Fake news in the Philippines

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Fake news in the Philippines refers to the general and widespread misinformation or disinformation in the country by various actors. The term is a misnomer because "news" is defined as the "accurate and timely reporting of events, ideas and issues." However, the term "fake news" has been popularized by those who seek to undermine trust in media. It has been problematic in the Philippines where social media and alike plays a key role in influencing topics and information ranging from politics, health, belief, religion, current events, aid, lifestyle, elections and others. The 2025 Reuter's Institute Digital News Report found that 67% of Filipinos believed the spread of disinformation as a serious problem. This point of view comes in the wake of widespread disinformation regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and the 2022 and 2025 Philippine general elections.

As early as the 2016 Philippine election, legislators have been questioning social media platforms that allow the spread of disinformation. In the 2022 general elections, opposition leaders, such as Leni Robredo and Senator Francis Pangilinan were the primary targets of disinformation.

To combat disinformation, several organizations have been established by media and civil society. Most notable is Tsek.ph, the first collaborative network of media, the academe and civil society in that aims to counter disinformation and provide the public with verified information. Several of its partner organizations have been accredited by the International Fact-checking Network.

Other organizations and collaborative efforts have since followed suit.

## History

[edit]

According to media analysts, developing countries such as the Philippines, with generally new access to social media and democracy, feel the problem of fake news to a larger extent.[1] Fake news websites in the country have been identified as early as 2014.[2] Facebook is one of the largest platforms being an open website, that works as a booster to sway the opinion of the public due to manufactured stories. While Facebook provides free media sources, it does not provide its users with the access to fact checking websites.[3] Because of this, government authorities call for a tool that will filter out "fake news" to secure the integrity of cyberspace in the Philippines.[4] The creation of fake news, and fake news accounts on social media has been a danger to the political health of the country. According to Kate Lamble and Megha Mohan of BBC news, "What we're seeing on social media again is manufactured reality ... They also create a very real chilling effect against normal people, against journalists (who) are the first targets, and they attack in very personal ways with death threats and rape threats." Journalists are often risking their lives in publishing articles that contest fake news in the Philippines.[5]

The 2016 Filipino election was influenced, in large part, by false information propagated by fake news outlets. By New York Times contributor Miguel Syjuco's account, President Rodrigo Duterte benefited from a disproportionate amount of complimentary fake news compared to his opponents. The pro-Duterte propaganda spread across Filipino social media include fake endorsements from prominent public figures like Pope Francis and Angela Merkel.[6] Rappler, a social news network in the Philippines, investigated online networks of Rodrigo Duterte supporters and discovered that they include fake news, fake accounts, bots, and trolls, which Rappler thinks are being used to silence dissent.[5] Duterte's own campaign was responsible for a portion of the misinformation spread during the election; according to a study from Oxford Internet Institute's Computational Propaganda Research Project, Duterte's campaign paid an estimated $200,000 for dedicated trolls to undermine dissenters and disseminate misinformation in 2016.[7]

In one incident, Justice Secretary Vitaliano Aguirre II tagged opposition senators and other people as masterminds of the 2017 Marawi Crisis attack, based on a photo shared on social media and blog sites that produce fake news.[8] Another government official, Communications Assistant Secretary Margaux "Mocha" Uson has also been accused of spreading fake news.[9][10]

Several studies reveal that Bongbong Marcos, son of dictator Ferdinand Marcos, was the main beneficiary of disinformation and fake news, which helped catapult him to the presidency during the 2022 elections.[11][12] Using social media, Marcos portrayed his father's tenure as a "golden age" for the country and downplayed the atrocities of his father's regime.[13]

The prevalence of fake news in the Philippines has pushed lawmakers to file laws to combat it, like criminalizing its dissemination.[14][15] The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines strongly opposes the spread of fake news as a sin, and published a list of fake news websites.[16][17]

In February 2025, three committees of the House of Representatives: Public Order and Safety, Information and Communications Technology, and Public Information, began holding legislative inquiries into online disinformation and cybercrimes, where more than 40 Filipino content creators were invited to attend. During the first hearing, PressOne.ph shared that they have uncovered more than 100 accounts with Chinese names that have been supportive of the Dutertes on X that actually originated from Spanish-speaking nations and follow an account linked to China Daily.[18]

In March 2025, following the arrest of Rodrigo Duterte for alleged crimes against humanity related to the Philippine drug war, various types of false information were widely shared. Online propaganda depicting Duterte as a victim proliferated,[19] while the International Criminal Court, the Philippine Supreme Court,[20] and drug war victims were subjected to online attacks. Within 12 hours of the arrest, 200 Facebook pages and accounts posted identical texts that falsely accused police of kidnapping Duterte, even before Duterte lawyers made similar false claims.[19] Former Bayan Muna Representative Neri Colmenares criticized the slew of disinformation and highlighted the need for truth and accountability.[21]

## Structure and hierarchy

[edit]

In 2018, Dr. Jason Cabañes of the University of Leeds School of Media and Communication and Dr. Jonathan Corpus Ong of the University of Massachusetts Amherst released a study of organized disinformation efforts in the Philippines, titled "Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines."[22][23][24] Based on participant observation in Facebook community groups and Twitter accounts, as well as key informant interviews with twenty "disinformation architects," conducted from December 2016 to December 2017, the study described a "professionalized and hierarchized group of political operators who design disinformation campaigns, mobilize click armies, and execute innovative "digital black ops" and "signal scrambling" techniques for any interested political client."[25] This network had "ad and PR strategists at the top."[22]

## As a tool of historical denialism

[edit]

See also: Burial of Ferdinand Marcos

Further information: Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos

Ong and Cabañes' 2018 study revealed that techniques of "personal branding" and such tools as YouTube videos were used to "tell a revisionist account of the 20-year Marcos regime as 'the golden age of the Philippines' in a bid to restore the political luster of the Marcos family."[25]

The study also revealed the existence of an "Ilibing Na" ("Bury now") campaign designed to create public support for a hero's burial for Ferdinand Marcos using "diversionary tactics to elude allegations of human rights violations and corruption during the term of Ferdinand Marcos"[25] and launching "digital black ops that targeted prominent critics" of the Marcoses, particularly Vice President Leni Robredo.[25]

## As a tool to influence elections

[edit]

See also: Red-tagging in the Philippines § During elections

Fake news has the power to influence Philippine elections. In 2025, the Philippines Commission on Elections (COMELEC) stated that misinformation and disinformation can "make or break" the midterm election.[26]

In May 2025, former Congress representative and Bayan Muna party-list nominee Neri Colmenares filed before the COMELEC a complaint against disinformation that targeted Bayan Muna during the 2025 election campaign period. During the election campaigns, social media posts red-tagged Bayan Muna and falsely claimed that the COMELEC had disqualified Bayan Muna in the party-list race.[27]

Fact-checking group Tsek.ph stated that Vice President Leni Robredo was the "biggest victim" of disinformation during the 2022 Philippine presidential election campaign and that former Senator Bongbong Marcos gained the most from misinformation on social media.[28]

## List of fake news websites

[edit]

Some of this section's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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This list includes URLs for sites that are now down or defunct for historical purposes and to aid disinformation researchers. The following are included after investigation conducted by various Philippine news agencies as well as government policies against fake news.

Name  | URL  | Status  | Notes  | Sources

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24Seven Daily News  | 24sevendailynews.com  | Cybersquatted.  |  | [29]
360 News Live  | www.360news.live  | Domain expired  |  | [30]
About Du30  | aboutdu30.info  | Cybersquatted.  |  | [31]
Adobo Chronicles  | adobochronicles.com  |  | Satire  | [32]
Ako'y Pilipino  | akoy-pilipino.blogspot.com  |  |  | [29]
Aksyon.tv  | aksyon.tv  | Now down.  | Contains false information and clickbait headline. Imitates AksyonTV, now One Sports.  |
Al Jazeera News TV  | aljazeeranews-tv.com  |  | Masquerades as Al Jazeera. Legitimate url is https://www.aljazeera.com | [33]
All Things Pinoy  | allthingspinoy.com  | Now down/defunct.  | "www.allthingspinoy.com does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information."  | [34][35][29]
Angat Pilipino  | angatpilipino.info  | 404 error  |  | [36]
Asian Policy Press  | asianpolicy.press  | Down again with 404 error.  | "...The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this website...".  | [34][29]
Asenso Pinoy  | asensopinoy.info  | 404 error  |  | [37][38]
Astig Tayo Pinoy  | astigtayopinoy.altervista.org  | Account suspended  |  | [39]
Bacolod.altervista.org  | bacolod.altervista.org  | Account suspended  |  | [40]
Balita Online  | balitaonline.xyz  | Now website empty  |  | [31]
Balitang Citizen Ph  | balitangcitizenph.blogspot.com  |  | Reposted article from dailyartikulo.info.  | [41]
Balitang Panglahat  | balitangpanglahat.info  | Domain parked/cybersquatted  |  | [42]
Balitang Pinoy  | balitangpinoy.ga  | 404 error  |  | [43]
Blog di du30  | du30.altervista.org  | 404 error  |  | [40]
Blog di pinoypolitics  | pinoypolitics.altervista.org  | Account suspended.  | Biggest traffic generators on social media: Pinoy Republic, Pres. Rody Duterte News Global and Pilipinas Trending.  | [44]
Breaking News  | latestnewz.xyz  | 404 Error  |  | [31]
Breaking BBC  | breaking-bbc.co.uk  | Domain suspended.  | Masquerades as BBC. Proper URL is https://www.bbc.com.  | [36]
Breezy Network  | breezynetwork.info  | 404 error  |  | [45]
Caster Ph  | casterph.xyz  | 404 error  |  | [31]
Citizen Express  | citizenexpress.today  |  |  | [46]
Classified Trends  | classifiedtrends.net  | Domain expired.  |  | [34][47][29]
Cnn Channel  | cnn-channel.com  | Down.  | Masquerades as CNN. Legitimate URLs are cnn.com, edition.cnn.com (for CNN International), and cnnphilippines.com.  | [36]
Dailyartikulo  | dailyartikulo.info  |  | Traffic largely from The Filipino News, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos and The News Wire social media accounts. Same blog template and theme as DailyInsights.  | [48][41][49]
Daily Filipinews  | dailyfilipinews.blogspot.com  | Domain expired.  |  | [29]
Daily Filipino  | dailyfilipino.altervista.org  | Down.  |  | [citation needed]
DailyInsights  | dailyinsights.today  | Now Down.  | Same blog template and theme as Dailyartikulo.  | [50][51]
The Daily Sentry  | thedailysentry.net  |  | Publishes false and misleading news constantly.

Has disclaimer: "The Daily Sentry does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information."

| [52][53][54][55][56][57][49]
Daily Viral Hub  | dailyviralhub.altervista.org  |  | Biggest traffic generators: Facebook pages Marcos Loyalist, Exclusive DDS Marcos the 3rd Force, and BongBong Marcos United.  | [58]
Dakila.info  | dakila.info  | Down.  |  | [59]
DDS Files  | ddsfiles.xyz  | Down.  |  | [60][61]
Dedma Lang  | dedma.com  | Front page now empty. Domain still up.  |  | [40]
Definitely Filipino  | definitelyfilipino.com  | Down.  | No "About Us", no "Contact Us".  | [34][29]
news.definitelyfilipino.net  |
balita.definitelyfilipino.com  |
buzz.definitelyfilipino.com  | Down.
buzz.definitelyfilipino.net  |
The Delicious Yard  | thedeliciousyard.com  |  | Impostor site of ABS-CBN.  | [62][63]
Dugong Maharlika  | dugongmaharlika.com  | Front page blank, has JavaScript  |  | [35]
Du30 Gov  | du30gov.com  | Down.  | Biggest traffic generators on social media: President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Bongbong Marcos Loyalists Movement_Official Group and Marcos Loyalist.  | [64]
Du30 News  | du30newsinfo.com  | Domain expired.  |  | [40]
Du30 Today  | du30today.com  | Domain expired.  |  | [36]
Dutertards  | dutertards.info  | Front page blank.  | Redirects to 1.dutertards.info.  | [39]
Duterte Community  | du30community.info  | Down.  | Biggest social media traffic generators: President Duterte Worldwide Supporters, President Duterte Astig Supporters and Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos.  | [65][66]
Duterte Defender  | dutertedefender.com  | Down.  |  | [36]
Duterte Express  | du30express.site  | Down  |  | [67]
Duterte Federal  | dutertefederal.info  | Down.  | Biggest traffic generators on social media: Silent No More PH, Duterte Worldwide Supporters and President RodyDuterte – Federal Movement International.  | [68]
Duterte News  | dutertenews.com  | Domain expired.  |  | [47][31]
du30news.com  | Domain expired.
du30news.net  | Down.
www.dutertenewswatch.com  | Down.
du3onews.info  | Down.
Duterte News Blog  | du30newsblog.blogspot.com  |  |  | [47]
Duterte News Info  | du30newsinfo.com  | Cybersquatted.  | Contains fake articles and satirical news passed off as real news. Publishes fake articles about Rodrigo Duterte's critics.  | [47]
Duterte Trending News  | dutertetrendingnews.blogspot.com  |  |  | [29]
Dutertepilipinas.info  | dutertepilipinas.info  | Down.  | Biggest social media traffic generators: Inday Sara Duterte Supporters, President Rodrigo Duterte and Duterte Warriors.  | [69]
Duterte Trend  | dutertetrend.info  | Domain expired.  |  | [40]
Dutrending  | dutrending.info  | Down.  | Largest traffic generators: Facebook pages DU30 Trending News, Duterte Worldwide Supporters and Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International. redirects to 1.dutrending.info.  | [39][70]
DW-TV3  | dw-tv3.com  | Now cybersquatted.  | Imitates Deutsche Welle.  | [71]
Dyaryo  | www.dyaryo.net  | Down.  |  | [47]
Media ni Duterte  | dutertedefender.com  | Cybersquatted.  |  | [47]
lugto.com  | Domain expired.
Earning Mania  | earningmania.com  | Domain is now suspended.  | Mimics the design of the official ABS-CBN News website (news.abs-cbn.com), complete with the logo of ABS-CBN. It also contains false information to get Bitcoin cash. No about or contact information.  |
Eritas Times  | eritastimes.com  |  |  | [32]
Federalism PH  | jazznews.top  | Down.  | Biggest traffic generator from social media: Facebook page Philippine Trending News.  | [72]
Extreme Readers  | extremereaders.com  | Domain Expired.  |  | [47]
FilipiNews PH  | filipinewsph.net  | Now down and replaced as japanese website.  | "FilipiNews PH does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information.".  | [34][47][73][29]
FilipiNews  | filipinews.info  | Down.  |  | [29][36]
filipinews.com  | Expired.
France 24 TV  | France24-tv.com  | Domain expired.  | Imitates France 24 (france24.com)  | [40]
Global News  | globalnews.favradio.fm  |  | Reverted to favradio.fm hosting  | [40]
GMA TV  | gma-tv.com  | Domain expired.  | Imitates GMA 7. Some false stories released by this fake news website included the alleged photos of a gunman captured by CCTV camera during the 2017 Resorts World Manila attack, supposed plan to establish a Nickelodeon theme park in Coron by the Department of Tourism, and the purported criticism of the National Super Alliance (NASA) by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission and Jubilee for threatening to boycott the August elections.[74] | [75][76][77]
Go for Win  | goforwin.info  |  |  | [39]
Good News Network Philippines  | goodnewsnetworkph.com  | Domain expired.  | Exploits the name of GNN. Mocha Uson made a callout to follow its Facebook page as "a true alternative for the good news released by the Duterte Admin" in February 2018.[78] Biggest traffic generators: pro-Duterte Facebook page managed by Mocha Uson, Mocha Uson Blog, President Rody Duterte Facebook Army and Team Duterte for Federalism.  | [79][80][81][82][83][84]
Good News Today  | goodnewstoday.d30.club  | Down  | Biggest traffic generators from social media: Marcos Defenders Worldwide Unlimited and Rody R. Duterte Movement Universal.  | [85]
Gossip Diary  | gossipdiary.com  | Domain expired.  | Biggest traffic generators on social media: President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Marcos Loyalist and Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International.  | [86]
Healthnation Asia  | healthnation-asia.com  | Down.  | Imitates ABS-CBN News Channel | [87]
Hot News Philippines  | hotnewsphil.blogspot.com  |  |  | [47]
I Am Pilipino  | www.iampilipino.com  | Error 403.  |  | [47]
International Latest Updates  | internationallatestupdates.blogspot.com  |  | Redirect from trendingnewsphfile.net.  | [47]
Kabalita Ka  | kabalitaka.blogspot.com  | Now Down.  | Biggest traffic generators on social media: Marcos Loyalist and President Rody Duterte Facebook Army.  | [88]
Kalye Pinoy  | kalyepinoy.com  | Now Down.  |  | [47][73]
Kanto News PH  | kantonewsph.xyz  | Empty.  | Biggest traffic generators on social media: Facebook pages President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, President Duterte Worldwide Supporters and President Duterte Astig Supporters.  | [89][31][39]
kantonewsph.info  |
Latest Duterte News  | latestdutertenews.altervista.org  | Account suspended  |  | [40]
Leak News PH  | www.leaknewsph.com  | Down.  |  | [47]
Local Hero  | localhero.altervista.org  | Account suspended  |  | [40]
Maharlika News

Netizens PH

| www.maharlikanews.com  |  |  | [35]
Makibalita  | makibalita.info  | Down.  |  | [90]
Media Curious  | mediacurious.com  | Down.  |  | [36]
Media Ph  | mediaph.info  | Now Down.  | Biggest traffic generator: Facebook page Sara Duterte Solid Warriors.  | [91]
Minda Nation  | mindanation.com  | 404  | Owned by Carlos Munda.  | [92]
Mosquito Press  | mosquitopress.net  |  |  | [32]
My News TV  | mynewstv.newsgenic.com  | Down  | Exploits the name of GMA News TV (now GTV).  | [29]
My Prosper  | my-prosper.press  | Down.  |  | [93]
Nagbabagang Balita  | nagbabagangbalita.info  | Redirects to malware website.  |  | [94]
Napankamkumametbeewan.info  | napankamkumametbeewan.info  | Down.  |  | [90][94]
Net Citizen  | netcitizen.co  | Redirects to malware website.  |  | [36]
News 8 Bureau  | globalnews.favradio.fm  | Down.  |  | [29]
News Center Ph  | newscenterph.info  | Redirects to malware website.  | Traffic largely generated by Facebook pages President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Marcos Loyalist, BongBong Marcos United, The Filipino News, Pinas Citizen and News Wire PH.  | [95][55][96]
newsevery7hours.blogspot.com  | newsevery7hours.blogspot.com  |  |  | [97]
News Feed Society  | www.newsfeedsociety.tk  | Down.  |  | [47]
News Global  | newsglobal.top  | Down.  |  | [51]
News Info Learn  | newsinfolearn.com  | Now down.  | "...www.newsinfolearn.com does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information...".  | [34][29]
News Media PH  | newsmediaph.com  | Down.  | No "About Us".  | [47]
Newspaper Ph  | newspaperph.com  | Domain parked/cybersquatted  |  | [40]
News Titans  | newstitans.com  | Domain expired.  |  | [47]
News TV  | newstv.tulfonews.com  | Down.  | Exploits the name of GMA News TV (now GTV).  | [29]
News TV5  | newstv5.com  | Domain expired.  | Masquerades as the legitimate https://news.tv5.com.ph | [40]
Newz Flash  | newzflash.info  |  |  | [39]
Newsbite.top  | newsbite.top  | Down.  | Biggest traffic generators on social media: President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Marcos Loyalist and We Support Duterte Administration.  | [98]
Online Balita  | onelinebalita.xyz  | Down.  |  | [31]
The Philippine Chronicle  | thephilippinechronicle.com  |  |  | [32]
Philippine News Blog  | ilikeyouquotes.blogspot.com  | Down.  |  | [47]
Philippine News Courier  | philnewscourier.blogspot.com  |  | Associated with Facebook page "Philippine News Courier."  | [29][40]
Philippine News Portal  | www.philnewsportal.com  | Down.  |  | [47]
The Philippine Trend  | thephilippinetrend.com  |  |  | [32]
Philnewstrend  | dakilanglahi.info  | Down.  |  | [36]
Philstar.i-telecast.com  | Philstar.i-telecast.com  | Now down.  | Imitates the website of The Philippine Star.  | [71]
Phnewspride  | Phnewspride.blogspot.com  | Redirects to Arabic Website with the same domain.  |  | [40]
Pilipinas News  | fullnewsph.xyz  | Now Down.  | Translated term was Balita sa Pilipinas. It is not to be confused with the namesake defunct news program of TV5 and Balita Pilipinas, a defunct news program of GMA News TV (now GTV).  | [99]
Pilipinas Online Updates  | www.pilipinasonlineupdates.com  | Now Down.  | Takes some of its articles from Balitang Pinas. "Pilipinas Online Updates makes no representations, warranties, or assurances as to the accuracy, currency or completeness of the content contain (sic) onthis website or any sites linked to this site"  | [73]
Pinoy Hopes  | pinoyhopes.info  | Down.  |  | [51]
Pinoy News  | pinoynews.info  | Down.  |  | [65][39][51]
Pinas News Portal  | pinasnewsportal.blogspot.com  | Down.  |  | [29]
Pinoy Freedom Wall  | pinoyfreedomwall.com  | Down.  |  | [47]
Pinoy News Blogger  | pinoynewsblogger.blogspot.com  | Down.  |  | [47]
Pinoy Speak  | pinoyspeak.info  | Now Error 502.  | Posts satirical articles and passes them off as real news.  | [47]
Pinoy Viral Issues  | pinoyviralissues.net  | Down.  |  | [29]
Pinoy World  | pinoyworld.net  | Down.  |  | [29]
PRRD News  | phppoliticsnews.blogspot.com  | Redirects to Indonesian language website with the same domain.  |  | [47]
Pinoy Observer  | pinoyobserver.com  | Redirects to scam Chinese website.  | Front page is blank, but full of JavaScript.  | [40]
Pinoy Thinking  | pinoythinking.info  | Down.  |  | [36]
Pinoy Trending  | pinoytrending.altervista.org  |  | No "About Us", contact info.  | [34][73]
Pinoy Trending News  | pinoytrendingnews.net  |  | "...Information on this site may contain errors and inaccuracies..."  | [34][73][29]
pinoytrendingnewsph.blogspot.com  |
pinoytrending.altervista.org  |
Pinoy Viral Issues  | pinoyviralissues.net  |  | Down.  | [47]
The Professional Heckler  | professionalheckler.wordpress.com  |  |  | [32]
PRRD News Tambayan  | dds-tambayan.info  | Down.  | Biggest traffic generator: Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International social media page.  | [100]
Public Trending  | publictrending.net  | Down.  | "...The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this site or found by following any link on this site."  | [34][29]
publictrending.news  |
pinoytrending.altervista.org  |
QWAZK  | qwazk.blogspot.com  | Redirects to Indonesian website with the same domain.  |  | [47]
So Whats News  | sowhatsnews.wordpress.com  |  | Satirical news site. Private Site.  | [101]
Socialcastph.info  | socialcastph.info  | Down.  | Biggest traffic generator pages from social media: President Rodrigo Duterte, Marcos Loyalist and Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International.  | [102]
Social News PH  | www.socialnewsph.com  | Now domain expired.  | Connected to the Facebook pages SNP – Social News Philippines and President Duterte Random Photos. "...does not give assurances as to the accuracy, completeness and currency of its content..."  | [47]
Taho News  | tahonews.com  |  |  | [47]
Tartey Viral  | tartey.com  | Now down.  | Contains articles obtained from News Trend PH, which also publishes fake news. No About US, no Contact Us. "makes no representations, warranties, or assurances as to the accuracy or completeness of the content".  | [47]
Telegraph TV  | telegraph-tv.com  | Domain expired.  | Imitates British newspaper The Telegraph (telegraph.co.uk).  | [40]
Tatak Du30  | tatakdu30.info  | Down.  |  | [39]
testhuby.blogspot.com  | testhuby.blogspot.com  |  |  | [103][97]
The News Feeder  | thenewsfeeder.net  | Down.  |  | [29]
The Tlmes  | thetlmes.com  |  | Imitation of British newspaper The Times.  | [104][105][106]
The Volatilian  | thevolatilian.com  | Now redirected to scam Chinese website.  |  | [47]
Thinker Vlog  | thinkervlog.top  | Down  |  | [66]
Today in Manila  | todayinmanila.ga  | Now down.  | No "About Us", no "Contact Us".  | [34][29]
Today's Broadcast  | todaysbroadcast.net  | Down.  |  | [29]
Todays Top News  | todaystopnews.xyz  | Down.  |  | [31]
Trending Balita  | trendingbalita.info  | Now Down/Under Construction.  |  | [47]
Trending News Portal  | tnp.ph  | Malware.  | "Trending News Portal makes no representations, warranties, or assurances as to the accuracy, currency or completenesss of the content contain on this website or and sites linked to this site". Changed URLs multiple times. Frequently shared by Mocha Uson on her Facebook page Mocha Uson Blog.[107] Run by Twinmark Media Enterprises, whose entire network of pages was banned by Facebook in January 2019 for spammy practices and "coordinated inauthentic behavior". 220 Facebook pages, 73 Facebook accounts and 29 Instagram accounts were removed.[108][109] | [34][47][107]
trendingnewsportal.com  | Malware.
trendingnewsportal.net  | Malware.
trendingnewsportal.net.ph  | 404\.
trendingnewsportal.blogspot.com  | Down.
trendingnewsportal-ph.blogspot.com  | Down.
tnp.today  | Blank.
Tomorrow Economy  | www.tomorrow-economy.com  | Down.  | Blatantly imitates the Manila Times website. Same article as Earning Mania.  |
Trending Balita  | trendingbalita.info  | Now Down/Under Construction.  |  | [47]
Trending News Video  | trendingnewsvideo.com  | Down.  |  | [29]
Trending Topics  | trendingtopics.altervista.org  | Suspended.  |  | [29]
Trending Viral  | trendingviral.tk  | Now down.  | "The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this site.... will not be liable for any errors or omissions in this information nor the availability of this information...".  | [34][29]
TV CNN  | tv-cnn.com  | Domain expired.  | Masquerades as CNN. Legitimate URLs are cnn.com, edition.cnn.com (for CNN International), and cnnphilippines.com.  | [36]
Unang Hirit  | unanghirit.info  | Down.  | Imitates the GMA Network morning news program of the same name.  | [90]
Update.ph  | update.ph  |  |  | [29]
Updated Tayo  | updatetayo.info  | Down.  |  | [110]
Verified Philippines  | verifiedph.blogspot.com  |  |  | [29]
Viral Duterte News  | balitangtotoo.xyz  | Empty.  | Traffic generated by Facebook groups President Rodrigo Duterte Facebook Army, Inday Sara Duterte Supporters and President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International.  | [111]
Viral Portal  | viralportal.ml  | Down.  |  | [29]
World Trends  | worldstrends.info  | Down.  |  | [42]
XOLXOL  | xolxol.ph  |  |  | [73]

## Reactions

[edit]

Fake news sites have become rampant for Philippine audiences, especially being shared on social media.[112] Politicians have started filing laws to combat fake news[113][14] and three Senate hearings have been held on the topic.[114][115][116]

The Catholic Church in the Philippines has also released a missive speaking out against it.[117]

Vera Files research at the end of 2017 and 2018 show that the most shared fake news in the Philippines appeared to benefit 2 people the most: President Rodrigo Duterte (as well as his allies) and politician and later president Bongbong Marcos, with the most viral news driven by shares on networks of Facebook pages.[33] Most Philippine audience Facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation also bear "Duterte", "Marcos" or "News" in their names and are pro-Duterte.[65] Online disinformation in the Philippines is overwhelmingly political as well, with most attacking groups or individuals critical of the Duterte administration.[118] Many Philippine-audience fake news websites also appear to be controlled by the same operators as they share common Google AdSense and Google Analytics IDs.[65]

According to media scholar Jonathan Corpus Ong, Duterte's presidential campaign is regarded as the patient zero in the current era of disinformation, having preceded widespread global coverage of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Russian trolls.[119] Fake news is so established and severe in the Philippines that Facebook's Global Politics and Government Outreach Director Katie Harbath also calls it "patient zero"[120] in the global misinformation epidemic, having happened before Brexit, the Trump nomination and the 2016 US Elections.[121]

## See also

[edit]

* Mocha Uson
* RJ Nieto
* List of fake news websites
* Fake news in India
* Fake news in the United States
* Indian WhatsApp lynchings

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Mozur, Paul; Scott, Mark (November 17, 2016). "Fake News in U.S. Election? Elsewhere, That's Nothing New". The New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
2. ^ Cabristante, Raffy (October 3, 2014). "Think Before You Click: List of Pinoy fake news sites". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
3. ^ Mozur, Paul; Scott, Mark (November 17, 2016). "Fake News in U.S. Election? Elsewhere, That's Nothing New". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
4. ^ Javier, Kristian. "Pangilinan Wants Facebook Penalized over Fake News". Philstar.com. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
5. ^ a b BBC (December 7, 2016). "Trolls and triumph: a digital battle in the Philippines". BBC News. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
6. ^ Syjuco, Miguel (October 2017). "Fake News Floods the Philippines". The New York Times.
7. ^ Bradshaw, Samantha; Howard, Philip N. (Winter 2017). "Troops, Trolls, and Trouble Makers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation" (PDF). Oxford Computational Propaganda Research Project: 21 - via Oxford University.
8. ^ Ramos, Marlon (June 8, 2017). "Did Justice Secretary Aguirre fall for fake news?". newsinfo.inquirer.net. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
9. ^ Ayalin, Adrian (September 22, 2017). "Trillanes sues Uson for spreading 'news' on alleged bank accounts". ABS-CBN.
10. ^ "Asec Mocha Uson herself spreads fake news, says Nancy Binay". September 20, 2017.
11. ^ "Philippines election: 'Politicians hire me to spread fake stories'". BBC News. May 7, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
12. ^ Chi, Cristina (November 21, 2023). "Social media giants' 'fake news' policies failed to prevent disinformation during 2022 elections — study". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
13. ^ Beltran, Michael (June 29, 2022). "How a 'tsunami of disinformation' helped Marcos Jr win back power". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
14. ^ a b Santos, Eimor (June 22, 2017). "Bill filed vs. fake news: Up to ₱10M fine, 10-year jail time for erring public officials". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
15. ^ Elemia, Camille (June 22, 2017). "Senate bill seeks jail time for gov't officials spreading fake news". CNN Philippines.
16. ^ Bajo, Anna Felicia (June 23, 2017). "CBCP calls on faithful to help stop the spread of fake news". GMA News. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
17. ^ Bondoc, Marlly Rome (June 27, 2017). "CBCP releases list of fake news sites". GMA News. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
18. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (February 5, 2025). "Chinese-named X accounts spread fake news to defend Dutertes – group". Inquirer News. Manila, Philippines: INQUIRER.net. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
19. ^ a b "Journalists expose disinformation machinery on Duterte's ICC arrest". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. March 26, 2025. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
20. ^ Bolledo, Jairo (March 19, 2025). "Supreme Court, ICC targeted by 'fake news' after Duterte arrest". Rappler. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
21. ^ Dacleson, Rodolfo II (March 13, 2025). "Group slams false claims, fake news surrounding Duterte's ICC arrest". News 5. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
22. ^ a b "Fake news production and social media 'trolls'". University of Leeds. February 12, 2018.
23. ^ "Ad, PR execs are 'chief architects' of disinformation in Philippines — study". The Philippine STAR.
24. ^ "Chief disinformation architects in the PH: Not exactly who you think". February 11, 2018.
25. ^ a b c d Corpus Ong, Jonathan; A. Cabañes, Jason Vincent (2018), "Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines" (PDF), The Newton, University of Massachusetts, University of Leeds, doi:10.7275/2cq4-5396
26. ^ Sampang, Dianne; ggaviola (February 28, 2025). "Misinformation, disinformation can make or break 2025 polls - Comelec". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 18, 2025.
27. ^ Locus, Sundy (May 11, 2025). "Colmenares files complaint vs. fake news; Comelec says Bayan Muna not disqualified". GMA News Online. Retrieved May 18, 2025.
28. ^ Gonzales, Cathrine (February 2, 2022). "Robredo is biggest disinformation victim; Marcos gains from 'misleading' posts — fact-checker". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 18, 2025.
29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "More 'fake news' sites blacklisted by NUJP, CMFR". GMA News Online. December 7, 2017.
30. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Shark swimming in 'Mariking' river FAKE NEWS". Vera Files. July 29, 2018.
31. ^ a b c d e f g h "Tip of the iceberg: Tracing the network of spammy pages in Facebook takedown". Rappler. October 27, 2018.
32. ^ a b c d e f CABRISTANTE, RAFFY (October 3, 2014). "Think Before You Click: List of Pinoy fake news sites". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
33. ^ a b "VERA FILES YEARENDER: Who benefited most from fake news, and other questions, answered in three charts". Vera Files. December 22, 2017.
34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Knowing Your Source: Think Before You Click". Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. October 4, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
35. ^ a b c Ramos, Marlon. "Did Justice Secretary Aguirre fall for fake news?". Retrieved August 4, 2017.
36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bueno, Anna (October 12, 2017). "The anatomy of 'fake news'". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
37. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Kris Aquino DID NOT wear Marcos jewelry to Hollywood film premiere". August 21, 2018.
38. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Website revives twice-flagged FAKE report on Duterte and ICC". Vera Files. July 26, 2018.
39. ^ a b c d e f g h Bueza, Michael (October 23, 2018). "LIST: False news shared by PH-based pages taken down by Facebook". Rappler.
40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Fake news sites to be aware of this 2018". Meme Buster. February 16, 2018. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
41. ^ a b "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Report MISLEADS with figures on nat'l debt during Aquino admin". Vera Files. November 27, 2019. Archived from the original on December 4, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2025.
42. ^ a b "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Rape video of OFW in Middle East FAKE NEWS". August 9, 2018.
43. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Reviving old report, website FAKES content of pope's letter to Duterte". Vera Files. July 25, 2018.
44. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Story claiming Marcos won poll case vs Robredo FAKE". Vera Files. April 27, 2018.
45. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Bato Dela Rosa 'murder' at BuCor a HOAX". Vera Files. July 12, 2018.
46. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Claim of media not reporting London anti-Robredo protest false". Vera Files. April 20, 2018.
47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "Spotted: Dubious "News" Sites That Deserve a Prize for Creativity". Spot.ph. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
48. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Report about 7 PH cities 'disappearing' by 2085 FAKE NEWS". Vera Files. September 6, 2018. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved May 15, 2025.
49. ^ a b "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Websites publish OUTDATED, MISLEADING reports about FVR theory on Ninoy Aquino's death". Vera Files. August 27, 2018. Archived from the original on December 13, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2025.
50. ^ Hapal, Don Kevin (May 2, 2018). "FACT CHECK: Kuwait did not apologize over diplomatic row". Rappler. Archived from the original on July 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2025.
51. ^ a b c d "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Kuwait DID NOT get on its knees to ask forgiveness from Duterte after diplomatic row". Vera Files. May 3, 2018. Archived from the original on December 13, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2025.
52. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Story claiming Robredo loses post to Marcos in vote recount NOT TRUE". Vera Files. May 10, 2018.
53. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Report claiming 'new evidence' of fraud in 2016 polls MISLEADING". Vera Files. August 3, 2018.
54. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Report claiming US intel officer said Marcos lost 1.7M votes in 2016 FALSE". Vera Files. August 7, 2018.
55. ^ a b "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Reports rehashing claims Robredo got 8,700 ghost votes in 2016 FALSE". Vera Files. August 8, 2018.
56. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Online post twists COA findings on CHR". Vera Files. August 13, 2018.
57. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Recycled online post SKEWS former CBCP president's statement on 'homily abuse'". Vera Files. November 17, 2018.
58. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Alejano to have Duterte arrested for drug war untrue". Vera Files. April 18, 2018.
59. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Report claiming Robredo and Roxas have left LP NOT TRUE". Vera Files. November 1, 2018.
60. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Customs chief 'dismissal' over missed P6.8B illegal drug shipment FAKE NEWS". Vera Files. August 20, 2018.
61. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Website recycles FALSE CLAIM on 'new MRT trains' under Duterte admin". Vera Files. August 16, 2018.
62. ^ Cruz, Ailla Dela (October 2, 2024). "FACT CHECK: News report on Central Bank lawsuit vs Enrique Razon is fake". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
63. ^ "FACT CHECK: Walang report ang ABS-CBN tungkol sa kaso kay Enrique Razon Jr". ABS-CBN (in Tagalog). September 5, 2024. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
64. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Report claiming Drilon and Pangilinan LP presidential bets for 2022 not true". Vera Files. April 24, 2018.
65. ^ a b c d "VERA FILES FACT CHECK YEARENDER: Ads reveal links between websites producing fake news". Vera Files. December 30, 2018.
66. ^ a b "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Online post about Robredo urging EU to investigate Duterte MISLEADING". Vera Files. April 26, 2018.
67. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Sen. Bam Aquino never claimed to be 'principal author' of free education bill". Vera Files. April 17, 2018.
68. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Online post about Duterte 'rejecting' Robredo's proposal to 'legalize' drugs rehashed, FAKE NEWS". Vera Files. May 29, 2018.
69. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Online post MISLEADS by recycling "most stupid politician" comment of Duterte vs Pangilinan". Vera Files. May 14, 2018.
70. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Enrile DID NOT 'slap' Sotto for proposing De Lima 'release'". Vera Files. July 10, 2018.
71. ^ a b "Here's a list fake news, satirical sites trying to mimic GMA News, 10 other established media site". Meme Buster. May 16, 2017.
72. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Pro-Duterte vlogger makes MISLEADING claim about CHR expenses in online post". Vera Files. July 14, 2018.
73. ^ a b c d e f Jacinto, Baxter (October 17, 2016). "Fake News Websites You Should Be Wary About". 8List.ph. ID8 Inc. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
74. ^ "GMA News Online – Your News Authority". Archived from the original on June 3, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
75. ^ "Public warned against fake website with GMA News Online logo". GMA News. June 2, 2017.
76. ^ Quilinguing, Kim G (September 28, 2019). "The problem with fake news: UP experts speak on the impact of disinformation on politics, society and democracy". University of the Philippines.
77. ^ "Here's a list fake news, satirical sites trying to mimic GMA News, 10 other established media sites". MemeBuster. May 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
78. ^ Uson, Mocha (February 26, 2018). "Follow po natin ang Good News Network Philippines". Facebook.
79. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Robredo camp wants Iloilo City, NOT province, out of vote recount". Vera Files. May 28, 2018.
80. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Online post MISLEADS with previously published story of Vietnam PM praising Duterte". Vera Files. May 15, 2018.
81. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Pangilinan DID NOT say attacks against Robredo and former tourism chief Jimenez 'not right'". Vera Files. May 9, 2018.
82. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Story about anti-Duterte blog MISLEADS by using unrelated photo and outdated tweet". Vera Files. May 8, 2018.
83. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Story about Bam Aquino saying he will be 'voice and protector' of Filipinos MISLEADING". Vera Files. April 26, 2018.
84. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Story claiming EU Socialist Party official to "meddle more aggressively in PH" misleading". Vera Files. April 25, 2018.
85. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: ICC case vs Duterte NOT 'thrown out'". Vera Files. June 6, 2018.
86. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Report on Catholic Church's "strong" resistance to proposed taxation misleading". Vera Files. April 23, 2018.
87. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Another 'ANC' impostor site peddles cure for hypertension, clogged blood vessels". Vera Files. March 28, 2023.
88. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Bam Aquino DID NOT say Duterte made many Filipinos poor". Vera Files. June 9, 2018.
89. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: De Lima WILL NOT be transferred to Bilibid". Vera Files. May 25, 2018.
90. ^ a b c "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: 'Death' of prosecutor in viral '5-minutes' video a HOAX". Vera Files. August 21, 2018.
91. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Story claiming Marcos speech contains "evidence" against Cory Aquino untrue". Vera Files. April 24, 2018.
92. ^ "CBCP guide lists websites peddling fake news". Rappler. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
93. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Corpses of foreigners found in Boracay FAKE NEWS". Vera Files. June 22, 2018.
94. ^ a b "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Reports about 'child-beating' woman shot dead FAKE NEWS". Vera Files. August 21, 2018.
95. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Website MISLEADS with outdated story on 'evidence' of Duterte ouster plot". Vera Files. May 11, 2018.
96. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Story claiming Robredo loses post to Marcos in vote recount NOT TRUE". Vera Files. May 10, 2018.
97. ^ a b Castro, Glenda Marie (April 25, 2019). "FALSE: 'China confirmed' Noynoy Aquino, Trillanes 'sold' Scarborough Shoal". RAPPLER. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
98. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: LP to file quo warranto vs Duterte cabinet FAKE NEWS". Vera Files. May 14, 2018.
99. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Report on Recto calling Duterte a 'crazy dog' OLD and FALSE". Vera Files. July 5, 2018.
100. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: US a willing mediator NOT meddler in PH-Kuwait rowVERA FILES FACT CHECK: US a willing mediator NOT meddler in PH-Kuwait row". Vera Files. May 10, 2018.
101. ^ "10 News Sites You Shouldn't Take Seriously". SPOT.PH. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
102. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Duterte and Tagle conversation FAKE NEWS". Vera Files. July 2, 2018.
103. ^ Alba, Davey (September 4, 2018). "Duterte's Drug War And The Human Cost Of Facebook's Rise In The Philippines". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
104. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Impostor site posts FAKE NEWS claiming actor The Rock praised Duterte". VERA Files. March 16, 2018. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
105. ^ Elliott, Christopher. "Here Are The Real Fake News Sites". Forbes. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
106. ^ "DomainTools Uncovers Spoofed Media Domains in "State of the Domain" Study". DomainTools | Start Here. Know Now. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
107. ^ a b Hapal, Don Kevin (December 9, 2017). "What is Mocha Uson's top source of news?". Rappler.
108. ^ Gleicher, Nathaniel (January 10, 2019). "Banning Twinmark Media Enterprises in the Philippines from Facebook". Facebook.
109. ^ Occeñola, Paige (January 11, 2019). "PH company banned by Facebook spread lies, used fake accounts". Rappler.
110. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Jay Sonza did not say the price of Jasmine rice went down". Vera Files. April 13, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
111. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Trillanes NOT staging coup vs Duterte". Vera Files. May 15, 2018.
112. ^ Bacungan, VJ (June 23, 2017). "CBCP to public: Fight 'fake news'". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
113. ^ Ager, Maila (January 19, 2017). "Pangilinan seeks penalty vs social media for spread of fake news". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
114. ^ "Senate tackles spread of 'fake news'". CNN Philippines. October 4, 2017. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
115. ^ Bacungan, VJ (January 30, 2018). "Senate holds 2nd hearing on fake news". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
116. ^ "LIVE: Senate hearing on fake news online". Rappler. March 15, 2018.
117. ^ "Stop sharing fake news, Filipino bishops implore". Crux. Catholic News Agency. June 24, 2017. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
118. ^ Soriano, Jake (December 19, 2018). "Duterte, allies reap the most benefits from disinformation". Vera Files.
119. ^ Ong, Jonathan Corpus (August 30, 2018). "Trolls for Sale in the World's Social Media Capital". AsiaGlobal Online.
120. ^ "360/OS: Facebook's Katie Harbath on protecting election integrity". Rappler. June 23, 2018.
121. ^ Stevenson, Alexandra (October 9, 2018). "Soldiers in Facebook's War on Fake News Are Feeling Overrun". The New York Times.

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