Faroese orthography

Conventions for writing the Faroese language

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This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Faroese orthography is the method employed to write the Faroese language, using a 29-letter Latin alphabet, although it does not include the letters C, Q, W, X and Z.

## Alphabet

[edit]

An example of Faroese ő. The usual orthography would be Fuglafjørður.

The Faroese alphabet consists of 29 letters derived from the Latin script:

Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)

A | Á | B | D | Ð | E | F | G | H | I | Í | J | K | L | M | N | O | Ó | P | R | S | T | U | Ú | V | Y | Ý | Æ | Ø
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a | á | b | d | ð | e | f | g | h | i | í | j | k | l | m | n | o | ó | p | r | s | t | u | ú | v | y | ý | æ | ø
Names of letters  Letter  | Name  | IPA

|
|

Aa | fyrra a ("leading a")  | [ˈfɪɹːa ɛaː]
Áá | á | [ɔaː]
Bb | be | [peː]
Dd | de | [teː]
Ðð | edd | [ɛtː]
Ee | e | [eː]
Ff | eff | [ɛfː]
Gg | ge | [keː]
Hh | há | [hɔaː]
Ii | fyrra i ("leading i")  | [ˈfɪɹːa iː]
Íí | fyrra í ("leading í")  | [ˈfɪɹːa ʊiː]
Jj | jodd | [jɔtː]
Kk | ká | [kʰɔaː]
Ll | ell | [ɛlː]
Mm | emm | [ɛmː]
Nn | enn | [ɛnː]
Oo | o | [oː]
Óó | ó | [ɔuː]
Pp | pe | [pʰeː]
Rr | err | [ɛɹː]
Ss | ess | [ɛsː]
Tt | te | [tʰeː]
Uu | u  | [uː]
Úú | ú | [ʉuː]
Vv | ve | [veː]
Yy | seinna i ("latter i")  | [ˈsaiːtna iː]
Ýý | seinna í ("latter í")  | [ˈsaiːtna ʊiː]
Ææ | seinna a ("latter a")  | [ˈsaiːtna ɛaː]
Øø | ø | [øː]
Obsolete letters
Xx | eks | [ɛʰks]

* Eth ⟨ð⟩ (Faroese edd) never appears at the beginning of a word, which means its majuscule form ⟨Ð⟩ rarely occurs except in situations where all-capital letters are used, such as on maps.
* ⟨Ø⟩ can also be written ⟨ö⟩ in poetic language, such as Föroyar ('the Faroes'). This has to do with different orthographic traditions (Danish–Norwegian for ⟨ø⟩ and Icelandic for ⟨ö⟩). Originally, both forms were used, depending on the historical form of the word; ⟨ø⟩ was used when the vowel resulted from I-mutation of /o/ while ⟨ö⟩ was used when the vowel resulted from U-mutation of /a/. In handwriting, ⟨ő⟩ is sometimes used.
* While ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨x⟩, and ⟨z⟩ are not found in the Faroese language, ⟨x⟩ was known in earlier versions of Hammershaimb's orthography, such as ⟨Saxun⟩ for Saksun.
* While the Faroese keyboard layout allows one to write in Latin, English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, etc., the Old Norse and Modern Icelandic letter ⟨þ⟩ is missing. In related Faroese words, it is written as either ⟨t⟩ or ⟨h⟩. If an Icelandic name has to be transcribed, ⟨th⟩ is common.

## Spelling system

[edit]

Faroese keyboard layout Vowels  Grapheme | Short  | Long

|
|

A, a | /a/ | /ɛaː/
Á, á | /ɔ/ | /ɔaː/
E, e | /ɛ/ | /eː/
I, i | /ɪ/ | /iː/
Í, í | /ʊi/ | /ʊiː/
O, o | /ɔ/ | /oː/
Ó, ó | /œ/ | /ɔuː/
U, u | /ʊ/ | /uː/
Ú, ú | /ʏ/ | /ʉuː/
Y, y | /ɪ/ | /iː/
Ý, ý | /ʊi/ | /ʊiː/
Æ, æ | /a/ | /ɛaː/
Ø, ø | /œ/ | /øː/
EI, ei | /ai/ | /aiː/
EY, ey | /ɛi/ | /ɛiː/
OY, oy | /ɔi/ | /ɔiː/
Consonants  Grapheme | IPA

|

B, b | /p/
D, d | /t/
>dj | /tʃ/
Ð, ð | /j/, /w/, /v/, Ø
F, f | /f/
G, g | /k/, /tʃ/, /j/, /w/, /v/, Ø
>gj | /tʃ/
H, h | /h/
>hj | /tʃʰ/, /j/
>hv | /kv/
J, j | /j/
K, k | /kʰ/, /tʃʰ/
>kj | /tʃʰ/
>kk | /kː/ [ʰkː]
L, l | /l/, [l], [ɬ]
>ll | /tl/ [tɬ], /lː/
M, m | /m/
N, n | /n/
>ng | /nk/ [ŋk], /ntʃ/ [ɲtʃ]
>nk | /nkʰ/ [ŋ̊kʰ], /ntʃʰ/ [ɲ̊tʃʰ]
>nj | /ɲ/, /nj/
>nn | /tn/, /nː/
P, p | /pʰ/
>pp | /pː/ [ʰpː]
R, r | /ɹ/ [ɹ], [ɻ]
S, s | /s/, /ʃ/
>sj | /ʃ/
>sk | /sk/, /ʃ/
>skj | /ʃ/
>stj | /ʃ/
T, t | /tʰ/
>tj | /tʃʰ/
>tt | /tː/ [ʰtː]
V, v | /v/ [v], [ʋ], [f]

## Glide insertion

[edit]

Faroese avoids having a hiatus between two vowels by inserting a glide. Orthographically, this is shown in three ways:

1. vowel + ⟨ð⟩ \+ vowel
2. vowel + ⟨g⟩ \+ vowel
3. vowel + vowel

Typically, the first vowel is long and in words with two syllables always stressed, while the second vowel is short and unstressed. In Faroese, short and unstressed vowels can only be /a, i, u/.

Glide insertion[1] First vowel  | Second vowel  | Examples

|
|

i [ɪ] | u [ʊ] | a [a]
i, y [iː] | [j] | [j] | [j] | sigið, siður, siga
í, ý [ʊiː] | [j] | [j] | [j] | mígi, mígur, míga
ey [ɛiː] | [j] | [j] | [j] | reyði, reyður, reyða
ei [aiː] | [j] | [j] | [j] | reiði, reiður, reiða
oy [ɔiː] | [j] | [j] | [j] | noyði, royður, royða
u [uː] | [w] | [w] | [w] | suði, mugu, suða
ó [ɔuː] | [w] | [w] | [w] | róði, róðu, Nóa
ú [ʉuː] | [w] | [w] | [w] | búði, búðu, túa
a, æ [ɛaː] | [j] | [v] | ∅ | ræði, æðu, glaða
á [ɔaː] | [j] | [v] | ∅ | ráði, fáur, ráða
e [eː] | [j] | [v] | ∅ | gleði, legu, gleða
o [oː] | [j] | [v] | ∅ | togið, smogu, roða
ø [øː] | [j] | [v] | ∅ | løgin, røðu, høgan

The value of the glide is determined by the surrounding vowels:

1. [j]
* "I-surrounding, type 1" – after ⟨i, y, í, ý, ei, ey, oy⟩: bíða [ˈbʊija] (to wait), deyður [ˈdɛijʊɹ] (dead), seyður [ˈsɛijʊɹ] (sheep)
* "I-surrounding, type 2" – between any vowel (except "u-vowels" ⟨ó, u, ú⟩) and ⟨i⟩: kvæði [ˈkvɛaje] (ballad), øði [ˈøːjɪ] (rage).
2. [w]
* "U-surrounding, type 1" – after ⟨ó, u, ú⟩: Óðin [ˈɔʊwɪn] (Odin), góðan morgun! [ˌɡɔʊwan ˈmɔɹɡʊn] (good morning!), suður [ˈsuːwʊɹ] (south), slóða [ˈslɔʊwa] (to make a trace).
3. [v]
* "U-surrounding, type 2" – between ⟨a, á, e, o, æ, ø⟩ and ⟨u⟩: áður [ˈɔavʊɹ] (before), leður [ˈleːvʊɹ] (leather), í klæðum [ʊɪˈklɛavʊn] (in clothes), í bløðum [ʊɪˈbløːvʊn] (in newspapers).
* "A-surrounding, type 2"
* These are exceptions (there is also a regular pronunciation): æða [ˈɛava] (eider-duck).
* The past participles always have [j]: elskaðar [ˈɛlskajaɹ] (beloved, nom., acc. fem. pl.)
4. Silent
* "A-surrounding, type 1" – between ⟨a, á, e, o⟩ and ⟨a⟩ and in some words between ⟨æ, ø⟩ and ⟨a⟩: ráða [ˈɹɔːa] (to advise), gleða [ˈɡ̊leːa] (to gladden, please), boða [ˈboːa] (to forebode), kvøða [ˈkvøːa] (to chant), røða [ˈɹøːa] (to make a speech)

## See also

[edit]

* Faroese language
* Faroese Braille
* Icelandic orthography
* Danish orthography
* Norwegian orthography

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Þráinsson (2004), p. 38.

* v
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## Bibliography

[edit]

* Þráinsson, Höskuldur (2004), Faroese: An Overview and Reference Grammar, Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, ISBN 978-99918-41-85-4

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