Execution of Saddam Hussein

2006 execution of former Iraqi president

Execution of Saddam HusseinPart of the Iraq War

Saddam Hussein at his trial in July 2004

Date| 30 December 2006; 17 years ago (2006-12-30)
Venue| Camp Justice, Kadhimiya, Baghdad, Iraq
|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Saddam Hussein

|

* * *

Personal

* Early life
* Saddamism
* Ba'athist Iraq
* Family
* Uday
* Qusay
* Raghad
* Rana
* Sajida Talfah

* * *

Affiliations

* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
* Iraq-based Ba'ath Party
* Revolutionary Command Council

* * *

Political offices

* President of Iraq (1979–2003)
* Prime Minister of Iraq (1979–1991, 1994–2003)
* Vice President of Iraq (1968–1979)
* Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (1979–2003)
* Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party (1964–1966, 1979–2006)
* Secretary General of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party (1992–2006)

* * *

Rise to power

* 1959 Mosul uprising
* Ramadan Revolution
* 17 July Revolution
* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Yom Kippur War
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* 1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict
* 1975 Algiers Agreement
* 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge

* * *

Presidency

* Iran–Iraq War
* Iraqi invasion of Iran
* Dujail massacre
* Anfal campaign
* Halabja massacre
* Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
* Gulf War
* missile attacks on Israel
* missile attacks on U.S. bases in Saudi Arabia
* 1991 Iraqi uprisings
* 1999 Shia uprising
* 2003 invasion of Iraq
* Battle of Baghdad
* Firdos Square statue destruction
* Human rights record
* Al-Qaeda link allegations
* Timeline
* Nuclear weapon program
* Operation Opera

* * *

Desposition

* Capture
* Interrogation
* Trial
* Execution
* Reactions

* * *

Elections and referendums

* 1995 Iraqi presidential referendum
* 2002 Iraqi presidential referendum

* * *

Books

* Blood Quran
* Zabibah and the King
* The Fortified Castle
* Men and the City
* Begone, Demons

* * *

* v
* t
* e

The execution of former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein took place on 30 December 2006. Saddam was sentenced to death by hanging, after being convicted of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for the Dujail massacre—the killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites in the town of Dujail—in 1982, in retaliation for an assassination attempt against him.[1]

The Iraqi government released an official video of his execution, showing him being led to the gallows, and ending after the hangman's noose was placed over his head. International public controversy arose when a mobile phone recording of the hanging showed him surrounded by a contingent of his countrymen who jeered him in Arabic and praised the Shia cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, and his subsequent fall through the trap door of the gallows.

Saddam's body was returned to his birthplace of Al-Awja, near Tikrit, on 31 December and was buried near the graves of other family members.

## Prior to execution

[edit]

See also: Capture of Saddam Hussein, Interrogation of Saddam Hussein, and Trial of Saddam Hussein

After being sentenced to death by an Iraqi court, Saddam requested to be executed by firing squad rather than hanging, claiming it as the lawful military capital punishment and citing his former position of commander-in-chief of the Iraqi military. This request was denied by the court.[2][3] Two days prior to the execution, a letter written by Saddam appeared on the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party website. In the letter, he urged the Iraqi people to unite, and not to hate the people of countries that invaded Iraq, like the United States, but instead the decision-makers. He said he was ready to die as a martyr and that he was at peace with his death sentence.[4] Hours before the execution, Saddam ate his last meal of chicken and rice with a cup of hot water with honey.

## Execution

[edit]

### Time and place

[edit]

Saddam was executed by hanging at approximately 05:50 UTC +03:00 on the first day of Eid al-Adha (30 December 2006).[5][6] Reports conflicted as to the exact time of the execution, with some sources reporting the time as 06:00, 06:05, or some, as late as 06:10.[5][6][7]

The execution took place at the joint Iraqi-U.S. military base Camp Justice, located in Kazimain, a north-eastern suburb of Baghdad. Contrary to initial reports, Saddam was executed alone, not at the same time as his co-defendants Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, who were executed on 15 January 2007. Saddam's cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid was also sentenced to death and was hanged on 25 January 2010.

### Proceedings

[edit]

A senior Iraqi official who was involved in the events leading to Saddam's demise was quoted as saying, "The Americans wanted to delay the execution by 15 days because they weren't keen on having him executed right away, but during the day [before the execution] the prime minister's office provided all the documents they asked for and the Americans changed their minds when they saw the prime minister was very insistent. Then it was just a case of finalizing the details."[8] U.S. military spokesman Maj. Gen. William Caldwell told journalists in Baghdad that after "physical control" of Saddam was given to the Iraqi government, "the multinational force had absolutely no direct involvement with [the execution] whatsoever."[9] There were no U.S. representatives present in the execution chamber.[10][11]

Reports circulated that Saddam's behavior was "submissive" and that he was carrying the Qur'an he had been keeping with him throughout his trial before his execution. Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie, who was a witness to Saddam's execution, described Saddam as repeatedly shouting "down with the invaders".[12] Al-Rubaie reportedly asked Saddam if he had any remorse or fear, to which Saddam replied:

> No, I am a militant and I have no fear for myself. I have spent my life in jihad and fighting aggression. Anyone who takes this route should not be afraid.[13]

Witnesses described Saddam as appearing "broken and weak" yet "unrepentant" prior to his hanging.[14] Sami al-Askari, a witness to the execution, said, "Before the rope was put around his neck, Saddam shouted, 'Allahu Akbar. The Muslim Ummah will be victorious and Palestine is Arab!'"[15] Saddam also stressed that the Iraqis should fight the American invaders.[16] After the rope was secured, guards shouted various rebukes including "Muqtada! Muqtada! Muqtada!" in reference to Muqtada al-Sadr; Saddam laughed, repeating the name mockingly and rebuked the shouts stating, "Do you consider this bravery?"[13][17][18][19][20] A Shi'a version of an Islamic prayer was recited by some of those present in the room while Saddam recited a Sunni version of an Islamic prayer.[21] One observer told Saddam:

> Go to hell!

Saddam replied,

> The hell that is Iraq?[22]

In response to the heckling of one of the masked guards (the man said "You have destroyed us, you have killed us. You have made us live in destitution!"), Saddam replied: "I have saved you from destitution and misery and destroyed your enemies, the Persians and Americans."[23]

The deputy prosecutor, Munqith al-Faroun, responded to hecklers, stating,[24]

> Please, stop. The man is facing an execution.

Saddam began to recite the Shahada twice. Before finishing his second recitation, the trapdoor sprang. His last word was, "Muhammad."[20] According to The New York Times, the executioners "cheer their Shi'ite heroes so persistently that one observer [in the execution chambers] makes a remark about how the effort to rein in militias does not seem to be going well."[25] During the drop, there was an audible crack, indicating that Saddam's neck was broken.[26] After Saddam was suspended for a few minutes, the doctor present listened with a stethoscope for a heartbeat. After he detected nothing, the rope was cut, and the body was placed in a coffin. Saddam was confirmed dead at 06:03.[27]

### Alleged postmortem stabbings

[edit]

According to Talal Misrab, the head guard at Saddam's tomb, who also helped in the burial, Saddam was stabbed six times after he was executed. The head of Saddam's tribe, Sheikh Hasan al-Neda, denies this claim. Mowaffak al-Rubaie stated, "I oversaw the whole process from A–Z and Saddam Hussein's body was not stabbed or mutilated, and he was not humiliated before execution."[28]

## Burial

[edit]

Saddam's body was buried in his birthplace of Al-Awja in Tikrit, Iraq, near family members, including his two sons Uday and Qusay Hussein, on 31 December 2006 at 04:00 local time (01:00 GMT).[29][30][31] His body was transported to Tikrit by a U.S. military helicopter, where he was handed over from Iraqi government possession to Sheikh Ali al-Nida, the late head of the Albu Nasir tribe and governor of Saladin. It was buried about three kilometers (2 mi) from his two sons' bodies, in the same extensive cemetery. Saddam's grave, in a family plot, was dug into the floor of an octagonal, domed building he had ordered the construction of in the 1980s for religious festivals at the site.

Saddam's eldest daughter Raghad, under asylum in Jordan, had asked that "his body be buried in Yemen temporarily until Iraq is liberated and it can be reburied in Iraq", a family spokesperson said by telephone.[32] The family also said his body might be buried in Ramadi, citing safety concerns, though there are no plans to do this.[29] The tomb where Saddam's body was buried was later destroyed during fighting between Islamic State militants and Iraqi forces.[33] Saddam's body had reportedly been removed by a Sunni tribal group before the tomb's destruction.[34]

## Media coverage

[edit]

The primary news source for the execution was the state-run Iraqi television news station Al Iraqiya, whose announcer said that the "criminal Saddam was hanged to death". A scrolling headline read, "Saddam's execution marks the end of a dark period of Iraq's history". Al Arabiya reported that Saddam's lawyer had confirmed Saddam's death.[35]

Major news networks carried official video of the moments leading up to Saddam's execution. The Iraqi government also released pictures of Saddam's dead body in a shroud.

### Mobile phone video

[edit]

While officially released footage of the event stopped short of showing the actual execution, an amateur video shot using a mobile phone from a staircase leading up to the gallows surfaced; it contained low-quality footage of the entire hanging.[36] The amateur footage, unlike the official footage, included sound; witnesses could be heard taunting Saddam at the gallows,[37] to which the former dictator replied "goddamn you."[38]

On 3 January 2007, the Iraqi government arrested the guard who they believed made the mobile phone video. However, it was too late to prevent it from spreading across the Internet.[39] Mowaffak al-Rubaie later held a press conference where he announced that three arrests had been made in connection with the investigation into the video recording and leak.[40]

## Reaction

[edit]

Main article: Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein

Reactions to the execution were varied. Criticism came both from Saddam's supporters, who believed it was unjust, and non-supporters, who either wanted additional judgement regarding other crimes besides those he was convicted for (including allegedly worse crimes) and those who approved of his conviction but not of capital punishment. Some supporters considered him a martyr.[41]

### Copycat hangings

[edit]

There were reports of copycat deaths influenced by the media coverage. Sergio Pelico, a 10-year-old boy in Webster, Texas, United States, hanged himself in his bedroom. His mother stated that the boy had previously watched a news report about Saddam's execution and decided to hang himself as a form of experimentation. In Multan, Pakistan, a 9-year-old boy also died apparently copying the televised execution; his 10-year-old sister assisted with the hanging. A 15-year-old girl from Kolkata, India was reported to have hanged herself after becoming extremely depressed by watching the execution. Copycat hangings were blamed for the deaths of seven people worldwide.[42][43]

## Legality

[edit]

Human Rights Watch issued a statement that the "execution follows a flawed trial and marks a significant step away from the rule of law in Iraq".[44] Amnesty International issued a statement that it "opposed the death penalty in all circumstances but it was especially egregious when this ultimate punishment is imposed after an unfair trial".[45] Two days before the execution, the International Federation of Human Rights released a statement calling upon the head of state to issue a moratorium on the death sentence pronounced against Saddam by hanging. The organization also said Saddam should be treated as a prisoner of war under the Geneva Conventions.[46] Lawyers for Saddam called the trial "a flagrant violation of international law" and plan to continue "using all legal paths available locally and internationally until public opinion gets the truth about this political assassination".[47] In a separate statement, Saddam's American defense lawyer called the execution "an unfortunate display of arrogant aggressor's justice by the United States of America under the leadership of American President George W. Bush. It sets back achievements in international criminal law many decades and sends a clear message to people all over the world that the United States' aggression cannot be stopped by the law. It is truly a sad day for international justice and sad beginning to a new year."[48] Juan Cole said that the execution might lead to more sectarian turmoil. "The trial and execution of Saddam were about revenge, not justice. Instead of promoting national reconciliation, this act of revenge helped Saddam portray himself one last time as a symbol of Sunni Arab resistance, and became one more incitement to sectarian warfare", he said.[49]

However, other legal experts disagreed with these assertions and claims. Miranda Sissons, at the time an independent observer of the trial[50] and a senior associate at the International Center for Transitional Justice, stated, "This was not a sham trial", and added the Iraqi judges presiding over the trial did "their best to try this case to an entirely new standard for Iraq".[51] Jonathan Drimmer, winner of the first U.S. Department of Justice Assistant Attorney General Award for Human Rights Law Enforcement[52] and a teacher at Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, DC, when asked if the trial met the standards of international justice said, "The answer is no. But to look at the ultimate verdict, it certainly is consistent with the evidence presented", and further added the trial was both "a transparent proceeding" and "a major step for Iraq".[51] Michael Scharf, a professor at Case Western Reserve University School of Law at the time, who also advised the Iraqi tribunal during the trial, responding to accusations by Saddam's defense team stated, "The U.S. government was not the puppet master of this tribunal" and added, "Saddam was convicted on the strength of his own documents", referring to documents signed by Saddam himself approving execution orders.[51]

## Perception of the Iraqi government

[edit]

Following the leaking of mobile phone footage of Saddam Hussein's execution, along with the detention on 3 January 2007, of a guard under the Justice Ministry headed by Sunni Iraqi minister Hashim Abderrahman al-Shibli, suspicions have arisen that the ministry may have intended to inflame sectarian tensions.[53] In an interview with La Repubblica on 19 January 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr said that the people who were in the room during execution were "people paid to discredit him" and the purpose of the unofficial video was to "make Muqtada look like the real enemy of the Sunnis".[54]

U.S. President George W. Bush mentioned on 4 January 2007 that he wished that the execution "had gone on in a more dignified way".[55] Bush later stated, in a 16 January 2007 interview with U.S. television host Jim Lehrer, that Saddam's execution "looked like it was kind of a revenge killing". Bush said he was "disappointed and felt like they fumbled the Saddam Hussein execution. It reinforced doubts in people's minds that the Maliki government and the unity government of Iraq is a serious government. And it sent a mixed signal to the American people and the people around the world."[56]

## See also

[edit]

* Iraq portal
* Law portal

* Killing of Muammar Gaddafi
* Killing of Qusay and Uday Hussein

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Saddam buried in village of his birth". Associated Press. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
2. ^ "The Sydney Morning Herald 404 Page". The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 July 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2018.[permanent dead link]
3. ^ "Saddam prefers death by shooting". The Washington Times. 3 January 2006. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
4. ^ "Saddam Bids Iraqis Farewell in Letter, Urges Unity". RedBolivia. 28 December 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007.
5. ^ a b "Saddam Hussein executed, ending era in Iraq". NBC News. 29 December 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
6. ^ a b "Saddam Body Flown Home". Sky News. 29 December 2006. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
7. ^ "Saddam hanged but no let-up in Iraq violence". Reuters. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2007.[permanent dead link]
8. ^ "Iraqi Sunnis vent anger over video of Saddam's fighting". The Daily Star. 3 January 2007. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
9. ^ "U.S. Distances Itself From Saddam Hanging". CBS News. 3 January 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
10. ^ "Hussein executed with 'fear in his face'". CNN. 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 29 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
11. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan. "Saddam Hussein is Put to Death". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
12. ^ "A Historic Day For Iraq". Sky News. 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 22 January 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
13. ^ a b Santora, Marc (31 December 2006). "On the Gallows, Curses for U.S. and 'Traitors'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
14. ^ "Saddam goes to the gallows". Manchester Evening News. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
15. ^ "Saddam Hussein dies on the gallows, exiting the Iraqi stage after a long, brutal reign". Associated Press. 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
16. ^ "Witness to Saddam's death". BBC News. 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
17. ^ "Attempts to anger Saddam moments before his execution, Al Jazeera, 1 January 2007". Archived from the original on 8 January 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
18. ^ Penketh, Anne (1 January 2007). "Guards taunted Saddam in final seconds". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
19. ^ "Witness: Saddam Hussein argued with guards moments before death". CNN. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
20. ^ a b Lin, Carol (30 December 2006). Camera phone in Hussein's execution chamber (Windows Media). CNN. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
21. ^ Simpson, John (30 December 2006). "Saddam hanging taunts evoke ugly past". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
22. ^ Parsons, Claudia (31 December 2006). "'Fallen tyrant' taunted in Saddam video". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
23. ^ Santora, Marc (31 December 2006). "On the Gallows, Curses for U.S. and 'Traitors'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
24. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (31 December 2006). "In Hussein's Last Minutes, Jeers and a Cry for Calm". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
25. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (1 January 2007). "For Sunnis, Dictator's Degrading End Signals Ominous Dawn for the New Iraq". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
26. ^ "Saddam Hussein Hanging Video Shows Defiance, Taunts and Glee". National Ledger. 1 January 2007. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
27. ^ شريط يظهر نطقه للشهادتين ومصوّر الإعدام يروي لحظة النهاية تفاصيل الساعة الأخيرة في حياة الرئيس السابق صدام حسي [Tape shows last details of Saddam's life] (in Arabic). Al-Arabiya. 31 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
28. ^ Haynes, Deborah (1 November 2008). "Saddam Hussein's body was stabbed in the back, says guard". The Times. Al-Awja, Iraq. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
29. ^ a b "Iraqis gather in Saddam hometown after burial". Reuters. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
30. ^ "Report: Saddam Hussein to be buried with sons". CNN. 29 December 2006. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
31. ^ "Report: Saddam is buried in home village". BBC News. 31 December 2006. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
32. ^ "Saddam daughter asking body be buried in Yemen". Reuters. 29 December 2006. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
33. ^ "Saddam's tomb destroyed near Tikrit". BBC News. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
34. ^ Rasheed, Ahmed (6 August 2014). "Saddam's allies moved his corpse, fearful Shi'ite militias would..." Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
35. ^ "Saddam Hussein Executed by Hanging in Iraq". Fox News. 29 December 2006. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
36. ^ Unidentified videographer (30 December 2006). Saddam Hussein ~ FULL ~ Hanging Video Graphic (Video). Internet Archive.`{{cite AV media}}`: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
37. ^ Bauder, David (2 January 2007). "Saddam Execution Images Shown on TV, Web". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2006.
38. ^ "Video shows Saddam being taunted". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
39. ^ Abdul-Zahra, Qassim (3 January 2007). "Official Held in Saddam Hanging Video". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
40. ^ Richard Engel and the Associated Press (3 January 2007). "Arrests made in Saddam video case". NBC News. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
41. ^ "طفل باكستاني يشنق نفسه أثناء اللعب مقلدا إعدام صدام حسين" [Raghad Saddam Hussein attends a protest in Jordan to protest the execution of her father] (in Arabic). Al-Arabiya. 1 January 2007. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
42. ^ "Children die worldwide after seeing Saddam hang". The News International. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2007.
43. ^ "Copycat hangings follow Saddam execution." NBC News. 14 January 2007.
44. ^ "Iraq: Saddam Hussein Put to Death". Human Rights Watch. 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
45. ^ "Amnesty International condemns Iraqi Appeal Court verdict against Saddam Hussein and co-accused". Amnesty International. 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
46. ^ "Iraq: No to death penalty ratification!". International Federation for Human Rights. 27 December 2006. Archived from the original on 12 January 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
47. ^ "Saddam a martyr – lawyers". News24.com. 30 December 2006. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007.
48. ^ Williams, Desiree N. (30 December 2006). "Saddam lawyers decry 'political assassination' in statement". Jurist. University of Pittsburgh School of Law. Archived from the original on 2 September 2007.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
49. ^ Cole, Juan (30 December 2006). "Saddam: The death of a dictator". Salon. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008.
50. ^ "Human rights activist Miranda Sissons maybe the answer to Facebook's digital hate woes". 29 January 2020.
51. ^ a b c Preston, Julia (6 November 2006). "Hussein Trial Was Flawed but Reasonably Fair, and Verdict Was Justified, Legal Experts Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
52. ^ "Jonathan Drimmer | Our People". Business for Social Responsibility.
53. ^ "More arrests expected from Hussein execution video". CNN. 3 January 2007. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
54. ^ "Un esercito segreto contro di noi ma gli sciiti sapranno resistere" [A secret army against us but the Shiites will be able to resist]. La Repubblica (in Italian). 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2009.

Translated at "Moqtada's interview at La Repubblica". Translated by Helena Cobban. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007.
55. ^ "Saddam's execution could have been more 'dignified': Bush". CBC News. 5 January 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
56. ^ "President Bush Defends Decision to Send Additional Troops to Iraq". The Online NewsHour. PBS. 16 January 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2023.

## External links

[edit]

* Video of execution on YouTube

* v
* t
* e

Saddam Hussein

Biography|

* 17 July Revolution
* 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
* Iran–Iraq War
* U.S. support
* Anfal campaign
* Gulf War
* 1991 uprisings
* Human rights record
* Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
* timeline
* Capture
* Interrogation
* Trial
* Execution
* reactions

Books|

* Zabibah and the King
* The Fortified Castle
* Men and the City
* Begone, Demons
* Blood Quran

Propaganda|

* Killing babies
* Alleged shredder

Family|

* Father: Hussein 'Abid al-Majid
* Mother: Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat
* Half-brothers: Watban, Sabawi, and Barzan
* Wives: Sajida Talfah and Samira Shahbandar
* Uncle and Father-in-Law: Khairallah Talfah
* Sons: Uday and Qusay
* Daughters: Rana, Raghad, and Hala
* Grandchildren: Mustapha Hussein

Media|

* Al-ayyam al-tawila
* House of Saddam
* South Park
* The Devil's Double

Category:Saddam Hussein

* v
* t
* e

Iraq War (2003–2011)

Beginning of the Iraqi conflict

Prelude

| Background|

| Pre-1990|

* 17 July Revolution
* Iranian Revolution
* 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
* Iran–Iraq War
* British / U.S. support for Iraq
* Chemical attacks against Iran
* Anfal campaign
* Iran–Contra affair

|

1990–2003|

* Gulf War
* Invasion of Kuwait
* Nayirah testimony
* Sanctions against Iraq
* No-fly zones
* 1991 uprisings
* UNSCOM
* Arms-to-Iraq affair
* Oil-for-Food Programme
* Investigations
* September 11 attacks
* Aftermath
* War on terror
* 2001 anthrax attacks
* U.S. War in Afghanistan
* Invasion

Rationale|

* WMD claims
* Yellowcake uranium
* Aluminum tubes
* Biological weapons
* Chemical weapons
* "Curveball"
* Mobile weapon labs
* Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
* Anthrax claims
* Prague
* Ricin claims
* Oil as a possible rationale

Issues|

* American imperialism
* Bush Doctrine
* Wolfowitz Doctrine
* Colin Powell's UN presentation
* Disarmament crisis
* UNMOVIC
* Failed peace initiatives
* Iraq resolution / UK parliament's support for invasion
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* Legality
* Legitimacy of the invasion
* Media coverage
* Military analyst program
* Rapid response operation
* Saddam's alleged shredder
* Preemptive war
* Saddam Hussein and human rights

Dossiers
and memos|

* Habbush letter
* Downing Street memo
* September Dossier
* Vilnius letter
* Letter of the eight
* Bush–Blair 2003 memo
* February Dossier
* Bush–Aznar memo

Overview

| Key events|

* Invasion (2003)
* Occupation (2003–2011)
* Insurgency
* 2003–06 period
* Anbar campaign
* Fallujah
* Capture of Saddam Hussein
* Interrogation
* Trial
* Execution / Reactions
* 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing
* Civil war (2006–08)
* 2007 U.S. troop surge
* timeline
* U.S. withdrawal
* Status of forces agreement

|

Invasion
(2003)|

* Timeline
* Preparations for invasion
* Multi-National Force
* Battle of Nasiriyah
* Fall of Baghdad
* Battle of Debecka Pass
* Firdos Square statue
* Mission Accomplished speech
* US public opinion

Occupation
(2003–2011)|

* Occupation of Ramadi
* De-Ba'athification
* 100 Orders
* CPA Order 2
* CPA Order 17
* U.S. military bases
* Blackwater
* Reconstruction
* Development Fund
* Economic reform
* UNAMI
* Al Qa'qaa high explosives
* U.S. kill or capture strategy

| Replacement
governments|

* Coalition Provisional Authority
* Iraqi Governing Council
* Interim Government
* 2005 parliamentary elections
* Transitional Government
* Constitution
* Ratification

|

Participants

| Countries|

* Australia
* Ba'athist Iraq
* Denmark
* Georgia
* Iran
* Italy
* Japan
* Poland
* South Korea
* Thailand
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Insurgent
groups|

| Sunni
groups|

* Islamic Army in Iraq
* 1920 Revolution Brigades
* Jaish al-Rashideen
* Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance
* Hamas of Iraq
* Jeish Muhammad
* Mujahideen Shura Council
* Islamic State of Iraq
* Al-Qaeda in Iraq
* Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah
* Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna
* Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
* Black Banner Organization
* Wakefulness and Holy War
* Abu Theeb's group
* Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army
* Mujahideen Army

|

Shia
groups|

* Mahdi Army
* Abu Deraa's militia
* Badr Organization
* Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
* Sheibani Network
* Soldiers of Heaven
* Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
* Promised Day Brigade
* Kata'ib Hezbollah

Ba'ath
loyalists|

* Fedayeen Saddam
* Al-Awda
* Popular Army
* Al-Abud Network
* Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
* Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation

Battles and operations

| Operations|

| 2003|

* Ancient Babylon
* Catalyst
* Desert Scorpion
* Desert Thrust
* Falconer
* Iron Hammer
* Iron Justice
* Ivy Blizzard
* Northern Delay
* Airborne Dragon
* Panther Squeeze
* Peninsula Strike
* Planet X
* Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn)
* Telic

|

2004|

* Baton Rouge
* Bulldog Mammoth
* Iron Saber
* New Dawn (Al Fajr)
* Phantom Fury
* Phantom Linebacker
* Plymouth Rock
* Vigilant Resolve
* Warrior's Rage

2005|

* Able Rising Force
* Able Warrior
* Cyclone
* Iron Hammer
* Matador
* New Market
* Spear (Romhe)
* Squeeze Play
* Steel Curtain

2006|

* Al Majid
* Gaugamela
* Guardian Tiger
* Iron Triangle
* River Falcon
* Sinbad
* Swarmer
* Together Forward

2007|

* Alljah
* Arbead II
* Ardennes
* Black Eagle
* Commando Eagle
* Forsythe Park
* Imposing Law
* Leyte Gulf
* Marne Avalanche
* Marne Torch
* Mawtini
* Phantom Strike
* Phantom Thunder
* Polar Tempest
* Purple Haze
* Saber Guardian
* Sledgehammer
* Stampede 3
* Tiger Hammer
* Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil)

2008|

* Defeat Al Qaeda in the North
* Augurs of Prosperity
* Phantom Phoenix

2009–2011|

* New Dawn

Battles|

| 2003|

| Invasion|

* Umm Qasr
* Al Faw
* Basra I
* Nasiriyah
* Karbala I
* Haditha Dam
* Najaf I
* Samawah I
* Karbala II
* Al Kut
* Hillah
* Karbala Gap
* Debecka Pass
* Baghdad I

|

* Majar al-Kabir
* Ramadan Offensive

2004|

* Spring fighting
* Karbala City Hall
* Fallujah I
* Siege of Sadr City
* Ramadi I
* Good Friday ambush
* Baghdad International Airport
* Husaybah
* Danny Boy
* Najaf II
* CIMIC House
* Samarra
* Fallujah II
* Mosul

2005|

* Lake Tharthar
* Abu Ghraib
* Al-Qa'im
* Hit convoy
* Haditha
* Tal Afar

2006|

* Baghdad II
* Ramadi II
* Diwaniya
* Al Rumaythah
* Amarah
* Turki

2007|

* Haifa Street
* Karbala provincial HQ
* Najaf III
* Shurta Nasir
* Basra II
* Baqubah
* Route Bismarck
* Donkey Island
* Karbala III

2008|

* Spring fighting
* Iraqi Day of Ashura
* Nineveh
* Basra III
* Al-Qaeda offensive

2009–2011|

* Palm Grove (2010)

Related events|

* Turkish incursions into northern Iraq
* 2007
* 2008
* Abu Kamal raid

War crimes

| Occupation forces|

| Killings and
massacres|

* During the 2003 invasion
* U.S. killings of journalists
* Fallujah killings
* Killing of Nadhem Abdullah (2003)
* Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir
* Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004)
* Haifa Street helicopter incident (2005)
* Tal Afar shootings (2005)
* Basra prison incident (2005)
* Haditha massacre (2005)
* Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006)
* Ishaqi massacre (2006)
* Baghdad detainee killings (2006)
* Hamdania incident (2006)
* Iraqi bodyguard killing (2006)
* Iron Triangle Murders (2006)
* Baghdad airstrike (2007)
* Nisour Square massacre (2007)
* Iraq War Logs (2010)

|

Chemical
weapons|

* Use of white phosphorus by the United States (2004–05)

Torture
and abuse|

* Abu Ghraib prison (2003–06)
* Camp Bucca (2003–09)
* Camp Nama (2003–04)
* Balad Air Base (2003–2011)
* Death of Nagem Hatab (2003)
* Killing of Baha Mousa (2003)
* Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush (2003)
* Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi (2003)
* Death of Fashad Mohamed (2004)

§ Other killings
and bombings|

| 2003|

* Jordanian embassy
* Canal Hotel
* Imam Ali mosque bombing
* Baghdad October 2003

|

2004|

* Erbil 2004
* Ashura massacre
* Basra 2004
* Mosul 2004
* 2004 church bombings
* Baghdad bombings
* 14 September
* 30 September
* Karbala and Najaf bombings
* Baqubah 2004
* Kufa mosque bombing

2005|

* Al Hillah 2005
* Erbil 2005
* Musayyib bombing
* Baghdad bombings
* August
* September
* Balad 2005
* Khanaqin bombings

2006|

* Karbala and Ramadi
* Al-Askari mosque 2006
* Buratha mosque bombing
* Sadr City bombings
* July
* November
* Hayy Al-Jihad massacre

2007|

* Mustansiriya University
* Baghdad bombings
* 22 January
* 3 February
* 12 February
* 18 February
* 29 March
* 18 April
* 26 July
* 1 August
* Al Hillah 2007
* Tal Afar 2007
* Iraqi Parliament
* 2007 Karbala mosque bombings
* Massacres of Yazidis
* April massacre
* Qahtaniyah bombings
* Makhmour
* Abu Sayda
* Al-Askari mosque 2007
* Al-Khilani mosque bombing
* Amirli bombing
* Kirkuk 2007
* Al Amarah bombings

2008|

* Bagdad bombings
* February
* March
* June
* Balad 2008
* Karbala 2008
* Al-Karmah
* Dujail bombing
* Balad Ruz bombing
* Attacks on Christians in Mosul

2009|

* Bagdad bombings
* March
* 6 April
* June
* August
* October
* December
* Baghdad–Miqdadiyah
* Taza bombing
* Kirkuk 2009
* Tal Afar 2009

2010|

* Nationwide attacks
* 10 May
* 25 August
* Bagdad bombings
* January
* February
* April
* August
* September
* November
* Baqubah 2010
* Baghdad church massacre

2011|

* Nationwide attacks
* January
* August
* Bagdad bombings
* January
* August
* October
* Arba'een bombings
* Tikrit assault
* Al Hillah 2011
* Samarra bombing
* Al Diwaniyah bombing
* Taji bombings
* Karbala 2011
* Basra 2011

Other war crimes|

* Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011)
* Archaeological looting
* Chlorine bombings
* Torture by the Wolf Brigade (2004–2011)

Prosecution|

* United States and the International Criminal Court
* Hague Invasion Act
* Prosecution for the 2003 invasion
* Abtan v. Blackwater
* Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
* Saleh v. Bush
* Taguba Report

§ All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetrators

Impact

| General|

* Casualties
* Iraq Body Count
* Iraq Family Health Survey
* Lancet surveys
* ORB survey
* Damage to Baghdad
* Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster
* Human rights
* Humanitarian crisis
* 2007 cholera outbreak
* Financial cost
* Refugees
* Iraqi Christians
* Mandaeans
* Violence against Iraqi academics

|

Political
controversies|

* Post-invasion WMD conjecture
* Iraq scandal in Finland
* Dixie Chicks comments
* Plame affair
* Hood event
* Death of David Kelly
* Hutton Inquiry
* Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz
* 2004 document leak
* Al Jazeera bombing memo
* Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy
* MoveOn.org ad controversy
* Six Days in Fallujah
* Role of Canada
* War resisters

| Investigations|

* Senate Report on WMD Intelligence
* Duelfer Report
* Chilcot Inquiry

|

Reactions|

| Pre-war|

* Pre-war international reactions
* Khuy Voyne!
* Saddam Hussein interview

|

* Views on the invasion
* U.S. public opinion
* Opposition
* Criticism
* United Nations
* Oprah's Anti-war series
* Iraqi map pendant
* Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan
* Photo Op
* A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq
* Bush shoe-throwing incident

Protests|

* Halloween 2002
* February 15, 2003
* March 20, 2003
* Bring Them Home Now Tour
* January 20, 2005
* September 24, 2005
* January 27, 2007
* March 17, 2007
* 2007 Port of Tacoma
* September 15, 2007
* March 19, 2008

Aftermath in Iraq|

* The rise of ISIL
* Insurgency (2011–13)
* War in Iraq (2013–17)
* War against ISIL (2014–present)
* U.S.-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)
* Insurgency (2017–present)

Miscellaneous

| Terminology|

* Axis of evil
* Outposts of tyranny
* "Baghdad Bob"
* "Chemical Ali"
* Coalition of the willing
* Dead checking
* Embedded journalism
* Freedom fries
* Friedman Unit
* "Mother of All Bombs"
* "Mrs. Anthrax"
* Old Europe and New Europe
* Regime change
* Shock and awe
* "Sixteen Words"
* "Smoking gun / mushroom cloud"
* Star Spangled Ice Cream
* Strategic reset
* "There are unknown unknowns"
* Triangle of Death
* "Yo, Blair"

| Critical|

* Global arrogance
* Inverted totalitarianism
* "The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time"

|

Memorials|

* Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon)
* Al-Shaheed Monument
* Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London)
* Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial
* Old North Memorial Garden
* Saving Iraqi Culture

Lists|

* Assassinations
* Aviation shootdowns and accidents
* Bombings
* Coalition military operations
* Documentaries
* Iraqi security forces fatality reports
* Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards
* Private contractor deaths

Timeline|

* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011

Related

* Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
* Chelsea Manning
* CIA black sites
* Efforts to impeach George W. Bush
* "Enhanced interrogation techniques"
* Torture in the United States
* Extraordinary rendition
* Green Zone
* Guantanamo Bay detention camp
* Gulf of Tonkin incident
* Resolution
* Military–industrial complex
* Neoconservatism
* Patriot Act
* Petrodollar warfare theory
* Post-9/11
* Special Relationship
* The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs
* Unilateralism
* Unitary executive theory
* U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East
* WikiLeaks
* Ba'ath Party archives

Outline / Category / Wikinews / Multimedia
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template