Ferdows

City in South Khorasan province, Iran

For the administrative division of South Khorasan province, see Ferdows County. For other places with a similar name, see Ferdows.

City in South Khorasan, Iran

Ferdows

Persian: فردوس

City

Ferdows

Coordinates: 34°01′09″N 58°10′23″E﻿ / ﻿34.01917°N 58.17306°E﻿ / 34.01917; 58.17306[1]
Country| Iran
Province| South Khorasan
County| Ferdows
District| Central
Elevation

| 1,293 m (4,242 ft)
Population

(2016)[2]

• Total

| 28,695
Time zone| UTC+3:30 (IRST)
Routes|  Road 91
Website| http://ferdows.ir
Ferdows at GEOnet Names Server

Ferdows (Persian: فردوس)[a] is a city in the Central District of Ferdows County, South Khorasan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[4] It is about 345 kilometres (214 mi) south of Mashhad and 200 km northwest of Birjand. Ferdows is on the main axis connecting Yazd, Kerman, Isfahan, Bushehr, Hormozgan and Fars provinces to Mashhad. Ferdows city is 1293 meters above sea level.[5]

## History

[edit]

Map of Iran during the Abbasid Caliphate. Toon (Ferdows), Qaen and Tabas are the cities indicated in Quhistan (Nowadays South Khorasan Province). Ferdows's name on the map 1705 ("Thun") Ferdows's name on the map 1787 ("Toun") Ferdows's name on the map 1814 ("Toon")

Founded by the Medes, Ferdows is currently a city. It was a large and famous city in ancient days. There is an unproven theory that the town's name in ancient days was "Taban" (or shining; تابان in Persian). In the Islamic era it became known as Toon or Tūn, a name retained until 1929, when it was changed to Ferdows.

The first people to inhabit Ferdows were a group of Sagartians. Toon was a famous and thriving city both before and during the Islamic era. It was one of the most prominent cities of Quhistan, along with Qaen; Nasir Khusraw mentioned Toon as a large city in the 11th century. However, Toon was plundered and destroyed by the Mongols in 1239. Eventually, Toon recovered and regained its statues as one of Quhistan's major cities. Marco Polo mentioned the south Khorasan region as Toonoqaen, apparently in reference to the two largest cities, Toon and Qaen.[6][7]

In early 1751 the town was captured by Ahmad Shah Durrani during his invasion of Khorasan under Shahrokh Shah.[8]

Ferdows was still a famous and prosperous city in Khorasan at the beginning of the 20th century and the Municipality of Ferdows, originally formed in 1925 (under the name of Toon), was one of the first municipalities of Khorasan province.[9] However, the city experienced significant decline following a devastating earthquake in 1968.

After Khorasan province was divided into three provinces, Ferdows County was initially a part of Razavi Khorasan[10] province, but was incorporated within the borders of South Khorasan province in 2006.[11]

## Demographics

[edit]

### Population

[edit]

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 23,405 in 6,538 households.[12] The following census in 2011 counted 25,968 people in 7,316 households.[13] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 28,695 people in 8,749 households.[2]

## Geography

[edit]

### Location

[edit]

Ferdows is on the Plateau of Iran, between a desert region (mainly to the south and west) and a mountainous region (especially to the north and east). Most of villages around Ferdows are situated in the mountainous region to the north and northeast. The nearest town, Eslamieh, lies just 3 km northeast. The city lies on the main route from Kerman, Yazd, Bandar Abbas and other southern cities to Mashhad and hosts more than 6 million pilgrims annually on their way to Mashhad.[14] It is also a nexus of several roads converging from different areas of Iran.

### Climate

[edit]

The climate is mild in the spring, hot in the summer, cool and rainy in autumn, and cold in the winter. Being located near deserts, the temperature difference between day and night, and also between summer and winter, is relatively high. The majority of precipitation occurs from mid-autumn to mid-spring. The hottest month is July (mean minimum temperature 21.8 °C, mean maximum temperature 36.6 °C) and the coldest is January (mean minimum temperature -1 °C, mean maximum temperature 10.3 °C)[15]

Climate data for Ferdows (1991-2020)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 33.8
(92.8)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 39.6
(103.3)  | 43.2
(109.8)  | 43.6
(110.5)  | 43.6
(110.5)  | 38.9
(102.0)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 43.6
(110.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 10.3
(50.5)  | 13.0
(55.4)  | 18.3
(64.9)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 30.4
(86.7)  | 35.4
(95.7)  | 36.5
(97.7)  | 35.0
(95.0)  | 31.8
(89.2)  | 25.6
(78.1)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 12.5
(54.5)  | 24.3
(75.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 4.5
(40.1)  | 7.1
(44.8)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 18.4
(65.1)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 28.9
(84.0)  | 30.1
(86.2)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 18.4
(65.1)  | 11.2
(52.2)  | 6.3
(43.3)  | 17.8
(64.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −0.1
(31.8)  | 2.1
(35.8)  | 6.6
(43.9)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 16.9
(62.4)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 22.9
(73.2)  | 20.6
(69.1)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 5.3
(41.5)  | 1.5
(34.7)  | 11.3
(52.3)
Record low °C (°F)  | −20.6
(−5.1)  | −12.6
(9.3)  | −6.6
(20.1)  | −0.9
(30.4)  | 5.9
(42.6)  | 13.2
(55.8)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 5.5
(41.9)  | −0.3
(31.5)  | −8.8
(16.2)  | −10.4
(13.3)  | −20.6
(−5.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 26.0
(1.02)  | 24.7
(0.97)  | 29.4
(1.16)  | 18.7
(0.74)  | 6.8
(0.27)  | 0.6
(0.02)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.2
(0.01)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 2.6
(0.10)  | 9.9
(0.39)  | 17.0
(0.67)  | 135.9
(5.35)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.1  | 4.3  | 4.6  | 3.5  | 1.6  | 0.2  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.7  | 2.0  | 3.2  | 24.2
Average relative humidity (%)  | 56  | 50  | 43  | 35  | 27  | 20  | 20  | 20  | 21  | 28  | 42  | 53  | 34.6
Average dew point °C (°F)  | −4.1
(24.6)  | −3.5
(25.7)  | −1.1
(30.0)  | 1.8
(35.2)  | 2.9
(37.2)  | 3.3
(37.9)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | 2.9
(37.2)  | 0.4
(32.7)  | −1.0
(30.2)  | −2.0
(28.4)  | −3.2
(26.2)  | 0.1
(32.1)
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 200  | 200  | 230  | 263  | 319  | 357  | 379  | 369  | 326  | 294  | 231  | 205  | 3,373
Source: NOAA[16]

Climate data for Ferdows, Iran

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 10.3
(50.5)  | 12.7
(54.9)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 35.7
(96.3)  | 36.6
(97.9)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 32.3
(90.1)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 18.9
(66.0)  | 12.9
(55.2)  | 24.4
(75.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 5.2
(41.4)  | 7.5
(45.5)  | 12.1
(53.8)  | 19.3
(66.7)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 30.3
(86.5)  | 31.4
(88.5)  | 29.5
(85.1)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 19.3
(66.7)  | 12.7
(54.9)  | 7.3
(45.1)  | 18.8
(65.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −1.0
(30.2)  | 0.7
(33.3)  | 4.7
(40.5)  | 10.5
(50.9)  | 14.9
(58.8)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 19.2
(66.6)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 9.3
(48.7)  | 4.3
(39.7)  | 0.9
(33.6)  | 10.0
(50.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 26.0
(1.02)  | 28.0
(1.10)  | 34.6
(1.36)  | 18.2
(0.72)  | 5.1
(0.20)  | 0.4
(0.02)  | 0.1
(0.00)  | 0.4
(0.02)  | 0.1
(0.00)  | 2.4
(0.09)  | 6.5
(0.26)  | 26.0
(1.02)  | 147.8
(5.82)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 mm) | 7.0  | 6.9  | 8.3  | 5.2  | 2.5  | 0.3  | 0.1  | 0.1  | 0.1  | 1.2  | 2.6  | 6.1  | 40.4
Average relative humidity (%)  | 60  | 53  | 45  | 36  | 27  | 21  | 21  | 22  | 22  | 29  | 40  | 56  | 36
Average dew point °C (°F)  | −3.5
(25.7)  | −2.9
(26.8)  | −0.9
(30.4)  | 1.9
(35.4)  | 3.0
(37.4)  | 4.2
(39.6)  | 5.1
(41.2)  | 3.7
(38.7)  | 0.9
(33.6)  | −0.6
(30.9)  | −2.2
(28.0)  | −2.4
(27.7)  | 0.5
(32.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 184  | 198  | 223  | 261  | 321  | 358  | 370  | 366  | 322  | 279  | 230  | 185  | 3,297
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO)[17]

## Agriculture

[edit]

Ferdows is famous for its high quality Saffron and pomegranate.[18]

## Main sights

[edit]

The Safavid era Religious School of Ferdows A view of a historic Safavid era house in Ferdows The entrance to the historical museum Historic tomb in Ferdows Ferdows Hole-in-the-Rock

Major visitor attractions of Ferdows are:

* Ferdows Hot Mineral Spring: one of the most important attractions of Ferdows for Iranian and International tourists
* Ferdows Religious School (belonged to the Safavid dynasty)
* Ferdows Congregation Mosque (Jame' Mosque of Ferdows) (belonged to the Seljuk dynasty)
* Ferdows Hole-in-the-Rock, a natural geological formation
* Polond Desert, a beautiful desert located 40 kilometers West of Ferdows
* Ferdows Museum

### Emad Nezam Tourism Complex

[edit]

It is located in the city of Ferdows, launched by entrepreneur in Iran, Dr. Mohammad Reza Amirhassankhani. He believes in the district of Ferdows with beautiful sightseeing and tourist destinations, investing his money there for many years. The large Complex includes a variety of subsectors:

* Emad Nezam Traditional Hotel
* Emad Nezam Scientific, cultural and recreational collection affiliated with Mofid educational complex
* Emad Nezam Sports Club
* Emad Nezam Football Academy
* Mofid Educational Complex
* Polond Desert Tourism Camp[19]

## Education and culture

[edit]

Education and culture Ferdows currently has several higher education centers:

* Islamic Azad University, Ferdows[20]
* Ferdows  and Qaen Medical Schools[21][citation needed]
* Ferdows Institute of Higher Education[citation needed]
* Ferdows Faculty of Engineering[22]

## Notable people

[edit]

* Badiozzaman Forouzanfar
* Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi
* Mulla Alaul Maulk Tuni
* Alireza Danesh Sokhanvar

## See also

[edit]

* 1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes
* AH78
* Road 91 (Iran)

Media related to Ferdows at Wikimedia Commons

Iran portal

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Also romanized as Ferdous; also known as Ferdos and Firdaus; until 1929 Tūn, also romanized as Toon[3]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (10 November 2024). "Ferdows, Ferdows County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 10 November 2024.
2. ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): South Khorasan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
3. ^ Ferdows can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3062926" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
4. ^ Habibi, Hassan (c. 2015) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Khorasan province, centered in Mashhad. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Proposal 3223.1.5.53; Approval Letter 3808-907; Notification 84902/T125K. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2024 - via Islamic Parliament Research Center.
5. ^ "Ferdows, Iran - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates". www.geographic.org. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
6. ^ "Ferdows Municipality‌ Website" (in Persian).[permanent dead link]
7. ^ "Ferdows Governorship" (in Persian). Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
8. ^ Asia Publishing House New York (1859). Ahmad Shah Durrani (father Of Modern Afghanistan).
9. ^ "Ferdows Municipality History Website" (in Persian).[permanent dead link]
10. ^ Adel, Gholam Ali Haddad (c. 2020) [Approved 3 September 1383]. The law of division of Khorasan province into three provinces. qavanin.ir (Report) (in Persian). Islamic Council. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2023 - via Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
11. ^ Davodi, Parviz (8 October 2016) [Approved 13 December 1385]. Approval letter regarding national divisions regarding Ferdows County of Razavi Khorasan province. rooznamehrasmi.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Cabinet of Ministers. Notification 168635/T34488H. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2024 - via Iranian Official Journal.
12. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): South Khorasan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
13. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): South Khorasan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 - via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
14. ^ فردوس در حوزه گردشگری باید به صورت ویژه دیده شود (in Persian). Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
15. ^ "Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO), Ferdous Station". Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.
16. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ferdows" (CSV). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
17. ^ "Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO), Ferdous Station". Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.
18. ^ "Ferdows an Eastern Heaven". Iran Daily. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
19. ^ "هتل سنتی عمادنظام فردوس". هتل سنتی عمادنظام فردوس.
20. ^ "Islamic Azad University, Ferdows | Ranking & Review". www.4icu.org. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
21. ^ "Qaen and Ferdows Medical Schools".
22. ^ "دانشگاه فني و مهندسي فردوس؛ از تأسيس تا ارتقا". 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2022.

## External links

[edit]

* Toun Under ICHHTO Protection

* v
* t
* e

South Khorasan province, Iran

Capital|

* Birjand

Counties and cities|

| Birjand County|

* Birjand

|

Boshruyeh County|

* Boshruyeh
* Eresk

Darmian County|

* Asadiyeh
* Tabas-e Masina

Ferdows County|

* Ferdows
* Eslamiyeh

Khusf County|

* Khusf
* Mohammadshahr

Nehbandan County|

* Nehbandan
* Shusef

Qaen County|

* Qaen
* Arianshahr
* Esfeden
* Khezri Dasht Beyaz
* Nimbeluk

Sarayan County|

* Sarayan
* Ayask
* Seh Qaleh

Sarbisheh County|

* Sarbisheh
* Mud

Tabas County|

* Tabas
* Deyhuk
* Eshqabad

Zirkuh County|

* Hajjiabad
* Zohan

Sights|

* Ferdows Hot Spring
* Jameh Mosque of Ferdows
* Ferdows Hole-in-the-Rock
* Polond Desert
* Nehbandan citadel
* Furg citadel
* Ghal'eh Paeen-Shahr
* Behgard Garden
* Chenshat cave
* Kolah Farangi citadel
* Ferdows Religious School
* Kal Jangal Parthian fresco, Birjand
* Tabas Golshan garden

Populated places|

* List of cities, towns and villages in South Khorasan Province

* v
* t
* e

Ferdows County

Capital|

* Ferdows

Districts|

| Central|

| Cities|

* Ferdows

|

Rural districts
and villages|

| Howmeh|

* Chah-e Now
* Chah-e Polond
* Ebrahimabad
* Hoseynabad
* Kajeh
* Khanekuk
* Taheriyeh

|

Eslamiyeh|

| Cities|

* Eslamiyeh
* Baghestan

|

Rural districts
and villages|

| Baghestan|

* Badamuk
* Baghestan-e Sofla
* Bidesgan
* Damdari Rezania
* Fathabad
* Fereyduni
* Gastaj
* Mahvid
* Mehran Kushk
* Rahmatabad
* Sorond
* Torshizuk

|

Borun|

* Abdaki
* Afqu
* Amrudkan
* Anarestanak
* Bakri-ye Pain
* Borun
* Cheshmeh-ye Khanom
* Khanik
* Kharv
* Lajenu
* Shahid Rajai construction site
* Zahr

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template