Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Emperor from 1556 to 1564

Not to be confused with Ferdinand I of Austria.

"Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria" redirects here. For the later ruler, see Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria.

Ferdinand I

Imperator Romanorum

Portrait by Hans Bocksberger der Ältere

Holy Roman Emperor
Reign| 27 August 1556 – 25 July 1564
Proclamation| 14 March 1558, Frankfurt
Predecessor| Charles V
Successor| Maximilian II
King of the Romans
King in Germany
Reign| 5 January 1531 – 25 July 1564
Predecessor| Charles V
Successor| Maximilian II
King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia[a]
Reign| 1526 – 25 July 1564
Coronation| 3 November 1527 (Hungary)
24 February 1527 (Bohemia)
Predecessor| Louis II
Successor| Maximilian II
Archduke of Austria[b]
Reign| 21 April 1521 – 25 July 1564
Predecessor| Charles I
Successor| Maximilian II (Austria proper)
Charles II (Inner Austria)
Ferdinand II (Further Austria)

Born| 10 March 1503
Alcalá de Henares, Crown of Castile
Died| 25 July 1564(1564-07-25) (aged 61)
Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Burial|

Prague, St. Vitus Cathedral, Czech Republic

Spouse|

Anne of Bohemia and Hungary

(m. 1521; died 1547)​

Issue
see detail...|

* Elisabeth, Queen of Poland
* Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
* Anna, Duchess of Bavaria
* Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria
* Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
* Archduchess Magdalena
* Catherine, Queen of Poland
* Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua
* Archduchess Margaret
* Archduke John
* Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara
* Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria
* Archduchess Ursula
* Archduchess Helena
* Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

House| Habsburg
Father| Philip the Handsome
Mother| Joanna of Castile
Religion| Catholic Church
Signature|

Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.[1][2] Before his accession as emperor, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the House of Habsburg in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Also, he often served as Charles' representative in the Holy Roman Empire and developed encouraging relationships with German princes. In addition, Ferdinand also developed valuable relationships with the German banking house of Jakob Fugger and the Catalan bank, Banca Palenzuela Levi Kahana.

The key events during his reign were the conflict with the Ottoman Empire, which in the 1520s began a great advance into Central Europe, and the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in several wars of religion. Although not a military leader, Ferdinand was a capable organizer with institutional imagination who focused on building a centralized government for Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia instead of striving for universal monarchy.[3][4] He reintroduced major innovations of his grandfather Maximilian I such as the Hofrat (court council) with a chancellery and a treasury attached to it (this time, the structure would last until the reform of Maria Theresa) and added innovations of his own such as the Raitkammer (collections office) and the Hofkriegsrat, conceived to counter the threat from the Ottoman Empire, while also successfully subduing the most radical of his rebellious Austrian subjects and turning the political class in Bohemia and Hungary into Habsburg partners.[5][6] While he was able to introduce uniform models of administration, the governments of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary remained distinct though.[7][8] His approach to Imperial problems, including governance, human relations and religious matters was generally flexible, moderate and tolerant.[9][10][11] Ferdinand's motto was Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus: "Let justice be done, though the world perish".[12]

## Biography

[edit]

Ferdinand was born in 1503 in Alcalá de Henares, Castile, the second son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile. He shared the same name, birthday (March 10th), culture and customs with his maternal grandfather, Ferdinand II of Aragon and became the latter’s favorite grandchild, their own mothers also had the same name, Juana Enriquez and Joanna of Castile. After the death of his father in 1506, his maternal grandfather, Ferdinand II of Aragon, assumed guardianship of the prince. He was raised in the royal household and received an education in literature, the sciences, and languages. Ferdinand was a good student and grew up to be a patron of the arts and a patron of scholars at his court.[13] The prince did not learn German until he was a young adult.

Music played an important part in his childhood. When he was an infant, his maternal grandmother, Isabella I of Castile, ordered that among the 24 servants attending the newborn, there should be four musicians. In 1505, after Isabella's death, King Ferdinand established for the younger Ferdinand a household with 62 servants and his own music chapel.[14]

In the summer of 1518 Ferdinand was sent to Flanders following his brother Charles's arrival in Castile as newly appointed King Charles I the previous autumn. Ferdinand returned in command of his brother's fleet but en route was blown off-course and spent four days in Kinsale in Ireland before reaching his destination. With the death of his grandfather Maximilian I and the accession of his now 19-year-old brother, Charles V, to the title of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, Ferdinand was entrusted with the government of the Austrian hereditary lands, roughly modern-day Austria and Slovenia. He was Archduke of Austria from 1521 to 1564. Though he supported his brother, Ferdinand also managed to strengthen his own realm. By adopting the German language and culture later in his life, he also grew close to the German territorial princes.

After the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, Ferdinand ruled as king of Bohemia and Hungary (1526–1564).[1][15] Ferdinand also served as his brother's deputy in the Holy Roman Empire during his brother's many absences, and in 1531 was elected King of the Romans, making him Charles's designated heir in the empire. Charles abdicated in 1556 and Ferdinand adopted the title "Emperor elect", with the ratification of the Imperial diet taking place in 1558,[1][16] while the kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula, the Spanish Empire, Naples, Sicily, Milan, the Netherlands and Franche-Comté went to Philip, son of Charles.

## Hungary and the Ottomans

[edit]

See also: Little War in Hungary

Ferdinand as a young boy

According to the terms set at the First Congress of Vienna in 1515, Ferdinand married Anne Jagiellonica, daughter of King Vladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia on 22 July 1515.[17] Both Hungary and Bohemia were elective monarchies,[18] where the parliaments had the sovereign right to decide about the person of the king. Therefore, after the death of his brother-in-law Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, at the Battle of Mohács on 29 August 1526, Ferdinand immediately applied to the parliaments of Hungary and Bohemia to participate as a candidate in the royal elections. On 24 October 1526 the Bohemian Diet, acting under the influence of chancellor Adam of Hradce, elected Ferdinand king of Bohemia under conditions of confirming traditional privileges of the estates and also moving the Habsburg court to Prague. The success was only partial, as the Diet refused to recognise Ferdinand as hereditary lord of the kingdom.

The throne of Hungary became the subject of a dynastic dispute between Ferdinand and John Zápolya, Voivode of Transylvania. They were supported by different factions of the nobility in the Hungarian kingdom. Ferdinand also had the support of his brother, the Emperor Charles V.

On 10 November 1526, John Zápolya was proclaimed king by a Diet at Székesfehérvár, elected in the parliament by the untitled lesser nobility (gentry).

Nicolaus Olahus, secretary of Louis, attached himself to the party of Ferdinand but retained his position with his sister, Queen Dowager Mary. Ferdinand was also elected King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, etc. by the higher aristocracy (the magnates or barons) and the Hungarian Catholic clergy in a rump Diet in Pozsony (Bratislava in Slovak) on 17 December 1526.[19] Accordingly, Ferdinand was crowned as King of Hungary in the Székesfehérvár Basilica on 3 November 1527.

The Croatian nobles unanimously accepted the Pozsony election of Ferdinand I, receiving him as their king in the 1527 election in Cetin, and confirming the succession to him and his heirs.[20] In return for the throne, King Ferdinand promised to respect the historic rights, freedoms, laws and customs of the Croats when they united with the Hungarian kingdom and to defend Croatia from Ottoman invasion.[2]

Brendan Simms notes that the reason Ferdinand was able to gain this sphere of power was Charles V's difficulties in coordinating between the Austrian, Hungarian fronts and his Mediterranean fronts in the face of the Ottoman threat, as well as in his German, Burgundian and Italian theatres of war against German Protestant princes and France. Thus the defense of central Europe was subcontracted to Ferdinand as well as many responsibilities involving the management of the empire. Charles V abdicated as archduke of Austria 1522, and nine years after that he had the German princes elect Ferdinand as King of the Romans, who thus became his designated successor. "This had profound implications for state formation in south-eastern Europe. Ferdinand rescued Bohemia and Silesia from the Hungarian wreckage, making his north-eastern flank more secure. He told the Austrian Landtag, the assembled representatives of the nobility, at Linz in 1530 that 'the Turks cannot be resisted unless the Kingdom of Hungary was in the hands of an Archduke of Austria or another German prince'. After some hesitation, Croatia and the Hungarian rump joined the Habsburgs. In both cases, the link was essentially a contractual one, directly linked to Ferdinand's ability to provide protection against the Turks."[21]

The Austrian lands were in miserable economic and financial conditions, but Ferdinand was forced to introduce the so-called Turk Tax (Türkensteuer) to finance his campaign against the Ottoman threat. In spite of the huge Austrian sacrifices, he was not able to collect enough money to pay for the expenses of the defence costs of Austrian lands. His annual revenues only allowed him to hire 5,000 mercenaries for two months; thus Ferdinand asked for help from his brother, Emperor Charles V, and started to borrow money from rich bankers like the Fugger family.[22]

Ferdinand defeated Zápolya at the Battle of Tarcal in September 1527 and again in the Battle of Szina in March 1528. Zápolya fled the country and applied to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent for support, making Hungary an Ottoman vassal state.

This led to the most dangerous moment of Ferdinand's career, in 1529, when Suleiman took advantage of this Hungarian support for a massive but ultimately unsuccessful assault on Ferdinand's capital: the Siege of Vienna, which sent Ferdinand to refuge in Bohemia. A further Ottoman invasion was repelled in 1532 (see Siege of Güns). In that year Ferdinand made peace with the Ottomans, splitting Hungary into a Habsburg sector in the west (Royal Hungary), and John Zápolya's domain in the east (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), the latter effectively a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.

Together with the formation of the Schmalkaldic League in 1531, this struggle with the Ottomans caused Ferdinand to grant the Nuremberg Religious Peace. As long as he hoped for a favorable response from his humiliating overtures to Suleiman, Ferdinand was not inclined to grant the peace which the Protestants demanded at the Diet of Regensburg which met in April 1532. But as the army of Suleiman drew nearer he yielded and on 23 July 1532 the peace was concluded at Nuremberg where the final deliberations took place. Those who had up to this time joined the Reformation obtained religious liberty until the meeting of a council and in a separate compact all proceedings in matters of religion pending before the imperial chamber court were temporarily paused.[23]

Arms of Ferdinand, Infante of Spain and Archduke of Austria, KG, at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter

In 1538, in the Treaty of Nagyvárad, Ferdinand induced the childless Zápolya to name him as his successor. But in 1540, just before his death, Zápolya had a son, John II Sigismund, who was promptly elected king by the Diet. Ferdinand invaded Hungary, but the regent, Frater George Martinuzzi, Bishop of Várad, called on the Ottomans for protection. Suleiman marched into Hungary (see Siege of Buda (1541)) and not only drove Ferdinand out of central Hungary, he forced Ferdinand to agree to pay tribute for his lands in western Hungary.[24]

John II Sigismund was also supported by the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund I of , his mother's father, but in 1543 Sigismund made a treaty with the Habsburgs and Poland became neutral. Prince Sigismund Augustus married Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria, Ferdinand's daughter.

King Ferdinand I of Hungary (Nádasdy Mausoleum, 1664)

Suleiman had allocated Transylvania and eastern Royal Hungary to John II Sigismund, which became the "Eastern Hungarian Kingdom", reigned over by his mother, Isabella Jagiellon, with Martinuzzi as the real power. But Isabella's hostile intrigues and threats from the Ottomans led Martinuzzi to switch round. In 1549, he agreed to support Ferdinand's claim, and Imperial armies marched into Transylvania. In the Treaty of Weissenburg (1551), Isabella agreed on behalf of John II Sigismund to abdicate as king of Hungary and to hand over the Holy Crown of Hungary and regalia. Thus Royal Hungary and Transylvania went to Ferdinand, who agreed to recognise John II Sigismund as vassal Prince of Transylvania and betrothed one of his daughters to him. Meanwhile, Martinuzzi attempted to keep the Ottomans happy even after they responded by sending troops. Ferdinand's general Castaldo suspected Martinuzzi of treason and with Ferdinand's approval had him killed.

Since Martinuzzi was by this time an archbishop and Cardinal, this was a shocking act, and Pope Julius III excommunicated Castaldo and Ferdinand. Ferdinand sent the Pope a long accusation of treason against Martinuzzi in 87 articles, supported by 116 witnesses. The Pope exonerated Ferdinand and lifted the excommunications in 1555.[25]

The war in Hungary continued. Ferdinand was unable to keep the Ottomans out of Hungary. In 1554, Ferdinand sent Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq to Constantinople to discuss a border treaty with Suleiman, but he could achieve nothing. In 1556 the Diet returned John II Sigismund to the eastern Hungarian throne, where he remained until 1570. De Busbecq returned to Constantinople in 1556, and succeeded on his second try.

The Austrian branch of Habsburg monarchs needed the economic power of Hungary for the Ottoman wars. During the Ottoman wars the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary shrank by around seventy percent. Despite these enormous territorial and demographic losses, the smaller, heavily war-torn Royal Hungary had remained economically more important to the Habsburg rulers than Austria or Kingdom of Bohemia even at the end of the 16th century.[26] Out of all his countries, the depleted Kingdom of Hungary was, at that time, Ferdinand's largest source of revenue.[27]

## Consolidation of power in Bohemia

[edit]

Main article: The Estates Revolt in 1547

Ferdinand in 1531, the year of his election as King of the Romans

When he took control of the Bohemian lands in the 1520s, their religious situation was complex. Its German population was composed of Catholics and Lutherans. Some Czechs were receptive to Lutheranism, but most of them adhered to Utraquist Hussitism, while a minority of them adhered to Roman Catholicism. A significant number of Utraquists favoured an alliance with the Protestants.[28] At first, Ferdinand accepted this situation and he gave considerable freedom to the Bohemian estates. In the 1540s, the situation changed. In Germany, while most Protestant princes had hitherto favored negotiation with the emperor and while many had supported him in his wars, they became increasingly confrontational during this decade. Some of them even went to war against the emperor, and many Bohemian (German or Czech) Protestants or Utraquists sympathized with them.[28]

Ferdinand and his son Maximilian participated in the victorious campaign of Charles V against the German Protestants in 1547. The same year, he also defeated a Protestant revolt in Bohemia, where the estates and a large part of the nobility had denied him support in the German campaign. This allowed him to increase his power in this realm. He centralized his administration, revoked many urban privileges and confiscated properties.[28] Ferdinand also sought to strengthen the position of the Catholic Church in the Bohemian lands, and favoured the installation of the Jesuits there.

## Ferdinand and the Augsburg Peace of 1555

[edit]

In the 1550s, Ferdinand managed to win some key victories on the imperial scene. Unlike his brother, he opposed Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and participated in his defeat.[29] This defeat, along with his German ways, made Ferdinand more popular than the emperor among Protestant princes. This allowed him to play a critical role in the settlement of the religious issue in the empire.

After decades of religious and political unrest in the German states, Charles V ordered a general Diet in Augsburg at which the various states would discuss the religious problem and its solution. Charles himself did not attend, and delegated authority to his brother, Ferdinand, to "act and settle" disputes of territory, religion and local power.[30] At the conference, which opened on 5 February, Ferdinand cajoled, persuaded and threatened the various representatives into agreement on three important principles promulgated on 25 September:

1. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio ("Whose realm, his religion") provided for internal religious unity within a state: the religion of the prince became the religion of the state and all its inhabitants. Those inhabitants who could not conform to the prince's religion were allowed to leave, an innovative idea in the sixteenth century. This principle was discussed at length by the various delegates, who finally reached agreement on the specifics of its wording after examining the problem and the proposed solution from every possible angle.
2. The second principle, called the reservatum ecclesiasticum (ecclesiastical reservation), covered the special status of the ecclesiastical state. If the prelate of an ecclesiastic state changed his religion, the men and women living in that state did not have to do so. Instead, the prelate was expected to resign from his post, although this was not spelled out in the agreement.
3. The third principle, known as Declaratio Ferdinandei (Ferdinand's Declaration), exempted knights and some of the cities from the requirement of religious uniformity, if the reformed religion had been practised there since the mid-1520s, allowing for a few mixed cities and towns where Catholics and Lutherans had lived together. It also protected the authority of the princely families, the knights and some of the cities to determine what religious uniformity meant in their territories. Ferdinand inserted this at the last minute, on his own authority.[31]

### Problems with the Augsburg settlement

[edit]

Armor of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, created when he was still King of the Romans in 1549

After 1555, the Peace of Augsburg became the legitimating legal document governing the co-existence of the Lutheran and Catholic faiths in the German lands of the Holy Roman Empire, and it served to ameliorate many of the tensions between followers of the "Old Faith" (Catholicism) and the followers of Luther, but it had two fundamental flaws. First, Ferdinand had rushed the article on reservatum ecclesiasticum through the debate; it had not undergone the scrutiny and discussion that attended the widespread acceptance and support of cuius regio, eius religio. Consequently, its wording did not cover all, or even most, potential legal scenarios. The Declaratio Ferdinandei was not debated in plenary session at all; using his authority to "act and settle,"[30] Ferdinand had added it at the last minute, responding to lobbying by princely families and knights.[32]

While these specific failings came back to haunt the empire in subsequent decades, perhaps the greatest weakness of the Peace of Augsburg was its failure to take into account the growing diversity of religious expression emerging in the so-called evangelical and reformed traditions. Other confessions had acquired popular, if not legal, legitimacy in the intervening decades and by 1555, the reforms proposed by Luther were no longer the only possibilities of religious expression: Anabaptists, such as the Frisian Menno Simons (1492–1559) and his followers; the followers of John Calvin, who were particularly strong in the southwest and the northwest; and the followers of Huldrych Zwingli were excluded from considerations and protections under the Peace of Augsburg. According to the Augsburg agreement, their religious beliefs remained heretical.[33]

### Charles V's abdication

[edit]

In 1556, amid great pomp, and leaning on the shoulder of one of his favourites (the 24-year-old William the Silent),[34] Charles gave away his lands and his offices. The Spanish Empire, which included Spain, the Habsburg Netherlands, Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Spain's possessions in the Americas, went to his son, Philip. Ferdinand became suo jure monarch in Austria and succeeded Charles as Holy Roman Emperor.[35] This course of events had been guaranteed already on 5 January 1531 when Ferdinand had been elected the King of the Romans and so the legitimate successor of the reigning emperor.

Coat of arms of Ferdinand I as King of the Romans, 1536, Hofburg palace, Vienna

Charles's choices were appropriate. Philip was culturally Spanish: he was born in Valladolid and raised in the Spanish court, his native tongue was Spanish, and he preferred to live in Spain. Ferdinand was familiar with, and to, the other princes of the Holy Roman Empire. Although he too had been born in Spain, he had administered his brother's affairs in the empire since 1531.[33] Some historians maintain Ferdinand had also been touched by the reformed philosophies, and was probably the closest the Holy Roman Empire ever came to a Protestant emperor; he remained nominally a Catholic throughout his life, although reportedly he refused last rites on his deathbed.[36] Other historians maintain he was as Catholic as his brother, but tended to see religion as outside the political sphere.[37]

Charles' abdication had far-reaching consequences in Imperial diplomatic relations with France and the Netherlands, particularly in his allotment of the Spanish kingdom to Philip. In France, the kings and their ministers grew increasingly uneasy about Habsburg encirclement and sought allies against Habsburg hegemony from among the border German territories, and even from some of the Protestant kings. In the Netherlands, Philip's ascension in Spain raised particular problems; for the sake of harmony, order, and prosperity Charles had not blocked the Reformation, and had tolerated a high level of local autonomy. An ardent Catholic and rigidly autocratic prince, Philip pursued an aggressive political, economic and religious policy toward the Dutch, resulting in a Dutch rebellion shortly after he became king. Philip's militant response meant the occupation of much of the upper provinces by troops of, or hired by, Habsburg Spain and the constant ebb and flow of Spanish men and provisions on the so-called Spanish Road from northern Italy, through the Franche-Comté, to and from Flanders.[38]

## Holy Roman Emperor (1556–1564)

[edit]

Posthumous engraving of Ferdinand by Martin Rota, 1575

Charles abdicated as emperor in August 1556 in favor of his brother Ferdinand. Given the settlement of 1521 and the election of 1531, Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and suo jure Archduke of Austria. Due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the Imperial succession until 3 May 1558. The Pope refused to recognize Ferdinand as emperor until 1559, when peace was reached between France and the Habsburgs. During his reign, the Council of Trent came to an end. Ferdinand organized an Imperial election in 1562 in order to secure the succession of his son Maximilian II. Venetian ambassadors to Ferdinand recall in their Relazioni the emperor's pragmatism and his ability to speak multiple languages. Several issues of the Council of Trent were solved after a compromise was personally reached between Emperor Ferdinand and Morone, the papal legate.

### In the Empire

[edit]

An important invention of Ferdinand was the Hofkriegsrat (Aulic War Council), officially established in 1556 to coordinate military affairs in all Habsburg lands (inside and outside the Holy Roman Empire).[39] Together with the Reichshofkanzlei [de] (established in 1559, merging the Imperial and Austrian Chancelleries, thus also dealing with affairs of both Imperial and Habsburg lands) and the Hofkammer [de] (the Finance Chamber, which received imperial taxes from the Reichspfennig meister), it formed the core of the Habsburg government in Vienna. The Reichshofrat was revived to deal with affairs concerning imperial prerogatives. In 1556, an ordinance was issued to ensure Imperial and dynastic affairs were managed separately (by two groups of officials from the same institution) though.[40][41] In his time, the influence of the Estates in these institutions were limited. For each Ländergroup, regiments (or governments) and treasury offices were created.[42]

Unlike Maximilian I and Charles V, Ferdinand I was not a nomadic ruler. In 1533, he moved his residence to Vienna and spent most of his time there. After experiencing the Turkish siege of 1529, Ferdinand worked hard to make Vienna an impregnable fortress.[43] After his 1558 accession, Vienna became the imperial capital.[44]

### Administration of Royal Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia

[edit]

Ferdinand. 16th-century Czech portrait

Since 1542, Charles V and Ferdinand had been able to collect the Common Penny tax, or Türkenhilfe (Turkish aid), designed to protect the empire against the Ottomans or France. But as Hungary, unlike Bohemia, was not part of the empire, the Imperial aid for Hungary depended on political factors. The obligation was only in effect if Vienna or the empire was threatened.[44][45][46][47]

The western part of Hungary over which Ferdinand had dominion became known as Royal Hungary. As the ruler of Austria, Bohemia and Royal Hungary, Ferdinand adopted a policy of centralisation and, in common with other monarchs of the time, the construction of an absolute monarchy. In 1527, soon after ascending the throne, he published a constitution for his hereditary domains (Hofstaatsordnung) and established Austrian-style institutions in Pressburg for Hungary, in Prague for Bohemia, and in Breslau for Silesia.

Ferdinand was able to introduce more uniform governments for his realms and also strengthen his control over finance in Bohemia, which provided him with half of his revenue. The governments basically remained independent of each other though. An Austrian could make a career in Bohemian administration but usually only after naturalization, except for some royal protégés such as Florian Griespeck, while it was virtually unheard of (in contrast with the future) for a Bohemian to gain advancement in the Austrian government.[48] An elected king himself, he gradually nudged the monarchy towards becoming hereditary, which would finally succeed under Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.[49]

Coat of Arms of Ferdinand I of Austria (1503–1564) as King of Hungary and Bohemia

In 1547 the Bohemian Estates rebelled against Ferdinand after he had ordered the Bohemian army to move against the German Protestants. After suppressing the revolt, he retaliated by limiting the privileges of Bohemian cities and inserting a new bureaucracy of royal officials to control urban authorities. Ferdinand was a supporter of the Counter-Reformation and helped lead the Catholic response against what he saw as the heretical tide of Protestantism. For example, in 1551 he invited the Jesuits to Vienna and in 1556 to Prague. Finally, in 1561 Ferdinand revived the Archdiocese of Prague, which had been previously liquidated due to the success of the Protestants.

After the Ottoman invasion of Hungary the traditional Hungarian coronation city Székesfehérvár came under Ottoman occupation. Thus, in 1536 the Hungarian Diet decided that a new place for coronation of the king as well as a meeting place for the Diet itself would be set in Pressburg. Ferdinand proposed that the Hungarian and Bohemian diets should convene and hold debates together with the Austrian estates, but all parties refused such an innovation.

In Hungary, the monarchy remained elective until 1627 (with Habsburgs' female inheritance rights being acknowledged in 1723), although the kings that followed Ferdinand would always be Habsburgs.[50]

A rudimentary union between Austria, Hungary and Bohemia was formed though, on the basis of common legal status. Ferdinand had an interest in keeping Bohemia separate from imperial jurisdiction and making the connection between Bohemia and the empire looser (Bohemia did not have to pay taxes to the empire). As he gained the rights of an Imperial prince-elector as king of Bohemia, he was able to give Bohemia (as well as associated territories such as Upper and Lower Lusatia, Silesia and Moravia) the same privileged status as Austria, therefore affirming his superior position in the empire.[51][52]

## Death and succession

[edit]

The graves of Ferdinand I, Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, Maximilian II in the St. Vitus Cathedral at Prague Castle

In December 1562, Ferdinand had Archduke Maximilian, his eldest son elected King of the Romans. This was followed with succession in Bohemia, and in 1563, the crown of Hungary.[53]

Ferdinand died in Vienna in 1564 and is buried in St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. After his death, Maximilian ascended unchallenged.[54]

## Legacy

[edit]

Partition of Habsburg dominions in 1556

Ferdinand's legacy ultimately proved enduring. Though lacking resources, he managed to defend his land against the Ottomans with limited support from his brother, and even secured a part of Hungary that would later provide the basis for the conquest of the whole kingdom by the Habsburgs. In his own possessions, he built a tax system that, though imperfect, would continue to be used by his successors.[55] His handling of the Protestant Reformation proved more flexible and more effective than that of his brother and he played a key part in the settlement of 1555, which started an era of peace in Germany. His statesmanship, overall, was cautious and effective. On the other hand, when he engaged in more audacious endeavours, like his offensives against Buda and Pest, it often ended in failure.

Fichtner remarks that Ferdinand was a mediocre military commander (thus the many difficulties in dealing with the Ottomans in Hungary) but an energetic and very imaginative administrator, who produced a framework for his empire that endured into the eighteenth century. The core included a court council, privy council, central treasury and a body for military affairs, with the written business conducted by a common chancery. In his time and in practice, Bohemia and Hungary resisted cooperating with the structure but the German territories widely imitated it.[56]

Ferdinand was also a patron of the arts. He embellished Vienna and Prague. The University of Vienna was reorganized. He also called Jesuits to the capital city, attracted architects and scholars from Italy and the Low Countries to create an intellectual milieu surrounding the court. He promoted scholarly interest in Oriental languages.[57] The humanists he invited had a major influence on his son Maximilian. He was particularly fond of music and hunting. While not a gifted commander, he was interested in military matters and participated in several campaigns during his reign.

He was the last King of Germany crowned in Aachen.[58]

## Name in other languages

[edit]

German, Czech, Slovenian, Slovak, Serbian, Croatian: Ferdinand I.; Hungarian: I. Ferdinánd; Spanish: Fernando I; Italian: Ferdinando I; Turkish: 1\. Ferdinand; Polish: Ferdynand I.

## Marriage and children

[edit]

On 26 May 1521 in Linz, Austria, Ferdinand married Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (1503–1547), daughter of Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne of Foix-Candale.[17] They had fifteen children, all but two of whom reached adulthood:

Name | Birth | Death | Notes

|
|
|

Elizabeth | 9 July 1526 | 15 June 1545 | Married to the future King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II Augustus
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor | 31 July 1527 | 12 October 1576 | Married to his first cousin Maria of Spain and had issue[59]
Anna | 7 July 1528 | 16/17 October 1590 | Married to Albert V, Duke of Bavaria[59]
Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria[59] | 14 June 1529 | 24 January 1595 | Married to Philippine Welser and then to his niece (daughter of Eleanor) Anne Juliana Gonzaga
Maria | 15 May 1531 | 11 December 1581 | Married to Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg[59]
Magdalena | 14 August 1532 | 10 September 1590 | A nun
Catherine | 15 September 1533  | 28 February 1572 | Married to Duke Francesco III of Mantua[60] and then to King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II Augustus[61]
Eleanor | 2 November 1534 | 5 August 1594 | Married to William I, Duke of Mantua
Margaret | 16 February 1536 | 12 March 1567 | A nun
John | 10 April 1538 | 20 March 1539 | Died in childhood
Barbara | 30 April 1539 | 19 September 1572 | Married to Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara and Modena
Charles II, Archduke of Austria[59] | 3 June 1540 | 10 July 1590 | Father of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Ursula | 24 July 1541 | 30 April 1543 | Died in childhood
Helena | 7 January 1543 | 5 March 1574 | A nun
Joanna | 24 January 1547 | 10 April 1578 | Married to Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany[59]

## Heraldry

[edit]

Heraldry of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

|  |  |  |

|
|
|

Coat of arms as Infante of Spain, Archduke of Austria
(1520–1526) | Coat of arms as King of Hungary & Bohemia
(1526–1564) | Coat of arms as King of the Romans
(1531–1564) | Coat of arms as Holy Roman Emperor
(1558–1564)

## Ancestors

[edit]

Ancestors of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor[64]

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| 4\. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor[62]|

|  |  |
| 9\. Eleanor of Portugal[64]

| 2\. Philip I of Castile|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Charles I, Duke of Burgundy[65]

| 5\. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy[62]|

|  |  |
| 11\. Isabella of Bourbon[65]

| 1\. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. John II of Aragon[66]

| 6\. Ferdinand II of Aragon[63]|

|  |  |
| 13\. Juana Enriquez[66]

| 3\. Joanna I of Castile|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. John II of Castile[67]

| 7\. Isabella I of Castile[63]|

|  |  |
| 15\. Isabella of Portugal[67]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Male-line family tree

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

House of Habsburg[n 1]

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Original line

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert
Count of Habsburg
c. 1188–1239
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf I
of Germany
c. 1218–1291
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert I
of Germany
1255–1308| | | | | | Hartmann
1263–1281| | Rudolf II
Duke of Austria
1270–1290
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf I
of Bohemia
1281–1307| | Frederick
the Fair
c. 1289–1330| | Leopold I
Duke of Austria
1290–1326| | Albert II
Duke of Austria
1298–1358| | Henry
the Friendly
1299–1327| | Otto
Duke of Austria
1301–1339| | John
Parricida
c. 1290–1312/1313
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Albertinian line| | | | | | | | | |   Leopoldian line| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Rudolf IV
Duke of Austria
1339–1365| | Frederick III
1347–1362| | Albert III
Duke of Austria
1349–1395| | | | | | | | | | Leopold III
Duke of Austria
1351–1386| | | | | | Frederick II
Duke of Austria
1327–1344| | Leopold II
Duke of Austria
1328–1344
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Albert IV
Duke of Austria
1377–1404| | William
Duke of Austria
c. 1370–1406| | Leopold IV
Duke of Austria
1371–1411| | Ernest
Duke of Austria
1377–1424| | | | | | Frederick IV
Duke of Austria
1382–1439
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Albert II
of Germany
1397–1439| | | | | | | | | | Frederick III
HRE
1415–1493| | Albert VI
Archduke of Austria
1418–1463| | Sigismund
Archduke of Austria
1427–1496
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Ladislaus
the Posthumous
1440–1457| | | | | | | | | | Maximilian I
HRE
1459–1519
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Philip I
of Castile
1478–1506
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |   Spanish / Iberian line| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Austrian / HRE line
| | | | Charles V
HRE
1500–1558| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand I
HRE
1503–1564| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Philip II
of Spain
1527–1598| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maximilian II
HRE
1527–1576| | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand II
Archduke of Austria
1529–1595| | | | | | Charles II
Archduke of Austria
1540–1590
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Carlos
Prince of Asturias
1545–1568| | Philip III
of Spain
1578–1621| | Rudolf II
HRE
1552–1612| | Ernest
of Austria
1553–1595| | Matthias
HRE
1557–1619| | Maximilian III
Archduke of Austria
1558–1618| | Albert VII
Archduke of Austria
1559–1621| | Wenceslaus
Archduke of Austria
1561–1578| | Andrew
Margrave of Burgau
1558–1600| | Charles
Margrave of Burgau
1560–1618| | Ferdinand II
HRE
1578–1637| | Maximilian Ernest
of Austria
1583–1616| | Leopold V
Archduke of Austria
1586–1632| | Charles
of Austria
1590–1624
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Philip IV
of Spain
1605–1665| | Charles
of Austria
1607–1632| | Ferdinand
of Austria
1609–1641| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | John-Charles
of Austria
1605–1619| | Ferdinand III
HRE
1608–1657| | Leopold Wilhelm
of Austria
1614–1662| | Ferdinand Charles
Archduke of Austria
1628–1662| | Sigismund Francis
Archduke of Austria
1630–1665
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balthasar Charles
Prince of Asturias
1629–1646| | Charles II
of Spain
1661–1700| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand IV
King of the Romans
1633–1654| | Leopold I
HRE
1640–1705| | Charles Joseph
of Austria
1649–1664
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Joseph I
HRE
1678–1711| | Charles VI
HRE
1685–1740
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Lorraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maria Theresa
HRE
1740–1780| | Francis I
HRE
1745–1765

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   Habsburg-Lorraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Joseph II
HRE
1765–1790| | Leopold II
HRE
1790–1792
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Francis II
HRE
1792–1806
Notes:

1. ^ "Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.

## Coinage

[edit]

The Renaissance coin

Ferdinand I has been the main motif for many collector coins and medals. The most recent one is the Austrian silver 20-euro Renaissance coin issued on 12 June 2002. A portrait of Ferdinand I is shown on the reverse of the coin, while on the obverse a view of the Swiss Gate of the Hofburg Palace can be seen.

## See also

[edit]

* Parade armor of Ferdinand I
* Kings of Germany family tree
* First Congress of Vienna in 1515
* Battle of Mohács in 1526
* Louis II of Hungary
* John Zápolya, disputed king of Hungary 1526–40
* Ivan Karlović, Banus of Croatia 1521–24 and 1527–31
* Petar Keglević, Banus of Croatia 1537–42
* Pavle Bakic, last Despot of Serbia to be recognised by Ferdinand I and Holy Roman Empire in 1537
* Jovan Nenad, self-proclaimed Emperor of Vojvodina
* Balthasar Hubmaier, Anabaptist theologian, executed by burning

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Hungary & Croatia contested by John I (1526–40) and John II Sigismund (1540–51, 1556–64)
2. ^ In the name of Emperor Charles V until 1556

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Ferdinand I | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
2. ^ a b Milan Kruhek: Cetin, grad izbornog sabora Kraljevine Hrvatske 1527, Karlovačka Županija, 1997, Karslovac
3. ^ Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (15 April 2019). A History of the Czech Lands. Charles University in Prague, Karolinum Press. p. 214\. ISBN 978-80-246-2227-9. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
4. ^ Fichtner, Paula Sutter (2017). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848: Attributes of Empire. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 18\. ISBN 978-1-137-10642-1. Retrieved 13 December 2021.[permanent dead link]
5. ^ Berenger, Jean; Simpson, C. A. (2014). A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700. Routledge. p. 263\. ISBN 978-1-317-89569-5. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
6. ^ Fichtner 2017, pp. 18, 19.
7. ^ Evans, R. J. W. (2006). Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Central Europe c. 1683–1867. OUP Oxford. p. 82\. ISBN 978-0-19-928144-2. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
8. ^ Fichtner 2017, p. 19.
9. ^ Thomas, Alfred (2007). A Blessed Shore: England and Bohemia from Chaucer to Shakespeare. Cornell University Press. p. 171\. ISBN 978-0-8014-4568-2. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
10. ^ Fichtner, Paula S. (1982). Ferdinand I of Austria: The Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of the Reformation. East European Monographs. p. 4\. ISBN 978-0-914710-95-0. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
11. ^ Ingrao, Charles W. (1994). State and Society in Early Modern Austria. Purdue University Press. p. 31\. ISBN 978-1-55753-047-9. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
12. ^ Stone, Jon R. (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations: The Illiterati's Guide to Latin Maxims, Mottoes, Proverbs and Sayings (in Latin). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0415969093.
13. ^ Potter 2014, p. 331.
14. ^ Ros-Fábregas, E. (2008). “Melodies for Private Devotion at the Court of Queen Isabel”. In B. Weissberger (Ed.), Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power, Patronage, Persona (p. 95). Boydell & Brewer.
15. ^ Ferdinand I, Holy Roman emperor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001.
16. ^ "Rapport établi par M. Alet Valero" (PDF). Centre National de Documentation Pédagogique. 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2008.[dead link]
17. ^ a b Rasmussen 2018, p. 65.
18. ^ Martyn Rady (2014). The Emperor Charles V. Routledge. p. 47\. ISBN 978-1317880820.
19. ^ Robert A. Kann (1980). A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918. University of California Press. p. 611\. ISBN 978-0520042063.
20. ^ R. W. Seton-Watson (1911). The southern Slav question and the Habsburg Monarchy. p. 18.
21. ^ Simms, Brendan (30 April 2013). Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, from 1453 to the Present. Basic Books. p. 1737\. ISBN 978-0-465-06595-0. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
22. ^ Berenger, Jean; Simpson, C.A. (2014). A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700. Routledge. p. 160\. ISBN 978-1317895701.
23. ^ article on the Nuremberg Religious Peace, p. 351 of the 1899 Lutheran Cyclopedia
24. ^ Imber, Colin (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 53\. ISBN 978-0333613863.
25. ^ George Martinuzzi entry in the Catholic Encyclopedia
26. ^ Evans, Robert & Wilson, Peter (2012). The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806: A European Perspective Volume 1 van Brill's Companions to European History. Brill. p. 263\. ISBN 978-9004206830.
27. ^ Dr. István Kenyeres: The Financial Administrative Reforms and Revenues of Ferdinand I in Hungary, English summary at p- 92 Link1: [1] Link2: [2]
28. ^ a b c Between Lipany and White Mountain, Palmitessa
29. ^ Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Whaley
30. ^ a b Holborn, p. 241.
31. ^ For a general discussion of the impact of the Reformation on the Holy Roman Empire, see Holborn, chapters 6–9 (pp. 123–248).
32. ^ Holborn, pp. 244–245.
33. ^ a b Holborn, pp. 243–246.
34. ^ Lisa Jardine, The Awful End of William the Silent: The First Assassination of a Head of State with A Handgun, London, HarperCollins, 2005, ISBN 0007192576, Chapter 1; Richard Bruce Wernham, The New Cambridge Modern History: The Counter Reformation and Price Revolution 1559–1610, (vol. 3), 1979, pp. 338–345.
35. ^ Holborn, pp. 249–250; Wernham, pp. 338–345.
36. ^ See Parker Emperor: A new life of Charles V, 2019, pp. 20–50.
37. ^ Holborn, pp. 250–251.
38. ^ Parker, p. 35.
39. ^ Mugnai, Bruno; Flaherty, Chris (2016). Der lange Türkenkrieg, the long turkish war (1593–1606), vol. 2. Soldiershop Publishing. p. 36\. ISBN 978-88-9327-162-2. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
40. ^ Munck, Bert De; Romano, Antonella (2019). Knowledge and the Early Modern City: A History of Entanglements. Routledge. p. 361\. ISBN 978-0-429-80843-2. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
41. ^ Wilson, Peter H. (2016). The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History. Penguin Books Limited. p. 214\. ISBN 978-0-14-195691-6. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
42. ^ Cassese, Sabino; Bogdandy, Armin von; Huber, Peter (2017). The Max Planck Handbooks in European Public Law: Volume I: The Administrative State. Oxford University Press. p. 128\. ISBN 978-0-19-103982-9. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
43. ^ Duindam, Jeroen; Duindam, Jeroen Frans Jozef; Duindam, Professor Jeroen; Roper, Lecturer in History Royal Holloway and Bedford New College Lyndal (2003). Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe's Dynastic Rivals, 1550–1780. Cambridge University Press. p. 145\. ISBN 978-0-521-82262-6. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
44. ^ a b Ágoston, Gábor (2021). The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe. Princeton University Press. p. 312\. ISBN 978-0-691-20538-0. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
45. ^ Zmora, Hillay (2002). Monarchy, Aristocracy and State in Europe 1300–1800. Routledge. p. 50\. ISBN 978-1-134-74798-6. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
46. ^ Ninness, Richard J. (2020). German Imperial Knights: Noble Misfits between Princely Authority and the Crown, 1479–1648. Routledge. p. 106\. ISBN 978-1-000-28502-4. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
47. ^ Tracy, James D. (2016). Balkan Wars: Habsburg Croatia, Ottoman Bosnia, and Venetian Dalmatia, 1499–1617. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 163\. ISBN 978-1-4422-1360-9. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
48. ^ Evans 2006, p. 82.
49. ^ Fichtner, Paula Sutter (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria. Scarecrow Press. p. 98\. ISBN 978-0-8108-6310-1. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
50. ^ Szente, Zoltán (2021). Constitutional Law in Hungary. Kluwer Law International B.V. p. 20\. ISBN 978-94-035-3304-9. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
51. ^ Whaley, Joachim (2011). Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648. OUP Oxford. p. 370\. ISBN 978-0-19-154752-2. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
52. ^ Evans, Robert; Wilson, Peter (2012). The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806: A European Perspective. Brill. p. 126\. ISBN 978-90-04-20683-0. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
53. ^ Potter, Philip J. (10 January 2014). Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-9103-2. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
54. ^ Potter 2014, p. 340.
55. ^ History of the Habsburg empire, Jean Bérenger
56. ^ Fichtner 2009, p. 98.
57. ^ Munck & Romano 2019, p. 361.
58. ^ Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (1 June 2019). The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 232\. ISBN 978-1-4408-4856-8. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
59. ^ a b c d e f Ward, Prothero & Leathes 1934, p. table 32.
60. ^ Hickson 2016, p. 101.
61. ^ Davies 1982, p. 137.
62. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 112 – via Wikisource.
63. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Joanna" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
64. ^ a b Holland, Arthur William (1911). "Maximilian I. (emperor)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
65. ^ a b Poupardin, René (1911). "Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
66. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
67. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Isabella of Castile" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

## Sources

[edit]

* Davies, Norman (1982). God's Playground: A History of Poland. Columbia University Press.
* Hickson, Sally Anne (2016). Women, Art and Architectural Patronage in Renaissance Mantua: Matrons, Mystics, and Monasteries. Routledge.
* Rasmussen, Mikael Bogh (2018). "Vienna, a Habsburg capital redocorated in classical style: the entry of Maximilian II as King of the Romans in 1563". In Mulryne, J.R.; De Jonge, Krista; Martens, Pieter; Morris, R.L.M. (eds.). Architectures of Festival in Early Modern Europe: Fashioning and Re-fashioning Urban and Courtly Space. Routledge.
* Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathes, Stanley, eds. (1934). The Cambridge Modern History. Vol. XIII. Cambridge at the University Press.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Fichtner, Paula S. Ferdinand I of Austria: The Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of the Reformation. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1982, ISBN 0914710958, OCLC 8476035.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.

* A pedigree of the Habsburg

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Ferdinand I.

* Literature by and about Ferdinand I. in the German National Library catalogue
* Works by and about Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)
* Biography of the website of the Residenzen-Kommission
* Entry about Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor in the database Gedächtnis des Landes on the history of the state of Lower Austria (Lower Austria Museum)

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

House of Habsburg

Born: 10 March 1503 Died: 25 July 1564

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Emperor Charles V

|  Archduke of Austria
1521–1564  | Succeeded by

Maximilian II

as Archduke of Austria proper
Succeeded by

Charles II

as Archduke of Inner Austria
Succeeded by

Ferdinand II

as Archduke of Further Austria
King in Germany
1531–1564  | Succeeded by

Emperor Maximilian II

Holy Roman Emperor
1558–1564
Preceded by

Louis II

|  King of Hungary and Croatia
1526–1564
With:  John I and John II Sigismund as contenders
King of Bohemia
1526–1564

* v
* t
* e

Holy Roman emperors

* Charlemagne
* Louis I
* Lothair I
* Louis II
* Charles II
* Charles III
* Guy
* Lambert
* Arnulf
* Louis III
* Berengar
* Otto I
* Otto II
* Otto III
* Henry II
* Conrad II
* Henry III
* Henry IV
* Henry V
* Lothair III
* Frederick I
* Henry VI
* Otto IV
* Frederick II
* Henry VII
* Louis IV
* Charles IV
* Sigismund
* Frederick III
* Maximilian I
* Charles V
* Ferdinand I
* Maximilian II
* Rudolph II
* Matthias
* Ferdinand II
* Ferdinand III
* Leopold I
* Joseph I
* Charles VI
* Charles VII
* Francis I
* Joseph II
* Leopold II
* Francis II

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Bohemia

Přemyslid|

| Legendary|

* Czech
* Krok
* Libuše
* Přemysl the Ploughman
* Valasca
* Nezamysl
* Mnata
* Vojen
* Vnislav
* Křesomysl
* Neklan
* Hostivít

|

c. 870–1198 (Dukes)|

* Bořivoj I
* Spytihněv I
* Vratislaus I
* Saint Wenceslaus
* Boleslaus I
* Boleslaus II
* Boleslaus III
* Vladivoj
* Boleslaus the Brave1
* Jaromír
* Oldřich
* Bretislaus I
* Spytihněv II
* Vratislaus II (I)2
* Conrad I
* Bretislaus II
* Bořivoj II
* Svatopluk the Lion
* Vladislaus I
* Sobeslaus I
* Vladislaus II (I)2
* Frederick
* Sobeslaus II
* Frederick
* Conrad II Otto
* Wenceslaus II
* Ottokar I
* Henry Bretislaus
* Vladislaus III Henry

1198–1306 (Kings)|

* Ottokar I
* Wenceslaus I
* Ottokar II
* Wenceslaus II
* Wenceslaus III

Non-dynastic|

| 1306–1310|

* Henry the Carinthian
* Rudolph I

|

Luxembourg|

| 1310–1437|

* John the Blind
* Charles IV (I)
* Wenceslaus IV
* Sigismund

|

Habsburg|

| 1437–1457|

* Albert
* Interregnum
* Ladislaus the Posthumous

|

Non-dynastic|

| 1457–1471|

* George
* Matthias I3

|

Jagiellonian|

| 1471–1526|

* Vladislaus II
* Louis

|

Habsburg|

| 1526–1780|

* Ferdinand I
* Maximilian
* Rudolph II
* Matthias II
* Ferdinand II
* Frederick4
* Ferdinand III
* Ferdinand IV5
* Leopold I
* Joseph I
* Charles II
* Charles Albert (II)3, 6
* Maria Theresa

|

Habsburg-Lorraine|

| 1780–1918|

* Joseph II
* Leopold II
* Francis II (I)
* Ferdinand V
* Francis Joseph
* Charles I (III)

|

* 1 Duke of Poland from the Piast dynasty
* 2 During his reign obtained non-hereditary royal title
* 3 Antiking
* 4 Elector Palatine from the Wittelsbach dynasty
* 5 Junior king who co-ruled with his predecessor and predeceased him, thus never reigning on his own
* 6 Prince-elector of Bavaria from the Wittelsbach dynasty

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Germany

East Francia during the
Carolingian dynasty (843–911)|

* Louis the German
* Carloman
* Louis the Younger
* Charles the Fat
* Arnulf
* Louis the Child

East Francia (911–919)
Kingdom of Germany (919–962)|

* Conrad I
* Henry I
* Arnulf
* Otto I

Kingdom of Germany within the
Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)|

* Otto I
* Otto II
* Otto III
* Henry II
* Conrad II
* Henry III
* Henry IV
* Rudolf
* Hermann
* Conrad (III)
* Henry V
* Lothair II/III
* Conrad III
* Henry (VI)
* Frederick I
* Henry VI
* Philip
* Otto IV
* Frederick II
* Henry (VII)
* Conrad IV
* Henry (VIII)
* William
* Richard
* Alfonso
* Rudolf I
* Adolf
* Albert I
* Henry VII
* Louis IV
* Frederick (III)
* Charles IV
* Günther
* Wenceslaus
* Rupert
* Jobst
* Sigismund
* Albert II
* Frederick III
* Maximilian I
* Charles V
* Ferdinand I
* Maximilian II
* Rudolf II
* Matthias
* Ferdinand II
* Ferdinand III
* Ferdinand IV
* Leopold I
* Joseph I
* Charles VI
* Charles VII
* Francis I
* Joseph II
* Leopold II
* Francis II

Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)|

* Napoleon I

German Confederation (1815–1848)|

* Francis I
* Ferdinand I

German Empire (1848/1849)|

* Archduke John of Austria (Imperial Regent)

German Confederation (1850–1866)|

* Franz Joseph I

North German Confederation (1867–1871)|

* William I

German Empire (1871–1918)|

* William I
* Frederick III
* William II

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Hungary

Kings of Hungary family tree, List of Hungarian monarchs

House of Árpád|

| Grand Princes|

* Álmos (c. 850–c. 895)
* Árpád (c. 895–c. 907)
* Zoltán (c. 907–c. 947)
* Fajsz (c. 947–c. 955)
* Taksony (c. 955–c. 972)
* Géza (c. 972–997)
* Stephen (997–1000)

|

Kings|

* Stephen I (1000–1038)
* Peter (1038–1041; 1044–1046)
* Samuel (1041–1044)
* Andrew I (1046–1060)
* Béla I (1060–1063)
* Solomon (1063–1074)
* Géza I (1074–1077)
* Ladislaus I (1077–1095)
* Coloman (1095–1116)
* Stephen II (1116–1131)
* Béla II (1131–1141)
* Géza II (1141–1162)
* Stephen III (1162–1172)
* Ladislaus II (1162–1163)
* Stephen IV (1163–1165)
* Béla III (1172–1196)
* Emeric (1196–1204)
* Ladislaus III (1204–1205)
* Andrew II (1205–1235)
* Béla IV (1235–1270)
* Stephen V (1270–1272)
* Ladislaus IV (1272–1290)
* Andrew III (1290–1301)

House of Přemysl|

* Wenceslaus (1301–1305)

House of Wittelsbach|

* Otto (1305–1307)

Capetian House of Anjou|

* Charles I (1308–1342)
* Louis I (1342–1382)
* Maria (1382–1385; 1386–1395)
* Charles II (1385–1386)

House of Luxembourg|

* Sigismund (1387–1437)

House of Habsburg|

* Albert (1437–1439)
* Ladislaus V (1440–1457)

House of Jagiellon|

* Vladislaus I (1440–1444)

House of Hunyadi|

* Matthias I (1458–1490)

House of Jagiellon|

* Vladislaus II (1490–1516)
* Louis II (1516–1526)

House of Zápolya|

* John (1526–1540)
* John Sigismund (1540–1570)

House of Habsburg|

* Ferdinand I (1526–1564)
* Maximilian (1564–1576)
* Rudolph (1576–1608)
* Matthias II (1608–1619)
* Ferdinand II (1619–1637)
* Ferdinand III (1637–1657)
* Ferdinand IV (1647–1654)
* Leopold I (1657–1705)
* Joseph I (1705–1711)
* Charles III (1711–1740)
* Maria Theresa (1740–1780)

House of Habsburg-Lorraine|

* Joseph II (1780–1790)
* Leopold II (1790–1792)
* Francis (1792–1835)
* Ferdinand V (1835–1848)
* Francis Joseph (1848–1916)
* Charles IV (1916–1918)

Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Austria

House of Babenberg|

* Leopold I the Illustrious (976–994)
* Henry I the Strong (994–1018)
* Adalbert the Victorious (1018–1055)
* Ernest the Brave (1055–1075)
* Leopold II the Fair (1075–1095)
* Leopold III the Good (1095–1136)
* Leopold the Generous (1137–1141)
* Henry II Jasomirgott (1141–1177)
* Leopold V the Virtuous (1177–1194)
* Frederick I the Catholic (1195–1198)
* Leopold VI the Glorious (1198–1230)
* Frederick II the Quarrelsome (1230–1246)

Interregnum|

* Vladislaus of Moravia (claimant 1246–1247)
* Herman VI of Baden (claimant 1248–1250)
* Frederick I of Baden (claimant 1250–1268)
* Ottokar II of Bohemia (claimant 1251–1278)

House of Habsburg
Austria|

* Rudolf I (1278–1282)
* Albert I (1282–1308)
* Rudolf II the Debonair (1282–1283)
* Rudolf III the Good (1298–1307)
* Frederick I the Fair (1308–1330)
* Leopold I the Glorious (1308–1326)
* Albert II the Wise (1330–1358)
* Otto I the Merry (1330–1339)
* Frederick II (1339–1344)
* Leopold II (1339–1344)
* Rudolf IV the Founder (1358–1365)
* Leopold III the Just (1365-1379)
* Albert III the Pigtail (1365-1395)
* Albert IV the Patient (1395-1404)
* Albert V (1404–1439)
* Ladislaus I the Posthumous (1440–1457)
* Frederick V the Peaceful (1457–1493)
* Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519)
* Charles I (1519–1521)
* Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
* Maximilian II (1564–1576)
* Rudolf V (1576–1608)
* Matthias (1608–1619)
* Albert VII (1619)
* Ferdinand III (1590, 1619–1637)
* Ferdinand IV (1637–1657)
* Leopold V (1623–1632)
* Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662)
* Sigismund Francis (1662–1665)
* Leopold VI (1657, 1665–1705)
* Joseph I (1705–1711)
* Charles III (1711–1740)
* Maria Theresa (1740–1780)
* Francis I Stephen (1740–1765)
* Joseph II (1765–1790)
* Leopold VII (1790–1792)
* Francis II (1792–1835)
* Ferdinand I (1835–1848)
* Francis Joseph I (1848–1916)
* Charles I (1916–1918)

House of Habsburg
Styria, Carinthia, Carniola|

* Leopold III the Just (1365–1386)
* William the Courteous (1386–1406)
* Leopold IV the Fat (1386–1411)
* Ernest the Iron (1402–1424)
* Frederick V the Peaceful (1424–1493)
* Albert VI the Prodigal (1457–1463)
* Maximilian I the Last Knight (1493–1519)
* Charles I (1519–1521)
* Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
* Charles II (1564–1590)
* Ferdinand III (1590–1637)

House of Habsburg
Tyrol|

* Rudolf IV the Founder (1363–1365)
* Leopold III the Just (1365–1386)
* William the Courteous (1386–1406)
* Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets (1406–1439)
* Sigismund the Rich (1439–1490)
* Maximilian I the Last Knight (1490–1519)
* Charles I (1519–1521)
* Ferdinand I (1521–1564)
* Ferdinand II (1564–1595)
* Matthias (1595–1619)
* Albert VII (1619)
* Ferdinand III (1619–1623)
* Leopold V (1623–1632)
* Ferdinand Charles (1632–1662)
* Sigismund Francis (1662–1665)
* Leopold VI (1665–1705)

* v
* t
* e

Austrian archdukes

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.

1st generation|

* Frederick V
* Albert VI
* Sigismund

2nd generation|

* Maximilian I

3rd generation|

* Philip I of Castile

4th generation|

* Charles I
* Ferdinand I

5th generation|

* Philip II of SpainS
* Maximilian II
* Ferdinand II
* Charles II

6th generation|

* Charles, Prince of AsturiasS
* Ferdinand, Prince of AsturiasS
* Diego, Prince of AsturiasSP
* Philip III of SpainSP
* Rudolf V
* Ernest
* Matthias
* Maximilian III
* Albert VII
* Wenceslaus
* Ferdinand III
* Maximilian Ernest
* Leopold V
* Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw

7th generation|

* Philip IV of SpainSP
* CharlesSP
* FerdinandSP
* AlonsoSP
* Ferdinand IV
* Leopold Wilhelm
* Ferdinand Charles
* Sigismund Francis

8th generation|

* Balthasar Charles, Prince of AsturiasSP
* Philip Prospero, Prince of AsturiasS
* Charles II of SpainS
* Ferdinand IV of Hungary
* Leopold VI
* Charles Joseph

9th generation|

* Joseph I
* Charles III

11th generation|

* Joseph IIT
* Charles JosephT
* Leopold VIIT
* FerdinandT
* Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of CologneT

12th generation|

* Emperor Francis IT
* Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* CharlesT
* Alexander LeopoldT
* JosephT
* Anton VictorT
* JohnT
* Rainer JosephT
* LouisT
* Cardinal RudolfT
* Francis IV, Duke of ModenaM
* Ferdinand Karl JosephM
* MaximilianM
* Karl Ambrosius, Primate of HungaryM

13th generation|

* Emperor Ferdinand I
* Joseph Franz
* Franz Karl
* Leopold II, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* Albrecht
* Karl Ferdinand
* Frederick Ferdinand
* Wilhelm Franz
* Stephen
* Joseph Karl
* Leopold Ludwig
* Ernest
* Sigismund
* Rainer Ferdinand
* Heinrich Anton
* Francis V, Duke of ModenaM
* Ferdinand Karl ViktorM

14th generation|

* Emperor Franz Joseph I
* Maximilian I of Mexico
* Karl Ludwig
* Ludwig Viktor
* Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* Karl SalvatorT
* Ludwig SalvatorT
* John SalvatorT
* Friedrich
* Charles Stephen
* Eugen
* Joseph August
* Ladislaus Philipp

15th generation|

* Crown Prince Rudolf
* Franz Ferdinand
* Otto
* Ferdinand Karl
* Leopold FerdinandT
* Josef FerdinandT
* Peter FerdinandT
* Leopold SalvatorT
* Franz SalvatorT
* Albrecht Franz
* Karl Albrecht
* Leo Karl
* Wilhelm
* Joseph Francis

16th generation|

* Emperor Charles I
* Maximilian

Habsburg
Tuscany|

* GottfriedT
* RainerT
* Leopold MariaT
* AntonT
* Franz JosephT
* Karl PiusT
* Franz Karl SalvatorT
* Hubert SalvatorT

Palatines
of Hungary|

* Géza

17th generation|

| Descent of
Charles I|

* Crown Prince Otto
* Robert
* Felix
* Carl Ludwig
* Rudolf

|

Tuscany|

* DominicT

Palatines|

* Eduard

18th generation|

| Charles|

* Karl
* Georg
* LorenzB
* Simeon

|

19th generation|

| Charles|

* Ferdinand Zvonimir
* AmedeoB

|

* S: also an infante of Spain
* P: also an infante of Portugal
* T: also a prince of Tuscany
* M: also a prince of Modena
* B: also a prince of Belgium

* v
* t
* e

Infantes of Aragon

1st generation|

* Sancho I

2nd generation|

* Peter I
* Alfonso I
* Ramiro II

4th generation|

* Ramon/Alfonso II
* Peter, Count of Cerdanya/Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence
* Sancho, Count of Provence

5th generation|

* Peter II
* Alfonso II, Count of Provence

6th generation|

* James I

7th generation|

* Peter III
* James II of Majorca
* Sancho

8th generation|

* Alfonso III
* James II
* Frederick III of Sicily
* Sancho of Majorca 1
* Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas 1

9th generation|

* Alfonso IV
* Peter II of Sicily 2
* Manfred, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 2
* William II, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 2
* John, Duke of Randazzo 2
* James III of Majorca 1

10th generation|

* Peter IV
* James I, Count of Urgell
* Louis of Sicily 2
* Frederick IV of Sicily 2
* Frederick I, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 2
* James IV of Majorca 1

11th generation|

* John I
* Martin
* Peter II, Count of Urgell

12th generation|

* Martin I of Sicily
* James II, Count of Urgell

13th generation|

* Peter
* Martin

14th generation|

* Alfonso V
* John II
* Henry, Duke of Villena
* Peter, Count of Alburquerque

15th generation|

* Charles, Prince of Viana
* Ferdinand II

16th generation|

* John, Prince of Asturias

17th generation|

* Charles I of Spain
* Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

* 1 also a prince of Majorca
* 2 also a prince of Sicily

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Croatia
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Belgium
* 2

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN
* RKD Artists

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* RISM

*[m.]: married
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*[e]: Edit this template
*[c.]: circa