Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

King of Naples, Sicily and Two Sicilies

Ferdinand I

Portrait by Anton Raphael Mengs, c. 1772–1773

King of the Two Sicilies
Reign| 12 December 1816 – 4 January 1825
Successor| Francis I
King of Naples
1st reign| 6 October 1759 - 23 January 1799
2nd reign| 13 June 1799 – 30 March 1806
3rd reign| 22 May 1815 – 8 December 1816
Predecessor| Charles VII
(1st Reign)
Jacques MacDonald
(Dictator (Parthenopean Republic); 2nd Reign)
Joachim-Napoleon
(3rd Reign)
Successor| Jean Étienne Championnet
(Dictator (Parthenopean Republic); 1st Reign)
Joseph I
(2nd reign)
Himself as King of the Two Sicilies (3rd reign)
King of Sicily
Reign| 6 October 1759 – 12 December 1816
Predecessor| Charles III
Successor| Himself as King of the Two Sicilies

Born| (1751-01-12)12 January 1751
Royal Palace, Naples
Died| 4 January 1825(1825-01-04) (aged 73)
Naples, Two Sicilies
Burial|

Basilica of Santa Chiara, Naples

Spouses|

Maria Carolina of Austria

(m. 1768; died 1814)​

Lucia Migliaccio

(m. 1814)​

Issue
Detail|

* Maria Teresa, Holy Roman Empress
* Luisa Maria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
* Prince Carlo, Duke of Calabria
* Princess Maria Anna
* Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies
* Maria Cristina, Queen of Sardinia
* Prince Gennaro
* Prince Giuseppe
* Maria Amalia, Queen of the French
* Maria Antonia, Princess of Asturias
* Princess Maria Clotilde
* Princess Maria Enrichetta
* Leopold, Prince of Salerno
* Prince Alberto
* Princess Maria Isabella

| Names

Ferdinando Antonio Pasquale Giovanni Nepomuceno Serafino Gennaro Benedetto di Borbone
House| Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Father| Charles III of Spain
Mother| Maria Amalia of Saxony
Religion| Catholic Church
Signature|

Ferdinand I (Italian: Ferdinando I; 12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1816 until his death. Before that he had been, since 1759, King of Naples as Ferdinand IV and King of Sicily as Ferdinand III. He was deposed twice from the throne of Naples: once by the revolutionary Parthenopean Republic for six months in 1799, and again by a French invasion in 1806, before being restored in 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

Ferdinand was born in Naples as the third son of King Charles VII and Queen Maria Amalia. In August 1759, Charles succeeded his half-brother Ferdinand VI of Spain as King Charles III, but treaty provisions made him ineligible to hold all three crowns. On 6 October, he abdicated his Neapolitan and Sicilian titles in favour of his third son, Ferdinand, because his eldest son Philip had been excluded from succession due to intellectual disability and his second son Charles was heir-apparent to the Spanish throne. Ferdinand was the founder of the cadet House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

## Childhood

[edit]

Ferdinand in 1760, at age nine

Ferdinand was born in Naples and grew up amidst many of the monuments erected there by his father which can be seen today; the Palaces of Portici, Caserta and Capodimonte.

Ferdinand was his parents' third son; his elder brother Charles was expected to inherit Naples and Sicily. When his father ascended the Spanish throne in 1759, he abdicated the thrones of Naples and Sicily in Ferdinand's favour in accordance with the treaties forbidding the union of the two crowns. A regency council presided over by the Tuscan Bernardo Tanucci was set up. Tanucci, an able, ambitious man, wishing to keep the government as much as possible in his own hands, purposely neglected the young king's education, and encouraged him in his love of pleasure, his idleness and his excessive devotion to outdoor sports.[1][2]

## Reign

[edit]

Ferdinand's minority/childhood ended in 1767, and his first act was the expulsion of the Jesuits. The following year he married Archduchess Maria Carolina, daughter of Empress Maria Theresa. By the marriage contract, the queen was to have a voice in the council of state after the birth of her first son, and she was not slow to avail herself of this means of political influence.[2]

Tanucci, who attempted to thwart her, was dismissed in 1777. The Englishman Sir John Acton, who in 1779 was appointed director of marine, won Maria Carolina's favour by supporting her scheme to free Naples from Spanish influence, securing rapprochement with the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Great Britain. He became practically and afterward actually prime minister. Although not a mere grasping adventurer, he was largely responsible for reducing the internal administration of the country to a system of espionage, corruption and cruelty.[2]

## French occupation and the Parthenopaean Republic

[edit]

Although peace was made with France in 1796, the demands of the French Directory, whose troops occupied Rome, alarmed Ferdinand once more. At his wife's instigation, he took advantage of Napoleon's absence in the French campaign in Egypt and Syria and of Horatio Nelson's victories to go to war. Ferdinand marched with his army against the French and entered Rome (29 November). On the defeat of some of his columns, Ferdinand hurried back to Naples. On the approach of the French, Ferdinand fled on 23 December 1798 aboard Nelson's ship HMS Vanguard to Palermo, leaving his capital in a state of anarchy.[3][2] The weather was extremely stormy and the king's 6-year-old younger son Prince Alberto died of exhaustion during the voyage, in the arms of Emma, Lady Hamilton, Nelson's mistress.[4]

The French entered the city despite the fierce resistance of the lazzaroni, and with the aid of the nobles and bourgeoisie, established the Parthenopean Republic in January 1799. A few weeks later, when the French troops were recalled to northern Italy, Ferdinand sent a hastily assembled force under Fabrizio Cardinal Ruffo to reconquer the mainland kingdom. Ruffo, with the support of British artillery, the Church, and the pro-Bourbon aristocracy, succeeded in reaching Naples in May 1799, and the Parthenopean Republic collapsed.[2] After some months, King Ferdinand returned to the throne.

The king and the queen were anxious that no mercy should be shown to the rebels, and Maria Carolina (a sister of the executed Marie Antoinette) made use of Lady Hamilton to induce Nelson to carry out her vengeance.[2]

## Third Coalition

[edit]

The king returned to Naples soon afterwards, and ordered the execution of a few hundred French collaborators. This stopped only when the French successes forced him to agree to a treaty which included amnesty for members of the French party. When the War of the Third Coalition broke out between France and the Austrian Empire in 1805, Ferdinand signed a treaty of neutrality with the former. A few days later, Ferdinand allied himself with Austria and allowed an Anglo-Russian force to land at Naples.[2]

Piastra of Ferdinand IV of Naples, dated 1805

The French victory at the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December enabled Napoleon to launch an invasion of the Kingdom of Naples. Ferdinand fled to Palermo on 23 January 1806, followed soon after by his wife and son, and on 14 February 1806 the French again entered Naples. Napoleon declared that the Bourbon dynasty had forfeited the crown, and proclaimed his brother Joseph King of Naples and Sicily. But Ferdinand continued to reign over the latter kingdom (becoming the first King of Sicily in centuries to actually reside there) under British protection.[2]

Parliamentary institutions of a feudal type had long existed on the island, and Lord William Bentinck, the British minister, insisted on a reform of the constitution on English and French lines. The king indeed practically abdicated his power, appointing his son Francis as regent, and the queen, at Bentinck's insistence, was exiled to Austria, where she died in 1814.[2]

## Restoration

[edit]

Portrait of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies by Vincenzo Camuccini, 1818-1819

After the fall of Napoleon, Joachim Murat, who had succeeded Joseph Bonaparte as king of Naples in 1808, was dethroned in the Neapolitan War in 1815, and Ferdinand returned to Naples. By a secret treaty he had bound himself not to advance further in a constitutional direction than Austria should at any time approve; but, though on the whole he acted in accordance with Metternich's policy of preserving the status quo, and maintained with but slight change Murat's laws and administrative system. Ferdinand took advantage of the situation to abolish the Sicilian constitution, in violation of his oath, and to proclaim the union of the two states into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (12 December 1816).[2]

Ferdinand was now completely subservient to Austria, an Austrian, Count Nugent, being even made commander-in-chief of the army. For the next four years, Ferdinand reigned as an absolute monarch within his domain, granting no constitutional reforms.

## 1820 revolution

[edit]

Palermo insurrection of 1820

The suppression of liberal opinion caused an alarming spread of the influence and activity of the secret society of the Carbonari, which in time affected a large part of the army.[2] In July 1820, a military revolt broke out under General Guglielmo Pepe, and Ferdinand was terrorised into signing a constitution on the model of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. On the other hand, a revolt in Sicily, in favour of the recovery of its independence, was suppressed by Neapolitan troops.

The success of the military revolution at Naples seriously alarmed the powers of the Holy Alliance, who feared that it might spread to other Italian states and so lead to a general European conflagration. The Troppau Protocol of 1820 was signed by Austria, Prussia and Russia, although an invitation to Ferdinand to attend the adjourned Congress of Laibach (1821) was issued at which he failed to distinguish himself. He had twice sworn to maintain the new constitution but was hardly out of Naples before he repudiated his oaths and, in letters addressed to all the sovereigns of Europe, declared his acts to have been null and void. Metternich had no difficulty in persuading the king to allow an Austrian army to march into Naples "to restore order".[2]

The Neapolitans, commanded by General Pepe, made no attempt to defend the difficult defiles of the Abruzzi,[2] and were defeated at Battle of Rieti (7 March 1821). The Austrians entered Naples.

## Later years

[edit]

Following the Austrian victory, the Parliament was dismissed and Ferdinand suppressed the Liberals and Carbonari. The victory was used by Austria to force its grasp over Naples' domestic and foreign policies. Count Charles-Louis de Ficquelmont was appointed as the Austrian ambassador to Naples, practically administering the country as well as managing the occupation and strengthening Austrian influence over Neapolitan elites.

Ferdinand died in Naples on 4 January 1825. He was the last surviving child of Charles III.

## Cultural depictions

[edit]

* That Hamilton Woman (1941) directed by Alexander Korda, played by Luis Alberni
* Ferdinando and Carolina (1999) directed by Lina Wertmüller, played by Sergio Assisi, Adriano Pantaleo, and Mario Scaccia at different ages
* Luisa Sanfelice (2004) directed by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani, played by Emilio Solfrizzi

Family of Ferdinand I in 1783

The Royal Family of Naples and Sicily in 1783, Angelica Kauffman; (L-R) Princess Maria Teresa; the future King Prince Francis; King Ferdinand; Queen Maria Carolina holding Princess Maria Cristina; Prince Gennaro (died in 1789); Princess Maria Amalia in the arms of Princess Luisa; the royal couple's seventh child was stillborn during the preparation phase for the painting. The artist then painted a veil over the child already in the cradle, which had been clearly visible in the modello.

## Issue

[edit]

Children of Ferdinand I

Name | Picture | Birth | Death | Notes
By Maria Carolina of Austria (Vienna, 13 August 1752 – Vienna, 8 September 1814)
Maria Teresa Carolina Giuseppina |  | 6 June 1772 | 13 April 1807 | Named after her maternal grandmother, Maria Theresa of Austria, she married her first cousin Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1790; had issue.
Maria Luisa Amelia Teresa |  | Royal Palace of Naples, 27 July 1773 | Hofburg Imperial Palace, 19 September 1802 | Married her first cousin Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany and had issue.
Carlo Tito Francesco Giuseppe |  | Naples, 6 January 1775 | 17 December 1778 | Died of smallpox.
Maria Anna Giuseppa Antonietta Francesca Gaetana Teresa |  | 23 November 1775 | 22 February 1780 | Died of smallpox.
Francesco Gennaro Giuseppe Saverio Giovanni Battista |  | Naples, 14 August 1777 | Naples, 8 November 1830 | Married his cousin Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria in 1797 and had issue; married another cousin Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain in 1802 and had issue; was King of the Two Sicilies from 1825 to 1830.
Maria Cristina Teresa |  | Caserta Palace, 17 January 1779 | Savona, 11 March 1849 | Married Charles Felix of Sardinia in 1807; had no issue; it was she who ordered the excavations of Tusculum.
Maria Cristina Amelia |  | Caserta Palace, 17 January 1779 | Caserta Palace, 26 February 1783 | Died of smallpox. Died in childhood.
Gennaro Carlo Francesco |  | Naples 12 April 1780 | 2 January 1789 | Died of smallpox.
Giuseppe Carlo Gennaro |  | Naples, 18 June 1781 | 19 February 1783 | Died of smallpox.
Maria Amelia Teresa |  | Caserta Palace, 26 April 1782 | Claremont House, 24 March 1866 | Married in 1809 Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orleans, King of the French and had issue.
Maria Cristina |  | Caserta Palace, 19 July 1783 | Caserta Palace, 19 July 1783 | Stillborn.
Maria Antonietta Teresa Amelia Giovanna Battista Francesca Gaetana Maria Anna Lucia |  | Caserta Palace, 14 December 1784 | Royal Palace of Aranjuez, 21 May 1806 | Married her cousin Infante Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias; died from tuberculosis; had no issue.
Maria Clotilde Teresa Amelia Antonietta Giovanna Battista Anna Gaetana Polcheria |  | Caserta Palace, 18 February 1786 | 10 September 1792 | Died of smallpox.
Maria Enrichetta Carmela |  | Naples, 31 July 1787 | Naples, 20 September 1792 | Died of smallpox.
Carlo Gennaro |  | Naples, 26 August 1788 | Caserta Palace, 1 February 1789 | Died of smallpox. Died aged 5 months.
Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Michele of Naples |  | Naples, 2 July 1790 | Naples, 10 March 1851 | Married his niece Archduchess Clementina of Austria and had issue.
Alberto Lodovico Maria Filipo Gaetano |  | 2 May 1792 | Died on board HMS Vanguard, 25 December 1798 | Died in childhood (died of exhaustion on board HMS Vanguard).
Maria Isabella |  | Naples, 2 December 1793 | 23 April 1801 | Died in childhood.

## Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies[5]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Louis, Dauphin of France

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Philip V of Spain|

|  |  |
| Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria

| Charles III of Spain|

|  |  |  |  |
| Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma

| Elisabeth Farnese|

|  |  |
| Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg

| Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Augustus II of Poland

| Augustus III of Poland|

|  |  |
| Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

| Maria Amalia of Saxony|

|  |  |  |  |
| Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor

| Maria Josepha of Austria|

|  |  |
| Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Heraldry

[edit]

* Heraldry of Ferdinand of Naples, Sicily and the Two Sicilies
* Coat of arms as King of Naples
(1759–1799 / 1799–1806 /1814–1816)[6]

* Coat of arms as King of Sicily
(1759–1816)[6]

* Coat of arms as King of the Two Sicilies
(1816–1825)[6]

## References

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.

1. ^ Acton, Harold (1957). The Bourbons of Naples (1731-1825) (2009 ed.). London: Faber and Faber. p. 150\. ISBN 9780571249015. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand IV. of Naples". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 264–265.
3. ^ Davis, John (2006). Naples and Napoleon: Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780-1860. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198207559.
4. ^ Oman, Carola, Nelson, 1950 ed., pp.293-4
5. ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 9.
6. ^ a b c "Le origini dello stemma delle Due Sicilie, Ferdinando IV, poi I". Storia e Documenti (in Italian). Real Casa di Borbone delle Due Sicilie. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.

Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Cadet branch of the House of Bourbon

Born: 12 January 1751 Died: 4 January 1825

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Charles VII & III

|  King of Naples
(as Ferdinand IV)
6 October 1759 – 23 January 1799  | Parthenopaean Republic
King of Sicily
(as Ferdinand III)
6 October 1759 – 12 December 1816  | Himself
as King of the Two Sicilies
Preceded by

Joachim Murat

|  King of Naples
(as Ferdinand IV)
22 May 1815 – 12 December 1816
Parthenopaean Republic |  King of Naples
(as Ferdinand IV)
13 June 1799 – 30 March 1806  | Succeeded by

Joseph Bonaparte

Union of the crowns  |  King of the Two Sicilies
(as Ferdinand I)
12 December 1816 – 4 January 1825  | Succeeded by

Francis I

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Naples

* Charles I*
* Charles II
* Robert
* Joanna I with Louis I
* Charles III
* Ladislaus (1st reign)
* Louis II
* Ladislaus (2nd reign)
* Joanna II
* René I
* Alfonso I*
* Ferdinand I
* Alfonso II
* Ferdinand II
* Frederick
* Louis III
* Ferdinand III*
* Joanna III*
* Charles IV*
* Philip I*
* Philip II*
* Philip III*
* Charles V*
* Charles VI*
* Charles VII*
* Ferdinand IV* (1st reign)
* Parthenopean Republic
* Ferdinand IV* (2nd reign)
* Joseph I
* Joachim I
* Ferdinand IV* (3rd reign)

*Also Monarch of Sicily

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Sicily

County of Sicily (1071–1130)|

* Roger I
* Simon
* Roger II

Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816)|

* Roger II
* William I
* William II
* Tancred
* Roger III
* William III
* Constance I
* Henry I
* Frederick I
* Henry II
* Conrad I
* Conrad II
* Manfred
* Charles I
* Constance II
* Peter I
* James I
* Frederick II
* Peter II
* Louis
* Frederick III
* Maria
* Martin I
* Martin II
* Ferdinand I
* Alfonso I
* John
* Ferdinand II
* Joanna
* Charles II
* Philip I
* Philip II
* Philip III
* Charles III
* Philip IV
* Victor Amadeus
* Charles IV
* Charles V
* Ferdinand III

* v
* t
* e

Kings and Princes of the Two Sicilies

Generations, in accordance with agnatic succession, are numbered by descent from Ferdinand I

1st generation|

* Francis I
* Leopold, Prince of Salerno

2nd generation|

* Ferdinand II
* Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Capua
* Prince Leopold, Count of Syracuse
* Prince Antonio, Count of Lecce
* Prince Louis, Count of Aquila
* Prince Francis, Count of Trapani

3rd generation|

* Francis II
* Prince Louis, Count of Trani
* Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta
* Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti
* Prince Pasquale, Count of Bari
* Prince Januarius, Count of Caltagirone

4th generation|

* Prince Ferdinando Pio, Duke of Castro
* Infante Carlos
* Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro
* Prince Philip
* Prince Gabriel

5th generation|

* Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria
* Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Castro

6th generation|

* Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria
* Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro

7th generation|

* Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria

8th generation|

* Prince Jaime, Duke of Noto

Kings are in italics

* v
* t
* e

Infantes of Spain

The generations indicate descent from Carlos I, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms.

1st generation|

* Felipe II

2nd generation|

* Carlos, Prince of Asturias
* Fernando, Prince of Asturias
* Diego, Prince of Asturias
* Felipe III

3rd generation|

* Felipe IV
* Infante Carlos
* Infante Fernando
* Infante Alonso

4th generation|

* Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias
* Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias
* Carlos II

5th generation|

* None

6th generation|

* None

7th generation|

* Luis I
* Infante Felipe Pedro
* Fernando VI
* Carlos III
* Felipe I, Duke of Parma
* Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón

8th generation|

* Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria
* Carlos IV
* Fernando I of the Two Sicilies
* Infante Gabriel
* Infante Antonio Pascual
* Infante Francisco Javier
* Fernando I, Duke of Parma1

9th generation|

* Fernando VII
* Infante Carlos
* Infante Francisco de Paula
* Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal1
* Luis I of Etruria2

10th generation|

* Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier2
* Infante Carlos1
* Infante Juan1
* Infante Fernando1
* Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain1
* Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville1
* Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal1
* Carlos II, Duke of Parma1

11th generation|

* Alfonso XII
* Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti2
* Infante Luis Fernando2
* Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera1
* Carlos III, Duke of Parma1

12th generation|

* Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies2
* Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria2
* Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera1
* Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans1
* Roberto I, Duke of Parma1

13th generation|

* Alfonso, Prince of Asturias
* Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia
* Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
* Infante Gonzalo
* Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria1
* Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera

14th generation|

* Juan Carlos I
* Infante Alfonso
* Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria1

15th generation|

* Felipe VI

16th generation|

* None

* 1 title granted by Royal Decree
* 2 consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante

* v
* t
* e

Napoleonic Wars

* Third Coalition
* Fourth Coalition
* Peninsular War
* Fifth Coalition
* French Invasion of Russia
* Sixth Coalition
* Seventh Coalition

Belli-
gerents|

| France,
client states
and allies|

* France
* Polish Legions
* Italy
* Holland
* Etruria
* Swiss Confederation
* Naples
* Confederation of the Rhine
* Bavaria
* Saxony
* Westphalia
* Württemberg
* Denmark–Norway
* Ottoman Empire
* Persia
* Spain

|

Coalition
forces|

* United Kingdom
* Austria
* Russia
* Prussia
* Spain
* Portugal
* Sicily
* Papal States
* Ottoman Empire
* Persia
* Sardinia
* Sweden
* Netherlands
* Brunswick
* Hanover
* Nassau
* French Royalists

Major
battles|

| Prelude|

* French Revolution
* First Coalition
* Second Coalition
* 18 Brumaire
* Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
* Duc d'Enghien Execution
* Coronation of Napoleon

|

1805|

* Diamond Rock
* Cape Finisterre
* Wertingen
* Günzburg
* Haslach-Jungingen
* Elchingen
* Ulm
* Verona
* Trafalgar
* Caldiero
* Cape Ortegal
* Amstetten
* Dürenstein
* Schöngrabern
* Austerlitz

1806|

* Gaeta
* Campo Tenese
* Maida
* Schleiz
* Saalfeld
* Jena–Auerstedt
* Erfurt
* Halle
* Magdeburg
* Prenzlau
* Pasewalk
* Stettin
* Waren-Nossentin
* Lübeck
* Greater Poland uprising
* Hamelin
* Czarnowo
* Golymin
* Pułtusk

1807|

* Mohrungen
* Eylau
* Ostrołęka
* Kolberg
* Danzig
* Stralsund I
* Mileto
* Guttstadt-Deppen
* Heilsberg
* Friedland
* Stralsund II
* Copenhagen
* Invasion of Portugal

1808|

* Dos de Mayo
* Bruch
* Rosily Squadron
* Cabezón
* 1st Zaragoza
* Valencia
* Medina de Rioseco
* Bailén
* Roliça
* Vimeiro
* Zornoza
* Valmaseda
* Burgos
* Espinosa
* Tudela
* Somosierra
* 2nd Zaragoza
* Sahagún
* Benavente

1809|

* Castellón
* Uclés
* Corunna
* Valls
* Tyrolean Rebellion
* Villafranca
* Yevenes/Yébenes
* Ciudad Real
* 1st Porto
* Medellín
* Bergisel
* Sacile
* Teugen-Hausen
* Raszyn
* Abensberg
* Landshut
* Eckmühl
* Ratisbon
* Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
* Dalmatian Campaign
* Ebelsberg
* Girona
* Piave River
* Grijó
* 2nd Porto
* Wörgl
* Tarvis
* Aspern-Essling
* Alcañiz
* Sankt Michael
* Stralsund
* Raab
* María
* Graz
* Wagram
* Korneuburg
* Stockerau
* Gefrees
* Hollabrunn
* Schöngrabern
* Armistice of Znaim
* Talavera
* Walcheren Campaign
* Ölper
* Almonacid
* Tamames
* Ocaña
* Alba de Tormes

1810|

* Cádiz
* Astorga
* Ciudad Rodrigo
* Barquilla
* Côa
* Almeida
* Bussaco

1811|

* Gebora
* Barrosa
* Pombal
* Redinha
* Casal Novo
* Campo Maior
* Sabugal
* Almeida
* Fuentes de Oñoro
* Tarragona
* Albuera
* Usagre
* Saguntum
* Arroyo dos Molinos
* Valencia

1812|

* Ciudad Rodrigo
* Badajoz
* Villagarcia
* Almaraz
* Maguilla
* Mir
* Ekau
* Salamanca
* García Hernández
* Saltanovka
* Ostrovno
* Vitebsk
* Kobryn
* Klyastitsy
* Majadahonda
* Gorodechno
* Smolensk
* 1st Polotsk
* Valutino
* Mesoten
* Borodino
* Moscow
* Burgos
* Tarutino
* 2nd Polotsk
* Venta del Pozo
* Maloyaroslavets
* Chashniki
* Vyazma
* Smoliani
* Krasnoi
* Berezina

1813|

* Castalla
* Lützen
* Bautzen
* Tarragona
* Luckau
* Vitoria
* San Sebastián
* Pyrenees
* Sorauren
* Großbeeren
* Katzbach
* Dresden
* 1st Kulm
* San Marcial
* Dennewitz
* 2nd Kulm
* Göhrde
* Roßlau
* Wartenburg
* Bidassoa
* Leipzig
* Hanau
* Nivelle
* Bornhöved
* Sehested

1814|

* 1st Bar-sur-Aube
* Brienne
* La Rothière
* Mincio River
* Champaubert
* Montmirail
* Château-Thierry
* Vauchamps
* Garris
* Mormant
* Montereau
* Orthez
* 2nd Bar-sur-Aube
* Gué-à-Tresmes
* Saint-Julien
* Laubressel
* Craonne
* Laon
* Mâcon
* Reims
* Limonest
* Arcis-sur-Aube
* Fère-Champenoise
* Saint-Dizier
* Montmartre
* Paris
* Toulouse
* Bayonne

1815|

* Panaro
* Occhiobello
* Carpi
* Casaglia
* Ronco
* Cesenatico
* Pesaro
* Scapezzano
* Tolentino
* Ancona
* Castel di Sangro
* San Germano
* Gaeta
* Quatre Bras
* Ligny
* Waterloo
* Wavre
* Rocheserviere
* La Suffel
* Rocquencourt
* Issy

Info|

| French and ally
military and
political leaders|

* Napoleon
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Joachim Murat
* Louis-Nicolas Davout
* Jean Lannes
* Auguste de Marmont
* André Masséna
* Michel Ney
* Jean-de-Dieu Soult
* Marshal Victor
* Jean-Baptiste Bessières
* Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
* Joseph I
* Louis Bonaparte
* Jérôme Bonaparte
* Prince Poniatowski
* Prince Eugène
* Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
* Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
* Frederick I of Württemberg
* Frederick VI of Denmark

|

Coalition
military and
political leaders|

* Duke of Wellington
* Rowland Hill
* John Moore
* Horatio Nelson
* Thomas Cochrane
* Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
* Manuel Lapeña
* Archduke Charles
* Prince von Schwarzenberg
* Archduke John of Austria
* Alexander I of Russia
* Mikhail Kutuzov
* Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
* Count Bennigsen
* Pyotr Bagration
* Peter Wittgenstein
* Frederick William III of Prussia
* Gebhard von Blücher
* Duke of Brunswick
* Prince of Hohenlohe
* Ferdinand VII of Spain
* Miguel de Álava
* Maria I of Portugal
* Prince Regent John of Portugal
* Count of Feira
* William, Prince of Orange
* Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
* Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
* Prince Charles John of Sweden
* Louis XVIII

Related
conflicts|

* Anglo-Russian War
* Anglo-Spanish War
* Anglo-Swedish War
* Anglo-Turkish War
* Anglo-Danish War
* Gunboat War
* Dano-Swedish War
* Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)
* Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)
* Russo-Persian War
* Russo-Turkish War
* Spanish American wars of independence
* Swedish–Norwegian War
* War of 1812

Treaties|

* Campo Formio
* Lunéville
* Amiens
* Artlenburg
* Pressburg
* Finckenstein
* Tilsit
* Cintra
* Schönbrunn
* Paris (1810)
* Paris (February 1812)
* Paris (March 1812)
* Paris (1814)
* Tauroggen
* Ried
* Chaumont
* Kiel
* Mantua
* Casalanza
* Fontainebleau (1814)
* Paris (1815)

Miscellaneous|

* Bibliography
* Bourbon Restoration
* Casualties
* Congress of Erfurt
* Continental System
* Conference of Dresden
* England expects that every man will do his duty
* Films
* Grande Armée
* Uniforms
* Longwood House
* Types of military

* v
* t
* e

The Bourbons of Spain

Philip V

| Spouse(s)|

* HH Princess Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy
* HH Elisabeth Farnese

|

Children|

* Louis I1
* Felipe1
* Felipe Pedro1
* Ferdinand VI1
* Charles III1
* Francisco1
* Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal1
* Philip, Duke of Parma1
* Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France1
* Luis, Count of Chinchón1
* Maria Antonia, Queen of Sardinia1

Siblings|

* Louis, Duke of Burgundy
* Charles, Duke of Berry

Grandchildren|

* María Isabel Antonia
* María Josefa Antonieta
* María Isabel Ana
* María Josefa Carmela
* Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress
* Felipe, Duke of Calabria
* Charles IV
* María Teresa
* Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
* Gabriel
* Ana María
* Antonio Pascual
* Francisco Javier
* Isabella, Archduchess of Austria
* Ferdinand, Duke of Parma
* Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain
* Luis, Count of Chinchón
* María Teresa, Countess of Chinchón
* María Luisa, Duchess of San Fernando de Quiroga

Louis I

| Spouse(s)|

* HSH Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans

|

Ferdinand VI

| Spouse(s)|

* HH Infanta Maria Bárbara of Portugal

|

Charles III

| Spouse(s)|

* HH Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony

|

Children|

* María Isabel Antonia
* María Josefa Antonieta
* María Isabel Ana
* María Josefa Carmela
* Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress
* Felipe, Duke of Calabria
* Charles IV
* María Teresa
* Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies1
* Gabriel
* Ana María
* Antonio Pascual
* Francisco Javier

Grandchildren|

* Carlos Clemente
* Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal
* Maria Luisa
* Maria Amalia
* Carlos Domingo
* Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca
* Carlos Francisco
* Felipe Francisco
* Ferdinand VII
* Carlos, Count of Molina
* Maria Isabella, Queen of the Two Sicilies
* Maria Teresa
* Felipe Maria
* Francisco de Paula
* Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress1
* Luisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany1
* Carlo, Duke of Calabria1
* Maria Ana1
* Francis I of the Two Sicilies1
* Maria Christina, Queen of Sardinia1
* Gennaro1
* Giuseppe1
* Maria Amalia, Queen of the French1
* Maria Cristina1
* Maria Antonia, Princess of Asturias1
* Maria Clothilde1
* Maria Enrichetta1
* Carlo1
* Leopold, Prince of Salerno1
* Alberto1
* Maria Isabella1

Great grandchildren|

* Carlos, Count of Montemolin
* Juan, Count of Montizón
* Fernando
* Isabella II of Spain
* Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier
* Francisco de Asis
* Isabel
* Francis, Duke of Cádiz
* Henry, Duke of Seville
* Luisa, Duchess of Moscoso
* Duarte Felipe
* Josefina
* Teresa
* Fernando
* Maria Cristina, Infanta of Portugal
* Amelia Philippina, Princess Adalbert of Bavaria

Charles IV

| Spouse(s)|

* HRH Princess Maria Luisa of Parma

|

Children|

* Carlos Clemente
* Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal
* Maria Luisa
* Maria Amalia
* Carlos Domingo
* Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca
* Carlos Francisco
* Felipe Francisco
* Ferdinand VII
* Carlos, Count of Molina
* Maria Isabella, Queen of the Two Sicilies
* Maria Teresa
* Felipe Maria
* Francisco de Paula

Grandchildren|

* Carlos, Count of Montemolin
* Juan, Count of Montizón
* Fernando
* Isabella II of Spain
* Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier
* Francisco de Asis
* Isabel
* Francis, Duke of Cádiz
* Henry, Duke of Seville
* Luisa, Duchess of Moscoso
* Duarte Felipe
* Josefina
* Teresa
* Fernando
* Maria Cristina, Infanta of Portugal
* Amelia Philippina, Princess Adalbert of Bavaria

Ferdinand VII

| Spouse(s)|

* HRH Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily1
* HRH Infanta Maria Isabel of Portugal
* HH Princess Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony
* HRH Princess Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies1

|

Children|

* Isabella II of Spain
* Maria Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier

Isabella II

| Spouse(s)|

* HRH Infante Francis, Duke of Cadiz

|

Children|

* Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias
* Isabella, Princess of Asturias
* Maria Cristina
* Alfonso XII
* Maria de la Concepcion
* Maria de Pilar
* María de la Paz, Princess Ludwig of Bavaria
* Francisco de Asis
* Eulalia, Duchess of Galliera

Alfonso XII

| Spouse(s)|

* HRH Princess Mercedes d'Orléans
* HI&RH Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria

|

Children|

* Mercedes, Princess of Asturias
* Maria Teresa, Princess and Duchess of Bavaria
* Alfonso XIII

Grandchildren|

* Alfonso, Duke of Calabria1
* Fernando, Prince of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
* Isabella Alfonsa, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
* Alfonso, Prince of Asturias
* Jaime, Duke of Segovia
* Beatriz, Princess of Civitella-Cesi
* Ferdinand
* Maria Cristina, Countess of Marone
* Juan, Count of Barcelona
* Gonzalo

Great grandchildren|

* Teresa, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
* Carlos, Duke of Calabria1
* Inés María, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
* Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz
* Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine
* Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz
* Juan Carlos I
* Margarita, 2nd Duchess of Hernani
* Alfonso

Alfonso XIII

| Spouse(s)|

* HH Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

|

Children|

* Alfonso, Prince of Asturias
* Jaime, Duke of Segovia
* Beatriz, Princess of Civitella-Cesi
* Ferdinand
* Maria Cristina, Countess of Marone
* Juan, Count of Barcelona
* Gonzalo

Grandchildren|

* Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz
* Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine
* Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz
* Juan Carlos I
* Margarita, 2nd Duchess of Hernani
* Alfonso

Juan Carlos I

| Spouse(s)|

* HRH Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark

|

Children|

* Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo
* Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca
* Felipe VI of Spain

Grandchildren|

* Infanta Leonor of Spain
* Infanta Sofía of Spain

Felipe VI

| Spouse(s)|

* Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano

|

Children|

* Leonor, Princess of Asturias
* Infanta Sofía of Spain

* ^1 also a Prince or Princess of the Two Sicilies
* ^2 also an Archduchess of Austria
* ^3 both

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Italy
* Spain
* 2
* Portugal
* Greece
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel

Artists|

* ULAN

People|

* Italian People
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* Te Papa (New Zealand)
* RISM
* Yale LUX

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*[m.]: married
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