Fasting

Willing abstinence from, or reduced consumption of, food and/or drink

A glass of water on an empty plate

Fasting is the act of refraining from eating, and sometimes drinking. However, from a purely physiological context, "fasting" may refer to the metabolic status of a person who has not eaten overnight (before "breakfast"), or to the metabolic state achieved after complete digestion and absorption of a meal.[1] Metabolic changes in the fasting state begin after absorption of a meal (typically 3–5 hours after eating).

A diagnostic fast refers to prolonged fasting from 1–100 hours (depending on age), conducted under observation, to facilitate the investigation of a health complication (usually hypoglycemia). Many people may also fast as part of a medical procedure or a check-up, such as preceding a colonoscopy or surgery, or before certain medical tests. Intermittent fasting is a technique sometimes used for weight loss or other health benefits that incorporates regular fasting into a person's dietary schedule. Fasting may also be part of a religious ritual, often associated with specific scheduled fast days, as determined by the religion, or be applied as a public demonstration for a given cause, in a practice known as a hunger strike.

## Health effects

[edit]

See also: Starvation response, Intermittent fasting, Autophagy, and Fasting and longevity

Alternate-day fasting (alternating between a 24-hour "fast day" when the person eats less than 25% of usual energy needs, followed by a 24-hour non-fasting "feast day" period) has been shown to improve cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers similarly to a calorie restriction diet in people who are overweight, obese or have metabolic syndrome.[2][3][4][5]

A 2021 review found that moderate alternate-day fasting for two to six months was associated with reductions of body weight, body mass index, and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese adults.[6]

### Medical application

[edit]

See also: Preoperative fasting, Body cleansing, and Nothing by mouth

Fasting is almost always practiced prior to surgery or other procedures that require general anesthesia because of the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents after induction of anesthesia (i.e., vomiting and inhaling the vomit, causing life-threatening aspiration pneumonia).[7][8][9] Additionally, certain medical tests, such as cholesterol testing (lipid panel) or certain blood glucose measurements require fasting for several hours so that a baseline can be established.

### Mental health

[edit]

In one review, fasting improved alertness, mood, and subjective feelings of well-being, possibly improving overall symptoms of depression, and boosting cognitive performance.[10]

### Weight loss

[edit]

#### Intermittent fasting

[edit]

Main article: Intermittent fasting

There is little evidence to suggest that intermittent fasting for periods shorter than 24 hours is effective for sustained weight loss in obese adults.[11][12]

#### Prolonged fasting

[edit]

Prolonged fasting (also called extended fasting or water fasting) involves periods of fasting above 24 hours, typically in the range of 5–20 days.[13] In early fasting, the body operates under a relatively high level of gluconeogenesis, though this eventually decreases as the body's metabolism switches into ketosis, causing ketones to replace glucose as the primary energy source in the central nervous system.[14] As prolonged fasting continues, drastic decreases in sodium, potassium, magnesium, and other minerals are noted, which can lead to hyponatremia.[14] In some diet systems, these losses are offset with non-caloric electrolyte supplements, such as electrolyte beverages.[15] Typical observed weight loss under prolonged fasting averages at 0.9 kg per day during the first week and 0.3 kg per day by the third week.[14] In early fasting, during periods of high gluconeogenesis, roughly two-thirds of weight lost is lean muscle mass as opposed to fat.[13][16] After the gluconeogenic phase, however, the ratio of body fat lost to lean tissue lost becomes roughly 7:6.[16]

### Longevity

[edit]

There is no sound clinical evidence that fasting can promote longevity in humans.[17]

## Adverse effects

[edit]

### Refeeding syndrome

[edit]

Main article: Refeeding syndrome

Refeeding syndrome is a metabolic disturbance which occurs as a result of reinstitution of nutrition in people and animals who are starved, severely malnourished, or metabolically stressed because of severe illness. When too much food or liquid nutrition supplement is eaten during the initial four to seven days following a malnutrition event, the production of glycogen, fat and protein in cells may cause low serum concentrations of potassium, magnesium and phosphate.[18][19] The electrolyte imbalance may cause neurologic, pulmonary, cardiac, neuromuscular, and hematologic symptoms—many of which, if severe enough, may result in death.

Refeeding syndrome can occur when someone does not eat for several days at a time usually beginning after 4–5 days with no food.[20]

### Gallstones

[edit]

Main article: Gallstone

Fasting can increase the risk of developing gallstones for some people. This is thought to occur due to decreased gallbladder movement with no food to be digested, which can cause the bile to become over-concentrated with cholesterol, combined with the liver secreting extra cholesterol into bile as the body metabolizes fat during rapid weight loss, further exacerbating the situation.[21]

## Political application

[edit]

Fasting is often used to make a political statement, to protest, or to bring awareness to a cause. A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke feelings of guilt, or to achieve a goal such as a policy change. A spiritual fast incorporates personal spiritual beliefs with the desire to express personal principles, sometimes in the context of social injustice.[22]

The political leader Gandhi undertook several long fasts as political and social protests. Gandhi's fasts had a significant impact on the British Raj and the Indian population generally.[23]

In Northern Ireland in 1981, a prisoner, Bobby Sands, was part of the 1981 Irish hunger strike, protesting for better rights in prison.[24] Sands had just been elected to the British Parliament and died after 66 days of not eating. 100,000 people attended his funeral, and the strike ended only after nine other men died. In all, ten men survived without food for 46 to 73 days.

The American civil rights activist César Chávez undertook several spiritual fasts, including a 25-day fast in 1968 promoting the principle of nonviolence and a fast of 'thanksgiving and hope' to prepare for pre-arranged civil disobedience by farm workers.[22][25] Chávez regarded a spiritual fast as "a personal spiritual transformation".[26] Other progressive campaigns have adopted the tactic.[27]

## Religious views

[edit]

Main article: Fasting in religion

Fasting is practiced in various religions, and details of fasting practices differ.

Yom Kippur, Tisha B'av, Fast of Esther, Tzom Gedalia, the Seventeenth of Tamuz, the Tenth of Tevet, and Fast of the Firstborn are examples of fasting in Judaism.[28] Yom Kippur and Tisha B'Av are 25-hour fasts in which observers abstain from consuming any food or liquid from sunset until nightfall the next day and include other restrictions. The fasts of Esther, Gedalia, Tamuz, and Tevet all last from dawn until nightfall and therefore length varies depending on the time of the year. The Fast of the Firstborn is not biblically mandated and can therefore be ended early in the case of a seudat mitzvah.

Lent is a common period of fasting in Christianity. In the Catholic Church, the current practice of fast and abstinence is regulated by Canons 1250–1253 of the 1983 code.[29] They specify that all Fridays throughout the year, and the time of Lent are penitential times throughout the entire Church. All persons who have completed their fourteenth year are bound by the law of abstinence on all Fridays unless they are solemnities, and again on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. Fasting must be observed by those who have attained their majority, until the beginning of their sixtieth year. The precept to both fast and abstinence must be observed on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. Certain communities of Lutheran Churches advocate fasting during designated times such as Lent,[30][31] especially on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday.[30][32][33] The rogation days are traditional days of fasting, as well as abstinence of meat, in Lutheranism.[34] A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent delineates the following Lutheran fasting guidelines:[35]

>   1. Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day, usually without meat.
>   2. Refrain from eating meat (bloody foods) on all Fridays in Lent, substituting fish for example.
>   3. Eliminate a food or food group for the entire season. Especially consider saving rich and fatty foods for Easter.
>   4. Consider not eating before receiving Communion in Lent.
>   5. Abstain from or limit a favorite activity (television, movies, etc.) for the entire season, and spend more time in prayer, Bible study, and reading devotional material.[35]

In addition to the fasts mentioned above, Catholics must also observe the Eucharistic Fast, which in the Latin Church involves taking nothing but water or medicine into the body for one hour before receiving the Eucharist[36]. In Lutheranism, the Small Catechism, with regard to the Eucharistic Fast, states: "Fasting and bodily preparation are indeed a fine outward training".[37][38] Though voluntary in Lutheranism, the Eucharistic Fast is kept from midnight until the reception of the Eucharist. Theologically, the "Eucharistic Fast is always in anticipation for the Eucharistic Feast, a reminder of the Last Day when all poverty is abolished, the necessity of fasting has ceased and every prayer answered as all of God's people celebrate the marriage supper of the Lamb."[39]

Eastern Orthodox Christians fast during specified fasting seasons of the year, which include not only the better-known Great Lent, but also fasts on every Wednesday and Friday (except on special holidays), together with extended fasting periods before Christmas (the Nativity Fast), after Easter (the Apostles' Fast) and in early August (the Dormition Fast).

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints generally abstain from food and drink for two consecutive meals in a 24-hour period, on the first Sunday of each month, and members are invited to donate the money they would have used for those meals to assist others in need (called a fast offering).[40]

Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan each year. The fast includes refraining from consuming any food or liquid from dawn until sunset. It is a religious obligation for all Muslims unless they are children or are physically unable to fast.

Fasting is a feature of ascetic traditions in religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism.

Mahayana traditions that follow the Brahma's Net Sutra may recommend that the laity fast "during the six days of fasting each month and the three months of fasting each year".[41]

Members of the Baháʼí Faith observe a Nineteen Day Fast from sunrise to sunset during March each year.

## In alternative medicine

[edit]

Although practitioners of alternative medicine promote "cleansing the body" through fasting,[42] (as though it were a diagnostic fast) the concept of "detoxification“ is a marketing myth with little scientific basis for its rationale or efficacy.[43][44]

During the early 20th century, fasting was promoted by alternative health writers such as Hereward Carrington, Edward H. Dewey, Bernarr Macfadden, Frank McCoy, Edward Earle Purinton, Upton Sinclair and Wallace Wattles.[45] All of these writers were either involved in the natural hygiene or new thought movement.[45] Arnold Ehret's pseudoscientific Mucusless Diet Healing System espoused fasting.[46]

Linda Hazzard, put her patients on such strict fasts that some of them died of starvation. She was responsible for the death of more than 40 patients under her care.[47][48]

In 1911, Upton Sinclair authored The Fasting Cure, which made sensational claims of fasting curing practically all diseases, including cancer and syphilis.[49] Sinclair states he recommended fasting for all diseases except tuberculosis.[50] Sinclair has been described as "the most credulous of faddists. In 1932, physician Morris Fishbein listed fasting as a fad diet and commented that "prolonged fasting is never necessary and invariably does harm".[51]

## Types of fasting

[edit]

### Type by religion

[edit]

Main article: Religious fasting

* Lent
* Great Lent
* Tenth of Tevet
* Seventeenth of Tamuz
* Fast of Gedalia
* Vrata
* Fast of Esther
* Tisha B'Av
* Yom Kippur
* Fast of the Firstborn
* Ramadan
* Nativity Fast
* Apostles Fast
* Dormition Fast
* Fasting in Buddhism
* Nineteen Day Fast
* Daniel Fast
* Black Fast
* Fasting in Jainism

### Type by method

[edit]

* Electrolyte supplemented water fasting
* Dry fasting
* Juice fasting
* Water fasting

### Type by schedule

[edit]

Source:[52]

* Alternate day
* Eat: stop: eat
* Intermittent fasting
* One Meal A Day (OMAD)/Warrior diet
* Prolonged fasting
* The 16/8 or 14/10
* The 40-days and 40-nights
* The 5:2

### Type by motivation

[edit]

* Autophagy
* Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
* Calorie restriction
* Drunkorexia
* Hunger strike
* Inedia
* Insulin resistance management
* Longevity
* Sallekhana
* Weight loss

## See also

[edit]

* Science portal
* Medicine portal
* Food portal
* Religion portal

* Asceticism
* Autophagy
* Black Fast
* Calorie restriction
* Fasting and longevity
* Fasting in Jainism
* Force-feeding
* Inedia
* Santhara
* Weight loss

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "fasting | Definition, Description, Types, Benefits, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
2. ^ Cioffi I, Evangelista A, Ponzo V, Ciccone G, Soldati L, Santarpia L, et al. (December 2018). "Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Translational Medicine (Systematic review). 16 (1) 371. doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1748-4. PMC 6304782. PMID 30583725.
3. ^ Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, et al. (February 2018). "Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 16 (2): 507–547\. doi:10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003248. PMID 29419624. S2CID 46780578. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
4. ^ Mattson MP, Longo VD, Harvie M (October 2017). "Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes". Ageing Research Reviews. 39: 46–58\. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005. PMC 5411330. PMID 27810402.
5. ^ Papamichou D, Panagiotakos DB, Itsiopoulos C (June 2019). "Dietary patterns and management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials". Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases (Systematic review). 29 (6): 531–543\. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2019.02.004. PMID 30952576. S2CID 86497236.
6. ^ Patikorn, Chanthawat; Roubal, Kiera; Veettil, Sajesh K.; Chandran, Viji; Pham, Tuan; Lee, Yeong Yeh; Giovannucci, Edward L.; Varady, Krista A.; Chaiyakunapruk, Nathorn (17 December 2021). "Intermittent fasting and obesity-related health outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials". JAMA Network Open. 4 (12): e2139558. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39558. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 8683964. PMID 34919135.
7. ^ "Do You Need to Starve Before Surgery?". Abcnews.go.com. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
8. ^ Norman, Dr (17 April 2003). "Fasting before surgery – Health & Wellbeing". Abc.net.au. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
9. ^ "Anesthesia Information (full edition) | From Yes They're Fake!". Yestheyrefake.net. 1 January 1994. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
10. ^ Fond, G; MacGregor, A; Leboyer, M; Michalsen, A (2013). "Fasting in mood disorders: Neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literature". Psychiatry Research. 209 (3): 253–258\. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.018. PMID 23332541. S2CID 39700065. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
11. ^ Whitney, Eleanor Noss; Rolfes, Sharon Rady (2012). Understanding Nutrition. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1133587521. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
12. ^ Anton, Stephen D; Moehl, Keelin; Donahoo, William T; et al. (2017). "Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting". Obesity. 26 (2): 254–268\. doi:10.1002/oby.22065. PMC 5783752. PMID 29086496.
13. ^ a b Ezpeleta, Mark; Cienfuegos, Sofia; Lin, Shuhao; Pavlou, Vasiliki; Gabel, Kelsey; Varady, Krista A. (12 April 2024). "Efficacy and safety of prolonged water fasting: a narrative review of human trials". Nutrition Reviews. 82 (5): 664–675\. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad081. ISSN 1753-4887. PMC 11494232. PMID 37377031.
14. ^ a b c Kerndt, Peter R.; Naughton, James L.; Driscoll, Charles E.; Loxterkamp, David A. (November 1982). "Fasting: The History, Pathophysiology and Complications". Western Journal of Medicine. 137 (5): 379–399\. ISSN 0093-0415. PMC 1274154. PMID 6758355.
15. ^ "Snake Diet—What It Is and Why It's Dangerous". Health. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
16. ^ a b Cahill, G. F. (1983). "President's address. Starvation". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 94: 1–21\. ISSN 0065-7778. PMC 2279566. PMID 6764569.
17. ^ Lee MB, Hill CM, Bitto A, Kaeberlein M (November 2021). "Antiaging diets: Separating fact from fiction". Science. 374 (6570): eabe7365. doi:10.1126/science.abe7365. PMC 8841109. PMID 34793210.
18. ^ Mehanna HM, Moledina J, Travis J (June 2008). "Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it". BMJ. 336 (7659): 1495–8\. doi:10.1136/bmj.a301. PMC 2440847. PMID 18583681.
19. ^ Doig, GS; Simpson, F; Heighes; Bellomo, R; Chesher, D; Caterson, ID; Reade, MC; Harrigan, PWJ (1 December 2015). "Restricted versus continued standard caloric intake during the management of refeeding syndrome in critically ill adults: a randomised, parallel-group, multicentre, single-blind controlled trial". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 3 (12): 943–952\. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00418-X. ISSN 2213-2619. PMID 26597128.
20. ^ Webb GJ, Smith K, Thursby-Pelham F, Smith T, Stroud MA, Da Silva AN (2011). "Complications of emergency refeeding in anorexia nervosa: case series and review". Acute Medicine. 10 (2): 69–76\. doi:10.52964/AMJA.0470. PMID 22041604.
21. ^ "Dietary advice for patients with gallstones". Cambridge University Hospitals. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
22. ^ a b Garcia, M. (2007) The Gospel of Cesar Chavez: My Faith in Action Sheed & Ward Publishing p. 103
23. ^ Harinarayanan, A. (1986). "GANDHI'S FASTS : AN ANALYSIS (Summary)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 47: 696–698\. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44141630.
24. ^ ON THIS DAY 1981: Violence erupts at Irish hunger strike protest Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
25. ^ Shaw, R. (2008)Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and the struggle for justice in the 21st century University of California Press, p.92
26. ^ Espinosa, G. Garcia, M Mexican American Religions:Spirituality activism and culture(2008) Duke University Press, p 108
27. ^ Shaw, R. (2008)Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and the struggle for justice in the 21st century University of California Press, p.93
28. ^ "History of the Fast". Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
29. ^ "1983 Code of Canon Law". The Holy See. Archived from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
30. ^ a b Gassmann, Günther; Oldenburg, Mark W. (10 October 2011). Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism. Scarecrow Press. p. 229\. ISBN 978-0-8108-7482-4. "In many Lutheran churches, the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus (with the exception of Palm/Passion Sunday): Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Laetare, and Judica. Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast, and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene, earnest attitude. Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday."
31. ^ What is the holiest season of the Church Year? Archived 9 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 February 2010. Archived copy at the Internet Archive
32. ^ Pfatteicher, Philip H. (1990). Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship: Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. pp. 223–244, 260. ISBN 978-0-8006-0392-2. "The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar, and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting."
33. ^ Jacobs, Henry Eyster; Haas, John Augustus William (1899). The Lutheran Cyclopedia. Scribner. p. 110. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2019. "By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast. The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast. The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service, Invocavit, Reminiscere, Oculi, Lcetare, Judica."
34. ^ "Fasting Guidelines" (PDF). Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church. p. 3\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2025.
35. ^ a b Weitzel, Thomas L. (1978). "A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent" (PDF). Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
36. ^ CIC 1983, c. 919.
37. ^ Martin Luther. "The Small Catechism" (PDF). Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
38. ^ Preus, Klemet (8 January 2015). "Communion Every Sunday: Surprise, Surprise". Retrieved 18 May 2025.
39. ^ Ristau, Harold (2020). "Tempted to fast? Fasting and feasting as the Body of Christ". Lutheran Mission Australia. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
40. ^ "The Law of the Fast" (PDF). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
41. ^ Brahma's Net Sutra, minor precept 30
42. ^ Russell, Sharman Apt; Russell, Sharman (1 August 2008). Hunger: An Unnatural History. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0786722396. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
43. ^ Porter, Sian (May 2016). "Detox diets" (PDF). British Dietetic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2019. "The whole idea of detox is nonsense. The body is a well-developed system that has its own built-in mechanisms to detoxify and remove waste and toxins. Our body constantly filters out, breaks down and excretes toxins and waste products like alcohol, medications, products of digestion, dead cells, chemicals from pollution and bacteria"
44. ^ David Gorski (23 May 2011). "Fashionably toxic". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
45. ^ a b Griffith, R. Marie. (2000). Apostles of Abstinence: Fasting and Masculinity during the Progressive Era. American Quarterly 52 (4): 599-638.
46. ^ Kuske, Terrence T. (1983). Quackery and Fad Diets Archived 20 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. In Elaine B. Feldman. Nutrition in the Middle and Later Years. John Wright & Sons. pp. 291-303. ISBN 0-7236-7046-3
47. ^ Hall, Harriett. (2016). "Natural Medicine, Starvation, and Murder: The Story of Linda Hazzard" Archived 1 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
48. ^ "Linda Hazzard: The “Starvation Doctor”" Archived 1 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
49. ^ Upton Sinclair, The Fasting Cure (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1911), p. 44.
50. ^ Sinclair, The Fasting Cure, p. 44.
51. ^ Fishbein, Morris. (1932). Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults. New York: Covici Friede. p. 253
52. ^ "Intermittent Fasting: How It Works". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 23 August 2024.

## Sources

[edit]

* Code of Canon Law (CIC), Rome: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 4 November 2003 [1983].

## Further reading

[edit]

* Francis Gano Benedict. (1915). A Study of Prolonged Fasting. Carnegie Institution of Washington.
* Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne (1900). "Day 28: Of Fasting" . The Sermon on the Mount. Longmans, Green, and Co.
* Joan Jacobs Brumberg. (1988). Fasting Girls: The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa As a Modern Disease. Harvard University Press.
* Caroline Walker Bynum. (1987). Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06329-7
* John Arthur Glaze. (1928). Psychological Effects of Fasting. American Journal of Psychology 40 (2): 236–253.
* A. M. Johnstone. (2007). Fasting – the ultimate diet?. Obesity Reviews 8 (3): 211–222.
* Walter Vandereycken, Ron Van Deth. (2001). From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls: The History of Self-Starvation. Bloomsbury Academic.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fasting.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Fasting.

* "Fasting" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 193–198.
* "Fast" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
* O'Neill, James David (1909). "Fast" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5.

* v
* t
* e

Christianity

* Index
* Outline
* Glossary
* Prophets
* People
* Lists of Christians
* By country

Bible
(Scriptures)|

* Canon
* Old Testament
* New Testament

Foundations|

* Church
* Creed
* Gospel
* New Covenant
* Christian tradition
* Worship

History
(timeline)
(spread)|

| Early
Christianity|

* Jesus
* in Christianity
* Chronology
* Nativity
* Baptism
* Ministry
* Sermon on the Mount
* Parables
* Miracles
* Great Commandment
* Crucifixion
* Resurrection
* Great Commission
* Ascension
* Apostles
* Church Fathers
* Apostolic Fathers

|

Great Church|

* Ante-Nicene period
* Late antiquity
* Constantine
* First seven ecumenical councils
* Nicaea I
* Ephesus
* Chalcedon
* State church of the Roman Empire
* Christian biblical canon

Middle Ages|

* Monasticism
* Papal States
* East–West Schism
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Age of Discovery

Modern era|

* Auto-da-fé
* Protestant Reformation
* Catholic Reformation
* Thirty Years' War
* Enlightenment
* French Revolution
* Relations with Islam
* Influences

Denominations
(list, members)|

| Western|

* Catholic
* Old Catholic
* Independent Catholic (Palmarian)
* Protestant
* Adventist
* Anabaptist
* Anglican
* Baptist
* Charismatic
* Evangelical
* Holiness
* Lutheran
* Methodist
* Pentecostal
* Quakers
* Reformed
* Western Rite Orthodoxy

|

Eastern|

* Eastern Orthodox
* Church
* Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
* Church of the East (Nestorian)
* Eastern Catholic

Restorationist|

* Jehovah's Witnesses
* Latter Day Saint movement
* Iglesia ni Cristo

Theology|

* Ablution
* Angel
* Born again
* Christology
* Divine apathy
* Ecclesiology
* Four marks
* Body of Christ
* One true church
* People of God
* Canon law
* Faith
* Fall of man
* Forbidden fruit
* Garden of Eden
* Final Judgement
* God
* Trinity
* Father
* Son
* Holy Spirit
* Good works
* Heaven
* Hell
* Holy water
* Hygiene
* Kingdom of God
* Liturgy
* Catholic
* Eastern Catholic
* Eastern Orthodox
* Protestant
* Love
* of Christ
* of God
* Mariology
* Theotokos
* Mission
* Monasticism
* Mortification
* Catholic
* Of the flesh
* New Covenant
* Nicene Creed
* Old Covenant
* Views
* Original sin
* Penance
* Prayer
* Repentance
* Sacraments
* Baptism
* Eucharist
* Marriage
* Confirmation
* Penance
* Anointing of the Sick
* Holy orders
* Saints
* Salvation
* Satan
* Sin
* Eternal sin
* Mortal sin
* Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance
* Seven deadly sins
* Venial sin
* Tradition
* Values
* Vice
* Works of mercy
* Worship

Philosophy|

* Natural law
* Ethics
* Science
* Evolution
* Politics
* Social mortgage
* Universal destination of goods
* Views on poverty and wealth
* Option for the poor
* Worldview

Other
features|

| Culture|

* Alcohol
* Architecture
* Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
* Art
* Jesus
* Mary
* Trinity
* God the Father
* Holy Spirit
* Atonement
* Christmas
* Church buildings
* Lists of cathedrals
* Crucifix
* Cupio dissolvi
* Evangelism
* Catechesis
* Catechism
* Catholic priest
* Folk Christianity
* Open-air
* Pastor
* Fallen woman
* Magdalene asylum
* Flag
* Flagellant
* Forgiveness
* Literature
* Marriage
* Catholic
* Music
* Chant
* Choir
* Gospel
* Hymn
* Introit
* Pop
* Psalm
* Requiem
* Mythology
* Pilgrimage
* Popular piety
* Redemptive suffering
* Role in civilization
* Self-flagellation
* Sign of the cross
* Symbolism

|

Movements|

* Crusading movement
* Anarchism
* Charismatic
* Democracy
* Evangelism
* Mission
* Environmentalism
* Existentialism
* Fundamentalism
* Liberation
* Left/Right
* Mysticism
* Pacifism
* Prosperity
* Supremacy
* Terrorism
* Traditionalist Catholicism

Cooperation|

* Christendom
* Ecumenism
* Charta Oecumenica
* World Council of Churches
* World Evangelical Alliance
* Nondenominationalism

Related|

* ... and Islam
* ... and other religions
* ... and violence
* ... as an ethnicity
* Anti-Christian sentiment
* Christian universalism
* Criticism
* Jesus
* Cultural Christians
* Good and evil
* Great Apostasy
* Martyrs
* Miracle
* Nominal Christian
* Persecution
* Religious views on love
* Role of Christianity in civilization
* Christianization
* Cultural Christians
* Spread
* Unlimited atonement
* Views on homosexuality

* Christianity portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Jews and Judaism

* Outline of Judaism
* Index of Jewish history-related articles

History|

* Timeline
* Israelites
* Origins of Judaism
* Ancient Israel and Judah
* Second Temple period
* Synagogal Judaism
* Rabbinic Judaism
* Middle Ages
* Zionism

Population|

* Assimilation
* Atheists
* Buddhists
* Israeli Jews
* Karaites
* Samaritans
* Lists of Jews
* Persecution
* Antisemitism
* Xueta Christianity
* Zionism, race and genetics
* Gentile
* Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites

| Diaspora|

* Ashkenazim
* Afrikaner-Jode
* Chuts
* Galitzianers
* Lita'im
* Oberlander Jews
* Ostjuden
* Udmurt and Tatar Jews
* Unterlander Jews
* Yekkes
* Beta Israel
* Beta Abraham
* Falash Mura
* Desi Jews
* Bene Israel
* Kochinim
* Dönmeh
* Gruzínim
* Italkim
* Neofiti
* Kaifeng Jews
* Karaites
* Constantinopolitan Karaites
* Crimean Karaites
* Kurdish Jews
* Krymchaks
* Lemba
* Maghrebi
* Berber Jews
* Mizrahi
* Afghan Jews
* Alexandrian Jews
* Baghdadi
* Bukharan Jews
* Egyptian Jews
* Mountain Jews
* Palestinian Jews
* Persian Jews
* Urfalim
* Teimanim
* Adeni Jews
* Ḥabbanim
* Hadhrami Jews
* Saada Jews
* Mustaʿravim
* Jewish tribes of Arabia
* Romaniote
* Sephardim
* Eastern Sephardim
* Livornese Jews
* North African Sephardim
* Paradesi
* Meshuchrarim
* Sephardic Bnei Anusim
* Xuetes

|

Languages
(Diasporic)|

* Hebrew
* Modern
* Ashkenazi
* Sephardi
* Mizrahi
* Yemenite
* Tiberian
* Samaritan
* Signed
* Medieval
* Mishnaic
* Biblical
* Babylonian
* Palestinian
* Catalanic
* Judeo-Amazigh
* Judeo-Arabic
* Yahudic
* Judeo-Baghdadi
* Judeo-Moroccan
* Judeo-Tripolitanian
* Judeo-Tunisian
* Judeo-Yemeni
* Judaeo-Aramaic
* Targum
* Barzani
* Betanure
* Hulaulá
* Lishana Deni
* Lishán Didán
* Lishanid Noshan
* Biblical
* Talmudic
* Palestinian
* Galilean
* Judeo-Aragonese
* Jewish English
* Yeshivish
* Yinglish
* Heblish
* Judeo-Gascon
* Judaeo-Greek
* Judeo-Italian
* Judaeo-Piedmontese
* Judeo-Latin
* Judeo-Malay
* Judeo-Malayalam
* Judeo-Marathi
* Judaeo-Occitan
* Judeo-Persian
* Bukhori
* Judeo-Borujerdi
* Judeo-Golpaygani
* Judeo-Hamedani
* Judeo-Shirazi
* Juhuri
* Judaeo-Portuguese
* Judeo-Urdu
* Karaim
* Kayliñña
* Kivruli
* Knaanic
* Koiné Greek
* Krymchak
* Lachoudisch
* Ladino
* Haketia
* Tetuani
* Lotegorisch
* Qwareña
* Shassagh
* Shassi
* Shuadit
* Yiddish
* dialects
* Eastern
* Galitzish
* Litvish
* Poylish
* Klezmer-loshn
* Western
* Judeo-Alsatian
* Lachoudisch
* Scots-Yiddish
* Zarphatic

Philosophy|

* Beliefs
* Mitzvah
* Rabbinic authority
* Chosen people
* Conversion
* Eschatology
* Messiah
* Ethics
* Holiness
* God
* Names of God
* Halakha
* Haskalah
* Kabbalah
* Sefirot
* Land of Israel
* Who is a Jew?

Branches|

* Religious movements
* Orthodox
* Haredi
* Hasidic
* Litvaks
* Modern
* Conservative
* Reform
* Reconstructionist
* Humanistic
* Neo-Hasidism
* Renewal
* Neolog
* relations
* Haymanot
* Hellenistic
* Karaite
* Samaritanism
* Science
* Secularism
* Schisms

Literature|

* Sifrei Kodesh
* Tanakh/Hebrew Bible
* Torah
* Nevi'im
* Ketuvim
* Rabbinic
* Mishnah
* Talmud
* Tosefta
* Midrash
* Kabbalah texts
* Hekhalot literature
* Pardes Rimonim
* Sefer HaBahir
* Sefer HaEtz Chaim
* Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
* Sefer Yetzirah
* Zohar
* Shulchan Aruch
* Siddur
* Hebrew literature

Culture|

* Astrology
* perspectives
* Monen
* Astronomy
* Calendar
* Holidays
* Cuisine
* Kashrut
* Education
* Leadership
* Rabbi
* Rebbe
* Marriage
* Divorce
* Music
* Mythology
* Names
* Politics
* Prayer
* Synagogue
* Hazzan
* Symbolism

Studies|

* Center for Jewish History
* American Jewish Historical Society
* American Sephardi Federation
* Leo Baeck Institute New York
* Yeshiva University Museum
* YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
* Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
* Encyclopaedia Judaica
* Genetics
* Jew (word)
* Jewish Encyclopedia
* Jewish Virtual Library
* National Library of Israel
* YIVO Encyclopedia
* United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
* Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
* Holocaust Encyclopedia
* Relations with other religions
* Christian
* Anabaptism
* Catholicism
* Mormonism
* Protestantism
* Jews and Christmas
* Jews and Halloween
* non-Christian
* Buddhism
* Islam
* Hinduism

Italics indicate extinct languages

* Category
* Judaism portal

* v
* t
* e

Islam topics

Outline of Islam

| Beliefs|

* God in Islam
* Allah
* Tawhid
* Muhammad
* In Islam
* Prophets of Islam
* Angels
* Revelation
* Qadar
* Judgement Day
* Holiest sites

|

Five Pillars|

* Shahada
* Salah
* Sawm
* Zakat
* Hajj

* History
* Leaders

* Timeline of the history of Islam
* Succession to Muhammad
* Early conquests
* Golden Age
* Historiography
* Sahaba
* Ahl al-Bayt
* Shi'a Imams
* Caliphates
* Rashidun
* Umayyad
* Abbasid
* Córdoba
* Fatimid
* Almohad
* Sokoto
* Ottoman

Religious texts|

* Quran
* Hadith
* Tafsir
* Seerah
* Story of Prophets

Denominations|

* Sunni
* Ash'arism
* Atharism
* Maturidism
* Mu'tazili
* Salafi
* Wahhabism
* Sufi
* Shia
* Twelver Shi'ism
* Isma'ilism
* Alawites
* Alevism
* Bektashi Alevism
* Zaydism
* Muhakkima/Khawarij
* Azariqa
* Moderate Kharijites
* Ibadi
* Azzabas
* Nukkari
* Wahbi
* Sufri
* Najdat
* Nation of Islam
* Ahmadiyya
* Lahori
* Quranism
* Non-denominational

* Life
* Culture

* Animals
* Art
* Association football
* Calendar
* Children
* Clothing
* Flags
* Holidays
* Mosques
* Madrasas
* Moral teachings
* Music
* Peace
* Pacifism
* Philosophy
* Political aspects
* Democracy
* Petro-Islam
* Liberalism and progressivism
* Qurbani
* Science
* Social welfare
* Women
* LGBT
* Islam by country

* Law
* Jurisprudence

| Economics|

* Banking
* Economic history
* Sukuk
* Takaful
* Murabaha
* Riba

|

Hygiene|

* Ghusl
* Miswak
* Najis
* Tayammum
* Toilet
* Wudu

* Family
* Marriage
* Sex

* Haya
* Marriage contract
* Mahr
* Mahram
* Nikah
* Nikah mut'ah
* Zina

Other aspects|

* Baligh
* Cleanliness
* Criminal
* Violence
* Domestic violence
* Islamic extremism
* Islamic terrorism
* Apostasy
* Blasphemy
* Death penalty
* Dhabiĥa
* Dhimmi
* Divorce
* Diet
* Ethics
* Etiquette
* Gambling
* Gender segregation
* Honorifics
* Hudud
* Inheritance
* Jizya
* Leadership
* Ma malakat aymanukum
* Military
* POWs
* Slavery
* Sources of law
* Theological
* Kalam
* Schools of islamic jurisprudence

Islamic studies

| Arts|

* Arabesque
* Architecture
* Calligraphy
* Carpets
* Gardens
* Geometric patterns
* Music
* Pottery

|

Medieval science|

* Alchemy and chemistry
* Astronomy
* Cosmology
* Geography and cartography
* Mathematics
* Medicine
* Ophthalmology
* Physics

Philosophy|

* Early
* Contemporary
* Eschatology
* Theological

Other areas|

* Astrology
* Creationism (evolution)
* Feminism
* Inventions
* Literature
* poetry
* Psychology
* Shu'ubiyya
* Conversion to mosques

Other

| Other religions|

* Christianity
* Catholicism
* Mormonism
* Protestantism
* Druzism
* Hinduism
* Jainism
* Judaism
* Sikhism

|

Apostasy|

* Apostasy in Islam by country
* Ex-Muslims
* List of former Muslims
* List of ex-Muslim organisations

Related topics|

* Criticism of Islam
* Muhammad
* Quran
* Cultural Muslim
* Islamism
* Criticism
* Post-Islamism
* Qutbism
* Islamophobia
* Islamic view of miracles
* Nursing
* Persecution of Muslims
* Minority Muslim
* Sectarian
* Quran and miracles
* Symbolism

* Islam portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Topics in Buddhism

* Outline
* Glossary
* Index

Foundations|

* Four Noble Truths
* Three Jewels
* Buddha
* Dharma
* Sangha
* Noble Eightfold Path
* Nirvana
* Middle Way

The Buddha|

* Tathāgata
* Birthday
* Four sights
* Eight Great Events
* Great Renunciation
* Physical characteristics
* Life of Buddha in art
* Footprint
* Relics
* Iconography in Laos and Thailand
* Films
* Miracles
* Family
* Suddhodāna (father)
* Māyā (mother)
* Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)
* Yaśodharā (wife)
* Rāhula (son)
* Ānanda (cousin)
* Devadatta (cousin)
* Bodhi tree
* Places where the Buddha stayed
* Buddha in world religions

Bodhisattvas|

* Avalokiteśvara
* Guanyin
* Mañjuśrī
* Mahāsthāmaprāpta
* Ākāśagarbha
* Kṣitigarbha
* Samantabhadra
* Vajrapāṇi
* Skanda
* Tārā
* Metteyya/Maitreya

Disciples|

* Kaundinya
* Assaji
* Sāriputta
* Mahamoggallāna
* Ānanda
* Mahākassapa
* Aṅgulimāla
* Anuruddha
* Mahākaccana
* Nanda
* Subhūti
* Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
* Upāli
* Mahapajapati Gotamī
* Khema
* Uppalavanna
* Asita
* Channa
* Yasa

Key concepts|

* Avidyā (Ignorance)
* Bardo
* Bodhicitta
* Buddha-nature
* Dhamma theory
* Dharma
* Enlightenment
* Five hindrances
* Indriya
* Karma
* Kleshas
* Mental factors
* Mindstream
* Parinirvana
* Pratītyasamutpāda
* Rebirth
* Saṃsāra
* Saṅkhāra
* Skandha
* Śūnyatā
* Taṇhā (Craving)
* Tathātā
* Ten Fetters
* Three marks of existence
* Anicca
* Dukkha
* Anattā
* Two truths doctrine

Cosmology|

* Ten spiritual realms
* Six Paths
* Deva realm
* Human realm
* Asura realm
* Hungry Ghost realm
* Animal realm
* Naraka
* Three planes of existence

Branches|

* Mahayana
* Zen
* Chinese Chan
* Japanese Zen
* Korean Seon
* Vietnamese Thiền
* Pure Land
* Tiantai
* Huayan
* Risshū
* Nichiren
* Madhyamaka
* Yogachara
* Vajrayana
* Tibetan Buddhism
* Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
* Shingon
* Dzogchen
* Theravada
* Southern Esoteric Buddhism
* Navayana
* Early Buddhist schools
* Pre-sectarian Buddhism
* Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
* Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism

Practices|

* Bhavana
* Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
* Brahmavihara
* Mettā
* Karuṇā
* Mudita
* Upekkha
* Buddhābhiṣeka
* Dāna
* Devotion
* Deity yoga
* Dhyāna
* Faith
* Five Strengths
* Iddhipada
* Meditation
* Mantras
* Kammaṭṭhāna
* Recollection
* Smarana
* Anapanasati
* Samatha-vipassanā (Vipassana movement)
* Shikantaza
* Zazen
* Tukdam
* Koan
* Ganana
* Mandala
* Tonglen
* Tantra
* Tertön
* Terma
* Merit
* Mindfulness
* Mindful Yoga
* Satipatthana
* Nekkhamma
* Nianfo
* Pāramitā
* Paritta
* Puja
* Offerings
* Prostration
* Music
* Refuge
* Sādhu
* Satya
* Sacca
* Seven Factors of Enlightenment
* Sati
* Dhamma vicaya
* Pīti
* Passaddhi
* Śīla
* Five precepts
* Eight precepts
* Bodhisattva vow
* Pratimokṣa
* Threefold Training
* Śīla
* Samadhi
* Prajñā
* Vīrya
* Four Right Exertions
* Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
* Yujia Yankou
* Shuilu Fahui

Nirvana|

* Bodhi
* Bodhisattva
* Buddhahood
* Pratyekabuddhayāna
* Four stages of awakening
* Sotāpanna
* Sakadagami
* Anāgāmi
* Arhat

Monasticism|

* Bhikkhu
* Bhikkhunī
* Śrāmaṇera
* Śrāmaṇerī
* Anagārika
* Ajahn
* Sayadaw
* Zen master
* Rōshi
* Lama
* Rinpoche
* Geshe
* Tulku
* Western tulku
* Kappiya
* Donchee
* Householder
* Upāsaka and Upāsikā
* Achar
* Śrāvaka
* Ten principal disciples
* Shaolin Monastery

Major figures|

* The Buddha
* Nagasena
* Aśvaghoṣa
* Nagarjuna
* Asanga
* Vasubandhu
* Kumārajīva
* Buddhaghosa
* Buddhapālita
* Dignāga
* Bodhidharma
* Zhiyi
* Emperor Wen of Sui
* Songtsen Gampo
* Xuanzang
* Shandao
* Padmasambhava
* Saraha
* Atiśa
* Naropa
* Karmapa
* Hōnen
* Shinran
* Dōgen
* Nichiren
* Shamarpa
* Dalai Lama
* Panchen Lama
* Ajahn Mun
* B. R. Ambedkar
* Ajahn Chah
* Thích Nhất Hạnh

Texts|

* Early Buddhist texts
* Tripiṭaka
* Mahayana sutras
* Pali Canon
* Chinese Buddhist canon
* Tibetan Buddhist canon
* Dhammapada
* Sutra
* Vinaya
* Madhyamakālaṃkāra
* Abhidharmadīpa

Countries|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Cambodia
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Japan
* Korea
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Russia
* Buryatia
* Kalmykia
* Tuva (ru)
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Tibet
* Vietnam
* Africa
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Central Asia
* Uzbekistan
* Middle East
* Iran
* Saudi Arabia
* Western countries
* Argentina
* Australia
* Austria
* Brazil
* Canada
* Costa Rica
* Czech Republic
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Mexico
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Poland
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

History|

* Timeline
* Ashoka
* Kanishka
* Buddhist councils
* History of Buddhism in India
* Decline of Buddhism in India
* Huichang persecution of Buddhism
* Greco-Buddhism
* Gandharan Buddhism
* Texts
* Menander I
* Buddhism and the Roman world
* Buddhism in the West
* Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
* Persecution of Buddhists
* In Afghanistan
* In Vietnam
* Rimé movement
* Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
* Dalit Buddhist movement
* Chinese invasion of Tibet
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
* Buddhist modernism
* Vipassana movement
* 969 Movement
* Engaged Buddhism
* Women in Buddhism

Philosophy|

* Abhidharma
* Atomism
* Buddhology
* Creator
* Buddhism and democracy
* Economics
* Eight Consciousnesses
* Engaged Buddhism
* Eschatology
* Ethics
* Evolution
* Humanism
* Logic
* Reality
* Secular Buddhism
* Socialism
* The unanswerable questions

Culture|

* Architecture
* Temple
* Vihāra
* Kyaung
* Wat
* Ordination hall
* Stupa
* Pagoda
* Burmese pagoda
* Candi
* Dzong architecture
* List of Buddhist architecture in China
* Japanese Buddhist architecture
* Buddhist temples in Korea
* Thai temple art and architecture
* Tibetan Buddhist architecture
* Art
* Greco-Buddhist
* Budai
* Buddha in art
* Calendar
* Cuisine
* Funeral
* Holidays
* Vesak
* Uposatha
* Māgha Pūjā
* Asalha Puja
* Vassa
* Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
* Kasaya
* Mahabodhi Temple
* Mantra
* Om mani padme hum
* Mudra
* Music
* Pilgrimage
* Lumbini
* Maya Devi Temple
* Bodh Gaya
* Sarnath
* Kushinagar
* Poetry
* Prayer beads
* Hama yumi
* Prayer wheel
* Symbolism
* Dharmachakra
* Flag
* Bhavacakra
* Swastika
* Thangka
* Temple of the Tooth
* Vegetarianism

Miscellaneous|

* Abhijñā
* Amitābha
* Brahmā
* Dharma talk
* Hinayana
* Iddhi
* Kalpa
* Koliya
* Lineage
* Māra
* Siddhi
* Sacred languages
* Pāḷi
* Sanskrit

Comparison|

* Baháʼí Faith
* Christianity
* Influences
* Comparison
* East Asian religions
* Gnosticism
* Hinduism
* Jainism
* Judaism
* Psychology
* Science
* Theosophy
* Violence
* Western philosophy

Lists|

* Bodhisattvas
* Buddhas
* Buddhists
* American
* Korean
* Indian
* Suttas
* Sutras
* Temples
* Festivals

* Category
* Buddhism portal

* v
* t
* e

Fad diets

Food-specific diets|

* Alkaline diet
* Banana and skimmed milk diet
* Cabbage soup diet
* Carnivore diet
* Clean eating
* Cookie diet
* Egg and wine diet
* Food combining
* Beverly Hills Diet
* Hay diet
* Fit for Life
* Fruitarianism
* Gluten-free diet
* Grape diet
* Grapefruit diet
* High-protein diet
* Lamb chop and pineapple diet
* Lectin-free diet
* Macrobiotic diet
* Milk diet
* Monotrophic diet
* Morning banana diet
* Mucusless Diet
* Mushroom diet
* No-Aging Diet
* Paleolithic diet
* Pegan diet
* Potato diet
* Raw foodism
* Raw veganism
* Rhubarb diet
* Superfood
* Uric-acid free diet
* Whole30

Low-carbohydrate / high-fat diets|

* Atkins diet
* Banting diet
* Bulletproof diet
* Calories Don't Count
* Drinking Man's Diet
* Dukan Diet
* Eat and Grow Thin
* Hal Huggins diet
* Hamptons Diet
* Kimkins
* Kordel diet
* Montignac diet
* Salisbury diet
* Scarsdale diet
* Slimming for the Million
* South Beach Diet
* Pioppi Diet
* Protein Power
* Rosedale diet
* Stillman diet
* Strong Medicine
* Sugar Busters!
* The 4-Hour Body
* The Cruise Control Diet
* Wahls Protocol Diet
* Wheat Belly diet
* Zone diet

High-carbohydrate / low-fat diets|

* Engine 2 Diet
* F-plan
* McDougall diet
* Ornish diet
* Nutritarian diet
* Pritikin diet
* Rice diet
* The Good Carbohydrate Revolution
* The Thrive Diet

Detoxification / fasting|

* 5:2 diet
* Activated charcoal cleanse
* Breatharianism
* Breuss diet
* Celery juice diet
* Chase Dietary Method
* Detox diet
* Dubrow Diet
* Eliminating Diet
* Enzyme-Catalyst Diet
* Fasting mimicking diet
* Fat Flush Plan
* Hippocrates Diet
* Intermittent fasting
* Time-restricted feeding
* Juice fasting
* KE diet
* Master Cleanse
* No Breakfast Plan
* Orthopathy
* Protein-sparing modified fast
* The Fast Way To Health
* The Last Chance Diet
* Wheatgrass diet
* Wigmore diet

Other|

* Blood type diet
* Budwig diet
* Cotton ball diet
* Fletcherism
* Hallelujah Diet
* Hip and Thigh Diet
* Immune Power Diet
* Maker's Diet
* Seed cycling
* Sensa diet
* Swank diet
* Tongue Patch Diet
* The Cambridge Diet
* Very-low-calorie diet
* Werewolf diet

Related|

* List of fad diets
* List of food faddists
* Pseudoscience
* Quackery
* Seed oil misinformation

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Naturopathy

Practices|

* Acupuncture
* Apitherapy
* Aromatherapy
* Balneotherapy
* Barefoot running
* Bates method
* Chelation therapy
* Chromotherapy
* Chiropractic
* Colon cleansing
* Ear candling
* Fasting
* Grape therapy
* Halotherapy
* Hydrotherapy
* Naturism
* Herbalism
* Homeopathy
* Iridology
* Mud bathing
* Nature therapy
* Oil pulling
* Ozone therapy
* Reflexology
* Reiki
* Rolfing
* Sungazing
* Urine therapy
* Yoga as therapy

Naturopaths|

* Otto Abramowski
* Bertrand P. Allinson
* Thomas Allinson
* R. F. E. Austin
* J. Ellis Barker
* Fereydoon Batmanghelidj
* Robert Bell
* Harry Benjamin
* Henry G. Bieler
* Friedrich Eduard Bilz
* Carlos Brandt
* Rudolf Breuss
* Haydn Brown
* James Burns
* Stanley Burroughs
* Otto Carque
* Paul Carton
* Thierry Casasnovas
* Eugene Christian
* John Christopher
* Hulda Regehr Clark
* Victor Dane
* Emmet Densmore
* Kurt Donsbach
* George J. Drews
* Anna Fischer-Dückelmann
* Gaston Durville
* Arnold Ehret
* August Engelhardt
* St. Louis Estes
* Emanuel Felke
* Jesse Mercer Gehman
* Theodor Hahn
* Gayelord Hauser
* Adolphus Hohensee
* J. Stenson Hooker
* Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland
* Archibald Hunter
* Adolf Just
* Hans Kalm
* Henry Valentine Knaggs
* Sebastian Kneipp
* Louis Kuhne
* Heinrich Lahmann
* Gordon Latto
* Eric Ledermann
* Elmer Lee
* Henry Lindlahr
* Evarts G. Loomis
* Philip M. Lovell
* Benedict Lust
* Reddie Mallett
* Jacques de Marquette
* Catherine Nimmo
* Ernest Nyssens
* Cyril V. Pink
* Eric F. W. Powell
* Vincenz Priessnitz
* Edward Earle Purinton
* Andrea Rabagliati
* Arnold Rikli
* J. P. Sandlands
* Edgar J. Saxon
* Gustav Schlickeysen
* Johann Schroth
* Ernst Schweninger
* Herbert M. Shelton
* John Henry Tilden
* Russell Thacher Trall
* Frank Newman Turner
* Alfred Vogel
* Ann Wigmore
* Arno Wolle
* Robert O. Young

Beliefs|

* Detoxification
* Germ theory denialism
* Holism
* Leaky gut syndrome
* Mucoid plaque
* Natural hygiene
* Vaccine hesitancy
* Vitalism

Critics|

* Kimball Atwood
* Stephen Barrett
* Barry Beyerstein
* Arthur J. Cramp
* David Gorski
* Martin Gardner
* Morris Fishbein
* Britt Marie Hermes
* Terence Hines
* Carl Malmberg
* Steven Novella
* Wallace Sampson

Related|

* Alternative medicine
* Pseudoscience
* Quackery

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Simple living

Practices|

* Barter
* Cord-cutting
* DIY ethic
* Downshifting
* Dry toilet
* Fasting
* Forest gardening
* Freeganism
* Frugality
* Gift economy
* Intentional community
* Local currency
* Low-impact development
* No frills
* Off-the-grid
* Permaculture
* Regift
* Sattvic diet
* Self-sufficiency
* Slow living
* Slow movement (culture)
* Subsistence agriculture
* Sustainable living
* Sustainable sanitation
* Veganism
* Vegetarianism
* War tax resistance
* WWOOF

Religious and spiritual|

* Amish
* Aparigraha
* Asceticism
* Detachment
* Distributism
* Jesus movement
* Mendicant
* Mindfulness
* Monasticism
* New Monasticism
* Plain dress
* Plain people
* Quakers
* Rastafari
* Temperance
* Testimony of simplicity
* Tolstoyan movement
* Twelve Tribes communities

Secular movements|

* Back-to-the-land
* Car-free
* Environmental
* Hippie
* Open Source Ecology
* Slow
* Small house
* Tiny house
* Transition town

Notable writers|

* Wendell Berry
* Ernest Callenbach
* G. K. Chesterton
* Duane Elgin
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Richard Gregg
* Tom Hodgkinson
* Harlan Hubbard
* Satish Kumar
* Helen Nearing
* Scott Nearing
* Peace Pilgrim
* Nick Rosen
* Dugald Semple
* E. F. Schumacher
* George Skene Keith
* Henry David Thoreau
* Leo Tolstoy
* Valluvar

Modern-day adherents|

* Mark Boyle
* Robin Greenfield
* Ted Kaczynski
* Pentti Linkola
* Jim Merkel
* Peace Pilgrim
* Suelo
* Thomas

Media|

* "Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral"
* Escape from Affluenza
* The Good Life
* The Moon and the Sledgehammer
* Mother Earth News
* The Power of Half
* Small Is Beautiful
* Walden

Related|

* Affluenza
* Agrarianism
* Amateurism
* Anarcho-primitivism
* Anti-consumerism
* Appropriate technology
* Bohemianism
* Consumerism
* Critique of work
* Deep ecology
* Degrowth
* Ecological footprint
* Food miles
* Front Porch Republic
* Green anarchism
* The good life
* Global warming
* Hedonophobia
* Intentional living
* commune
* Rainbow Gathering
* Itinerant
* Low-technology
* Nonviolence
* Peak oil
* Sustainability
* Work–life interface

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Latvia
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template