Expansion of Major League Baseball

Major League Baseball (MLB), the highest level of professional baseball in the United States and Canada, has undergone several rounds of expansion beginning in 1961, eventually reaching 30 teams with its most recent expansion taking place in 1998. MLB has discussed preparations for another round of expansion. Several investment groups are vying for an MLB franchise.

Progression of MLB expansion

Years  | No. of AL teams  | No. of NL teams
1901–1960 | 8  | 8
1961 | 10
1962–1968 | 10
1969–1976 | 12  | 12
1977–1992 | 14
1993–1997 | 14
1998–2012 | 16
2013–present  | 15  | 15

## Background

[edit]

Orioles

Red Sox

White Sox

Indians

Tigers

Athletics

Yankees

Senators

Locations of teams for the 1955–1960 American League seasons
American League

Cubs

Reds

Dodgers

Braves

Phillies

Pirates

Giants

Cardinals

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Locations of teams for the 1960–1961 National League seasons
National League

For a 50-year period from 1903 to 1952, MLB's 16-team structure (split into the American and National Leagues) remained intact. No franchises were relocated during this period, and five markets—Boston, Chicago, New York City, Philadelphia, and St. Louis—had two or more teams. According to authors Andy McCue and Eric Thompson, "The less financially successful clubs in two-team cities were finding it increasingly difficult to compete" by the early 1950s.[1] In addition, population changes in the United States were leading to many citizens moving away from the Northeast, where many MLB teams were based, to southern and western locations.[1]

From 1953 to 1955, three franchises were relocated, all of which had been in markets with two or more teams. Before the 1958 season, the two New York City teams in the NL, the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants, moved westward; the Dodgers relocated to Los Angeles, while San Francisco became the new home of the Giants.[1]

### MLB's perceived threat of proposed Continental League

[edit]

See also: Continental League

Due to the relocation of the Dodgers and Giants, a third major league for baseball, the Continental League, was proposed by lawyer William Shea in November 1958. Shortly after in December, MLB had created an Expansion Committee.[1] On July 27, 1959, the new league was formally announced, with teams in Denver, Houston, Minneapolis–St. Paul, New York City, and Toronto, with three other cities later picked by January 1960, Atlanta, Dallas–Fort Worth, and Buffalo, set to start on April 18, 1961.[2] In addition to the pressures of the proposed Continental League, MLB was facing pressure from the U.S. Congress, which indicated that efforts to prevent future expansion would arouse interest in weakening the sport's exemption from antitrust laws.[3] Congress voted on a bill aimed at repealing the exemption, but it failed.

However, MLB moved to expand after a rival league became a possibility.[4] MLB formed an expansion committee, which voted in favor of adding four new teams, two in each league, by 1961–62.[5] MLB sought cities that had received interest from the Continental League as a means to stop its formal start. Among them, were Houston, Los Angeles, New York City, and Washington, D.C, which were all granted franchises by late 1960.[1] As a concession by William A. Shea, part of his negotiations with Major League Baseball to expand to incorporate at least eight new teams, the Continental League formally disbanded on August 2, 1960.

## 1961 AL expansion: Los Angeles Angels and second Washington Senators

[edit]

See also: 1961 Major League Baseball expansion

Orioles

Red Sox

White Sox

Indians

Tigers

Athletics

Angels

Twins

Yankees

Senators

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Locations of teams for the 1961 American League season
American League

### Los Angeles Angels

[edit]

Actor Gene Autry led a group that paid $2.1 million for the right to place an MLB team in Los Angeles.[6] Autry, who owned radio stations, had been seeking to acquire a contract to broadcast baseball games when he traveled to MLB's Winter Meetings. After the Meetings, on December 6, 1960, his group received franchise rights. The Los Angeles team was initially scheduled to begin play in 1962, but a relocation plan elsewhere in the AL resulted in the start date being moved up to 1961.[7] The club was named the Los Angeles Angels, after a Pacific Coast League team that had previously played in the city. To secure the name rights, Autry paid a $350,000 fee to Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley, who had purchased the minor league Angels before relocating the Dodgers to Los Angeles.[8]

### Washington Senators

[edit]

While initially, leading figures in Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota, had sought an expansion franchise, in October 1960, the AL permitted the Washington Senators to move in time for next year's season, and gave Washington, D.C., an expansion team.[9] The former Senators changed their name to the Minnesota Twins, and the new expansion team took the Senators name.[10] The decision was partially in response to pressure from Congress, which had wanted a replacement for the former Senators. As with the Angels' ownership group, the new Senators' owners paid a $2.1 million fee for the right to an MLB franchise.[11] This new Washington Senators group plays today in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex following relocation in 1972 as the Texas Rangers.

## 1962 NL expansion: Houston Colt .45s and New York Mets

[edit]

See also: 1962 Major League Baseball expansion

Cubs

Reds

Colt .45s

Dodgers

Braves

Mets

Phillies

Pirates

Giants

Cardinals

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Locations of teams for the 1962–1963 National League seasons
National League

The NL announced an expansion as the 1960 World Series was in progress, with new teams in Houston and New York City.[5] William Shea had been a supporter of the Continental League concept, and had attracted several investors. A potential Houston team also had numerous partners, many of whom had oil interests. The AL initially showed interest in adding a Houston team, but the investors wanted an NL franchise. MLB granted the two cities franchises on October 17, 1960.[1]

### Houston Colt .45s

[edit]

The Houston Sports Association was formed in 1957 and bought a minor league baseball team four years later. The group was given a controlling interest in Houston's expansion team, which was named the Houston Colt .45s. It played at Colt Stadium.[12] It would only be a few years later in 1965 that the team would become the Houston Astros. In 2013, the Astros transferred into the American League.

### New York Mets

[edit]

Following the announcement of the Dodgers and Giants leaving New York City, the city formed the Mayor's Committee, headed by lawyer William Shea.[1] Though New York City sought a replacement NL franchise (strongly supported by city Mayor Robert Wagner), MLB displayed little intention of adding a New York team, despite the formation of the Expansion Committee.[4] With Shea's Continental League project and pressure from Congress, MLB eventually gave in and rewarded New York with a National League franchise, effectively killing the Continental League project. On May 8, 1961, the club announced the name of the team would be the New York Mets, named after a shortened version of the 1880s team, the New York Metropolitans.[13][14][15]

The city was unable to secure funding for a proposed Flushing Meadows stadium in time for play in 1962, so the Mets played at the Polo Grounds, the previous home of the New York Giants.[16][17] George Weiss was the president of the team, and seven-time World Series championship-winning manager Casey Stengel was hired to lead the Mets on the field.[16] Thanks to Shea's efforts to bring National League baseball back to New York, Shea Stadium the stadium the Mets would play in from 1964 to 2008, was named in his honor.

## 1969 expansion: Kansas City Royals, Seattle Pilots, Montreal Expos, and San Diego Padres

[edit]

See also: 1969 Major League Baseball expansion

Angels

White Sox

Royals

Twins

Athletics

Pilots

Orioles

Red Sox

Indians

Tigers

Yankees

Senators

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Locations of teams for the 1969 American League season
West   East

### AL expansion

[edit]

#### Kansas City Royals

[edit]

Following the departure of the Kansas City Athletics to Oakland following the end of the 1967 season, US Senator Stuart Symington threatened to challenge Major League Baseball's antitrust exemption with federal legislation,[18] and to also challenge the reserve clause. Kansas City mayor Ilus Davis threatened a lawsuit to block the move.[19] Tom Yawkey arranged a meeting of the owners during a convention, during which the league agreed to accelerate the expansion process and assured that Kansas City would be granted a new franchise to begin play no later than the 1969 season.[20] This would require another franchise to be established at the same time to ensure the league had an even number of teams for a balanced schedule.[21] Ewing Kauffman won rights to the franchise and paid a $5.5 million expansion fee for the Kansas City Royals, which played games at Municipal Stadium[11] until the end of the 1972 season, after which the team moved to Royals Stadium, now known as Kauffman Stadium.

#### Seattle Pilots

[edit]

Because of failed attempts to attract existing teams, Seattle instead tried to lobby for an expansion franchise at the 1967 owners' meetings in Chicago.[21] The delegation also had support from two US Senators, Henry M. Jackson and Warren Magnuson, the latter of whom was the chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee, a committee which has "jurisdiction over the major league's business activities".[21] Coupled with Symington's threats related to the move of the Kansas City Athletics, the political influence swayed the American League owners. However, they were reluctant to expand in 1969 without a Seattle stadium bond issue.[20] The Seattle delegation assured the owners that Sick's Stadium could be renovated in five months to fulfill the minimum requirements until a new stadium was built; with this, the owners agreed to a 1969 expansion, and approved teams in Kansas City and Seattle.[20]

In December 1967 at the Winter Meetings in Mexico City, the franchise was officially awarded to Pacific Northwest Sports, led by Dewey Soriano, which received $5.5 million in funding from William R. Daley, who thus had 47% ownership of the venture.[21] Other owners included Max and Dewey Soriano. The award was contingent on renovation of Sick's Stadium to increase its seating capacity from 11,000 to 30,000 by the start of the 1969 season.[21] The Sorianos persuaded notable athletes to advocate for the $40 million King County stadium bond issue, including baseball players Mickey Mantle, Carl Yastrzemski, and Joe DiMaggio, and football player Y. A. Tittle; the bond issue was approved by 62.3% of the electorate.[22][21] The Seattle Pilots would eventually be declared bankrupt in 1970 and the team was sold to Bud Selig, who moved the team to Milwaukee after only one season in Seattle and renamed it as the present-day Milwaukee Brewers. The team would eventually be transferred to the National League in 1998 as a result of expansion that season.

### NL expansion

[edit]

Braves

Reds

Astros

Dodgers

Padres

Giants

Cubs

Expos

Mets

Phillies

Pirates

Cardinals

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Locations of teams for the 1969 National League season
West   East

#### Montreal Expos

[edit]

Montreal City Councilor Gerry Snyder spoke to Ford C. Frick sometime after the 1962 Major League Baseball expansion, during which he was told Montreal would not receive an expansion franchise unless it had a stadium in which to contest matches.[23] At the Winter Meetings in Mexico City on December 2, 1967, Snyder presented a proposal to Major League Baseball owners to establish a franchise in the city.[24] Several influential owners pledged their support for a Montreal franchise in that meeting, including Walter O'Malley, Roy Hofheinz, and John Galbreath.[23] Certain that Hofheinz would object to a Dallas–Fort Worth bid and that the San Diego bid was near certain to be successful, Snyder deemed a bid from Buffalo to be the strongest bid against which to compete.

On 27 May 1968, the National League officially awarded a franchise to Montreal to commence play in the 1969 season.[24] National League president Warren Giles had encouraged the owners during the meeting, stating "If we're going to expand, let's really spread it out".[25] The Montreal Expos became the first franchise to be awarded to a city outside the United States. When the news reached the U.S. Congress, members collectively condemned the decision.[23]

Because of the slow pace of progress in meeting commitments, Jean-Louis Lévesque withdrew his financial support in the franchise on July 31, 1968. Snyder quickly found another investor, Charles Bronfman, and the team met the deadline of 15 August for the initial $1.1 million installment, before which Jarry Park was selected as the team's stadium for the short term.[23] Renovations to the park were made by adding uncovered bleacher seats along the right and left field lines, and an electronic scoreboard installed beyond right field.[26] The team had some issues committing to a new stadium, as required by the franchise award, and it was said that the team had agreed to build a dome at the Autostade and use it as their stadium if a new stadium was not built by 1970.[27] It had originally intended to lease the stadium and expand its seating capacity from 26,000 to 37,000,[27] but then chose Jarry Park instead.

The ownership group paid $12.5 million for the team.[28] John McHale was hired as the team's first president,[29] and Jim Fanning its first general manager.[23] Many names had been considered for the team, including Royals which had a strong association with the city, but the name had already been adopted by the new Kansas City franchise. After rejecting various options, including "Voyageurs" and "Nationals", the name Expos was chosen in honour of Expo 67[26] and because it was the same in both of the city's official languages.[23] McHale stated that the name would "help Montreal be identified properly as the city that gave the world Expo 67".[23]

The Montreal Expos would eventually relocate to Washington, D.C. for the 2005 season as the Washington Nationals.

#### San Diego Padres

[edit]

In 1967, C. Arnholt Smith, owner of the PCL San Diego Padres (PCL), won a bid for an expansion team in the National League for the 1969 season. On May 27, 1968, the National League officially awarded a franchise to San Diego to commence play in the 1969 season[24] for a fee of $12.5 million for the team.[28] After the 1968 PCL season, Smith surrendered the franchise, which moved to Eugene, Oregon, and transferred the Padre name to his new NL team, the San Diego Padres. Eddie Leishman was named general manager of the MLB Padres, with club president and minority investor Buzzie Bavasi, formerly GM of the Los Angeles Dodgers (having resigned to take the new role), playing a dominant role in its baseball operations as president of the team.[30]

## 1977 AL expansion: Seattle Mariners and Toronto Blue Jays

[edit]

See also: 1977 Major League Baseball expansion

Angels

White Sox

Royals

Twins

Athletics

Mariners

Rangers

Orioles

Red
Sox

Indians

Tigers

Brewers

Yankees

Blue
Jays

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Locations of teams for the 1977–1981 American League seasons
West   East

### Seattle Mariners

[edit]

Following the bankruptcy and departure of the Seattle Pilots on April 1, 1970, the city of Seattle, King County and the state of Washington sued the American League for breach of contract.[31] The $32.5 million lawsuit[32] proceeded until 1976, when at trial the American League offered the city a franchise in exchange for the city, county, and state to drop the suit.[31] On November 2, 1972, King County had broken ground on the Kingdome,[33] which would come to be used by the Seattle Mariners for baseball and by the Seahawks for football.

On January 15, 1976, the expansion franchise was approved, becoming the 13th franchise in the American League. It was owned by Lester Smith and Danny Kaye,[32] who paid an expansion fee of US$6.5 million.[34] Owing to the history surrounding the franchise, sportswriter Emmett Watson of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer joked that the team should be named the Seattle Litigants.[32]

### Toronto Blue Jays

[edit]

Toronto had previously been involved with the failed Continental League. In 1974, the Toronto City Council approved a further CA$2.8 million for renovations to Exhibition Stadium, retrofitting the stadium for baseball and would be ready in time for the 1977 season.[35] There had been strong interest from several groups and individuals to own a Major League Baseball team in the city. The most prominent was Labatt Brewing Company, who wanted to use ownership of a sports team as a means to establish a visible presence in the Toronto market.[35] Labatt Brewing Company would go on to fail at acquiring and relocating the Baltimore Orioles and the Cleveland Indians to Toronto.[36] Soon after in February 1976, the Labatt Brewing Company would again fail to acquire and relocate a third team, this time the San Francisco Giants. Following this failure, Toronto City Council alderman Paul Godfrey received a phone call from Kansas City Royals owner Ewing Kauffman informing him that he supported a Toronto franchise for the American League.[37]

During an owners meeting held on March 20, 1976, the American League franchises voted 11-1 to expand the league with a Toronto franchise, to which National League owners resolved to consider a Toronto franchise to begin play in the 1977 season.[37] Bowie Kuhn, at the time the Commissioner of Baseball, planned for the National League to expand with new franchises in Toronto and Washington, D.C., and for the American League to add a new franchise in New Orleans in addition to the already-awarded Seattle franchise.[37][38] On March 29, National League owners met and voted in favour of the expansion plans, but they were rejected because the vote was not unanimous, with dissenting votes from the owners of the Cincinnati Reds and Philadelphia Phillies.[38] A subsequent vote on April 26 ended this plan with a 7–5 result in favour of the proposal, again failing to achieve unanimity.[38]

Two groups bid for the rights to franchise ownership in the city,[39] which presented bids during an American League owner's meeting on March 26, 1976.[40] Ultimately, an ownership group named Metro Baseball Ltd. consisting of Labatt Brewing Company, the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, and Imperial Trust won the bid for a franchise fee of CA$7 million.[34][41][42][35] The other bid was made by Atlantic Packaging.[41] The winning bid was represented by legal counsel Herb Solway and Gord Kirke. Kirke prepared the original documents which led to the foundation of the team in 1976, named the Toronto Blue Jays.[43]

## 1993 NL expansion: Colorado Rockies and Florida Marlins

[edit]

See also: 1993 Major League Baseball expansion

Braves

Reds

Rockies

Astros

Dodgers

Padres

Giants

Cubs

Marlins

Expos

Mets

Phillies

Pirates

Cardinals

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Locations of teams for the 1993 National League season
West   East

In June 1991, the MLB expansion committee accepted the bids of the Miami and Denver groups to debut in 1993.[44][45] Expansion was approved unanimously by all teams in July 1991.[46]

### Colorado Rockies

[edit]

Denver, Colorado had previously been involved with the failed Continental League. After previous failed attempts to bring Major League Baseball to the state of Colorado (most notably the Pittsburgh Pirates nearly relocating to Denver following the Pittsburgh drug trials in 1985), by the late 1980s a team seemed to be a possibility in Denver. Eugene Orza, associate general counsel of the Major League Baseball Players Association, stated that he expected Denver would receive one of the expansion franchises.[47]

The Colorado Baseball Commission, led by banking executive Larry Varnell, was successful in getting Denver voters to approve a 0.1% sales tax to help finance a new baseball stadium. Also, an advisory committee was formed in 1990 by then-Governor of Colorado Roy Romer to recruit an ownership group. The group selected was led by John Antonucci, an Ohio beverage distributor, and Michael I. Monus, the head of the Phar-Mor drugstore chain. Local and regional companies—such as Erie Lake, Hensel Phelps Construction, KOA Radio, and the Rocky Mountain News—rounded out the group. The Denver group chose to call their franchise the Colorado Rockies, the same name used as the National Hockey League franchise that played in Denver from 1976 to 1982.

### Florida Marlins

[edit]

U.S. Senator Connie Mack III from Florida, the grandson of baseball great Connie Mack and a member of the Senate Task Force on Major League Baseball, pushed Baseball Commissioner Fay Vincent to expand to Florida.[48]

On June 10, 1990, Wayne Huizenga, CEO of Blockbuster Entertainment Corporation, was awarded an expansion franchise in the National League (NL) for a $95 million expansion fee and the team began operations in 1993 as the Florida Marlins, beating out bids in Orlando and Tampa Bay. Orlando fielded a very spirited campaign bolstered by its family-oriented tourism industry. Tampa Bay already had a baseball park — the Florida Suncoast Dome in St. Petersburg, completed in 1990. The Miami group chose to call themselves the "Florida" Marlins to broaden their fanbase to the entire state,[46] while reviving the nickname "Marlins" from previous minor league teams, the Miami Marlins of the International League from 1956 to 1960, and the Miami Marlins (1962–1970) and Miami Marlins (1982–1988) teams that played in the Florida State League.[49]

With the enfranchisement of a team in the Tampa Bay area and a new stadium in Miami proper, the Florida Marlins would rename as the Miami Marlins in 2012.

## 1998 expansion: Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays

[edit]

See also: 1998 Major League Baseball expansion

Diamondbacks

Rockies

Dodgers

Padres

Giants

Cubs

Reds

Astros

Brewers

Pirates

Cardinals

Braves

Marlins

Expos

Mets

Phillies

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Locations of teams for the 1998–1999 National League seasons
West   Central   East

### Arizona Diamondbacks

[edit]

In the fall of 1993, Jerry Colangelo, majority owner of the Phoenix Suns, the area's NBA franchise, announced he was assembling an ownership group, "Arizona Baseball, Inc.", to apply for a Major League Baseball expansion team. This was a local group formed to preserve Cactus League spring training in Arizona and eventually secure a Major League franchise for the state.

Colangelo's group was so certain that they would be awarded a franchise that they held a name-the-team contest for it, with the final choice being "Diamondbacks", after the Western diamondback, a rattlesnake native to the region known for injecting a large amount of venom when it strikes.[50]

Colangelo's bid received strong support from one of his friends, Chicago White Sox and Chicago Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf, and media reports say that then-acting Commissioner of Baseball and Milwaukee Brewers founder Bud Selig was also a strong supporter of Colangelo's bid.[51] Plans were also made for a new retractable-roof ballpark, to be built in an industrial/warehouse district on the southeast edge of downtown Phoenix, one block from the Suns' America West Arena. On March 9, 1995, Colangelo's group was awarded a franchise to begin play for the 1998 season.[52] A $130 million franchise fee was paid to Major League Baseball in four payments, over the course of three years.[52][53] In addition, the Diamondbacks gave away their rights to $5 million from baseball's central fund for each of the five years following expansion (1998–2002).

Arizona had originally been intended to join Tampa Bay in the American League. However, five American League teams had threatened to block the league assignments because of concerns that they would have additional games out of their time zone, causing early starts that would decrease revenue and TV ratings. Thus, on January 16, 1997, the Arizona Diamondbacks were officially voted into the National League while their expansion counterparts in Tampa Bay were voted into the American League.[54]

### Tampa Bay Devil Rays

[edit]

Angels

Athletics

Mariners

Rangers

White Sox

Indians

Tigers

Royals

Twins

Orioles

Red
Sox

Yankees

Devil Rays

Blue
Jays

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Locations of teams for the 1998 American League season
West   Central   East

After failing to land an expansion team for the 1993 season, the Tampa Bay Baseball Group, the group leading the Tampa Bay area for an expansion team, sued MLB for allegedly reneging on an agreement to grant an expansion team to Tampa.

Like Phoenix, Arizona, on March 9, 1995, Tampa Bay Baseball Group was awarded a franchise to begin play for the 1998 season,[52] and paid an identical $130 million franchise fee that was paid to Major League Baseball in four payments, over the course of three years.[52][53] Similarly, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays gave away their rights to $5 million from baseball's central fund for each of the five years following expansion (1998–2002).

The suit that was launched in response to the failed 1993 expansion was settled in 2003, five years after the Devil Rays began play in the American League.[55] In 2008, the team would rebrand to their current name, the Tampa Bay Rays.

## Expansion drafts

[edit]

There have been six expansion drafts in MLB history.

Year  | New teams  | Team(s)  | Total teams after draft

|
|
|

1960 | 2  | Los Angeles Angels, Washington Senators (now Texas Rangers)  | 18
1961 | 2  | Houston Colt .45s (now Houston Astros), New York Mets | 20
1968 | 4  | Kansas City Royals, Montreal Expos (now Washington Nationals), San Diego Padres, Seattle Pilots (now Milwaukee Brewers)  | 24
1976 | 2  | Seattle Mariners, Toronto Blue Jays | 26
1992 | 2  | Colorado Rockies, Florida Marlins (now Miami Marlins)  | 28
1997 | 2  | Arizona Diamondbacks, Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now Tampa Bay Rays)  | 30

## Potential future expansion

[edit]

Athletics

Astros

Angels

Mariners

Rangers

White Sox

Guardians

Tigers

Royals

Twins

Orioles

Red
Sox

Yankees

Rays

Blue
Jays

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Locations of AL teams for the 2025–present MLB seasons
West   Central   East

Diamondbacks

Rockies

Dodgers

Padres

Giants

Cubs

Reds

Brewers

Pirates

Cardinals

Braves

Marlins

Mets

Phillies

Nationals

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Locations of NL teams for the 2017–present MLB seasons
West   Central   East

Austin

Charlotte

Montreal

Nashville

Orlando

Portland

Raleigh

Sacramento

Salt Lake City

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Locations of potential expansion sites

After the 2017 season, Tracy Ringolsby of Baseball America wrote that there was "a building consensus" that MLB would expand to 32 teams. He said that the proposed expansion would allow for divisional realignment to address concerns with travel and off-days in the schedule.[56][57] Ringolsby also reported that a team would likely go to Portland, Oregon, with Manfred citing a need for another team in the western United States.[56][58]

After Sportico estimated the average value of an MLB franchise to be $2.2 billion in April 2021, Manfred called it a "lodestar" for negotiations for an expansion fee for the team's new owners.[59] Tony Clark, the president of the MLB Players Association, voiced his support for expanding MLB to 32 teams the following year.[60]

In April 2023, the Athletics entered into an agreement to relocate to Las Vegas.[61] Las Vegas had been seeking an MLB franchise, either through expansion or relocation of an existing team.[62] In April 2024, the Athletics announced they had entered into an agreement with Sacramento River Cats owner Vivek Ranadive to play the 2025–2027 seasons at their home stadium, Sutter Health Park in West Sacramento, California until a new stadium in Las Vegas is completed.[63]

On September 19, 2023, the Rays announced plans to build a new ballpark in St. Petersburg adjacent to Tropicana Field, as part of the redevelopment of the Gas Plant District, which was planned to open for the 2028 season. It was expected to be a 30,000 seat fixed-roof stadium which would have cost $1.3 billion.[64] By July 2024, the Rays new ballpark was officially approved by the Pinellas County Commission in a 5–2 vote which would have ensured that the team would stay put in the Tampa Bay area.[65] However, on March 13, 2025, the Rays announced that they would not pursue the stadium.[66]

### Austin

[edit]

The Austin Baseball Commission LLC was launched in mid-July 2024, a grassroots organization devoted to bringing a major-league baseball team to Austin, Texas.[67][68] The organization, founded by sales consultant and marketer Derrik Fox with help from Matt Mackowiak \- head of the Travis County Republican Party and founder of Save Austin Now PAC \- has the support of Williamson County Judge Bill Gravell and Austin Mayor Kirk Watson. The group cites the early success of MLS's Austin FC team as "proof of concept" that an MLB team will work.[67] The Austin area is home to the Round Rock Express who play at the Dell Diamond in Round Rock, Texas.

### Charlotte

[edit]

The Charlotte Bats is an organization devoted to bringing a major-league baseball team to Charlotte, North Carolina.[69] In March 2023, the deputy mayor of Charlotte said that no plans for a stadium have been submitted to the Charlotte City Council for consideration.[69] Charlotte is home to the Charlotte Knights who play at Truist Field.

### Montreal

[edit]

The Montreal Expos, a 1969 expansion team, played for 36 seasons in the NL East before relocating to Washington, D.C., in 2004, becoming the Washington Nationals.

In 2019, the Rays received permission to explore splitting their seasons between Tampa Bay and Montreal.[70] MLB rejected the Rays' plan in January 2022.[71]

In 2015, Denis Coderre, the mayor of Montreal, and Stephen Bronfman, the son of Expos owner Charles Bronfman, wrote a letter to all 30 MLB teams extolling Montreal as an expansion city.[72] Bronfman is leading a group of investors who are looking to obtain an MLB franchise. He announced an agreement to develop land that would house a new stadium on a 40-acre (16 ha) plot of land off of Bonaventure Expressway in Peel Basin.[70][73] His partners include Pierre Boivin, Alain Bouchard, and Mitch Garber.[70] According to The Canadian Press, the ownership group has met MLB's conditions for returning to Montreal.[74]

### Nashville

[edit]

Music City Baseball was founded in 2019 by John Loar and Alberto Gonzales.[75] They brought on Dave Stewart to lead them publicly. The organization is devoted to the founding of a major league team in Nashville, named the "Nashville Stars", after the Negro league team of that name.[76] The group initially sought land for a stadium by the Cumberland River,[75] but as of June 2022 was focused on North Nashville near Tennessee State University.[76] The group hopes to privately fund the stadium.[77] Nashville is currently home to the Nashville Sounds who play at First Horizon Park.

### Orlando

[edit]

Orlando, Florida, has expressed interest in a team, despite the state of Florida already being home to two MLB franchises, in Miami and the Tampa Bay area. In November 2019, Pat Williams, a co-founder of the Orlando Magic of the National Basketball Association (NBA), unveiled the "Orlando Dreamers", a concept for an MLB expansion team in Orlando.[78] Thousands of people indicated interest in buying season tickets on the Orlando Dreamers website in the 24 hours after the announcement.[79] The group has proposed building a 45,000-seat domed stadium on a 35.5-acre (14.4 ha) lot near the Orange County Convention Center along with 1,000 hotel rooms, estimating a cost of $1.7 billion. As of May 2023, the group was seeking $975 million in public funds.[80][81] Williams died in July 2024, putting the project on hiatus.[82] A month later, the Orlando Dreamers indicated that they would continue to push forward to bring a team to Orlando.[83] On January 29, 2025, it was announced that Cincinnati Reds Hall-of-Famer Barry Larkin would join the effort to bring Major League Baseball to Orlando as the MLB Ambassador for the Orlando Dreamers.[84] On March 14, a day after the Tampa Bay Rays canceled their stadium plan in St. Petersburg, the group announced that they had secured a letter of intent for a significant portion of stadium financing and an anchor investor for the control ownership group.[85][86][87] On April 25, the Orlando Dreamers announced that they have secured $1.5 billion in funding to attract an MLB team and build a stadium in Orlando.[88]

While Orlando does not have a minor league team, the team currently known as the Montgomery Biscuits played in the Orlando area from 1973 to 2003.

### Portland

[edit]

See also: Proposed Major League Baseball franchises in Portland, Oregon

The Oregon Legislative Assembly passed Senate Bill 5 in 2003, which could provide $150 million in public funds towards building a stadium.[89]

In 2017, the Portland Diamond Project (PDP) was formed by Craig Cheek, a retired vice president for Nike, Inc., and Mike Barrett, a former broadcaster for the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA.[90] Russell Wilson and Ciara invested in the group in 2018.[91]

In 2018, PDP announced an agreement with the Port of Portland to build a 32,000-seat stadium along the Willamette River[92][93] on a 45.5-acre (18.4 ha) tract of land at Terminal 2[94] in Northwest Portland. Architecture firm Populous would build the stadium if the proposal is approved.[95]

In 2023, PDP had shifted focus and was considering sites at the Lloyd Center shopping mall in downtown Portland or the Redtail Golf Course in neighboring Beaverton.[96] In January 2024, they announced they were in negotiations to purchase the 164-acre (66 ha) Redtail site.[97]

On September 23, 2024, PDP announced that they had signed a letter of intent to purchase Zidell Yards, a former industrial waterfront in the South Portland neighborhood.[98]

Within city limits, Portland was last home to the Portland Beavers who played in the city from 1903 to 2010. The Portland area currently is home to the Hillsboro Hops who play at Hillsboro Ballpark in Hillsboro, Oregon.

### Raleigh

[edit]

Tom Dundon, the owner of the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League, has stated his intent to lead a group to submit a bid to bring MLB to Raleigh, North Carolina, during the next phase of expansion.[99] The Hurricanes have committed long-term to the city, until at least 2044, along with the approved $1.1 billion in upgrades for PNC Arena and development of a sports and entertainment district around the arena, which could include a baseball stadium.[100] Dundon has stated that securing the capital necessary is a non-issue.[101] The Raleigh area is home to the Durham Bulls who play at the Durham Bulls Athletic Park in Durham, North Carolina and the Carolina Mudcats who play at Five County Stadium in Zebulon, North Carolina.

### Sacramento

[edit]

In April 2024, the Oakland Athletics entered into an agreement to play three or more seasons at the Sacramento River Cats home field, Sutter Health Park in West Sacramento, California. After the press conference announcing the move, Vivek Ranadivé, owner of the River Cats and the Sacramento Kings, stated that, in conversations with MLB Commissioner Rob Manfred, he was told that MLB was seeking to add a west coast expansion franchise. Ranadivé added that he felt Sacramento would move into "pole position" for a new team, with the A's sojourn being a "good showcase" for the Sacramento market.[102] Ranadivé mentioned the Sacramento Railyards, originally intended as the site for a MLS expansion stadium, as the potential site of a new ball park. Later in the day, Sacramento Mayor Darrell Steinberg also made mention of Sacramento's intention to seek an MLB expansion franchise during a press conference from city hall, referring to the A's stint in Sacramento as an "audition" for MLB.[103]

### Salt Lake City

[edit]

In April 2023, Gail Miller, the widow of Utah Jazz owner Larry H. Miller and co-founder of the Larry H. Miller Company, announced the formation of Big League Utah, a group of investors looking to obtain an expansion MLB franchise for Salt Lake City. They also announced their partnership with Rocky Mountain Power to develop a 100-acre (40 ha) lot on the city's west side for a stadium.[104] On February 15, 2024, the Larry H. Miller company announced that they plan to invest at least $3.5 billion towards the lot, bringing mixed-use development to the area, including a baseball stadium.[105] The Salt Lake City area is currently home to the Salt Lake Bees who play at Daybreak Field at America First Square in South Jordan, Utah. Salt Lake City is home to the NBA's Utah Jazz, the NHL's Utah Mammoth, and MLS's Real Salt Lake.

## Teams

[edit]

Braves

Marlins

Mets

Phillies

Nationals

Cubs

Reds

Brewers

Pirates

Cardinals

Diamondbacks

Rockies

Dodgers

Padres

Giants

Orioles

Red Sox

Yankees

Rays

Blue Jays

White Sox

Guardians

Tigers

Royals

Twins

Athletics

Astros

Angels

Mariners

Rangers

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)

MLB originated in 1903 with 16 teams, from the signing of the National Agreement between the National League (founded 1876) and the American League (founded 1901). Through a sequence of team expansions, contractions, and relocations, MLB currently consists of 30 teams. The United States is home to 29 teams and one is located in Canada.

The following table shows current MLB teams that will be participating in the 2025 MLB season, in which city they are located, when the club was founded, joined MLB, number of times relocated and times the franchise name has changed.

### Current

[edit]

Team  | Location  | Founded  | Joined  | Relocated  | Name changed

|
|
|
|
|

Arizona Diamondbacks | Phoenix, Arizona | 1998  | 0  | 0
Athletics | West Sacramento, California[A] | 1901  | 4  | 0
Atlanta Braves | Cumberland, Georgia | 1871 (NA) | 1876 (NL) | 2  | 7
Baltimore Orioles | Baltimore, Maryland | 1901  | 2  | 2
Boston Red Sox | Boston, Massachusetts | 1901  | 0  | 1
Chicago Cubs | Chicago, Illinois | 1870 (NA) | 1876 (NL) | 0  | 3
Chicago White Sox | Chicago, Illinois | 1901  | 0  | 1
Cincinnati Reds | Cincinnati, Ohio | 1882 (AA) | 1890 (NL) | 0  | 2
Cleveland Guardians | Cleveland, Ohio | 1901  | 0  | 4
Colorado Rockies | Denver, Colorado | 1993  | 0  | 0
Detroit Tigers | Detroit, Michigan | 1894  | 0  | 0
Houston Astros | Houston, Texas | 1962 (NL) | 2013 (AL) | 0  | 1
Kansas City Royals | Kansas City, Missouri | 1969  | 0  | 0
Los Angeles Angels | Anaheim, California | 1961  | 0  | 4
Los Angeles Dodgers | Los Angeles, California | 1884 (AA) | 1890 (NL) | 1  | 10
Miami Marlins | Miami, Florida | 1993  | 0  | 1
Milwaukee Brewers | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | 1969 (AL) | 1998 (NL) | 1  | 1
Minnesota Twins | Minneapolis, Minnesota | 1901  | 1  | 1
New York Mets | New York, New York | 1962  | 0  | 0
New York Yankees | New York, New York | 1903  | 0  | 1
Philadelphia Phillies | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | 1883  | 0  | 4
Pittsburgh Pirates | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | 1882 (AA) | 1887 (NL) | 0  | 1
San Diego Padres | San Diego, California | 1969  | 0  | 0
San Francisco Giants | San Francisco, California | 1883  | 1  | 1
Seattle Mariners | Seattle, Washington | 1977  | 0  | 0
St. Louis Cardinals | St. Louis, Missouri | 1882 (AA) | 1892 (NL) | 0  | 3
Tampa Bay Rays | St. Petersburg, Florida | 1998  | 0  | 1
Texas Rangers | Arlington, Texas | 1961  | 1  | 1
Toronto Blue Jays | Toronto, Ontario | 1977  | 0  | 0
Washington Nationals | Washington, D.C. | 1969  | 1  | 1

### Former

[edit]

Team  | Location  | Founded  | Entered AL or NL  | Years active  | Left AL or NL  | Reason

|
|
|
|
|
|

Baltimore Orioles | Baltimore, Maryland | 1882 (AA)  | 1892  | 8  | 1899  | Financial
Baltimore Orioles | Baltimore, Maryland | 1901  | 2  | 1902  | —
Buffalo Bisons | Buffalo, New York | 1879  | 7  | 1885  | Sold
Cincinnati Reds | Cincinnati, Ohio | 1876  | 4  | 1879  | —
Cincinnati Stars | Cincinnati, Ohio | 1880  | 1  | 1880  | Expulsion
Cleveland Blues | Cleveland, Ohio | 1879  | 6  | 1884  | Sold
Cleveland Spiders | Cleveland, Ohio | 1887 (AA)  | 1889  | 11  | 1899  | Financial
Detroit Wolverines | Detroit, Michigan | 1881  | 8  | 1888  | Financial
Hartford Dark Blues / Brooklyn Hartfords | Hartford, Connecticut / Brooklyn, New York | 1874 (NA)  | 1876  | 2  | 1877  | —
Indianapolis Blues | Indianapolis, Indiana | 1877 (LA)  | 1878  | 1  | 1878  | —
Kansas City Cowboys | Kansas City, Missouri | 1886  | 1  | 1886  | Financial
Louisville Colonels | Louisville, Kentucky | 1882 (AA)  | 1892  | 8  | 1899  | Financial
Louisville Grays | Louisville, Kentucky | 1876  | 2  | 1877  | Expulsion
Milwaukee Grays | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | 1877 (LA)  | 1878  | 1  | 1878  | —
New York Mutuals | Hoboken, New Jersey / Brooklyn, New York | 1857 (NABBP)  | 1876  | 1  | 1876  | Expulsion
Philadelphia Athletics | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | 1861 (NABBP)  | 1876  | 1  | 1876  | Expulsion
Providence Grays | Providence, Rhode Island | 1878  | 8  | 1885  | Financial
St. Louis Brown Stockings | St. Louis, Missouri | 1875 (NA)  | 1876  | 2  | 1877  | Expulsion
St. Louis Maroons / Indianapolis Hoosiers | St. Louis, Missouri / Indianapolis, Indiana | 1884 (UA)  | 1885  | 5  | 1889  | —
Syracuse Stars | Syracuse, New York | 1877 (ind)  | 1879  | 1  | 1879  | —
Troy Trojans | Troy, New York / Watervliet, New York | 1879  | 4  | 1882  | Small market
Washington Nationals | Washington, D.C. | 1886  | 4  | 1889  | —
Washington Senators | Washington, D.C. | 1891 (AA)  | 1892  | 8  | 1899  | Financial
Worcester Worcesters | Worcester, Massachusetts | 1879  | 1880  | 3  | 1882  | Small market

## See also

[edit]

* Timeline of Major League Baseball

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Oakland Athletics plan to move to Las Vegas, Nevada when their new stadium is completed.[106] The Athletics left Oakland Coliseum in Oakland, California following the conclusion of the 2024 Major League Baseball season.[107]

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ "Houston Holding Up New League". Oakland Tribune. Associated Press. February 19, 1960. p. 48. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
3. ^ Dodd, Mike (April 11, 2011). "MLB expansion effects still felt 50 years later around the leagues". USA Today. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
4. ^ a b Longley 2013, p. 50.
5. ^ a b Jozsa, Jr. 2010, p. 63.
6. ^ Jozsa, Jr. 2010, p. 27.
7. ^ Zimniuch 2013, p. 42.
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11. ^ a b Jozsa 2006, p. 57.
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20. ^ a b c Peterson 2003, p. 261.
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22. ^ The Spokesman-Review 1967.
23. ^ a b c d e f g Major League Baseball: History of the Expos.
24. ^ a b c Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2004.
25. ^ Ottawa Citizen 1968, p. 29.
26. ^ a b Purdy 2010, p. 182.
27. ^ a b Wolf 1968, p. Sports 17.
28. ^ a b Jozsa 2006, p. 59.
29. ^ Toronto Star 2008.
30. ^ Sarasota Herald-Tribune 1968, p. 16.
31. ^ a b Cour 1999, p. C16.
32. ^ a b c Riess 2006, p. 802.
33. ^ MacIntosh 2000.
34. ^ a b Jozsa 2006, p. 58.
35. ^ a b c Riess 2006, p. 845.
36. ^ Davidi 2016, p. 9.
37. ^ a b c Davidi 2016, p. 10.
38. ^ a b c Davidi 2016, p. 12.
39. ^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2011, Last audio clip in the post, from CBC Radio in 1977.
40. ^ Davidi 2016, p. 11.
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42. ^ Toronto Blue Jays: Franchise Timeline.
43. ^ Livesey, Bruce (January 25, 2006). "The champs' champion". Canadian Lawyer Magazine. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
44. ^ Chass, Murray (June 11, 1991). "Baseball Ready to Add Miami and Denver Teams". The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
45. ^ Newhan, Ross (June 13, 1991). "Owners' Group Approves Denver, Miami Baseball: Final hurdle is vote by all owners. AL executives still angry with Vincent's solution on expansion money". Los Angeles Times. p. 2\. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
46. ^ a b Chass, Murray (July 6, 1991). "BASEBALL; The Marlins? The Rockies? Get Used to It. It's Official". The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
47. ^ Clarke, Norm (March 20, 1990). "WAY IS CLEAR FOR EXPANSION NOW". Rocky Mountain News. Retrieved October 28, 2011. (subscription required)
48. ^ Donaghy, Jim (March 25, 1990). "Mack Pushing Commissioner; Wants Expansion Timetable". The Albany Herald. Associated Press. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
49. ^ Reaves, Joey (November 7, 1992). "More than just Barnum on the bill for expansion Marlins". Chicago Tribune. p. 3\. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
50. ^ Gilbert, Steve (December 1, 2021). "How and why D-backs got their team name". Dbacks.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
51. ^ AZStarNet.com Archived October 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
52. ^ a b c d Lipton, Eric; Maske, Mark (March 10, 1995). "Virginia gets no promise - Locals eye existing teams - Tampa, Phoenix get new ones". The Washington Post. p. F1. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012.
53. ^ a b "Expansion Draft No Joke Anymore". Chicago Tribune. November 13, 1997. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
54. ^ "Baseball Expansion Teams Put in Leagues". Southeastern Missourian. January 17, 1997.
55. ^ "Suit claimed MLB reneged on expansion". ESPN. Associated Press. September 26, 2003. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
56. ^ a b Ringolsby, Tracy (October 16, 2017). "Expansion Could Trigger Realignment, Longer Postseason". www.baseballamerica.com.
57. ^ Jaffe, Jay (October 19, 2017). "Mapping out a 32-team league should MLB pursue expansion". Sports Illustrated.
58. ^ "MLB commissioner Rob Manfred discusses an All-Star game at Safeco Field, Mariners' injuries and the WBC during his stop in Seattle". The Seattle Times. September 20, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
59. ^ "Manfred: MLB expansion fees could rise to $2.2B". ESPN.com. April 27, 2021.
60. ^ Axisa, Mike (July 19, 2022). "MLB expansion? MLBPA chief Tony Clark hopeful league can get to 'a world of 32 teams'". CBSSports.com. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
61. ^ "Column: Another domino falls on road to MLB expansion". Associated Press News. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
62. ^ McCullough, Andy. "MLB expansion: Las Vegas eyes a new team, but waits on the A's". The Athletic.
63. ^ "A's reach deal to play in Sacramento while waiting for Las Vegas stadium". Yahoo News. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
64. ^ Berry, Adam (September 19, 2023). "Rays announce deal for St. Petersburg ballpark". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
65. ^ Barry, Adam (July 30, 2024). "Final hurdle cleared as Rays' new ballpark approved with commission vote". MLB.com.
66. ^ "Tampa Bay Rays nix stadium deal". FOX 13 News. March 13, 2025. Retrieved March 13, 2025.
67. ^ a b Sayers, Justin (July 17, 2024). "HOME-RUN IDEA? Groups are working to bring MLB to Austin. How realistic is it?". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
68. ^ "Austin Baseball Commission: Austin: The Future Home of MLB's Next Great Franchise". Austin Baseball Commission: Austin: The Future Home of MLB's Next Great Franchise. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
69. ^ a b "Room for more? Odds we see the MLB in Charlotte | FOX8 WGHP". Myfox8.com. January 18, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
70. ^ a b c Rajeshni Naidu-Ghelani (June 21, 2019). "Meet the business leaders behind the move to bring the MLB back to Montreal - BNN Bloomberg". Bnnbloomberg.ca. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
71. ^ "Rays owner: MLB nixing Montreal plan 'deflating'". ESPN.com. January 20, 2022.
72. ^ "CityNews". Ottawa.citynews.ca. October 30, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
73. ^ "Bronfman presents vision for Peel Basin at public consultation office, including baseball stadium - Montreal". Globalnews.ca. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
74. ^ "Source: Montreal baseball investors have met MLB conditions". Sportsnet.ca. March 29, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
75. ^ a b "Music City Baseball leadership opens up about challenges, opportunity to bring MLB to Nashville". News Channel 5 Nashville (WTVF). October 2, 2019.
76. ^ a b "What's the latest on Major League Baseball coming to Nashville, TN?". Wkrn.com. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
77. ^ "Nashville Major League Baseball Dave Stewart on diversifying push". Tennessean.com. June 14, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
78. ^ "Dreamers: Pat Williams hopes to bring MLB team to Orlando". Clickorlando.com. November 20, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
79. ^ Limon, Iliana (November 22, 2019). "Orlando Dreamers get thousands of endorsements for push to bring pro baseball to Central Florida – Orlando Sentinel". Orlandosentinel.com. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
80. ^ Bianchi, Mike (May 6, 2023). "Will Orange County back Pat Williams' $1.7 billion stadium plan to lure Tampa Bay Rays?". Orlandosentinel.com. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
81. ^ Fox, Greg (May 2, 2023). "Orlando major league baseball stadium proposed". Wesh.com. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
82. ^ "Orlando Magic Co-Founder and Sports Legend Pat Williams Passes Away at 84". www.nba.com. Retrieved February 18, 2025.
83. ^ "Orlando Dreamers' Push to Bring MLB to Central Florida Continues After Founder Pat Williams' Passing". Orlando Dreamers. August 1, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2025.
84. ^ "Cincinnati Reds Legend and Baseball Hall-of-Famer Joins Orlando Dreamers as MLB Ambassador". Orlando Dreamers. January 29, 2025. Retrieved February 18, 2025.
85. ^ "Orlando Dreamers Achieve Significant Milestones in the Initiative to Bring Major League Baseball to Orlando". Orlando Dreamers. March 14, 2025. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
86. ^ "Could Rays move to Orlando? Local 'Dreamers' group says it has prospective owner". Orlando Sentinel. March 14, 2025. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
87. ^ Argueta, Brenda (March 14, 2025). "Group trying to bring MLB to Orlando ready to pounce after Rays new stadium deal falls through". WKMG. Retrieved March 14, 2025.
88. ^ "Orlando baseball effort says it has secured $1.5 billion to bring Rays to Central Florida". Orlando Sentinel. April 24, 2025. Retrieved April 25, 2025.
89. ^ Jaquiss, Nigel (May 2, 2018). "Portland's Baseball Backers Have a Secret Weapon Warming Up in the Bullpen: An Unprecedented Tax Scheme". Wweek.com. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
90. ^ "Portland has ownership group in place for MLB team, looking to fast-track baseball to Oregon". oregonlive.com. October 17, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
91. ^ "Seahawks Russell Wilson, Ciara to invest in Portland Diamond Project". Seahawkswire.usatoday.com. June 1, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
92. ^ Brown, Maury. "MLB To Portland Has Agreement In Principle For Ballpark Land On River Near Downtown". Forbes.com. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
93. ^ "Portland Diamond Project has agreement for ballpark at NW Portland marine terminal (renderings)". oregonlive.com. November 29, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
94. ^ Jaquiss, Nigel (November 27, 2019). "The Portland Diamond Project Will Extend Due Diligence on Port Property For Six Months". Wweek.com. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
95. ^ Nesbitt, Stephen J. "MLB expansion: Portland continues to build buzz for baseball around town". The Athletic. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
96. ^ "If baseball comes to Portland, the Lloyd Center and the RedTail golf course are the top candidates for a ballpark". KGW.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
97. ^ "Major League Baseball site may be at RedTail Golf Course in Beaverton, says Portland Diamond Project". KGW.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
98. ^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Shane Dixon Kavanaugh | The; Oregonian/OregonLive, Jonathan Bach | The (September 24, 2024). "Portland Diamond Project says it has agreement for baseball stadium at South Waterfront site". oregonlive. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
99. ^ "Hurricanes' Dundon wants to bring MLB to Raleigh | The North State Journal". nsjonline.com. October 3, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
100. ^ Rumsey, David (August 17, 2023). "Hurricanes' Arena District To Undergo $1.1B Transformation". Front Office Sports. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
101. ^ Fisher, Eric (October 3, 2023). "MLB Expansion Suitors Grow, Even Without Formal Process". Front Office Sports. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
102. ^ "'A good showcase': Kings owner's long-term plan is for Sacramento to get an MLB expansion team". KCRA 3 News. April 4, 2024. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
103. ^ "What does A's relocation mean for Sutter Health Park upgrades, Sacramento MLB future?". CBS News. April 4, 2024. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
104. ^ "Swinging for the fences: New Big League Utah coalition aiming to bring MLB to Salt Lake City". Deseret News. April 12, 2023.
105. ^ Williams, Carter (March 14, 2024). "Utah passed bills for 2 new major league stadiums in Salt Lake City. Now what?". KSL.com. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
106. ^ Cwik, Chris (November 16, 2023). "MLB owners unanimously vote to approve Athletics' move to Las Vegas". Yahoo!. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
107. ^ Snyder, Matt; Anderson, R.J. (April 4, 2024). "A's officially leaving Oakland after 2024, will play in Sacramento through 2027 until Vegas stadium is ready". CBS Sports.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Armour, Mark L.; Levitt, Daniel R. (2004). Paths to Glory: How Great Baseball Teams Got That Way. Potomac Books. ISBN 9781574888058.
* "Key dates in Expos history". CBC Sports. 2004. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
* "Blue Jays fever sweeps Toronto". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. August 18, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
* Cour, Jim (June 27, 1999). "Good riddance". Austin American-Statesman.
* Davidi, Shi (2016). The Big 50: The men and moments that made the Toronto Blue Jays. Triumph Books. ISBN 978-1-62937-208-2.
* Dickson, Paul (2009). The Dickson Baseball Dictionary (3 ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393066814.
* Jozsa, Frank P. (2006). Big Sports, Big Business: A Century of League Expansions, Mergers, and Reorganizations. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0275991342.
* Longley, Neil (2013). An Absence of Competition: The Sustained Competitive Advantage of the Monopoly Sports Leagues. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 9781461494850.
* Jozsa, Jr., Frank (2010). Major League Baseball Expansions and Relocations: A History, 1876–2008. McFarland & Company. ISBN 9780786457236.
* MacIntosh, Heather (March 1, 2000). "Kingdome: The Controversial Birth of a Seattle Icon (1959–1976)". HistoryLink. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
* "History of the Expos". Archived from the original on June 28, 2004. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
* "Baseball back in Montreal". Ottawa Citizen. Associated Press. May 28, 1968.
* Peterson, John E. (2003). The Kansas City Athletics: A Baseball History, 1954–1967. McFarland. ISBN 9780786481439.
* Purdy, Dennis (2010). Kiss 'Em Goodbye: An ESPN Treasury of Failed, Forgotten, and Departed Teams. Random House Digital. ISBN 9780345520470.
* Riess, Steven A. (2006). Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball Clubs. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313329915.
* Schaefer, Kurt (2000). "Play Ball!". Columbia Magazine. 14 (2). Washington State Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
* Sgambati, Fred (May 1, 1976). "Toronto joins baseball's big leagues". CBC News. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
* "Walter O'Malley is retiring". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Associated Press. December 6, 1968.
* "Baseball expansion topic". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. November 26, 1967.
* "1976–1979". Franchise Timeline. Toronto Blue Jays. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
* "John McHale, 86: Expos' first president". Toronto Star. January 17, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
* Wolf, Bob (July 11, 1968). "Montreal in, we're dead in National". Milwaukee Journal.
* Zimniuch, Fran (2013). Baseball's New Frontier: A History of Expansion, 1961–1998. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803246829.

* v
* t
* e

Major League Baseball

2025 season

American League|

| East|

* Baltimore Orioles
* Boston Red Sox
* New York Yankees
* Tampa Bay Rays
* Toronto Blue Jays

|

Central|

* Chicago White Sox
* Cleveland Guardians
* Detroit Tigers
* Kansas City Royals
* Minnesota Twins

West|

* Athletics
* Houston Astros
* Los Angeles Angels
* Seattle Mariners
* Texas Rangers

National League|

| East|

* Atlanta Braves
* Miami Marlins
* New York Mets
* Philadelphia Phillies
* Washington Nationals

|

Central|

* Chicago Cubs
* Cincinnati Reds
* Milwaukee Brewers
* Pittsburgh Pirates
* St. Louis Cardinals

West|

* Arizona Diamondbacks
* Colorado Rockies
* Los Angeles Dodgers
* San Diego Padres
* San Francisco Giants

| Schedule|

* Spring training
* Opening Day
* Jackie Robinson Day
* Civil Rights Game
* All-Star Game
* Interleague play
* International games
* London
* Mexico City
* Seoul
* Little League Classic
* Field of Dreams Game
* Rickwood Field Game
* Speedway Classic
* Players Weekend
* World Baseball Classic

|

Postseason|

* World Series
* Champions
* AL
* AL champions
* ALCS
* ALDS
* NL
* NL champions
* NLCS
* NLDS
* Wild Card Game/Series
* Appearances
* Streaks
* Droughts
* Series
* Sweeps
* Records
* Game 7s

Business|

* Authentication Program
* Business rules
* Draft
* Rule 5
* Highest-paid players
* Hot stove league
* Luxury tax
* Lockouts/strikes
* Media
* Logo
* Radio
* Television
* MLB.com
* MLB Advanced Media
* MLB Network
* MLB Local Media
* Minor League Baseball
* MLB Draft League
* Players Association
* World Baseball Classic Inc.
* Transactions
* Free agency
* Valuations
* Winter Meetings

Miscellaneous|

* Instant replay
* Team uniforms (2024 controversy)
* Stadiums
* Mascots
* Rivalries
* Comparison with Nippon Professional Baseball
* Pride Night

History|

* History
* AL
* Seasons
* Tie-breakers
* Tie-breaking procedures
* All-time win–loss records
* Records
* Awards
* Retired numbers
* Hall of Fame
* members
* National Baseball Commission
* Continental League
* Organized baseball
* Baseball color line
* First black players in MLB
* Negro leaguers who played in MLB
* Women MLB owners

| Predecessors|

* National Association
* American Association
* Union Association
* Players' League
* Federal League
* Major Negro leagues
* Negro National League (I)
* Eastern Colored League
* American Negro League
* East–West League
* Negro Southern League
* Negro National League (II)
* Negro American League

|

Steroid usage|

* Drug policy
* suspensions
* Mitchell Report
* Biogenesis scandal
* BALCO scandal
* Barry Bonds perjury case

Antitrust cases|

* Federal Baseball Club v. National League (1922)
* Toolson v. New York Yankees, Inc. (1953)
* Flood v. Kuhn (1972)

Timeline|

* Timeline of Major League Baseball
* History of team nicknames
* Dead-ball era
* Live-ball era
* Golden age of baseball
* Defunct and relocated teams
* Relocations of the 1950s–1960s
* Expansion
* 1961
* 1962
* 1969
* 1977
* 1993
* 1998
* Potential
* Contraction attempt

* Commissioner: Rob Manfred
* League Presidents
* AL
* NL

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