Faustina the Younger

Roman Empress and wife to Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius

Faustina the Younger

Augusta

Bust, c. 161 AD

Roman empress
Tenure| 7 March 161 – 175
(alongside Lucilla from 164–169)

Born| c. 130
Rome, Italy
Died| 175/76 (aged c. 45)
Halala, Cappadocia
Burial|

Mausoleum of Hadrian

Spouse|

Marcus Aurelius

(m. 145)​

Issue
Among others| Lucilla
Faustina
Fadilla
Cornificia Faustina minor
Commodus
Annius Verus
Sabina
| Names

Annia Galeria Faustina Minor
Regnal name
Annia Galeria Faustina Augusta Minor
Dynasty| Nerva–Antonine
Father| Antoninus Pius
Mother| Faustina the Elder

Annia Galeria Faustina the Younger (c. 130 AD,[1][4] – 175/176 AD)[5] was Roman empress from 161 to her death as the wife of emperor Marcus Aurelius, her maternal cousin. Faustina was the youngest child of emperor Antoninus Pius and empress Faustina the Elder. She was held in high esteem by soldiers and her husband as Augusta and Mater Castrorum ('Mother of the Camp') and was given divine honours after her death.

## Life[edit]

### Early life[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

Marble statue of Faustina the Younger (165 AD) – Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome.

Faustina, named after her mother, was her parents' fourth and youngest child and second daughter; she was also their only child to survive to adulthood. She was born and raised in Rome.

Her second cousin three times removed, Hadrian, had arranged with her father for Faustina to marry Lucius Verus. On 25 February 138, she and Verus were betrothed. Verus' father was Hadrian's first adopted son and his intended heir; however, when Verus' father died, Hadrian chose Faustina's father to be his second adopted son, and eventually, he became Hadrian's successor. Faustina's father ended the engagement between his daughter and Verus and arranged for Faustina's betrothal to her biological maternal cousin, Marcus Aurelius; Aurelius was also adopted by her father.

### Imperial heiress[edit]

Bust of Marcus Aurelius in the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, Turkey

In April or May 145,[6] Faustina and Marcus Aurelius were married, as had been planned since 138. Since Aurelius was, by adoption, Antoninus Pius' son, under Roman law he was marrying his sister; Antoninus would have had to formally release one or the other from his paternal authority (his patria potestas) for the ceremony to take place.[7] Little is specifically known of the ceremony, but it is said to have been "noteworthy".[8] Coins were issued with the heads of the couple, and Antoninus, as Pontifex maximus, would have officiated. Marcus makes no apparent reference to the marriage in his surviving letters, and only sparing references to Faustina.[9] Faustina was given the title of Augusta on 1 December 147 after the birth of her first child, Domitia Faustina.[10]

### Empress[edit]

When Antoninus died on 7 March 161, Marcus and Lucius Verus ascended to the throne and became co-rulers. Faustina then became empress. Following the birth of her first child in 147, Faustina obtained the title of Augusta granted to her by the Senate, before her husband Marcus Aurelius became Augustus himself in 161.[11]

Aureus of Antoninus Pius, struck at the Rome mint, dated c. 147–152. Obv: Bust of Faustina the Younger. Rev: Goddess Concordia standing.

Not much has survived from the Roman sources regarding Faustina's life, but what is available does not give a good report. Cassius Dio and the unreliable Historia Augusta accuse Faustina of ordering deaths by poison and execution; she has also been accused of instigating the revolt of Avidius Cassius against her husband. The Historia Augusta mentions adultery with sailors, gladiators, and men of rank; however, Faustina and Aurelius seem to have been very close and mutually devoted.

Faustina accompanied her husband on various military campaigns and enjoyed the excessive love and reverence of Roman soldiers. Aurelius gave her the title of Mater Castrorum or 'Mother of the Camp'. She attempted to make her home out of an army camp. Between 170 and 175, she was in the north, and in 175, she accompanied Aurelius to the east.

### Revolt of Avidius Cassius and death[edit]

Replica denarius of Marcus Aurelius, struck at the Rome mint, dated 175. Obv: Bust of Faustina the Younger. Rev: Pietas standing.

That same year, 175, Aurelius's general Avidius Cassius was proclaimed Roman emperor after the erroneous news of Marcus's death;[12] the sources indicate Cassius was encouraged by Marcus' wife Faustina, who was concerned about her husband's failing health, believing him to be on the verge of death, and felt the need for Cassius to act as a protector in this event, since her son Commodus, aged 13, was still young.[12][13] She also wanted someone who would act as a counter-weight to the claims of Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, who was in a strong position to take the office of Princeps in the event of Marcus's death.[14] The evidence, including Marcus's own Meditations, supports the idea that Marcus was indeed quite ill,[14] but by the time Marcus recovered, Cassius was already fully acclaimed by the Egyptian legions of II Traiana Fortis and XXII Deiotariana.[citation needed]

"After a dream of empire lasting three months and six days", Cassius was murdered by a centurion;[15] his head was sent to Marcus Aurelius, who refused to see it and ordered it buried.[13] Egypt recognized Marcus as emperor again by 28 July 175.[15]

The facts concerning the death of Faustina are not definite. She died in the winter of 175 at the military camp in Halala (a city in the Taurus Mountains in Cappadocia). The causes of her death are of speculation of scholars and range from death from natural causes, suicide, an accident, or even possibly assassination in retaliation for her alleged affair with Cassius earlier that year, depending on the source.[citation needed]

Aurelius grieved much for his wife and buried her in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. She was deified, with her statue placed in the Temple of Venus in Rome and a temple dedicated to her in her honor. Halala's name was changed to Faustinopolis and Aurelius opened charity schools for orphan girls called Puellae Faustinianae or 'Girls of Faustina'.[16] The Baths of Faustina in Miletus are named after her.

## Marriage and issue[edit]

Sestertius celebrating the birth of Commodus and his twin brother

Marble statue of Faustina's daughter and joint empress Lucilla, Bardo National Museum, Tunisia

Commodus as Hercules, Capitoline Museums

In their thirty years of marriage, Faustina and Marcus Aurelius had at least fourteen children, including two sets of twins. Only six of them survived to adulthood, five daughters and the son Commodus.[17]

Faustina's role as a mother was glorified, and with the birth of her daughter Fadilla, coins were issued portraying her as Juno Lucina.[11]

Their known children were:[17]

* Domitia Faustina (147–151), died in childhood;
* Titus Aelius Antoninus (born and died in 149), twin of Aurelius, died in infancy;
* Titus Aelius Aurelius (born and died in 149), twin of Antoninus, died in infancy;
* Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150–182), married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus, then Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, had issue from both marriages;
* Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born in 151), married Gnaeus Claudius Severus, had a son;
* Tiberius Aelius Antoninus (born in 152, died before 156), died in childhood;
* Unknown child (died before 158), died in childhood;
* Annia Aurelia Fadilla (born in 159), married Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus, had issue;
* Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (born in 160), married Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus, had a son;
* Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161–165), elder twin brother of Commodus, died in childhood;
* Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (Commodus) (161–192), twin brother of Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later emperor, married Bruttia Crispina, no issue;
* Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (162–169), died in childhood;
* Hadrianus, died in infancy;
* Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170 – died before 217), married Lucius Antistius Burrus, no issue.

## Nerva–Antonine family tree[edit]

* v
* t
* e

Nerva–Antonine family tree

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Q. Marcius Barea Soranus| | Q. Marcius Barea Sura| | Antonia Furnilla| | | | | | | M. Cocceius Nerva| | Sergia Plautilla| | | | | | | P. Aelius Hadrianus
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Titus
(r. 79–81)| | Marcia Furnilla| | Marcia| | Trajanus Pater| | | | Nerva
(r. 96–98)| | | | Ulpia[i]| | Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Flavia[ii]| | Marciana[iii]| | C. Salonius Matidius[iv]| | Trajan
(r. 98–117)| | Plotina| | P. Acilius Attianus| | P. Aelius Afer[v]| | Paulina Major[vi]
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Lucius Mindius (2)| | | Libo Rupilius Frugi (3)| | | Salonia Matidia[vii]| | L. Vibius Sabinus (1)[viii]| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Paulina Minor[vi]| | L. Julius Ursus Servianus[ix]
| | | | | | | |
| | Matidia Minor[vii]| | | | | | | | | | Suetonius?[x]| | Sabina[iii]| | Hadrian[v][xi][vi] (r. 117–138)| | Antinous[xii]| | | | | | | | |
| |
| | | | | | | | | Julia Balbilla?[xiii]| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C. Fuscus Salinator I| | Julia Serviana Paulina
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
M. Annius Verus[xiv]| | Rupilia Faustina[xv][xvi]| | | | | | Boionia Procilla| | Cn. Arrius Antoninus| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | L. Ceionius Commodus| | Appia Severa| | C. Fuscus Salinator II
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | L. Caesennius Paetus| | | | | | Arria Antonina| | Arria Fadilla[xvii]| | | T. Aurelius Fulvus| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | L. Caesennius Antoninus| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | L. Commodus| | Plautia| | unknown[xviii]| | C. Avidius Nigrinus
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
M. Annius Verus[xv]| | Calvisia Domitia Lucilla[xix]| | | | Fundania[xx]| | M. Annius Libo[xv]| | Faustina[xvii]| | Antoninus Pius
(r. 138–161)[xvii]| | | | L. Aelius Caesar[xviii]| | | | | | Avidia[xviii]
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cornificia[xv]| | Marcus Aurelius
(r. 161–180)[xxi]| | | Faustina Minor[xxi]| | C. Avidius Cassius[xxii]| | | Aurelia Fadilla[xvii]| | Lucius Verus
(r. 161–169)[xviii] (1)| | | Ceionia Fabia[xviii]| | Plautius Quintillus[xxiii]| | Q. Servilius Pudens| | Ceionia Plautia[xviii]
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cornificia Minor[xxiv]| | M. Petronius Sura| | Commodus
(r. 177–192)[xxi]| | | Fadilla[xxiv]| | | M. Annius Verus Caesar[xxi]| | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus (2)| | Lucilla[xxi]| | | | | M. Plautius Quintillus[xviii]| | Junius Licinius Balbus| | Servilia Ceionia
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Petronius Antoninus| | L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2)| | Aurelia Sabina[xxiv]| | L. Antistius Burrus (1)| | Plautius Quintillus| | Plautia Servilla| | | C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus| | Antonia Gordiana| | Junius Licinius Balbus?
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Furia Sabina Tranquillina| | | Gordian III
(r. 238–244)

* (1) = 1st spouse
* (2) = 2nd spouse
* (3) = 3rd spouse
* Reddish-purple indicates emperor of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty

lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned

grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants

bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties

* dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships
* Small Caps = posthumously deified (Augusti, Augustae, or other)

Notes:

Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.

1. ^ Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
2. ^ Giacosa (1977), p. 8.
3. ^ a b Levick (2014), p. 161.
4. ^ Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.
5. ^ a b Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
6. ^ a b c DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian".
7. ^ a b Giacosa (1977), p. 9.
8. ^ Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.
9. ^ Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus".
10. ^ Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of HA Hadrianus 11:3
11. ^ Smith (1870), "Hadrian", pp. 319–322.
12. ^ Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.
13. ^ Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997), Hadrian, the Restless Emperor, p. 251, cited in Levick (2014), p. 30, who is sceptical of this suggestion.
14. ^ Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.
15. ^ a b c d Levick (2014), p. 163.
16. ^ It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.
17. ^ a b c d Levick (2014), p. 162.
18. ^ a b c d e f g Levick (2014), p. 164.
19. ^ Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
20. ^ Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.
21. ^ a b c d e Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
22. ^ The epitomator of Cassius Dio (72.22) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in HA "Marcus Aurelius" 24.
23. ^ Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.
24. ^ a b c Levick (2014), p. 117.

References:

* DIR contributors (2000). "De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families". Retrieved 2015-04-14.
* Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. ISBN 0-8390-0193-2.
* Lambert, Royston (1984). Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-15708-2.
* Levick, Barbara (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537941-9.
* Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

## References[edit]

### Citations[edit]

1. ^ Levick (2014), p. 170, gives the year of her birth as 130–132.
2. ^ Feriale Duranum 3.7.
3. ^ Inscriptiones Italiae 13(02): 43.
4. ^ The Feriale Duranum records the birthday of Diva Faustina as 20–22 September (between 10 and 12 days before the kalends of October).[2] However, this could be either Faustina II or her mother Faustina I. A Roman inscription records the birthday of Faustinae uxoris Antonini as 16 February (14 days before the kalends of March).[3] The text could refer to either Faustina II, who married Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, or Faustina I, who married Antoninus Pius.
5. ^ Levick 2014, p. 172.
6. ^ Levick 2014, pp. 170.
7. ^ Birley 2000, pp. 90–91.
8. ^ "Antoninus Pius", Historia Augusta, 10.2, qtd. and tr. (Birley 2000, p. 91).
9. ^ Birley 2000, p. 91.
10. ^ Levick 2014, pp. 63, 170.
11. ^ a b Madenholm, Terry (14 December 2021). "Before Barbie: Why Girls Played With Dolls in the Roman Empire". Haaretz.
12. ^ a b Birley 2001, p. 184.
13. ^ a b Smith 1870, p. 441.
14. ^ a b Birley 2001, p. 185.
15. ^ a b Birley 2001, p. 189.
16. ^ "Life of Marcus Aurelius", Historia Augusta, 26.4–9, retrieved 31 March 2014
17. ^ a b Birley, Anthony R. (2012-12-06). Marcus Aurelius: A Biography. Routledge. pp. 103–108, 114, 206–208. ISBN 978-1-134-69569-0.

### Bibliography[edit]

* Beckmann, Martin (2021). Faustina the Younger : coinage, portraits, and public image. New York: American Numismatic Society. ISBN 9780897223669.
* Birley, Anthony R. (2000). Marcus Aurelius: A Biography. Routledge. ISBN 0415171253.
* Birley, Anthony (2001). Marcus Aurelius: A Biography. Roman Imperial Biographies. London and New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library. ISBN 978-0415171250.
* Levick, Barbara (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195379419.
* Minaud, Gérard (2012). "Ch. 8, La vie de Faustine, femme de Marc-Aurèle". Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain – Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 189–210.
* Priwitzer, Stefan (2008). Faustina minor – Ehefrau eines Idealkaisers und Mutter eines Tyrannen quellenkritische Untersuchungen zum dynastischen Potential, zur Darstellung und zu Handlungsspielräumen von Kaiserfrauen im Prinzipat. Tübinger althistorische Studien, 6. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
* Scriptores Historiae Augustae (nominally Julius Capitolinus), Marcus Antoninus xix.1–9, xxvi.4–5, 7–9, xxix.1–3
* Smith, William (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Faustina Minor.

* Texts on Wikisource:
* "Faustina, Annia". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. p. 68.
* "Faustina, Annia Galeria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 213.
* "Faustina II". Livius. 28 July 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
* "Roman Empire: Faustina Junior (II) (Annia Galeria Faustina)". www.forumancientcoins.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007.
* "DIR Marcus Aurelius". Roman Emperors. 30 January 2001. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
* "Huge Roman Bronze Sestertius of Diva Faustina Coin Pebdant". www.johnbmcnamara.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006.
* "Faustina The Younger". The Collaborative Numismatics Project. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017.

* v
* t
* e

Roman and Byzantine empresses

Principate
27 BC – AD 235|

* Livia
* Livia Orestilla
* Lollia Paulina
* Milonia Caesonia
* Messalina
* Agrippina the Younger
* Claudia Octavia
* Poppaea Sabina
* Statilia Messalina
* Galeria Fundana
* Domitia Longina
* Pompeia Plotina
* Vibia Sabina
* Faustina the Elder
* Faustina the Younger
* Lucilla
* Bruttia Crispina
* Flavia Titiana
* Manlia Scantilla
* Julia Domna (w. Fulvia Plautilla)
* Julia Cornelia Paula
* Aquilia Severa
* Annia Faustina
* Sallustia Orbiana

Crisis
235–285|

* Caecilia Paulina (?)
* Tranquillina
* Marcia Otacilia Severa
* Herennia Etruscilla
* Cornelia Supera
* Cornelia Salonina
* Ulpia Severina
* Magnia Urbica

Dominate
284–610|

* Prisca
* Eutropia
* Galeria Valeria
* Flavia Maximiana Theodora
* Minervina (?)
* Fausta
* Valeria Maximilla
* Flavia Julia Constantia
* Eusebia
* Faustina
* Helena
* Charito
* Marina Severa
* Justina
* Domnica
* Constantia
* Laeta
* Aelia Flaccilla
* Galla

| Western Empire
395–480|

* Maria
* Thermantia
* Galla Placidia
* Licinia Eudoxia
* Marcia Euphemia
* Placidia
* Julius Nepos's wife

|

Eastern Empire
395–610|

* Aelia Eudoxia
* Aelia Eudocia
* Pulcheria
* Verina
* Ariadne
* Zenonis
* Euphemia
* Theodora
* Sophia
* Ino Anastasia
* Constantina
* Leontia

Eastern/
Byzantine Empire
610–1453|

* Fabia Eudokia
* Martina
* Gregoria
* Fausta
* Anastasia
* Eudokia
* Theodora of Khazaria
* Maria
* Tzitzak
* Maria
* Eudokia
* Anna
* Irene of Athens
* Maria of Amnia
* Theodote
* Theophano of Athens
* Prokopia
* Theodosia
* Thekla
* Euphrosyne
* Theodora
* Eudokia Dekapolitissa
* Eudokia Ingerina
* Theophano Martinakia
* Zoe Zaoutzaina
* Eudokia Baïana
* Zoe Karbonopsina
* Helena Lekapene
* Theodora
* Theophano
* Theodora
* Helena
* Zoë
* Theodora
* Catherine of Bulgaria
* Eudokia Makrembolitissa
* Maria of Alania
* Irene Doukaina
* Irene of Hungary (w. Dobrodeia of Kiev)
* Bertha of Sulzbach
* Maria of Antioch
* Agnes of France
* Margaret of Hungary
* Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
* Eudokia Angelina
* Anna Komnene Angelina
* Philippa of Armenia
* Maria of Courtenay
* Irene Laskarina
* Anna of Hohenstaufen
* Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
* Theodora Palaiologina (w. Anna of Hungary)
* Irene of Montferrat
* Rita of Armenia
* Irene of Brunswick
* Anna of Savoy
* Helena Kantakouzene
* Irene Asanina (w. Irene Palaiologina)
* Keratsa of Bulgaria
* Irene Gattilusio
* Helena Dragaš (w. Anna of Moscow)
* Sophia of Montferrat
* Maria of Trebizond

See also|

* Roman emperor
* list
* Byzantine emperor
* Augustae

Italics indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and bold incidates an empress regnant.

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST
* VIAF
* 2

National|

* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Vatican

Artists|

* ULAN

People|

* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* IdRef

*[c.]: circa
*[m.]: married
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[r.]: reigned