mujahedin of Iran
* Iran International
* Shia–Sunni relations
* Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia

Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
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