Fascism in Bulgaria

Bulgarian premier Bogdan Filov with Italian leader Benito Mussolini in Rome, 1941 Part of a series on

Fascism

Principles

* Actual idealism
* Aestheticization of politics
* Anti-communism
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-materialism
* Anti-pacifism
* Authoritarianism
* Chauvinism
* Class collaboration
* Corporatism
* Proprietary Corporation
* Counter-Enlightenment
* Cult of personality
* Dictatorship
* Direct action
* Dirigisme
* Eugenics
* Heroic capitalism
* Heroic realism
* Heroism
* Imperialism
* Economic
* Social
* Irrationalism
* Machismo
* Masculinity
* Militarism
* National syndicalism
* Nationalism
* Integral
* Palingenetic
* Ultra
* New Man
* One-party state
* Perpetual war
* Populism
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Racism
* Reactionary modernism
* Social Darwinism
* Social order
* Spazio vitale
* State capitalism
* Statolatry
* Supercapitalism
* Syncretism
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism

Topics

* Definitions
* Economics
* Ideology
* Martyrs
* Movements
* Mysticism
* Symbolism

Politicians

* al-Gaylani
* Arcand
* Araki
* Balbo
* Bandera
* Bose
* Böszörmény
* Bottai
* Blythe
* Bucard
* Ciano
* Codreanu
* Darnand
* Déat
* Degrelle
* Déroulède
* Doriot
* Engdahl
* Federzoni
* Flores
* Franco
* Frashëri
* Goga
* Hitler
* Hlinka
* Hoornaert
* Ljotić
* de Man
* von Marées
* Monshizadeh
* Mosley
* Mussolini
* Nakano
* O'Duffy
* Quisling
* Pavelić
* Pavolini
* Pelley
* Preto
* Primo de Rivera
* Rodzaevsky
* Saadeh
* Salgado
* Sima
* Starace
* Starhemberg
* Strasser (Gregor)
* Strasser (Otto)
* Szálasi
* Tiso
* Türkeş
* Vallat
* Valois
* Van Severen
* Wilson

Intellectuals

* Ahimeir
* Arthuys
* Bardèche
* Béraud
* Brăileanu
* Brasillach
* Céline
* Chamberlain
* Chesterton
* Civinini
* Cogni
* Collins
* Corradini
* Crainic
* Croce
* Cupcea
* D'Annunzio
* Dilling
* Drieu La Rochelle
* Evola
* Gentile
* Giani
* Gini
* de Gobineau
* Herseni
* Ionescu
* Kita
* Krannhals
* de Lapouge
* Lewis
* Malaparte
* Manuilă
* Marinetti
* Maxence
* Michels
* Mosley
* Ojetti
* Ōkawa
* Olivetti
* Orano
* Panero
* Panunzio
* Pirandello
* Pitt-Rivers
* Pound
* Ramos
* Rebatet
* Reghini
* Rosenberg
* Sadoveanu-Evan
* Saint-Loup
* Savarkar
* Scaligero
* Schmitt
* Schwarz
* Soffici
* Sorel
* Spirito
* Streel
* Thomson
* Ungaretti
* Valois

Literature

* Triumph of Death (1894)
* The Flame (1900)
* The Will to Power (1901)
* Reflections on Violence (1908)
* Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione
Internazionalista (1914)
* Prussianism and Socialism (1919)
* "Futurist Manifesto" (1919)
* Fascist Manifesto (1919)
* Das Dritte Reich (1923)
* Mein Kampf (1925)
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals (1925)
* Frederick the Second (1927)
* My Autobiography (1928)
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930)
* The Outlaws (1930)
* "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932)
* Twenty-Six Point Program of
the Falange (1934)
* Man, the Unknown (1935)
* For My Legionaries (1936)
* Guide to Kulchur (1938)
* A Warning to the Hindus (1939)
* Gilles (1939)

Organizations

* Arrow Cross Party
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts
* Brazilian Integralist Action
* British Democratic Party (2013)
* British National Party
* British Union of Fascists
* Stewards
* Canadian Union of Fascists
* Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
* Fatherland Front
* FE de las JONS
* FET y de las JONS
* French Popular Party
* Futurist Political Party
* IKL
* Iron Guard
* Kataeb Party
* Kokumin Dōmei
* Lapua Movement
* Mouvement Franciste
* Nasjonal Samling
* National Christian Party
* National Fascist Party
* Nazi Party
* Gestapo
* Hitler Youth
* RAD
* SA
* SS
* National Radical Camp
* National Social Movement
* New Party
* Opera Nazionale Balilla
* Patriotic People's Movement
* Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
* Ratniks
* Republican Fascist Party
* Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
* Revolutionary Union
* Rexist Party
* Russian Fascist Party
* Silver Legion of America
* Squadrismo
* School of Fascist Mysticism
* Slovak People's Party
* Taisei Yokusankai
* Tōhōkai
* UR Group
* Ustaše
* Ustaše Youth
* Verdinaso
* VFO
* Vlajka
* VNV

Media

* Action
* Ajan Suunta
* The American Review
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* The Blackshirt
* Buna Vestire
* Critica fascista
* Fashist
* Gândirea
* Gringoire
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Je suis partout
* La Conquista del Estado
* Le Pays Réel
* L'Idea Nazionale
* Lidel
* Nash Put'
* Nástup
* Neues Volk
* Nippon Fujin
* NS-Frauen-Warte
* Das Schwarze Korps
* Volk en Staat
* Völkischer Beobachter

History

* March on Rome
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Gentile Reform
* Aventine Secession
* Second Italo-Senussi War
* Mukden Incident
* German election of 1932
* Enabling Act
* Austrian Civil War
* Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Second Italo-Ethiopian War
* 1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle
* Spanish Civil War
* Unification Decree
* Battle of Cable Street
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* Marco Polo Bridge Incident
* Japanese war crimes
* Anti-Comintern Pact
* Kristallnacht
* Italian invasion of Albania
* Pact of Steel
* Peasant March
* World War II
* The Holocaust
* Downfall in Italy
* Downfall in Germany
* Surrender of Japan
* Nuremberg trials
* International Military Tribunal for
the Far East

Variants

* Albanian
* Arab
* Argentine
* Nacionalismo
* Orthodox Peronism
* Austrian
* Brazilian
* British
* Christian
* Christian Identity
* Clerical
* Crypto-
* Croatian socialism
* Eco-
* Falangism
* Francoism
* French
* Doriotism
* Pétainism
* Valoisism
* Hindutva
* Hungarism
* Hutu
* Ibañism
* Ilminism
* Irish
* Islamic
* Qutbism
* Khomeinism
* Italian
* Intransigent
* Japanese
* Emperor-system
* Reform bureaucratism
* Statism
* Restoration
* Ultra-
* Jewish/Israeli
* Kahanism
* Revisionist Maximalism
* Nazism
* Austrian
* Esoteric
* Hitlerism
* Strasserism
* Swedish
* Neo-
* Finnish
* Legionarism
* Pan-Turkic
* Rexism
* Romanian
* Legionarism
* National Legionary State
* Neo-
* Romanianism/Stelism
* Russian
* Syndicalist
* Syrian Social Nationalism
* Techno-
* Third Position
* National-anarchism
* National Bolshevism
* Nazi-Maoism
* Ukrainian
* Banderism
* National Shevchenkoism
* Uruguayan
* Marzism
* Revisionism
* Sosism

By continent

* Asia
* Europe
* Bulgaria
* Netherlands
* Russia
* North America
* Canada
* United States
* South America
* Peru
* Uruguay

Related topics

* Anti-fascism
* Axis powers
* Criticism of fascism
* Donald Trump and fascism
* Extremism of the centre
* F-scale
* Fascist as an insult
* Feudal fascism
* Futurism
* Glossary of Fascist Italy
* Lebensphilosophie
* Mediterraneanism
* Para-fascism
* Paramilitary
* Post-fascism
* Proto-fascism
* Red fascism
* Social fascism

* Politics portal

* v
* t
* e

The extent of fascism in Bulgaria is contentious.[1][2] Many authors state that it never became a mass movement, remaining marginal there,[3][4][5] and proved considerably less successful than in the neighboring Balkan states.[6] Bulgaria's fascists were not only weak, divided and lacking clear ideology, but their worldview differed significantly from that of both Italian Fascism and German Nazism.[7] Thus a consensus has been reached between Bulgarian and international experts that Bulgaria's agrarian society and its monarchic system were the barriers before the fascist practices and establishment of fascist regime in the country, while Bulgaria's political system preserved a relative pluralism.[8][9][10] An alternative opinion is that some Bulgarian organizations with considerable membership, activity, and social presence had fully developed fascist ideology by the late 1930s, but they neither came to power, nor participated in the government of the country.[11] In fact, fascist organizations did not take power within the framework of the royal dictatorships, but discourses close to fascism can be found in then Bulgarian governing elite.[12]

Although the Bulgarian Marxist historiography labelled the period 1935–1944, as "monarcho-fascism", the 1990s saw the end of the dispute with the Marxist ideological dogmas, and in 1993 came the end of the theory that Bulgarian fascism is an unquestionable fact.[13] Since then the label "fascism" has been openly challenged by Bulgarian scholars, but this led partially, to an untrue radical belief that fascism never existed in Bulgaria.[14][15] Regardless of the debates about whether or not there was fascism in Bulgaria, no historian denies the existence of political movements and organizations with ideologies sympathetic to Nazism and fascism.[16] What the local fascists were lacking, was enough totalitarian drive, as well as the figure of a führer, without whom they could not contest the authoritarian regime of Tsar Boris. Boris anyway succeeded to preserve the bourgeois social order,[17] but feared the use of these organizations by Germany, and tried to exert a strong control on them.[18]

## History

[edit]

### Development

[edit]

Members of Jewish labour battalion in Bulgaria (1941). All Jewish males who were Bulgarian citizens between the ages of 20 and 46 were conscripted in the Construction corps. Nevertheless, the deportation to extermination camps of nearly all about 48,000 Bulgarian Jews was prevented. The Jews from the occupied Greek and Yugoslav territories (the "Newly liberated lands") had a much worse fate. In this way about 80% of the Jews in then Bulgarian territories survived, while the rest were deported for Nazis' extermination.[19]

The Bulgarian Marxist historiography labelled the period 1935–1944, as monarcho-fascism and demonized the then rightist movements, due to the authoritarian regime Boris III introduced in 1935, and Bulgaria's accession to the Axis powers during WWII.[20] The personal regime of the Tsar was a mixture of authoritarian, conservative and fascist ideas.[21] While in the West it was considered a "royal dictatorship," in marxist history it is described as "monarcho-fascism". In fact fascists in interwar Bulgaria were split into several small movements as the National Social Movement, the Union of Bulgarian National Legions and the Ratniks. They were unable to become prominent political forces in the country.[22] Bulgarian fascist movements faced problems differentiating their goals from other elements of the far right political authoritarian movements. The temporal power of conservative authoritarian rivals who were in control of the government from 1934 to 1944, contributed to the weakness of these fascist groups.[23] The National Social Movement (NSM) founded by Aleksandar Tsankov as a genuinely fascist group was taking inspiration from the NSDAP and rose by the early to mid 1930s. The second fascist movement, the Union of Bulgarian National Legions, was started by general Hristo Lukov and later became an ally of the NSM, though being more ideologically radical. The third fascist movement, the Union of the Ratniks, was founded by Professor Asen Kantardzhiev. It was also closer to the German Nazis than to Italian fascism.

Fascism became influential in Bulgaria during the 1930s, when parliamentary democracy has failed.[24] In May 1934 Bulgarian coup d'état was carried out by the Zveno military organization, aided by the Bulgarian Army, which abolished political parties altogether. As result the small Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party disappeared. However, in April 1935, the officers were replaced by Tsar Boris. Since then, the Tsar decided to take power into his own hands, while elections were held in 1939 on a nonpartisan basis. That was some kind of "royal dictatorship" similar to the one implemented by Alexander I of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1931. In 1940, upon Bulgaria getting into the new war on the Axis side, the regime was institutionalized by creating a fascist-type mass youth movement called Brannik. Despite that organisation became numerically large, Bulgaria hadn't developed a corporate economic system essential to fascism nor any adult counterparts like trade unions or militias were created. Anti-Jewish propaganda gradually intensified in Bulgaria which led to the introduction of antisemitic law. Boris III feared the use of these organizations as a means of pressure from Germany and sought to limit their contacts with German officials.[25] Boris died in 1943 and was replaced by a regent council, while it was itself overthrown the next year, making the country now on side with the Allies.[26] In September 1944, the Zveno and the anti-Axis Fatherland Front engineered a new coup d'état. Curiously, while the fascist influence on the Zveno itself is undisputed, the ideology of that organization in its character was not fascist.[27] Thus, fascism proved considerably less successful in Bulgaria than in WWII Romania, Hungary, Croatia or Serbia.[28]

#### Extreme interpretations in Bulgaria

[edit]

For the extreme left in Bulgaria after the fall of communism, before the coup on September 9, 1944, there was a fascist regime, and the Bulgarian communist guerillas represented the only struggle for freedom, which culminated in the fall of 1944. The same mythological scheme obeys the extreme right narrative, according to which fascism in Bulgaria was completely unknown then. Since the arrival of the Soviet troops in September 1944, the lower social strata took advantage and destroyed the nation's elite, thus interrupting the country's historical development.[29]

### Interpretations in North Macedonia

[edit]

Bulgarian policemеn and soldiers deporting Macedonian Jews in 1943. Many of them were recruited Macedonian Slavs, regarded by the authorities as Bulgarians.[30][31][32] Bulgaria insists on the rescue of its Jews, and compares their destiny to the killing of the Jews in Bulgarian-occupied territories.[33]

During the Second World War, the Kingdom of Bulgaria occupied the territory of what is today North Macedonia, then Yugoslav province called Vardar Banovina, where domestic policy of forced Serbianisation was implemented since the Balkan wars.[34] There are evidences, initially the Slavic population greeted Bulgarian army with great enthusiasm, as an effect of the previous repressive Serbian rule,[35] while pro-Bulgarian feelings in it prevailed. However, afterwards the Bulgarian regime started a policy of Bulgarianization, they set up some youth organisations inspired by fascist ideas. Thus estranging the population as the occupation went on. Macedonian historiography considers this period as the "Bulgarian fascist occupation" and have glorified the communist resistance there which was weak until 1943.[36] Bulgaria switched sides in the war in September 1944,[37] and almost all of that area was cleansed of German units by the Bulgarian army, by which the local population, calmly accepted the Bulgarian military presence as a result of the idea of a future federation between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria that was beign promoted.[38] Although the Bulgarian army drove the Germans out of this region then, today the Macedonian historiography has played down its role.[39]

This historical narrative was developed in post-WWII Yugoslav Macedonia and became one of the milestones of the nation-building process there, which is based till today on a deeply anti-Bulgarian stance.[40] The Macedonian communist authorities did a lot to equate the terms Bulgarian and Bulgarophile with "fascist occupier".[41] After the Fall of communism, Macedonian historiography did not significantly revise its communist past, because the very Macedonian nation was a result of the communist policies.[42] The last leader of the pro-Bulgarian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization \- Ivan Mihailov, and its activity during the interwar period, including the failed attempt to establish a pro-German Macedonian puppet-state in 1944, are also regarded as "fascist". Per the Holocaust the Macedonian historians have built a narrative of the common suffering and powerlessness of the locals to confront "Bulgarian fascists" in the context of a ruthless occupation. Although filled with 'sympathy' for the Jews, the Macedonians were powerless to prevent their deportation.[43] Paradoxically, in North Macedonia, which declared independence in 1991, the issue of war reparations payment by Bulgaria has been raised, although this case was settled in 1947 between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria.[44]

Today there are revisionist opinions in North Macedonia that question the official historical narrative inherited from the communist era.[45] In a discussion held in Macedonian parliament in 2007, the MP and professor of pathology Vesna Janevska, has stated the conflict between Bulgarian authorities and the local Yugoslav partisans was a fratricidal war or a civil war. According to the speaker of the parliament Ljubiša Georgievski, professor of theater arts, the partisan who fired the bullet, with which symbolically started the so-called Macedonian uprising against Bulgarian fascist occupiers, told him that the Bulgarian policeman he killed, was actually a local resident, his neighbor and friend of his father. This murder weighed on him all his life.[46] In 2020 the then Premier Zoran Zaev claimed that by his order inscriptions with the text "Bulgarian fascist occupier" on some communist era monuments were removed, because that did not correspond with the historical truth.[47] According to the Macedonian researcher Katerina Kolozova, this terminology today is groundless, because significant part of these "occupiers" were practically local collaborators of the Bulgarian authorities. Due to this, she has argued that North Macedonia owes an apology to the Jewish people too. She maintains the descendants of the Yugoslav communist partisans in her country who form the post-Yugoslav elite are the main factor that ignites these anti-Bulgarian sentiments there.[48][49] According to the former Macedonian Prime Minister Lyubcho Georgievski, the "Bulgarian occupiers" were welcomed as liberators from Serbian occupation, which was much longer and more difficult than the Bulgarian one, but in regard to which, the Macedonian society has fallen into a long historical amnesia.[50] According to Dragi Gjorgiev, director of the Institute of National History in North Macedonia, Bulgaria couldn't be defined as a classic fascist state at that time, but rather a pro-fascist one. The terms which might be used in this case are Bulgarian occupation, Bulgarian invasion and Bulgarian annexation.[51]

#### Bulgarian views

[edit]

Bulgaria has insisted that North Macedonia should stop using the term "fascist occupation" in reference to the country and should remove all such mentions on the World War II monuments in the country. Bulgaria denies that assertion and claims its army liberated its brethren firstly from Serbian oppression and later from German occupation.[52] It insists also the two countries must "harmonize" historic literature about WWII, "overcoming the hate speech" against Bulgaria.[53] On the Holocaust the Bulgarian historiography claims that the citizens of the "Old lands" of the kingdom, who had rescued the Jews there, lacked the time to mobilize themselves against the deportations from the "Newly liberated lands", where their Slavic fellow citizens were apathic to the fate of the local Jews.[54]

## Organizations

[edit]

* Rodna Zashtita
* Union of Bulgarian National Legions
* National Socialist Bulgarian Workers Party
* National Social Movement
* Ratniks

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Vassil Girginov; Peter Bankov (25 February 2014). Superman Supreme Fascist Body as Political Icon - Global Fascism. p. 82\. ISBN 9781135296940. "The study of Fascism in Bulgaria is a contentious issue"
2. ^ Narratives Unbound Historical Studies in Post-communist Eastern Europe. Central European University Press. 15 July 2007. p. 459\. ISBN 9789637326851. "The constantly simmering debate has flared up in several direct disputes"
3. ^ Constantin Iordachi, Fascism in Southeast Europe: A Comparison between Romania's Legion of the Archangel Michael and Croatia's Ustaša, p. 461, in In: Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Two, Pages: 355–468; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004261914_006.
4. ^ Fascist parties and organizations never became a mass movement in Bulgaria, but between 1934 and 1944 the country showed a pronounced sympathy for the Axis. For more see: Cyprian Blamires, (2006). World Fascism: A–K, Volume 1 of World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, Markus Hattstein - Bulgaria, pp. 107–108. ISBN 1576079406.
5. ^ Despite significant political and economic crises, indigenous fascism remained split into a number of small movements that failed to become prominent political force in the country. The paper argues that Bulgarian fascist movements faced problems differentiating their goals and ideologies from other elements of the far right, highlighting the porous boundaries between the two movements. For more see: Frusetta, J. (2010). Fascism to Complete the National Project? Bulgarian Fascists' Uncertain Views on the Palingenesis of the Nation, East Central Europe, 37 (2–3), pp. 280–302.
6. ^ David D. Roberts (2016). Fascist Interactions: Proposals for a New Approach to Fascism and Its Era, 1919–1945. Berghahn Books, p. 252, ISBN 9781785331312.
7. ^ James Frusetta, Anca Glont, Interwar fascism and the post-1989 radical right: Ideology, opportunism and historical legacy in Bulgaria and Romania, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Volume 42, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 551-571, ISSN 0967-067X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2009.10.001.
8. ^ In the late 1980s per Bulgarian Marxist historiography if 1920s were increasingly viewed as form a fascist political base, the mid-1930s would still be associated with fascism and its manifestation in Bulgaria. While this categorization was not accepted by Western historians, it was only after the political changes in 1989 that the label "fascism" was openly challenged by Bulgarian scholars and instead, the term "authoritarian regimes" was adopted to denote the country's increasing political centralization in the mid-1920s and, especially, from the mid-1930s. Currently, a consensus has been reached between Bulgarian and international experts who have recognized that Bulgaria's agrarian social structure as well as her monarchic rule were the major barriers towards the infiltration of fascist practices and establishment of fascism in the country...Despite the military coup of 19 May 1934, it is acknowledged that Bulgaria's political system preserved a relative pluralism in its leading (governmental) sector up to the very eve of the communist takeover (1944). For more see: Svetla Baloutzova (2011). Demography and Nation: Social Legislation and Population Policy in Bulgaria, Central European University Press, p. 97, ISBN 6155211922.
9. ^ The Western authorities on fascism categorically deny that a fascist regime ever existed in Bulgaria. For more see: Roumen Daskalov (2011) Debating the Past: Modern Bulgarian History: from Stambolov to Zhivkov, Central European University Press, p. 170, ISBN 6155053006.
10. ^ In my opinion, Bulgaria cannot be defined as a classic fascist country, as can be said about then fascist Italy or Nazi Germany. We may treat Bulgaria as a pro-Nazi, pro-fascist country, but Bulgaria is not a fascist country at that time, says the Macedonian co-chairman of the joint Macedono-Bulgarian commission for historical and educational issues Dragi Gjorgiev. For more see: Фросина Димеска, интервjу со Драги Ѓоргиев - Имало бугарска окупација или инвазија, но не фашистичка. Радио Слободна Европа / Радио Слобода. 06.02.2022.
11. ^ John R. Lampe; Constantine Iordachi (10 September 2020). Battling Over the Balkans. Central European University Press. pp. 193–196\. ISBN 9789633863268. "Taking into account the specifics of fascism in its Italian prototype and its other European expressions, and its development under Bulgarian conditions, we may give the following definition of the phenomenon in Bulgaria: • Ideas and political programs similar to and identical with the fascist prototype spread in Bulgarian context. Organizations with several hundred to several dozens of thousands membership were founded. • Fascism in the form of a single political organization (but also as ideology) has not been in power and has not participated in the government of the country.[...] Three major stages may be discerned in terms of ideas, ideology, propaganda, and organization in the development of fascism in the Bulgarian context: • early fascism (proto-fascism), in the first half of the 1920s, a period of active initial acquaintance with, respectively, propaganda of Italian Fascism, and of formation of the first organizational nuclei of fascist activity; • an increasing interest in the phenomenon and of the rapid development of some organizations; a period coincident both with the world economic crisis and the rise of National Socialism in Germany, namely, the period of the second half of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, until the coup of 1934; and • a fully developed fascist ideology of organizations with considerable membership, activity, and presence, in the second half of the 1930s and the beginning of the 1940s. For more see: Nikolai Poppetrov, Fashizmut v Bulgaria: razvitie i proyavi, translated by Rossitsa Gradeva. [Fascism in Bulgaria. Development and Activities] (Sofia: IK Kama, 2008), pp.7–9; 69–72."
12. ^ Stefan Rohdewald, Mobilization and Sacralization of the Nation through Religious Remembrance (1918–1944). In: Sacralizing the Nation through Remembrance of Medieval Religious Figures in Serbia, Bulgaria and Macedonia. pp. 487–841; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004516311_005
13. ^ Elenkov, Ivan & Koleva, Daniela. (2012). Historiography in Bulgaria After the Fall of Communism: Did "The Change" Happen?. HISTOREIN. 4. 10.12681/historein.87.
14. ^ Vassil Girginov; Peter Bankov (25 February 2014). Superman Supreme Fascist Body as Political Icon - Global Fascism. p. 83\. ISBN 9781135296940. "With the end of the Communist era in 1989, a radical view emerged suggesting that Fascism never existed in Bulgaria. This is not true. Although, Bulgaria's variant of Fascism was not as total as elsewhere, inspection of the country's history provides persuasive evidence of the domination of the Fascist ideological doctrine, the efforts of various government administrations and institutions to ensure its acceptance in society and their aspiration to create an 'Aryan' manhood."
15. ^ "History must be known, because if we don't know it - we won't know the future either. Now it's becoming especially relevant, because historical knowledge has recently turned out to be extremely important. And the categorical opinion of historical science is that there was no fascist regime in Bulgaria" said the historian Prof. Nikolay Ovcharov. For more see: Проф. Овчаров: Трябва да използваме внимателно термина фашизъм. Факти.бг, 02.02.2022.
16. ^ Божин Трайков, От антикомунизъм към фашизъм.BODIL.bg, 16.01.2019.
17. ^ Werner, Menski, '7 Transcending Modernity: the Postmodern Reconstruction of Hindu Law', Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity (Delhi, 2009; online edn, Oxford Academic, 18 Oct. 2012), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195699210.003.0007, accessed 19 Aug. 2022.
18. ^ Поппетров, Николай. Фашизмът в България. Развитие и прояви. "Кама", 2008. стр. 97-98, ISBN 978-954-9890-92-1.
19. ^ Steven F. Sage (2017) The Holocaust in Bulgaria: Rescuing History from 'Rescue', Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust, 31:2, 139-145, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23256249.2017.1346743
20. ^ Wien, M. (2008). The Bulgarian monarchy: A politically motivated revision of a historical image in a post-socialist transitional society. In D. Brett, C. Jarvis & I. Marin (Eds.), Four empires and an enlargement: States, societies and individuals: Transfiguring perspectives and images of Central and Eastern Europe (pp. 79–86).
21. ^ Fascist parties and organizations never became a mass movement in Bulgaria, but between 1934 and 1944 the country showed a pronounced sympathy for the Axis. For more see: Cyprian Blamires, Paul Jackson as ed. (2006) World Fascism: A-K, Volume I, A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 108, ISBN 1576079406.
22. ^ Frusetta, J. Interwar fascism and the post-1989 radical right: Ideology, opportunism and historical legacy in Bulgaria and Romania, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Volume 42, Issue 4, 2009, pp. 551–571, ISSN 0967-067X.
23. ^ Frusetta, J. (2010). Fascism to Complete the National Project? Bulgarian Fascists' Uncertain Views on the Palingenesis of the Nation, East Central Europe, 37 (2–3), pp. 280–302.
24. ^ Raymond Detrez, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria (2014). Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 197, ISBN 1442241802.
25. ^ Поппетров, Николай. (2008) Фашизмът в България. Развитие и прояви. "Кама", pp. 97–98, ISBN 978-954-9890-92-1.
26. ^ Cyprian Blamires, (2006). World Fascism: A–K, Volume 1 of World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp. 107–108. ISBN 1576079406.
27. ^ Исторически преглед 65 (2009) 1-2, 112. ISSN 0323-9748. Valentina Zadgorska. The circle "Zveno" and its ideology. (Summary).
28. ^ David D. Roberts (2016). Fascist Interactions: Proposals for a New Approach to Fascism and Its Era, 1919–1945. Berghahn Books, p. 252, ISBN 9781785331312.
29. ^ Димитър Атанасов, България преди 9 септември 1944: имало ли е фашизъм и съпротива? Дойче веле, 21.02.2022.
30. ^ In July 1942 a law of citizenship was passed, by which all (Slavic) inhabitants were held to have acquired Bulgarian nationality on the occupation, except, theoretically, those who chose to opt for their former nationality. If they chose the latter, they had to emigrate. Many Serbs in fact fled to Serbia. For more see: Macedonia. Its Place in Balkan Power Politics. Reprint. (Greenwood Press, 1980.) p. 72.
31. ^ The question as to whether a Macedonian nation actually existed in the 1940s when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia decided to recognize one is difficult to answer. Some observers argue that even at this time it was doubtful whether the Slavs of Macedonia considered themselves to be a nationality separate from the Bulgarians (Palmer and King 1971: 199-200). For more see: Loring M. Danforth (1997) The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691043566.
32. ^ Димитров, Пл. Рекрутиране и функциониране на българската администрация в Скопска и Битолска област 1941–1944. Във: Втората световна война и Балканите, Военно издателство, София, Сборник доклади и научни съобщения, изнесени на международна конференция в София, 20-21 юни 2001; 2002, стр. 188–203.
33. ^ Ragaru, Nadège. "Nationalization through Internationalization. Writing, Remembering, and Commemorating the Holocaust in Macedonia and Bulgaria after 1989" Südosteuropa, vol. 65, no. 2, 2017, pp. 284-315. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2017-0019
34. ^ Crampton, Richard J. (2003). Eastern Europe in the twentieth century–and after. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 9781134712229.
35. ^ ...indeed, the incoming Bulgarian troops were hailed as liberators from Serb rule. (Miller 1975; Svolopoulos 1987a; Kotzageorgi-Zymari 2002; Crampton 2008, 258–62; Livanios 2008, 102– 27). Evanthis Hatzivassiliou and Dimitrios Triantaphyllou as ed. in NATO's First Enlargement: A Reassessment, Routledge, 2017, ISBN 113479844X, p. 51.
36. ^ Sabrina P. Ramet (2006) The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005; Indiana University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0253346568.
37. ^ Livanios, Dimitris, The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939-1949, Oxford University Publishing, 2008, ISBN 0191528722, pp. 118-141.
38. ^ "By the end of November, almost all of Macedonia and Serbia had been liberated and cleansed of German units. The Bulgarian army is largely responsible for achieving this goal. A military contingent of more than 450,000 troops participated in the campaign. Even though the Bulgarian offensive was undertaken with the cooperation of the Yugoslav Liberation Army, as all observers at the time noted, the latter's forces were absolutely insufficient and without Bulgarian participation, defeating the enemy would have been impossible. Another thing noted at the time was the wholly upright behavior of Bulgarian troops in Macedonia and Serbia. After conquering a given territory, the army turned over control to the new administration that was being formed from the ranks of the Yugoslav opposition. In contradiction to preliminary expectations, it was found that on the whole the local population, especially in urban areas, calmly accepted the Bulgarian military presence in the region. This generally positive attitude was connected to the idea of a future federation between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria that was beginning to be promoted." For more, see Ivaylo Znepolski et al., Bulgaria under Communism, Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2018, ISBN 1351244892.
39. ^ Jozo Tomasevich, War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3615-4, pp. 751–752.
40. ^ Paul Reef, Macedonian Monument Culture Beyond 'Skopje 2014'. From the journal Comparative Southeast European Studies. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2018-0037
41. ^ Carl Skutsch as ed., Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 1135193886, p. 766.
42. ^ Brunnbauer, Ulf. (2005). Pro-Serbians vs. Pro-Bulgarians: Revisionism in Post-Socialist Macedonian Historiography. History Compass. 3. 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00130.x.
43. ^ Ragaru, Nadège. "Nationalization through Internationalization. Writing, Remembering, and Commemorating the Holocaust in Macedonia and Bulgaria after 1989" Südosteuropa, vol. 65, no. 2, 2017, pp. 284-315. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2017-0019
44. ^ Вачков, Даниел. Икономиката на комунистическа България (1944 – 1962). в Знеполски, Ивайло (ред.). История на Народна република България: Режимът и обществото. София, "Сиела", 2009. ISBN 978-954-28-0588-5. с. 267 – 268.
45. ^ Marinov, Tchavdar T. "Historiographical Revisionism and Re-Articulation of Memory in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." (2010).
46. ^ Стенографски белешки от Тринаесеттото продолжение на Четиринаесеттата седница на Собранието на Република Македонија, одржана на 17 јануари 2007 година.
47. ^ Заев: Договорът ще бъде закон, ще преследвам омразата, "Дълбоката държава" е в опозицията. БГНЕС, 25.11.2020.
48. ^ Колозова: Практично сите "окупатори" биле наши луѓе, не може Бугарите да депортираат толку Евреи без локална помош. Македонски весник, 25/07/2022. Archived 2022-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
49. ^ Проф. Катерина Колозова: Потомците на партизаните в Македония претендират, че са нация, създадена от "чиста тъкан". Антифашизмът e лицето на техния фашизъм. Faktor.bg, 25 March, 2021.
50. ^ Любчо Георгиевски: В националната памет на македонците е останало само "български фашистки окупатор". БНР, 25.09.2021.
51. ^ Македонският историк професор Драги Георгиев*: България не е била фашистки окупатор. Труд, 07.02.2022.
52. ^ Bulgaria asks EU to stop 'fake' Macedonian identity. Deutsche Welle, 23.09.2020.
53. ^ Sinisa Jakov Marusic, Bulgaria Sets Tough Terms for North Macedonia's EU Progress Skopje. BIRN; 10 October 2019.
54. ^ Н. Цеков, А. Андреев, София ли депортира македонските евреи? Дойче Веле, 25.04.2012.

## See also

[edit]

* The Holocaust in Bulgaria
* Bulgarian government-in-exile
* Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (1st Bulgarian)

* v
* t
* e

Fascism

Themes

| Core tenets|

* Actual idealism
* Aestheticization of politics
* Anti-communism
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-materialism
* Anti-pacifism
* Authoritarianism
* Chauvinism
* Class collaboration
* Conspiracism
* Corporatism
* Cult of personality
* Dictatorship
* Direct action
* Dirigisme
* Economic interventionism
* Eugenics
* Heroic capitalism
* Heroic realism
* Heroism
* Imperialism
* Indoctrination
* Irrationalism
* Machismo
* Masculinity
* Militarism
* National syndicalism
* Nationalism
* Integral
* Palingenetic
* Ultra
* New Man
* One-party state
* Perpetual war
* Populism
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Racism
* Reactionary modernism
* Social Darwinism
* Social interventionism
* Social order
* State capitalism
* Statolatry
* Supercapitalism
* Syncretism
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism

|

Topics|

* Definitions
* Economics
* Fascism and ideology
* Fascism worldwide
* Symbolism

Variants

* Arab
* Argentine
* Nacionalismo
* Orthodox Peronism
* Austrian
* Banderism
* Brazilian
* British
* Christian
* Christian Identity
* Mexican synarchism
* Clerical
* Crypto
* Eco
* English
* Falangism
* French
* Doriotism
* Pétainism
* Neo-Pétainism
* Jeune Nation
* L'Œuvre Française
* Valoisism
* Hindutva
* Hungarism
* Hutu
* Irish
* Islamic
* Ziaism
* Italian
* Intransigent
* Japanese
* Emperor-system
* Statism
* Restoration
* Ultra
* Jewish/Israeli
* Kahanism
* Revisionist Maximalism
* Korean
* Ilminism
* Nyulaiteu
* Latvian
* Mystical
* Nazism
* Austrian
* Esoteric
* Hitlerism
* Neo-Nazism
* Russian
* Strasserism
* Swedish
* Neo
* Finnish
* NRx
* Pan-Turkic
* Rexism
* Polish
* Romanian
* Legionarism
* Neo-Legionarism
* Romanianism/Stelism
* Russian
* Neo-Eurasianism
* Syndicalist
* Syrian Social Nationalism
* Techno
* Third Positionism
* National-anarchism
* National Bolshevism
* Nazi-Maoism
* Uruguayan
* Marzism
* Revisionism
* Sosism
* Ustašism

Movements

| Africa|

* Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
* Coalition for the Defence of the Republic
* Greyshirts
* Muslim Association of the Lictor
* National Revolutionary Movement for Development
* Ossewabrandwag
* Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
* Republican Democratic Movement
* Young Egypt Party (1933)

|

Asia|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Al-Muthanna Club
* Aria Party
* Azerbaijan National Democrat Party
* Azure Party
* Black Dragon Society
* Brit HaBirionim
* Concordia Association
* Grey Wolves
* Golden Square
* Hindu Mahasabha
* Iran-e-No Party
* Jewish National Front
* Kach
* Kataeb Party
* Kenkokukai
* Kokumin Dōmei
* Korea Nationalist Party
* Korean National Youth Association
* Lehi
* Liberal Party (South Korea)
* Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf
* National Socialism Association
* National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party
* Nationalist Movement Party
* Nationalist Task Party
* National Will Party
* Nation Party of Iran
* Otzma Yehudit
* Pan-Iranist Party
* Palestine Arab Party
* Patrol 36
* Progress Party (Iran)
* Philippine Falange
* Rastakhiz Party
* Rastriya Prajatantra Party
* Reform bureaucrats
* Religious Zionist Party
* Sakurakai
* Sangh Parivar
* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal
* Bharatiya Janata Party
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Bharatiya Jana Sangh
* Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
* Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh
* Bharat Vikas Parishad
* Ekal Vidyalaya
* Hindu Makkal Katchi
* Hindu Munnani
* Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
* Jammu Praja Parishad
* Muslim Rashtriya Manch
* Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
* Rashtra Sevika Samiti
* Rashtriya Sikh Sangat
* Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
* Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana
* Seva Bharati
* Vidya Bharati
* Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram
* Vishva Hindu Parishad
* Bajrang Dal
* Durga Vahini
* SUMKA
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Tōhōkai
* Tsagaan Khas
* Turkish Union Party
* Wang Jingwei Kuomintang

Northern / Northwestern Europe|

* Academic Karelia Society
* Ailtirí na hAiséirghe
* Autonome Nationalisten
* Bases Autónomas
* Black Front (Netherlands)
* Blood & Honour
* Blueshirts
* Breton Social-National Workers' Movement
* British Democratic Party
* British Fascists
* Britain First
* British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
* British Movement
* British National Party (1960)
* British National Party
* British People's Party (1939)
* British People's Party (2005)
* British Union of Fascists
* The Britons
* La Cagoule
* Casuals United
* Centre Party '86
* Clerical People's Party
* Dutch Defence League
* Dutch Fascist Union
* English Defence League
* European Defence League
* English National Association
* European Liberation Front
* Le Faisceau
* Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
* Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation
* Finnish People's Organisation
* Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party
* Flemish National Union
* French National-Collectivist Party
* French Nationalist Party
* French Popular Party
* General Dutch Fascist League
* Greater Britain Movement
* Groupe Collaboration
* Heathen Front
* Imperial Fascist League
* International Third Position
* Jeune Nation
* Lalli Alliance of Finland
* Lapua Movement
* League of Saint George
* Les Identitaires
* Mouvement d'Action Civique
* Mouvement Franciste
* Nasjonal Samling
* National Action (UK)
* National Alliance (Sweden)
* National Corporate Party
* National Fascisti
* National Front (UK)
* National League of Sweden
* Nationalist Party
* National Popular Rally
* National Rally
* National Socialist Bloc
* National Socialist Dutch Workers Party
* National Socialist Front
* National Socialist League
* National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)
* National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)
* National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
* National Socialist Movement of Norway
* National Socialist Union of Finland
* National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)
* National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
* National Socialists of Finland
* National Syndicalists
* National Union (Netherlands)
* National Union (Portugal)
* New Party
* Nipsters
* Nordic League
* The Nordic Realm Party
* Nordic Resistance Movement
* Northern League
* Norwegian Defence League
* Nouvelle Droite
* GRECE
* L'Œuvre Française
* Official National Front
* Order of Flemish Militants
* Order of Nine Angles
* Organisation of National Socialists
* Parti Communautaire National-Européen
* Party of Finnish Labor
* Party of the Swedes
* Patriotic Alternative
* Patriotic People's Movement
* Patriotic People's Movement (1993)
* Pērkonkrusts
* Phalange Française
* Ragnarock
* Rebelles Européens
* Rexist Party
* Rising Finland
* Scottish Democratic Fascist Party
* Scottish Protestant League
* Skrewdriver
* Skullhead
* Stormers
* Terre et Peuple
* Third Way (France)
* Third Way (UK)
* Union Movement
* Verdinaso
* Vigrid
* White Aryan Resistance
* World Union of National Socialists

Central Europe|

* Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists
* Arrow Cross Party
* Artgemeinschaft
* Austrian Nazism
* Black Front (Germany)
* Bund Deutscher Osten
* Christian National Socialist Front
* Deutsche Reichspartei
* Eidgenössische Sammlung
* Falanga
* Free German Workers' Party
* German Faith Movement
* German National Movement in Liechtenstein
* German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
* German Party (Slovakia)
* German Social Union
* Honor
* Hungarian National Front
* Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party
* Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Combat League of German Socialists
* Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia
* Landser
* Liechtenstein Homeland Service
* National Democratic Party (Austria)
* National Democratic Party of Germany
* National Fascist Community
* National Front (Hungary)
* National Front (Switzerland)
* National Movement of Switzerland
* National Radical Camp
* National Radical Camp (1993)
* National Revival of Poland
* National Union (Switzerland)
* Nationalist Front (Germany)
* Nazi Party
* Greater German People's Community
* Nazi Germany
* National Socialist Freedom Movement
* National Socialist Working Association
* New Order
* Nipsters
* No Colours Records
* PC Records
* Positive Christianity
* German Christians
* Republic Movement
* The Right (Germany)
* Rock-O-Rama Records
* Shield and Sword
* Slovak People's Party
* Socialist Reich Party
* Stahlgewitter
* Sudeten German Party
* The Third Path
* United Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Vlajka
* Volksdeutsche Bewegung
* Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit
* Wiking-Jugend

Southern Europe|

* ADÑ–Spanish Identity
* Albanian Fascist Party
* Balli Kombëtar
* Brothers of Italy
* CEDADE
* Democratic Fascist Party
* European Nation State
* Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
* Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Falange
* Sección Femenina
* La Falange (1999)
* Falange Auténtica
* Falange Española
* Falange Española Auténtica
* Falange Española de las JONS
* Falange Española de las JONS (1976)
* Falange Española Independiente
* Falangist Movement of Spain
* Freethinkers' Party
* Imperium Europa
* Italian fascism
* National Fascist Party (Italy)
* Italian Social Republic
* Republican Fascist Party
* Italian Social Movement
* Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
* Juntas Españolas
* National Alliance (Spain)
* National Alliance July 18
* National Democracy (Italy)
* National Democracy (Spain)
* National Front (Spain, 1986)
* National Front (Spain, 2006)
* National Union (Italy, 1923)
* National Union (Spain)
* New Force (Italy)
* New Force (Spain)
* Republican Social Movement
* The Right (Italy)
* Sammarinese Fascist Party
* Spanish Military Union
* Struggle of the People
* Student Action
* Terza Posizione
* Tricolour Flame
* Unidad Falangista Montañesa
* Youth Front

Eastern and Southeastern Europe|

* Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights
* Bosnian Movement of National Pride
* Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party
* Croatian Liberation Movement
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Party of Rights
* Crusade of Romanianism
* Ethnic National Union
* Eurasia Movement
* Eurasia Party
* Format18
* For the Native Language!
* Front of National Revolutionary Action
* German Party
* German People's Party
* Golden Dawn
* Greek National Socialist Party
* Hosank
* Iron Guard
* Kolovrat
* LEPEN
* Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
* Lithuanian Nationalist Union
* National Agrarian Party
* National Bolshevik Front
* National Bolshevik Party
* National-Christian Defense League
* National Christian Party
* National Fascist Movement
* National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
* National Party – Greeks
* National Socialist Patriotic Organisation
* National Socialist Society
* National Social Movement
* National Romanian Fascio
* National Renaissance Front
* National Salvation Front
* Nokturnal Mortum
* National Socialism / White Power
* Obraz
* Occupy Pedophilia
* Order of Nine Angles
* Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
* The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
* Pamyat
* Patriotic Alliance
* People's Party
* Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
* Ratniks (Bulgaria)
* Romanian Front
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian Fascist Party
* Russian National Unity
* Russian Women's Fascist Movement
* Serbian Action
* Serbian Radical Party
* Steel Shield
* Svoboda
* Union of Bulgarian National Legions
* Ustaše
* Ustaše in Australia
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Yugoslav Radical Union
* ZBOR

North America|

* Fascism in Canada
* Aryan Guard
* Aryan Nations
* Canadian Association for Free Expression
* Canadian Union of Fascists
* Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform
* Heritage Front
* Parti national social chrétien
* Fascism in the United States
* American Front
* American Nazi Party
* Betar US
* Creativity
* Fascist League of North America
* German American Bund
* Goyim Defense League
* Hammerskins
* Identity Evropa
* League of the South
* National Alliance (United States)
* National Renaissance Party
* Nationalist Social Club-131
* National Socialist Legion
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Socialist Movement
* National States' Rights Party
* National Vanguard
* Nationalist Front (United States)
* Patriot Front
* Proud Boys
* Rise Above Movement
* Silver Legion of America
* Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
* Traditionalist Worker Party
* Vanguard America
* Volksfront
* White Aryan Resistance
* Wotansvolk
* Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
* Mexican Democratic Party
* Mexican Fascist Party
* National Pro Patria Party
* National Synarchist Union
* Nationalist Front of Mexico
* Order of Nine Angles

Oceania|

* Action Zealandia
* Antipodean Resistance
* Australia First Movement
* Australia First Party
* Australian Defence League
* Australian National Socialist Party
* Centre Party
* Lads Society
* National Action (Australia)
* National Socialist Network
* National Socialist Party of Australia
* Progressive Nationalist Party
* Reclaim Australia
* True Blue Crew
* United Patriots Front

South America|

* Agrarian Labor Party
* Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
* Argentine Fascist Party
* Argentine Nationalist Action
* Argentine Patriotic League
* Bolivian Socialist Falange
* Brazilian Integralism
* Brazilian Integralist Action
* Brazilian Integralist Front
* Falangism in Latin America
* Female Peronist Party
* Iron Guard (Argentina)
* Nacionalismo
* National Fascist Party (Argentina)
* National Fascist Union
* Nationalist Liberation Alliance
* National Liberation Movement
* National Socialist Movement of Chile
* National Universitary Concentration
* New Triumph Party
* Patriot Front (Argentina)
* Popular Dignity
* Popular Freedom Alliance
* Popular Representation Party
* Popular Socialist Vanguard
* Republican League
* La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia
* Revolutionary Union
* Tacuara Nationalist Movement

People

| Australia|

* Campbell (Eric)
* Campbell (Graeme)
* Cottrell
* Groot
* Mills
* Saleam

|

Austria|

* Dollfuss
* Miklas
* Pfrimer
* Planetta
* Schuschnigg
* Seyss-Inquart
* Starhemberg

Belgium|

* Daye
* Declercq
* Degrelle
* Denis
* Elias
* Eriksson
* Hermans
* Lagrou
* Poulet
* Severen
* Streel
* van de Wiele

Croatia|

* Boban
* Francetić
* Kraljević
* Kvaternik
* Luburić
* Pavelić
* Pavičić
* Rover
* Servatzy

Finland|

* Helanen
* Isotalo
* Kalsta
* Konkka
* Kosola
* Orko
* Simojoki
* Somersalo
* Törni
* Varjonen

France|

* Augier
* Bardèche
* Benoist-Méchin
* Béraud
* Brasillach
* Bucard
* Châteaubriant
* Déat
* Déroulède
* Dior
* Doriot
* La Rochelle
* Lagardelle
* Laval
* Pétain
* Rebatet
* Valois
* Vial

Germany|

* Abetz
* Andrae
* Baeumler
* Berchtold
* Berger
* Best
* Brunner
* Bühler
* Darré
* Falkenhausen
* Hocke
* Feder
* Forster
* Frank
* Franz V
* Gesche
* Goebbels
* Göring
* Graf
* Greiser
* Günther
* Hanke
* Heiden
* Hess
* Heydrich
* Himmler
* Hitler
* Klintzsch
* Kuhn
* Ludendorff
* Maurice
* Müller
* Niekisch
* Ploetz
* Rahn
* Reitsch
* Renthe-Fink
* Ribbentrop
* Rieger
* Rosenberg
* Schmitt
* Schreck
* Skorzeny
* Strasser (Gregor)
* Strasser (Otto)
* Streicher
* Terboven
* Thadden
* Krosigk
* Zündel

Greece|

* Dragoumis
* Kasidiaris
* Koryzis
* Lagos
* Michaloliakos
* Papadopoulos

India|

* Adityanath
* Advani
* Bose
* Godse
* Golwalkar
* Hedgewar
* Modi
* Mukherjee
* Savarkar
* Thakur
* Vajpayee

Iran|

* Forouhar
* Kashani
* Monshizadeh
* Pezeshkpour
* Teymourtash

Israel|

* Ahimeir
* Ben-Ari
* Ben-Gvir
* Eldad
* Eliyahu
* Goldstein
* Gopstein
* Greenberg
* Ha'ivri
* Heruti
* Kahane
* Marzel
* Natan-Zada
* Stern
* Yeivin

Italy|

* Acerbo
* Alfieri
* Ambris
* D'Annunzio
* Azara
* Badoglio
* Balbo
* Torrente Ballester
* Bastianini
* Bianchi
* Boni
* Bono
* Boselli
* Bottai
* Ciano (Costanzo)
* Ciano (Galeazzo)
* Cogni
* Corradini
* Freda
* Gentile
* Giuriati
* Gozi
* Grandi
* Graziani
* Guidi
* Malaparte
* Marinetti
* Michels
* Morgagni
* Mussolini
* Olivetti
* Panunzio
* Papini
* Pavolini
* Rauti
* Ricci
* Ridruejo
* Rocco
* Rossoni
* Sarfatti
* Soffici
* Spirito
* Volpi

Japan|

* Akao
* Araki
* Chō
* Hashimoto
* Honjō
* Kita
* Kodama
* Matsuoka
* Nonaka
* Ōkawa
* Sasakawa

Romania|

* Antonescu
* Bacaloglu
* Codreanu
* Crainic
* Cuza
* Gigurtu
* Goga
* Manoilescu
* Moța
* Ogoranu
* Sima

Russia|

* Astroŭski
* Borovikov
* Ilyin
* Kaminski
* Martsinkevich
* Milchakov
* Oktan
* Prilepin
* Prokhanov
* Rodzaevsky

Spain|

* Arrese
* Bau Nolla
* Bilbao Eguía
* Carrero Blanco
* Fernández-Cuesta
* Franco
* Franco y Polo
* Giménez Caballero
* Primo de Rivera
* Ramos
* Sánchez Mazas
* Serrano Suñer

Ukraine|

* Bandera
* Biletsky
* Dontsov
* Gubarev
* Klyachkivsky
* Lebed
* Rebet
* Samchuk
* Shukhevych
* Stetsko
* Tyahnybok
* Vitrenko

United Kingdom|

* Beckett
* Chamberlain
* Chesterton
* Lake
* Leese
* Mosley (Diana)
* Mosley (Oswald)
* Pankhurst
* Pearson
* Ramsay
* Robinson
* Southgate
* Tyndall
* Wellesley

United States|

* Auernheimer
* Collins
* Fuentes
* Joyce
* Pelley
* Pound
* Yockey

Other|

* Burdi
* Celmiņš
* Martínez
* Quisling
* Ramírez
* Riva-Agüero y Osma
* Šešelj
* Szálasi

Works

| Literature|

* 1776 Returns
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Culture of Critique
* Defiance
* Did Six Million Really Die?
* The Doctrine of Fascism
* Essentials of Hindutva
* Fascist Manifesto
* For My Legionaries
* The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia
* The Fourth Political Theory
* Hitlers Zweites Buch
* Hutu Ten Commandments
* Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
* An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
* Kokutairon and Pure Socialism
* The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
* Manifesto of Race
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
* Mein Kampf
* My Autobiography
* My Life
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century
* OPROP!
* Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World
* Protestantische Rompilger
* A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century
* Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews
* A Warning to the Hindus
* Who Are the Mind Benders?

|

Periodicals|

* Action
* Ajan Suunta
* L'Alba
* El Alcázar
* The American Review
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* The Blackshirt
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Daily Stormer
* Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
* Das Deutsche Mädel
* La Difesa della Razza
* Eleftheros Kosmos
* The European
* Fashist
* Fashizmi
* La France au travail
* Fritt Folk
* Fronten
* Gândirea
* Gioventù Fascista
* Golden Dawn
* Hamaas
* Hrvatski Domobran
* Je suis partout
* Kangura
* Kansallissosialisti
* Limonka
* Masada2000
* Münchener Beobachter
* Nash Put'
* Nástup
* Nation Europa
* Neue Anthropologie
* Neues Volk
* Het Nieuwe Volk
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Novopress
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Organiser
* Panchjanya
* Panzerbär
* Parole der Woche
* Le Pays Réel
* Der Pimpf
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Das Reich
* Revue d'histoire du fascisme
* Das Schwarze Korps
* Sfarmă-Piatră
* Signal
* Siniristi
* Spearhead
* Der Stürmer
* Türkische Post
* Der Umbruch
* Vairas
* Vlajka
* Volk en Staat
* Völkischer Beobachter
* Die Wehrmacht
* Wochenspruch der NSDAP

Film|

* L'Armata Azzurra
* Bengasi
* Condottieri
* The Daughter of the Samurai
* Erbkrank
* Europa: The Last Battle
* The Great Appeal
* The Old Guard
* Raza
* Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal
* Der Sieg des Glaubens
* The Siege of the Alcazar
* Lo squadrone bianco
* Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht
* Triumph of the Will

Music|

* Fashwave
* Hindutva pop
* National Socialist black metal
* Nazi punk
* Rock Against Communism
* White power music

Other|

* Allach
* StoneToss

Related topics|

* Art of the Third Reich
* Fascist architecture
* Heroic realism
* Nazi architecture
* Nazism and cinema

Organizations

| Institutional|

* Ahnenerbe
* Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
* Grand Council of Fascism
* Imperial Way Faction
* Italian Nationalist Association
* National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
* Quadrumvirs

|

Activist|

* Adelaide Institute
* Agrarian Trade Union Federation
* The Britons
* Casuals United
* DeVlag
* European Social Movement
* Finnish Realm Union
* Francisco Franco National Foundation
* Friends of New Germany
* German American Bund
* GRECE
* The Link
* Mladorossi
* National Party of Europe
* National Policy Institute
* National Popular Consciousness
* Panzerfaust Records
* Popular Force Party
* Right Club
* Russian Fascist Organization

Youth|

* Adler und Falke
* Albanian Lictor Youth
* Arab Lictor Youth
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Blue-and-Blacks
* Ethiopian Lictor Youth
* Fascist Union of Youth
* Frente de Juventudes
* Al-Futuwwa
* Gioventù Italiana del Littorio
* Great Japan Youth Party
* Hitler Youth
* Faith and Beauty Society
* Deutsches Jungvolk
* Jungmädelbund
* League of German Girls
* Jeunesse Populaire Française
* Juventudes de Acción Popular
* Korean National Youth Association
* Levente
* Mocidade Portuguesa
* Nationale Jeugdstorm
* National League of Sweden
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Youth (Sweden)
* National Youth (Italy)
* National Youth Alliance
* National Youth Organisation (Greece)
* Opera Nazionale Balilla
* Österreichisches Jungvolk
* Patriotic/Eureka Youth League
* Union of Fascist Little Ones
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)
* Ustaše Youth
* Wiking-Jugend
* Youth Front

Paramilitary and terrorist|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Albanian Fascist Militia
* Atomwaffen Division
* Azov Brigade
* Bajrang Dal
* Black Brigades
* Black Legion
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts (Canada)
* Blueshirts (Ireland)
* Column 88
* Combat Terrorist Organization
* Confederation of the Nation
* Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
* Croatian Defence Forces
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Bugojno group
* Einsatzgruppen
* Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Falange Armata
* Falange Militia
* Flemish Guard
* Flemish Legion
* Frontbann
* Goldshirts
* Greenshirts
* Hilfspolizei
* Hitler Youth
* Greyshirts
* Heimwehr
* Hirden
* Hlinka Guard
* Hungarian National Defence Association
* Impuzamugambi
* Interbrigades
* Interahamwe
* Iron Wolf
* Jewish Defense League
* Jewish Defense Organization
* Kataeb Regulatory Forces
* Lăncieri
* Legion Wasa
* Lehava
* Lehi
* Levente
* Makapili
* Mano Blanca
* Misanthropic Division
* National Republican Guard
* New Guard
* Ostmärkische Sturmscharen
* Rodobrana
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian National Unity (2000)
* S14
* Schutzstaffel
* Serbian Volunteer Corps
* Sicarii
* Sich Battalion
* Silver Shirts
* Sturmabteilung
* Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
* Terror Against Terror
* Third Klan
* Ukrainian Insurgent Army
* Ukrainian People's Militsiya
* Ustaše Militia
* Volkssport
* Walloon Guard
* Walloon Legion
* Waffen-SS
* Wagner Group
* Rusich Group
* Weerbaarheidsafdeling
* Werwolf
* Westland New Post
* Yokusan Sonendan
* Youth Front

Student|

* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
* Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas
* German Student Union
* National Socialist German Students' League
* Sindicato Español Universitario
* Student Action

International|

* Axis powers
* NSDAP/AO
* ODESSA

History

| 1900s|

* Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust

|

1910s|

* Arditi
* Fascio
* Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Armenian genocide and the Holocaust

1920s|

* March on Rome
* Corfu incident
* Acerbo Law
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Aventine Secession
* Italian economic battles
* Le Faisceau
* 28 May 1926 coup d'état
* Libyan genocide

1930s|

* March of the Iron Will
* November 1932 German federal election
* March 1933 German federal election
* Enabling Act
* Austrian Civil War
* July Putsch
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Romani Holocaust
* 4th of August Regime
* Anti-Comintern Pact
* Spanish Civil War

1940s|

* World War II
* Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
* The Holocaust
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* End in Italy
* Nuremberg Trials
* Tokyo Trials

Lists

* Anti-fascists
* Books about Hitler
* British fascist parties
* Fascist movements by country (A-F
* G-M
* N-T
* U-Z)
* Nazi ideologues
* Nazi leaders
* Secretaries of Italian fascist parties
* Speeches by Hitler
* SS personnel

Related topics

* Authoritarian conservatism
* Chiangism
* Francoism
* Khomeinism
* Maurrassisme
* Pinochetism
* Putinism
* Ziaism
* Alt-right
* Alt-lite
* Alt-right pipeline
* Alt-tech
* Identitarian movement
* Anti-fascism
* Bahutu Manifesto
* Berlusconism
* Conservative Revolution
* Criticism of fascism
* Europe a Nation
* Fascist (epithet)
* Fascist mysticism
* Feudal fascism
* F-scale (personality test)
* Garveyism
* Germanisation
* of Poles during the Partitions
* Italianization
* of South Tyrol
* Japanization
* Morenazi
* Neosocialism
* Para-/semi-fascism
* Post-fascism
* Proto-fascism
* Red fascism
* Red–green–brown alliance
* Roman salute
* Saffronisation
* Sansepolcrismo
* Scientific racism
* Aryanism
* Nordicism
* Social fascism
* Sorelianism
* Synarchism
* Szeged Idea
* Trumpism
* Donald Trump and fascism
* Völkisch movement
* Women in Nazi Germany

* Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template