Farmer–Labor Party

American political party

This article is about the national Farmer–Labor Party of the United States. For the Minnesota branch of the party, see Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party. For the Japanese party, see Farmer-Labour Party.

Farmer–Labor Party of the United States

Founded| 1918; 107 years ago (1918)
Dissolved| 1936; 89 years ago (1936)
Preceded by| Labor Party of the United States
Ideology| Co-operative commonwealth[1]
Left-wing populism[2][3][4]
Progressivism[5][6]
Social democracy[7][8][9]
Laborism[10]
Anti-capitalism[11]
Factions:
Socialism[12]
Political position| Left-wing[13][14]

* Politics of the United States
* Political parties
* Elections

The first modern Farmer–Labor Party in the United States emerged in Minnesota in 1918. The American entry into World War I caused agricultural prices and workers' wages to fall, while retail prices rose sharply during the war years. Consequently, farmers and workers made common cause in the political sphere to redress their grievances.

The party dissolved in 1936 on a federal level with the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party surviving on the state level until 1944, when it merged with the local affiliate of the Democratic Party; the resulting merger, the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, still exists today.[15]

## Labor Party of the United States

[edit]

Main article: Labor Party of the United States

One primary contributing stream to the Farmer–Labor movement was the Labor Party movement. An International Association of Machinists strike in Bridgeport developed into a Labor Party in five Connecticut towns in the summer of 1918 and the powerful Chicago Federation of Labor (led by President John Fitzpatrick and Secretary-Treasurer Edward Nockels) adopted the cause of a Labor Party in the fall of that same year. Similar independent Labor Party movements emerged in New York, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Ohio, and North Dakota. These state and local organizations joined in November 1919 in Chicago to form the Labor Party of the United States.[16][17]

One important gathering that was a precursor to the establishment of a national Farmer–Labor Party was the Cooperative Congress, held in Chicago on February 12, 1920. The gathering included participants from the cooperative movement, farmers organizations, trade unions, and the Plumb Plan League. The congress elected a 12-person All-American Farmer–Labor Cooperative Commission. The event was closely reported in the pages of The Liberator by Robert Minor.[18][19][20]

Delegates of First National Convention of the Labor Party, 1919, Chicago, Illinois

## Farmer–Labor Party of the United States

[edit]

In July 1920, the Labor Party of the United States changed its name to the Farmer–Labor Party. It nominated Utah lawyer Parley P. Christensen for President of the United States. Christensen finished particularly strongly in Washington, netting over 77,000 votes in that state alone.[21] In total, Christensen received over 265,000 votes from voters of the 19 states in which the Farmer–Labor Party was on the ballot.[22] Also during the 1920 election, the Farmer–Labor Party candidate for the United States Senate in Washington state, C. L. France received 25% of the vote, coming in second place. This was the best performance by the Farmer–Labor Party in a state election outside Minnesota, which would soon become its main stronghold. The party's candidate for Governor of New York was Dudley Field Malone, a former Democratic Collector of the Port of New York, who achieved 69,908 votes in the state election, versus 159,804 for the Socialist candidate Joseph D. Cannon. However Rose Schneiderman, the party's candidate for U.S. Senator from New York only received 15,086 votes versus 151,246 for Socialist Jacob Panken.[23]

In November 1921, as part of a lengthy world tour, Parley Parker Christensen obtained two interviews with Vladimir Lenin in Moscow. The official organ of the Farmer–Labor Party was a newspaper published in Chicago called The New Majority. Editor of this paper was Robert Buck, a Fitzpatrick-Nockles loyalist.[citation needed]

The 1922 Convention of the Farmer–Labor Party was attended by 72 delegates, representing organizations in 17 states. Victor Berger, Seymour Stedman, and Otto Branstetter attended the proceedings as fraternal delegates of the Socialist Party of America. The convention decided to transform the FLP organization into a federated body of labor organizations on the model of the British Labour Party.[citation needed]

The Farmer–Labor Party sent delegates to the second conference of the Conference for Progressive Political Action, which met December 11–12, 1922, in Cleveland. The conference defeated a motion to establish an independent political party by a vote of 52–64, with the Socialist and Farmer–Labor Party delegations on the short side. At the close of the conference, the Farmer–Labor Party delegation announced that they would no longer affiliate with the CPPA.[24]

In March 1923, the Farmer–Labor Party of Chicago broke away from the CPPA and decided to proceed to the immediate formation of a national Farmer–Labor political organization. Circa May, over the signature of J.G. Brown of the Farmer–Labor Party of the United States there was issued a call for a "Monster Political Convention of the Workers of America" to meet in Chicago on July 3. The convention call was issued to trade unions, state Farmer–Labor Parties, the Non-Partisan League, the Socialist Party, and the Workers Party, The FLP was frustrated with the timidity of the CPPA and the refusal of that organization to enter into independent electoral politics and sought to establish a national organization through other means. The Workers Party was anxious to participate in the FLP Convention as part of their united front strategy. The Socialist Party on the other hand, was extremely hesitant. The SPA carefully considered this matter at its May 19–23, 1923, New York Convention before declining to participate in the FLP Convention, instead seeing the CPPA as the vehicle for a new Labor Party.[25][26]

In the middle of June 1923, a subcommittee of the Central Executive Committee of the Workers Party of America met with a sub-committee of the Farmer–Labor Party. These two small groups agreed that if sufficient workers should be represented by delegates to the July 3 Conference, the Farmer–Labor Party should be supplanted by a Federated Farmer–Labor Party, and the National Committee of the Farmer–Labor Party replaced by a new National Executive Committee. The number of organizational members sending delegates necessary for the critical mass necessary to trigger this transformation was agreed by the two subcommittees to be 500,000. It was also agreed that the July 3 Conference should pass a general statement of principles and a resolution calling for the recognition of the Soviet Union. If the 500,000 threshold was not achieved, an Organization Committee for the new federated FLP would instead be established.[27]

## Federated Farmer–Labor Party

[edit]

The July 1923 Conference of the FLP was attended by approximately 540 delegates. The Workers Party seems to have made every effort to capture a majority at the gathering. At the convention itself, it used a disciplined caucus system, with groups of ten on the floor led by a group captain.[28] The Workers Party delegates to the July 3 Conference were guided by a steering committee of the Central Executive Committee. During debate on the organization plan at the conference, C.E. Ruthenberg made a speech in which he asked the Farmer–Labor Party delegates what they wanted, stating that any concessions would be agreed to save the sacrifice of a federated Farmer–Labor Party itself. Five out of seven seats on the National Executive Committee of the new organization were offered to the Farmer–Labor Party. In response, the convention was adjourned and the Farmer–Labor Party delegates went into a closed caucus. This caucus returned with a resolution proposing to exclude the Workers Party from the conference and to ask the conference to accept the 1921 program and constitution of the Farmer–Labor Party without changes. This proposal was made on the floor of the conference by John Fitzpatrick of the Chicago Federation of Labor, who stated that "it would be suicide" to unite "with any organization which advocated other than lawful means to bring about a political change." This resolution was tabled by a vote of approximately 500–40, prompting a walkout by John Fitzpatrick and a group of delegates sharing his views.[29]

The Workers Party gained a majority for its program and established a "Federated Farmer–Labor Party" at this convention. Structural iron worker Joseph Manley, a son-in-law of William Z. Foster although a factional loyalist to John Pepper, was elected as National Secretary of the organization. The WPA's Chicago labor paper, The Voice of Labor, was turned over to the FFLP and became its official organ, The Farmer–Labor Voice.[30]

The notion of a "Federated Farmer–Labor Party" closely paralleled the organizational ideal for a third party then currently being advanced, the Socialist Party—an organization modelled upon the British Labour Party to which political organizations (like the WPA and the SPA) might affiliate without losing their independent organizational identity. The Socialist Party sought the establishment of an American "Labor Party" via the CPPA—and failed. The Workers Party successfully "captured" the Farmer–Labor Party organization, only to lose the allegiance of the mass organizations with which they so eagerly desired to unite.[citation needed]

## 1924 conferences

[edit]

Ballot logo of the Farmer-Labor Party, c. 1924.

A Conference of the Farmer–Labor Party was held in St. Paul on March 11–12, 1924, at which it was decided to hold its next National Convention on June 17 in that same city. A convention call was issued for that gathering, which called for farmer, labor, and political organizations to send delegates provided that they subscribed to a five-point "tentative program" that called for public ownership, government banking, public control of all natural resources, restoration of civil liberties, and the abolition of the use of the injunction in labor disputes.[citation needed]

An effort was made by some members of the Farmer–Labor Party of the United States to merge the convention of the FLP with that of the Conference for Progressive Political Action, an attempt which was unsuccessful. This group also attempted to remove all national political parties from the convention call—the intended effect being to exclude the Workers (Communist) Party from participation. This effort failed as well.[citation needed]

There was pressure placed on the Farmer–Labor Party to purge itself of Communists and to postpone its next convention until July 4, 1924, so that it might meet jointly with that of the Conference for Progressive Political Action. On March 18, 1924, National Secretary Jay G. Brown wrote to the National Committee asking for a vote on the question of holding a convention on July 4 at Cleveland. This convention was not called. Brown resigned as National Secretary, to be replaced on a temporary basis by Robert M. Buck, who soon resigned as well. National Chairman W.M. Piggott then appointed Bert Martin as National Secretary and headquarters were moved from Chicago to Denver.[31][32]

The June 1924 Convention of the Farmer–Labor Party (in which the Federated Farmer–Labor Party participated as a member organization) was attended by over 500 delegates representing 26 states. The convention discussed the upcoming run of Sen. Robert M. La Follette for president. La Follette, a bitter opponent of the Workers Party of America, did not seek the endorsement of the convention, which proceeded to nominate its own candidates for President and Vice President of the United States—Duncan McDonald and William Bouck, respectively. The National Committee of the FLP met in Cleveland on July 4 and elected delegates to the Conference for Progressive Political Action. W.M. Piggott of Utah was re-elected as National Chairman and Bert Martin of Denver as National Secretary. On July 10, 1924, after the endorsement of La Follette by the CPPA at Cleveland, a majority of the National Executive Committee withdrew the nominations of MacDonald and Bouck and pledged support to an independent campaign of the Workers Party. By the end of 1924, the Federated FLP had ceased to exist.[citation needed]

## National Farmer–Labor Party

[edit]

The demise of the Federated Farmer–Labor Party did not mean an end to the Farmer–Labor Party movement, however. The regular Farmer–Labor Party continued to exist at the state level, with state and local organizations in Minnesota, Colorado, Utah, Illinois, Kentucky, Montana, New York, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, Missouri, Washington, the Dakotas, and elsewhere. The national organization continued under the leadership of National Chairman W.M. Piggott and National Secretary Bert Miller. The group's 1920 Presidential candidate, Parley Parker Christensen, attended the Dec. 12, 1924, meeting of the National Committee of the Conference for Progressive Political Action and was made a member of the committee of arrangements for the CPPA's forthcoming February 21–22, 1925, conference. A Convention of the loyal members of the Farmer–Labor Party was called for that same time and place, where it aimed to cooperate with the CPPA in the formation of a labor party.[citation needed]

There were subsequent attempts to reconstitute a national Farmer–Labor Party into the 1930s, without the participation of either the CPUSA or the Socialist Party. Frank Webb was the remnant party's candidate in 1928. For the 1932 presidential election, Webb was initially renominated before being removed; after Huey Long refused the party's overtures,[33] Jacob Coxey campaigned as the Farmer–Labor Party candidate in a few states. In neither election did the party receive more than 8,000 votes.[34][35]

## Congressmen and Senators

[edit]

The Farmer–Labor Party continued to exist as a successful state party in Minnesota until 1944, when it merged with the Democratic Party of that state to form the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL). Minnesota elected Farmer-Labor candidates to the United States House of Representatives in all but one election between 1918 and 1942:

1918 – 1 seat
1920 – No seats
1922 – 2 seats
1924 – 3 seats
1926 – 2 seats
1928 – 1 seat
1930 – 1 seat
1932 – 5 seats
1934 – 3 seats
1936 – 5 seats
1938 – 1 seat
1940 – 1 seat
1942 – 1 seat

During the same period, Minnesota was represented in the United States Senate at various times by four Farmer-Labor senators, either for full terms or partial terms:

Henrik Shipstead – March 4, 1923, to January 3, 1947 (switched to the Republican Party during the 1940 election)
Magnus Johnson – July 16, 1923, to March 4, 1925
Elmer Austin Benson – December 27, 1935, to November 3, 1936
Ernest Lundeen – January 3, 1937 to August 31, 1940

## In song

[edit]

Folksinger and Farmer-Labor supporter Jim Garland wrote the song "I Don't Want Your Millions, Mister," in which he sings, "Take the two old parties, mister,/No difference in them I can see./But with a Farmer-Labor party,/We will set the workers free."[citation needed]

Woody Guthrie wrote lyrics for a song "Farmer-Labor Train" with the tune from the "Wabash Cannonball" and performed it on August 29, 1942, on "Labor for Victory," a joint AFL and CIO on NBC Radio's Red Network. In 1948 transformed into "The Wallace-Taylor Train" for the 1948 Progressive National Convention of July 22–25, 1948, which nominated former U.S. Vice President Henry A. Wallace for U.S. president against Harry S. Truman (Democrats), Strom Thurmond (Dixiecrats), and Thomas E. Dewey (Republicans).[36][37][38]

## See also

[edit]

* Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)
* Wisconsin Progressive Party

## Notable members

[edit]

See also: Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party § Notable members

* Elmer Austin Benson – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1935–1936; Governor of Minnesota, 1937–1939.
* Homer Bone – U.S. Senator from Washington, 1933–1944; candidate for U.S. Representative in Washington, 1920.
* William Leighton Carss – U.S. Representative from Minnesota, 1919–1921 and 1925–1929.
* Parley P. Christensen – Candidate for President, 1920; member of the Los Angeles City Council, 1935–1937 and 1939–1949.
* Jacob S. Coxey Sr. – Mayor of Massillon, Ohio, 1931; leader of "Coxey's Army".
* Alice Lorraine Daly – Candidate for Governor of South Dakota, 1922, chaired the state FLP for several years.
* John Fitzpatrick – President of the Chicago Federation of Labor, 1906–1946; candidate for U.S. Senate in Illinois, 1920.
* Clemens J. France – Director of the Rhode Island Department of Social Welfare, 1936–1948; candidate for U.S. Senate in Washington, 1920.
* Max S. Hayes – Newspaper editor and candidate for Vice President, 1920.
* Knute Hill – U.S. Representative from Washington, 1933–1943; candidate for U.S. Representative in Washington, 1920.
* Magnus Johnson – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1923–1925; U.S. Representative from Minnesota, 1933–1935.
* George G. Kidwell – Director of the California Department of Industrial Relations, 1939–1943; candidate for U.S. Representative from California, 1923.
* Ernest Lundeen – U.S. Representative from Minnesota, 1917–1919 and 1933–1937, U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1937–1940.
* Dudley Field Malone – Collector of the Port of New York, 1914–1917, candidate for Governor of New York, 1920
* Edward Nockels – Secretary of the Chicago Federation of Labor, 1903–1937.
* Jeremiah A. O'Leary – Irish nationalist and candidate for Congress in New York's 18th congressional district, 1920.
* Floyd B. Olson – Governor of Minnesota, 1931–1936.
* Hjalmar Petersen – Governor of Minnesota, 1936–1937.
* Rose Schneiderman – Labor organizer and candidate for U.S. Senate in New York, 1920.
* Michael Shadid – Physician and candidate for Congress in Oklahoma's 7th congressional district, 1924.
* Henrik Shipstead – U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1923–1941 (switched to the Republican Party during the 1940 election and served another term as a Republican).
* Charles E. "Red Flag" Taylor – Montana State Senator, 1923–1931; became a member of the CPUSA in 1922 but ran for State Senate under the Farmer–Labor Party and was an editor for the Farmer–Labor Party newspaper The Producers News in Plentywood.
* John H. Walker – President of the Illinois State Federation of Labor, 1913–1919 and 1920–1930; candidate for Governor of Illinois, 1920.
* Frank Elbridge Webb – American engineer and candidate for President, 1928 and 1932.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ O’Connell, Tom (2018-09-06). "Minnesota Farmer-Laborism: One hundred years old". Southside Pride. Retrieved 2025-04-21. "At its heart was a belief in a "cooperative commonwealth,""
2. ^ Hudelson, Richard; Ross, Carl (2006). By the ore docks : a working people's history of Duluth. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-9760-1. OCLC 320324829. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
3. ^ Callaghan, Peter (2019-09-18). "As the DFL marks its 75th anniversary, do the party's Farmer-Labor roots still mean anything?". minnpost.com. Minnesota: MinnPost. Retrieved 2025-02-26. "Though the state's dominant political force at the time was the Republican Party, the populist Farmer-Labor Party had managed to do better than the Democrats… But the Farmer-Labor party wasn't formed to represent agricultural interests or rural interests. Rather, it was founded as a populist party with a socialist flavor, one that grew out of the Nonpartisan League, an effort by small farmers to fight the power of the grain conglomerates and the railroads, wrote Augsburg University professor Michael J. Lansing in his history of the movement, "Insurgent Democracy.""
4. ^ O’Connell, Tom. "Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, 1924–1944". mnopedia.org. Minnesota: MNOPEDIA. Retrieved 2025-02-26. "The FLP movement continues to influence Minnesota politics. Its progressive populism led to the liberalism of such DFL leaders as Humphrey, Walter Mondale, and Eugene McCarthy."
5. ^ "FARMER-LABOR EDUCATION COMMITTEE". farmerlaboreducation.com. Minnesota: FARMER-LABOR EDUCATION COMMITTEE. 2023. Retrieved 2025-02-26. "The Farmer-Labor movement founded the most successful third party in U.S. political history. This progressive movement elected candidates and advanced political change in Minnesota from 1917 until it merged with the Democrats in 1944, to form the DFL, the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party."
6. ^ "ABOUT FARMER-LABOR MOVEMENT: A MINNESOTA STORY". Minnesota: Twin Cities PBS. 6 June 2023. Retrieved 2025-02-26. "Documentary about the history of the progressive Farmer-Labor movement in Minnesota from 1915 to 1944, when the party merged with the Democrats to form the DFL, the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party."
7. ^ Stec, Andy (2018-12-06). "A new Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party". hamlineoracle.com. The Oracle. Retrieved 2025-05-06. "Out of Duluth the social democratic Farmer-Labor Party had emerged in 1918 with the express purpose of uniting rural farmers with urban laborers as an oppressed class under the thumb of business and industry elites."
8. ^ Erlandson, Henry (2020-01-25). "Why is Minnesota's Democratic Party called the DFL?". Startribune.com. Minnesota, US: Star Tribune. Retrieved 2025-03-21. "However, poor economic conditions for farmers and workers led to the emergence of the Farmer-Labor Party in 1918, one of many parties with socialist influences in the United States."
9. ^ Callaghan, Peter (2019-09-18). "As the DFL marks its 75th anniversary, do the party's Farmer-Labor roots still mean anything?". minnpost.com. Minnesota: MinnPost. Retrieved 2025-02-26. "But the Farmer-Labor party wasn't formed to represent agricultural interests or rural interests. Rather, it was founded as a populist party with a socialist flavor, one that grew out of the Nonpartisan League, an effort by small farmers to fight the power of the grain conglomerates and the railroads, wrote Augsburg University professor Michael J. Lansing in his history of the movement, "Insurgent Democracy.""
10. ^ Greeley, Patrick (2024-11-11). "The Rise and Fall of Midwest Populism". Jacobin.com. Jacobin. Retrieved 2025-03-21. "The FLP carried on the NPL's mission while adding labor union protection to its platform, creating a broad, working-class movement statewide."
11. ^ Starr, Joseph R. (June 1936). "Labor and Farmer Groups and Three-Party System". The Southwestern Social Science Quarterly. 17 (1): 15. JSTOR 42879310. Retrieved 2025-04-21.
12. ^ Lubotina, Paul (2016). "The Minnesota Farm-Labor Party: The Role of Third Parties in the Americanization of European Labor Radicals in the Great Lakes Region Region". Upper Country: A Journal of the Lake Superior Region. 4 (2). Northern Michigan University's Center for Upper Peninsula Studies: 33. Retrieved 2025-02-28. "However, the cooperation alienated some of the more radical elements in the coalition, such as the Socialists."
13. ^ Youngdale, James M. (1986). "Populism, Democracy and Paradigm Shift". American Studies in Scandinavia. 18: 42. doi:10.22439/asca.v18i1.1189. Retrieved 2025-03-21. "[…], but still radicalism remained implicit in their planks as they gravitated toward being a left wing of the New Deal."
14. ^ Maisano, Chris (2020-06-12). "Labor Party in the USA". Jacobin.com. Jacobin. Retrieved 2025-04-28.
15. ^ "Answer Man: Historic hotel has link to White House run". AP News. October 26, 2016.
16. ^ The Labor Party Convention. A. S. Carm. Published in The Weekly People, Socialist Labor Party, v. 29, no. 36 (Dec. 6, 1919), p. 1.
17. ^ Work, John M. (October 20, 1919). "Rethinking the Labor Party" (PDF). Milwaukee Leader. Vol. 8, no. 268\. p. 2. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
18. ^ Robert Minor. "A Yankee Convention" (PDF). Marxisthistory.org. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
19. ^ Solon DeLeon and Nathan Fine (eds.), The American Labor Year Book, 1929. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1929, p. 144.
20. ^ Theodore Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia. New York: Viking, 1960, pp. 29–30.
21. ^ "1920 Presidential Election Statistics". www.uselectionatlas.org. Archived from the original on 7 June 2006. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
22. ^ "1920 Presidential Election Results". uselectionatlas.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
23. ^ Willis Fletcher Johnso, Roscoe C. E. Brown, Walter Whipple Spooner, and Willis Holly, History of the State of New York: Political and Governmental. The Syracuse Press, 1922; pp. 347–348, 350.
24. ^ James Oneal, American Communism, (NY: Rand Book Store, 1927), pg. 162.
25. ^ Theodore Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia, pg. 39
26. ^ James Oneal, American Communism, pp. 162–163.
27. ^ C.E. Ruthenberg, "Report of the Central Executive Committee," in The Second Year of the Workers Party of America. (Chicago: Literature Department, WPA, 1924), pg. 17.
28. ^ James Oneal, American Communism, (NY: Rand Book Store, 1927), pp. 168–169.
29. ^ C.E. Ruthenberg, "Report of the Central Executive Committee," in The Second Year of the Workers Party of America. (Chicago: Literature Department, WPA, 1924), pp. 18–19.
30. ^ Theodore Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia, pg. 75.
31. ^ Solon DeLeon and Nathan Fine (eds.), The American Labor Year Book, 1925. (NY: Rand School of Social Science, 1925), pp. 145–148
32. ^ Daily Worker, March 13, 1924, pg. 2.
33. ^ "Huey Long Urged – Farmer-Labor Party Seeks Presidential Candidate". The Bellingham Herald. June 20, 1932. p. 10. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
34. ^ "1928 Presidential General Election Results". Archived from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
35. ^ "1932 Presidential General Election Results". Archived from the original on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
36. ^ Nowlin, Bill (2013). Woody Guthrie: American Radical Patriot. Woody Guthrie Publications, Inc. p. 170.
37. ^ "Farmer-Labor Train". Woody Guthrie Publications, Inc. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
38. ^ "Woody Guthrie American Radical Patriot, 2013". Woody Guthrie Publications, Inc. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2017.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Cravens, Hamilton. "The Emergence of the Farmer–Labor Party in Washington Politics, 1919-1920," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, vol. 57, no. 4 (October 1966), pp. 148–157. in JSTOR
* Darg, Philip Lloyd, "The Farmer-Labor Party In Minnesota Politics: 1918-1948" (PhD dissertation, U of North Dakota 2015). online
* Fine, Nathan. Labor and Farmer Parties in the United States, 1828 - 1928. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1928. online
* Gieske, Millard L. Minnesota Farmer-Laborism: The Third Party Alternative. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979.
* Luoma, Everett E.: The Farmer Takes A Holiday. Exposition Press, 1967.
* Harry W. Laidler, Toward a Farmer–Labor Party. League for Industrial Democracy, New York. 1938.
* Montgomery, David. "The Farmer–Labor Party," in Paul Buhle and Alan Dawley, editors, American Workers from the Revolution to the Present. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985).
* C.E. Ruthenberg, The Farmer-Labor United Front. Chicago: Literature Department, Workers Party of America, 1924.
* Carl Sandburg, "The Farmer-Labor Conference," Survey, vol. 48 (February 21, 1920), pp. 604–606.
* Stanley Shapiro, "Hand and Brain: The Farmer–Labor Party of 1920," Labor History,Vol. 26, No. 3, Summer 1985; pp. 405–422.
* Richard M. Valelly, Radicalism in the States: The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party and the American Political Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
* James Mickel Williams, The Foundations of Social Science, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1920; pg. 494.

### Archives

[edit]

* William Morley Bouck Papers. 1918–1941. .11 cubic foot plus 10 items. Contains records from Bouck's running as vice president of the United States on the Farmer-Labor ticket. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.

## External links

[edit]

* Tim Davenport, Farmer–Labor Party (1918–1924): Organizational History," Early American Marxist History] website, Corvallis, OR. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
* The Grassroots Labor Parties of 1919–1920: A Missed Opportunity for Labor, Socialist Organizer.
* "Profile of the Farmer Labor Party,"[usurped] Buttons and Ballots, Issue 10, July 1997. Retrieved October 1, 2014.

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left-wing parties|

* Socialist Labor Party of America
* Social Democratic Party of America
* Independence Party
* Farmer–Labor Party
* Communist Party USA
* Socialist Workers Party
* Liberty Party
* People's Party
* Citizens Party
* New Alliance Party

* Third-party performances in presidential elections
* Labor history of the United States
* Liberalism in the United States
* Progressivism in the United States
* Socialism in the United States

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States
* Israel

*[c.]: circa
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